The project work of the 10-th
grade students of school № 6 of the town of
Alexandrov of Vladimir region.
Teacher: Ved Galina Alexandrovna.
2009 -2010.
Nowadays it is impossible to imagine our life without
technological inventions. We can not do without them
and our lives depend on them a lot.
Some people suppose inventions to be the most
important things on the way to progress, but others
think that they make us unable to do a lot of useful and
necessary actions that help humans to be healthy,
sporty and smart. Where is the truth? Let’s try to look
at the problem and to find out the answer.
In 1829 Georg and Robert Stephenson built the thirst
steam train.
Nicephore Niepce from France pioneered photography in
1829.
In 1870 the first bicycles appeared.
In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell, an American engineer,
invented telephone.
Karl Benz produced the world’s first petrol – driven
motor car in Germany in 1885.
In 1895 the Lumiere brothers patented their
cinematography.
Wilbur and Orville Wright built the first airplane in 1903,
USA.
In 1908 James M. Spangler from the USA built the first
vacuum cleaner.
In 1908 US automobile manufacturer Henry Ford created
the world’s first car assembly line.
John Logie Baird from Scotland invented television in
1926.
In the 1930s the first washing machine came up.
Sergey Korolev from Russia designed the first artificial
satellite in 1957.
In 1981 Bill Gates, USA, created Microsoft –DOS (Disk
Operating System).
(По материалам Английский язык: Учеб. Для 10-11 кл. В.П. Кузовлев, Н. М. Лапа, Э. Ш. Перегудова и др. – М.: Просвещение, 2002 г. С.220.)
James Watt and
Steam Engine.
The steam engine was
invented by Heron, an
ancient Greek geometer
and engineer from
Alexandria. Heron
Lived during the first
century AD and is
sometimes called Hero.
Heron made the steam engine as a toy, and called his
device «aeolipile», which means «wind ball»
in Greek. The aeolipile is the first known devise to
transform steam power into rotary motion. The Greeks
never used this remarkable device for anything but a
novelty. A steam engine designed for work wasn`t built
until 1698.
James Watt was the man, who later improved the
steam engine. James Watt was a Scottish inventor and
engineer. In 1765, Watt revolutionized the steam
engine, redesigning it so that it was much efficient and
four times as powerful as the old steam engines.
Watt`s engines did not waste steam, and had a
separate condenser. Watt partnered with the
businessman and factory owner Matthew Boulton in
1772, helping to promote Watt`s ideas commercially.
Watt also invented a method for converting the up-and
down piston movement number of applications for the
engine. Watt produced this rotary motion steam engine
in 1781. It was used for many applications, including
draining mines, powering looms in textile factories,
powering bellows, paper mills. It helped power the
Industrial Revolution.
Watt coined the term « horse rover», which he used to
his engines. He calculated how many horses it would
take to do the work of each engine. One horse rover
equals 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute. It is the
power foot in one minute. Parliament granted Watt a
patent on his steam engine in 1755, making Watt a very
wealthy man. In 1882 (long after Watt`s death), the
British Association named the unit of electrical power
the «watt». I think, it was a great invention, which
opened a new era in the development of mankind.
Skotnikova K.
1.Who was the first to invent the steam engine?
2.Did the ancient Greeks use it? Why?
3.Who improved the steam engine?
4.Why were Watt’s engines more effective?
5.Where was Watt’s rotary motion steam engine used?
6.What made Watt a very wealthy man?
7.What do we call «watt» now?
Steam Trains.
George and Robert
Stephenson built the first
steam train, the «Rocket»,
in 1829. It had a lot of
problems and was very
slow. By 1870, trains
became more popular and
easier to run. By 1895,
people started using electric
trains. They were cleaner and quieter than steam trains.
By 1920, most countries in Europe had railways.
Today there are railways all over the world. They have
greatly changed our lives and helped to save a lot of
time for travellers.
The first constructors of steam trains in Russia were
Yefim and Myron Cherepanovs, talented inventors
from the Urals. They were surfs of the popular
Demidovs family, who were the owners of a lot of
factories at the place. Yefim, the father, was
interested in machine – building and his son Myron
helped him to work at the invention of the first steam –
engine machine ( in1820 ) and later – steam train (
in1833-1834). Yefim studied in England in 1821 and
was greatly impressed by the «Rocket», which he saw
there. When he came back, he started constructing
Russian steam train and gained success, which helped
him not only revolutionize travelling, but to get
freedom for his family.
Now Russia has the longest railway system in the
world. Modern trains are fast and comfortable. People
can find beds, restaurants, watch TV and listen to the
radio there. No doubt, the invention of the train was a
great step toward progress.
I think there are only advantages in the invention of
trains, because to travel long distances in old days was
tiring, uncomfortable and dangerous. Travelling by
train nowadays is not the fastest, but convenient and
not very expensive.
Gerasimenko M.
1.Who are supposed to be the inventors of the steam
train?
2.Who were Yefim and Myron Cherepanovs?
3.Was Yefim Cherepanov an educated man?
4.What country has the longest railway system in the
world?
5.Is it comfortable to travel by train now?
6.Do you agree that the invention of the steam train
had a great influence on the development of progress?
The first automobile
was designed by Nicholas
Joseph Cugnot in France in
1769. It was made according
to the order of the War
Minister of France Etienne
Francois, who wanted to get
a practical transport for the
needs of the Army. Cugnot
and his colleague Brezin
constructed the first steam
engine automobile in the
Arsenal in Paris.
It was primitive and very
slow ( it’s speed was only
4 km per hour ), but it
could help carry up to 5
tons of load. Later a
passenger variant of the
automobile was made by
the inventors, but it was very
insecure and in 1771 the
production of it was stopped.
However, it was the
beginning of the history of
the automobile.
Now it is not possible to
live without automobiles.
Cars take you where you
want to go. You can travel
freely and comfortably and
it doesn’t take you much
time. Some people think
there too many cars in our
streets now and they
pollute the atmosphere. I
agree with it, but my
opinion is that in the near
future we will have new
type of fuel, which will be
nature friendly and
probably we will be able
to solve the problems of
traffic jams with the help
of
flying
automobiles.
Bogachev Andrey.
1.Who was the first designer of the automobile?
2.Why was it invented?
3.What was the speed of the first automobile?
4.Why was the production of the first automobile
stopped?
5.Do modern cars pollute the atmosphere?
6.Can people solve the problem of traffic jams now?
People wanted to look
smart through all the time.
They dreamt to have clean
and accurate clothes. So,
the thirst irons appeared.
They were very heavy and
hot because people made
them from iron and heated
in the fire. Later they
decided to put hot charcoal
inside. There were irons
which worked with the
help of spirit that burnt
inside, but they were not
very good and the
flammable liquid often
burnt the clothes. Due to the
inventor Earl Richardson the
first electric iron was made
in1903. He convinced some
of housewives to test it. The
New invention became very
successful, though it was too
hot in the center and not hot enough at the edges .Richardson
produced an advanced model in1905.Now at the market there
is a number of various models of irons. They are light,
multifunctional and even wireless. Some of them have a
special device which helps not to spoil clothes. No doubt that
it is a very useful and helpful invention.
Klyauzova Marina.
1.Why did people begin to use irons?
2.What characteristics did the first irons have?
3.Who invented the first electric iron?
4.Was it successful?
5.What disadvantages did the first electric iron have?
6.When was the advanced model of the electric iron
produced?
7.Can you imagine your life without this device?
Photo camera is a very
necessary thing. Nicephore
Niepce from France
pioneered photography in
1829. And the first digital
camera was made by the
company of «Nicolette» in
1929. With it we can take
picture of important
moments of life and to save
them for memory. We
need it badly now. With modern photo cameras it is
possible not only to take pictures, but also to take
some videos. It’s a new function of the photo camera.
Every year cameras are becoming much more
comfortable to operate. They are so small now that it is
very easy to take them on a trip, because they don’t
occupy a lot of space.
Digital cameras have
memory cards inside, but not
films and you can take a lot
of pictures with their help. If
You need to enlarge your
photo – it is possible to do it
too, because modern cameras
remind of computers a lot.
Some people can’t even imagine
their lives without digital
cameras because it is a very
convenient device.
1.Who pioneered photography?
2.When was the first digital camera made?
3.Why is the invention of the photo camera important?
4.What functions do modern photo cameras have?
5.Do modern photo cameras have films inside?
6.Why are digital photo cameras convenient?
7.Do you have a digital photo camera? How often do
you use it?
The radio is one of the
greatest achievements of
human genius. The priority
in the invention of the
radio belongs to the
Russian scientist Popov.
On the 7th of May we
celebrate Radio Day
because on that day in
1895 the Russian scientist
Alexander Popov demonstrated his first radio set to a
meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
A. S. Popov was born in 1859 in the Urals. While he
was at school he spent all his free time on physics and
mathematics.
He studied at St. Petersburg University and graduated
from it with honour, but he was not satisfied with the
conditions of the laboratories of the University and
accepted the post of a teacher in the Mining School in
Kronstadt. There he began his research in electrical
engineering. The greater part of his life he devoted to
the problem of the application of electromagnetic
waves to wireless communication. Popov worked on a
sensitive receiving set which
could pick up even the
weakest radio waves. The
year of 1895 is considered to
be the date of the invention of
the Radio when Popov
demonstrated his radio
receiving set in use. The
first report consisted of two
words «Henry Hertz ».By
the end of the year he
improved his apparatus. It
was the first radio receiving set in the world. Since
then, the art of radio communication has progressed a
great deal. The radio has brought great changes to our
life. It was the « father » of television and computer
technology. At present we can get information and
listen to music due to the radio. So I think the radio is
a very important invention because it gave the start to
different others. The radio is still popular now, though
there are a lot of other inventions, which are more
modern and more up-to date. It helps to convey
information , to send urgent messages and to have a
good time listening to music as well.
Kondrashova O.
1.Who does the priority of the invention of the radio
belong to?
2.When was the first radio demonstrated?
3.Wha did A. Popov devote the greatest part of his life
to ?
4.What did the first radio report consist of?
5.Has the art of radio communication progressed since
then?
6.Why is the radio believed to be a great invention?
7.Do your like to listen to music on the radio?
The Thermometer was
invented by Galileo Galilei in
1593. His thermometer
consisted of water in a glass
bulb. The water moved up
and down the bulb as the
temperature changed. The
sealed thermometer was later
invented by the Grand Duke
Ferdinand the Second in
1641, but Galileo was the first.
(По материалам «Методическая мозаика» № 4, 2003г. С.32.)
Galileo Galilei(1564-1642) was an Italian astronomer,
philosopher, and mathematician whose invention of the
telescope revolutionized astronomy and paved the way
for the acceptance of the Copernican Heliocentric
System. Galilei was the first to use the newly invented
telescope to study celestial objects. In 1609 Galileo
heard that a new instrument had been invented in the
Holland which made objects in the distance seem close
to the observer. Galileo tried to create his own
instrument using a variety of lenses and he soon
succeeded in making a basic telescope using a concave
and a convex lens at either end of a lead tube. At the
third attempt he produced a telescope that made objects
appear 1 000 times larger and over thirty times closer
than it is seen with the naked eye. Although Galileo
could see the importance of the telescope's aid to
navigation at sea and over land, he was most interested
in its use to look at the skies. Through the telescope,
Galileo observed the surface of the moon and planned to
improve the device in the future. Nowadays
powerful telescopes help us to study distant stars,
planets and galaxies, understand the processes on
the Earth.
Koplyakova S.
1.Who was the inventor of the first thermometer?
2.Who invented the sealed thermometer later?
3.Who was Galileo Galilei?
4.What did he constructed with the help of a variety of
lenses?
5.What importance of the telescope did Galilei see?
6.How do we use the telescope now?
After the invention of the
plane it has been improved
a lot of times. The
construction of the first
airplane opened a new era
in transportation and
travelling. Modern planes
look like flying buses that
is why they are called
aero buses sometimes.
They are comfortable,
quick and save.
The leader of plane building industry is Boeing
corporation. Boeing 757 is the most wide – spread
passenger plane nowadays. Airways values these
planes for economy and reliability. The most popular
are twin – engine Boeings. The use of such
modernized planes has improved the financial
condition of many airway corporations all over the
world. The new type of planes make transatlantic
flights between the eastern seaside of the north
America and western Europe possible. Planes help us
to cover long distances in short time and do it with
much comfort. I’m sure that it is really a great
invention.
Bedretdinova E.
1.What did the construction of the first air plane change
in our lives?
2.Are modern planes different from the first ones?
3.What are the characteristics of the modern planes?
4.What corporation is the leader of the plane building
industry?
5.Why do people value Boeing 757?
6.What role do modern planes play in the world now?
A lot of inventions appeared in people’s lives to make
their existence more comfortable and easier. The names
of inventors are still known and remembered by grateful
descendants. The inventions help us to save much time
for our hobbies and interests and to get much freedom
from our housework. There is another point of view on
the problem. A lot of people suppose that all the
inventions make us lazy, passive and unhealthy, but if
you are sensible, you will always have something
interesting to do in your free time and if you care of
your health, you will go to a sports club to have some
exercises to keep fit.
We used some resources of the Internet in our
presentation: pictures and information, which was
shortened and translated into English.
Thank You for Your attention.
Top students of school № 6 of Alexandrov.