The Skeletal System Group 1 Chapter 15 Lesson 2 Kiersten Adams Marianne Fritz Heather Rawls Christian Wilson Target Audience • Fifth grade students • Ages nine to eleven years old Functions of the Skeletal System Plays an important role in movement, provides a strong, stable, and mobile framework upon which the muscles act Supports and protects your organs Functions of the Skeletal System The principle storage center for the body’s essential minerals  Calcium  Phosphorus Manufactures the body’s blood cells Red bone marrow produces millions of blood cells each day Structure of the Skeleton Skeletal System is divided into two main parts Axial Skeleton: Includes the 80 bones of the skull, spine ribs and sternum (breastbone) Mainly used for protection Structure of the Skeleton  Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet Bones are mainly used for movement Types of Bones Long Bone: A bone with a greater length than width; curved for strength to hold up the body -Extremities Short Bone: A bone that is as broad as it is long -Hands and Feet Types of Bones Flat Bone: Thin flat shape that protects the organs -Ribs and Skull Irregular Bone: Uncategorized shape -Pelvis Major Bones of the Skeleton  Skull  Vertebrae  Ribs  Humerus  Radius  Ulna  Metacarpals Major Bones of the Skeleton Pelvis Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsals Cartilage The skeletal system is made up of not only bones but cartilage, a strong, flexible connective tissue. Cartilage Cartilage serves many functions :  Lines the surfaces of joints and enables them to move smoothly  Cushions joining vertebrae  Supports the nose and ears Cartilage Cartilage cells are replaced with age by bone cells and minerals in a process called Ossification.  The process by which bone is formed, renewed and repaired Joints The point at which two bones meet  Ball-and Socket Joints: Allows the widest range of movement: backwards, forwards, sideways and circular Shoulder and Hips Pivot Joints: Bone projection allows rotation First two vertebrae in the neck Joints  Ellipsoidal Joints: Oval shaped part that fits into a curved space, allowing for all types of movement except pivotal Wrist  Hinge Joints: Allows bending, straightening, and rotating Fingers  Immoveable Joint: Does not support any type of movement Skull Joints Ligament: Tough bands of fibrous, slightly, elastic tissue that bind the bone ends at the joint, preventing excessive movement Tendon: Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone other muscles Care of the Skeletal System Nutrition  Calcium: essential for building strong bones -Dairy Products Care of the Skeleton System  Phosphorous: combines with calcium to give bones their firmness - Sources include: milk, peas, beans, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains Care of the Skeleton System Exercise  Regular physical activity, especially weight bearing exercise increases bone mass  Promotes better circulation of blood, increasing nourishment to your bones Problems of the Skeletal System • Hairline Fractures: Incomplete; the bone doesn’t break into two pieces Problems of the Skeletal System • Transverse Fractures: Complete break Problems of the Skeletal System • Comminuted Fractures: Shatters bone into more than two pieces Problems of the Skeletal System Problems of the Skeletal System  A condition in which bone density decreases, causing bones to become brittle and easily fractured  Women more vulnerable after menopause Problems of the Skeletal System  Prevention: Getting ample physical exercise Eating food rich in calcium Problems of the Skeletal System  Lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spine  Starts in childhood, easily seen when growing ceases  Most schools have scoliosis screening programs Problems of the Skeletal System Treatment: Exercise Special brace Surgery