New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Book 2 Ch 17 Movement in humans Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 17-26) A 1 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 C Short questions (p. 17-26) 6 HKALE Biology 2010 II Q5b 7 HKDSE Biology 2013 IB Q2 (a) Type of joint: hinge joint * (1) Example in our body: elbow joint / knee joint (1) (b) A binds bones together (1) and prevents the dislocation of bones during movement. (1) B attaches muscles to bones (1) and transmits the pulling force produced by muscle contraction. (1) (6 marks) 8 a b c 9 Structures Q and S (2) i Structure P / tendon transmits the pulling force generated by muscle contraction to bones. (1) ii Structure P / tendon is inelastic / does not stretch. (1) One piece of structure R / muscle moves the joint in one direction, and the second one is needed to move the joint in the opposite direction. / One piece of structure R / muscle bends the joint, and the second one is needed to straighten the joint. (2) HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q6 (a) upon the arreival of nerve impulses, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter (1) Which diffuses across the gap between the nerve ending and the muscle fibre (1) The neurotransmitter will stimulate the membrane of muscle cell, (1) Resulting in muscle contraction. (b) the joint serves as the fulcrum (1) of the lever system, which allows the movement of adjoining bone relative to one another. (1) - 27 -  Oxford University Press 2014 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Book 2 10 HKALE Biology 2007 I Q6 Structured questions (p. 17-28) 11 a b c Hip bone (1) i Blood cells (1) ii It is lighter / stronger per unit mass. / It requires less energy to move around. / Fewer minerals are needed to form it. (any 2) @(1) × 2 i To reduce friction. / As a shock absorber. (1) ii Difference Bone Cartilage 1 Rigid / not flexible Flexible 2 Heavy Light 3 Contains marrow No marrow 4 Contains calcium No calcium phosphate phosphate 5 Internal blood No internal blood vessels / vessels has external blood vessels 6 Attached to muscles Not attached to muscles (any 3) @(1) × 3 iii To allow bone to increase in length / to grow. (1) iv Rib attachment to sternum / in trachea / ear / pinna / intervertebral disc / nose (any 2) @(1) × 2 12 HKCEE Biology 2009 I Q7a–b (a) The contraction of muscle A provides a pulling force. (1) the force is transmitted to the bone of the lower leg via inelastic tendons. (1) This allows movement across the knee joint. (1) to raise the lower leg. Effective Communication C (1) (b) Cerebellum coordinates muscular contraction of the whole body (1) to maintain body balance. (1) Cerebrum sends nerve impulses to various muscles (1) for contraction to leap the hurdle / to initiate the voluntary action of leaping the hurdle. (1) - 28 -  Oxford University Press 2014 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Book 2 13 Bones are made up of living cells and minerals. / Minerals make the bones hard. / Compact bone forms the outer shell of all bones and the shafts in limb bones. / It provides great strength for supporting the weight of the body. / The shafts of limb bones are filled with yellow bone marrow. / Spongy bone is found at the heads of limb bones. / It is porous to help absorb shock and resist stress. / The cavities are filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. / Blood vessels run along bones. Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients to bone cells and removes waste from them. (any 8) @ (1) × 8 Communication (3) Essay (p. 17-28) 14 HKALE Biology 1998 II Q1a, c - 29 -  Oxford University Press 2014 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Book 2 Reading to learn (p. 17-29) 1 2 3 Calcium phosphate 1 The bones in the right arm of the tennis player are more frequently under stress than the bones in the left arm. 1 Bone cells secrete more minerals to strengthen the bones in the right arm.1 They can do exercise daily 1 to keep their bones under stress. 1 - 30 -  Oxford University Press 2014