LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE
BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES 1
Building Types
and Components
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AIM
To provide students with a
basic understanding of
building design and the
principal components.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the session students will be
able to:
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State the commonly used construction
materials and types.
Identify types of doors and windows
commonly used.
List the principal components of a
staircase.
List the types of roof commonly found.
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COMMON BUILDING
MATERIALS
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Brick
Block
Stone
Concrete
Timber
Metal
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BUILDING BOARDS
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Fibre
Plaster
Asbestos
Plywood
Block
Plastic
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TYPES OF BUILDINGS
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Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
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Structural steel frame construction
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Reinforced concrete construction
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Modular system construction
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Portal frame construction
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Composite construction.
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SOLID CONSTRUCTION
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Solid load bearing walls
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Cast iron columns
Set back at upper floors
Commonly made of brick, concrete
blocks or stone
Cast iron or timber beams
Warehouses, mills, factories and
offices.
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BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES
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STRUCTURAL STEEL
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High number of design options
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Large shopping centres, sports centres
and multi-storey offices.
Skeletal framework often complex
Loads carried by beams
Structure is covered by cladding
Large use of glass, polycarbonate and
plastic
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STRUCTURAL STEEL
Roof spans between main beams
Main beams
Tie Beam
Secondary beam
Stanchions
Floor spans between main
beams
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REINFORCED CONCRETE
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Alternative to steel frame
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Columns support beams on which are laid
slab flooring sections
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Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast
to form a monolithic structure
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Two common methods of construction.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame
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Factory produced frame components
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Transported for assembly on site
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Similar techniques to steel frame.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite construction
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Utilises the advantages of modern
lightweight structural steelwork
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‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast
concrete columns.
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COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete
Spine beam
Steel
Spine
beam.
Gable
columns
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MODULAR STRUCTURES
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Pre fabricated components
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High design flexibility
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Specially designed connectors
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Encased in concrete to provide a degree
of fire and corrosion protection.
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MODULAR BUILDING
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TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
FLOORING
R.C. edge beam
Concrete ribs
Hollow clay
floor blocks Concrete topping
Ceiling Voids
finish
Reinforcement
Rib reinforcement
Filler tiles
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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
Floor finish
Cement/sand screed
Void
Internal support
Typical hollow floor unit details
Cement/sand
Floor finish
Grouted joints
screed
Typical channel section floor unit details
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PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
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DOORS, WINDOWS AND
ROOFLIGHTS
TYPES OF DOOR
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Hinged
Swing
Revolving
Sliding
Folding
Cantilever
Roller shutter
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HINGED DOORS
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Most commonly found type
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All close against a rebate on the door
jamb
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Four commonly found types
Flush
Panelled
Ledged
Metal
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SWING DOORS
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Pin hinges allow door to swing in any
direction
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Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
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Often partially glazed using wired glass or
copper glazing bars
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Found in restaurants, department stores and
hotels.
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REVOLVING DOORS
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Present an obstruction to firefighting
operations unless dealt with
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Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
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Designed to be collapsed down
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Essential they are used in conjunction with
a hinged door.
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SLIDING DOORS
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Solid or lattice construction
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Widely used in commercial buildings
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Can slide on one or both sides of an
opening or into a central recess
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Lattice type usually for security or to
protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
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FOLDING DOORS
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Usually lightweight construction
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Similar in design to hinged doors
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Two or more leaves hinged together
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Whole door opens to one side only
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Often used to separate two rooms.
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CANTILEVER DOORS
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Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it
rises upwards
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Lies horizontal when open
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Generally fits flush to the opening when
closed
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Usually found on garages.
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ROLLER SHUTTERS
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Nearly always made of steel
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Small examples can be raised by hand
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Large examples usually operated by
means of gearing and handle or chain and
block
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Usually found on commercial premises.
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FIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:
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Serve to contain the outbreak of fire
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A closed door restricts oxygen movement,
thus helping to starve the fire
Restrict the spread of fire gases into
otherwise unaffected parts of the building
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WINDOWS
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Allow natural light into a building
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Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
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Generally two types, referred to according
to the method of opening
Casement
Sash
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CASEMENT WINDOWS
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The simplest form consists of a
rectangular frame with the casement
hung on it
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When more than one casement can be
opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light
casement.
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VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
FRAME
CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT
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SASH WINDOWS
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Pivoted sash - opening part supported by
pivots at each side of opening part of
window or top and bottom
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The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening
portion and includes the glass and the
surround
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Partially inside and outside of opening
when open.
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SASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windows
• Slide vertically
• Double hung is the common form of this
type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in
the frame
• Another type consists of two sashes, one
or both of which can be opened horizontally
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STAIRS AND
ROOFS
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STAIRS
Common materials
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Wood
Stone
Pre cast concrete
Steel
Composite
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STAIRS
RISER
NOSING
TREAD
CAPPING
STRING
BEARER
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STAIRS
HEADROOM
BANNISTER
RISE
NEWEL
POST
GOING
RUN
SPANDREL
PITCH LINE
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ROOF DESIGN
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Flat roofs
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Pitched roofs
– Mansard
– Trussed
– Portal or ridge-framed
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PITCHED ROOFS
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PITCHED ROOFS
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CONFIRMATION
Assessments will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note
Learning Outcomes
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State the most commonly used construction
materials and types
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Identify types of doors and windows
commonly used
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List the principal components of a staircase
List the types of roof commonly found.
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THE END
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