1. No category

LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE
BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES 1
Building Types
and Components
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
1
AIM
To provide students with a
basic understanding of
building design and the
principal components.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the session students will be
able to:
•
•
•
•
State the commonly used construction
materials and types.
Identify types of doors and windows
commonly used.
List the principal components of a
staircase.
List the types of roof commonly found.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
3
COMMON BUILDING
MATERIALS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brick
Block
Stone
Concrete
Timber
Metal
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
4
BUILDING BOARDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fibre
Plaster
Asbestos
Plywood
Block
Plastic
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
5
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
•
Solid or ‘traditional’ construction
•
Structural steel frame construction
•
Reinforced concrete construction
•
Modular system construction
•
Portal frame construction
•
Composite construction.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
6
SOLID CONSTRUCTION
•
•
•
Solid load bearing walls
•
•
•
Cast iron columns
Set back at upper floors
Commonly made of brick, concrete
blocks or stone
Cast iron or timber beams
Warehouses, mills, factories and
offices.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
7
BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
8
STRUCTURAL STEEL
•
•
•
•
•
High number of design options
•
Large shopping centres, sports centres
and multi-storey offices.
Skeletal framework often complex
Loads carried by beams
Structure is covered by cladding
Large use of glass, polycarbonate and
plastic
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
9
STRUCTURAL STEEL
Roof spans between main beams
Main beams
Tie Beam
Secondary beam
Stanchions
Floor spans between main
beams
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
10
REINFORCED CONCRETE
•
Alternative to steel frame
•
Columns support beams on which are laid
slab flooring sections
•
Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast
to form a monolithic structure
•
Two common methods of construction.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
11
REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame
•
Factory produced frame components
•
Transported for assembly on site
•
Similar techniques to steel frame.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
12
REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite construction
•
Utilises the advantages of modern
lightweight structural steelwork
•
‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast
concrete columns.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
13
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete
Spine beam
Steel
Spine
beam.
Gable
columns
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
14
MODULAR STRUCTURES
•
Pre fabricated components
•
High design flexibility
•
Specially designed connectors
•
Encased in concrete to provide a degree
of fire and corrosion protection.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
15
MODULAR BUILDING
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
16
TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
17
HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
FLOORING
R.C. edge beam
Concrete ribs
Hollow clay
floor blocks Concrete topping
Ceiling Voids
finish
Reinforcement
Rib reinforcement
Filler tiles
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
18
HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK
Floor finish
Cement/sand screed
Void
Internal support
Typical hollow floor unit details
Cement/sand
Floor finish
Grouted joints
screed
Typical channel section floor unit details
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
19
PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
20
DOORS, WINDOWS AND
ROOFLIGHTS
TYPES OF DOOR
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hinged
Swing
Revolving
Sliding
Folding
Cantilever
Roller shutter
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
21
HINGED DOORS
•
Most commonly found type
•
All close against a rebate on the door
jamb
•
Four commonly found types
Flush
Panelled
Ledged
Metal
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
22
SWING DOORS
•
Pin hinges allow door to swing in any
direction
•
Door jamb not fitted with a rebate
•
Often partially glazed using wired glass or
copper glazing bars
•
Found in restaurants, department stores and
hotels.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
23
REVOLVING DOORS
•
Present an obstruction to firefighting
operations unless dealt with
•
Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’
•
Designed to be collapsed down
•
Essential they are used in conjunction with
a hinged door.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
24
SLIDING DOORS
•
Solid or lattice construction
•
Widely used in commercial buildings
•
Can slide on one or both sides of an
opening or into a central recess
•
Lattice type usually for security or to
protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
25
FOLDING DOORS
•
Usually lightweight construction
•
Similar in design to hinged doors
•
Two or more leaves hinged together
•
Whole door opens to one side only
•
Often used to separate two rooms.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
26
CANTILEVER DOORS
•
Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it
rises upwards
•
Lies horizontal when open
•
Generally fits flush to the opening when
closed
•
Usually found on garages.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
27
ROLLER SHUTTERS
•
Nearly always made of steel
•
Small examples can be raised by hand
•
Large examples usually operated by
means of gearing and handle or chain and
block
•
Usually found on commercial premises.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
28
FIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:
•
•
Serve to contain the outbreak of fire
•
A closed door restricts oxygen movement,
thus helping to starve the fire
Restrict the spread of fire gases into
otherwise unaffected parts of the building
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
29
WINDOWS
•
Allow natural light into a building
•
Serve to provide ventilation to rooms
•
Generally two types, referred to according
to the method of opening
Casement
Sash
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
30
CASEMENT WINDOWS
•
The simplest form consists of a
rectangular frame with the casement
hung on it
•
When more than one casement can be
opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light
casement.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
31
VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.
FRAME
CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
32
SASH WINDOWS
•
Pivoted sash - opening part supported by
pivots at each side of opening part of
window or top and bottom
•
The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening
portion and includes the glass and the
surround
•
Partially inside and outside of opening
when open.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
33
SASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windows
• Slide vertically
• Double hung is the common form of this
type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in
the frame
• Another type consists of two sashes, one
or both of which can be opened horizontally
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
34
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
35
STAIRS AND
ROOFS
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
36
STAIRS
Common materials
•
•
•
•
•
Wood
Stone
Pre cast concrete
Steel
Composite
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
37
STAIRS
RISER
NOSING
TREAD
CAPPING
STRING
BEARER
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
38
STAIRS
HEADROOM
BANNISTER
RISE
NEWEL
POST
GOING
RUN
SPANDREL
PITCH LINE
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
39
ROOF DESIGN
•
Flat roofs
•
Pitched roofs
– Mansard
– Trussed
– Portal or ridge-framed
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
40
PITCHED ROOFS
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
41
PITCHED ROOFS
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
42
CONFIRMATION
Assessments will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note
Learning Outcomes
•
State the most commonly used construction
materials and types
•
Identify types of doors and windows
commonly used
•
•
List the principal components of a staircase
List the types of roof commonly found.
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
43
THE END
Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre
44