1. business and industrial
2. energy
3. oil

© Centura
Foods Ltd
2
All substances are made up of sub-microscopic
particles called molecules
In gases (like air) the molecules can move freely
In liquids (like water) the molecules can also move
In solids the molecules are more or less stationary
3
Representation of molecules in a gas
(a)
(b)
As a result of their random movements the
molecules become evenly distributed
4
Next slide
Diffusion
As a result of this random movement, the
molecules of a gas become evenly dispersed
This movement is called DIFFUSION
The scent of a hyacinth diffuses throughout
a room
The scent molecules diffuse from a region
where they are concentrated (the flower) to
regions where they are absent or in low
concentration
5
6
One of the ways substances enter and leave cells
is by diffusion
If a substance is more concentrated outside a cell
than inside, the molecules will tend to diffuse
into the cell
If a substance is more concentrated inside the
cell than outside, the molecules will tend to
diffuse out of the cell
Diffusion gradient
The molecules are more densely packed on
the left and so they tend to diffuse into the
space on the right. This is a diffusion gradient
A diffusion gradient
7
Scale
The scale of the following drawings is greatly
distorted.
Even if the cells were as large as they appear
on the screen, the molecules would still be
invisible particles
8
Diffusion of oxygen into a cell
The concentration of
oxygen molecules is
greater outside the cell
than inside
So the oxygen molecules
diffuse into the cell
9
10
Because the cell is using up oxygen, the
concentration of oxygen inside the cell is
always lower then the concentration
outside.
The diffusion gradient is maintained
So oxygen continues to diffuse in
11
If all kinds of substance could diffuse into a cell
there would be a danger that poisonous
substances could diffuse in and kill the cell
If all the substances in a cell could diffuse out
the cell would lose essential substances
(e.g. glucose) needed to keep the cell alive
In fact, although the cell membrane does allow
some substances (e.g. oxygen and carbon
dioxide) to diffuse freely, it controls the exit and
entry of nearly all other substances
12
Diffusion is slow
For living processes it is effective only over
short distances
The distance from a cell membrane to the
centre of the cell may be 0.1mm or less
Diffusion is rapid enough to keep a cell
supplied with oxygen and food
Single-celled organisms
13
In a single-celled organism (such as Amoeba) the
distance is so small that diffusion is rapid enough
for the cell’s needs
oxygen
carbon dioxide
maximum
distance
is 0.1 mm
14
Single-celled organisms are rarely more than
1mm in diameter
Bacteria range from 1 - 10 microns (1-10 µ )
( 1 µ is one thousandth of a millimetre)
Diffusion is rapid enough for such small
organisms
15
Inside the bodies of large animals, diffusion of
oxygen into their cells is rapid enough
For transport across the whole body, diffusion
would be much too slow
Large organisms have evolved transport
systems (e.g. blood circulatory systems)
that carry oxygen from outside the body to
the cells inside
16
Earthworm
diffusion takes place through
the thin skin of the worm
O2 diffuses in
Section through
worm’s skin
0.04mm
the blood vessels
absorb the O2 and
carry it to the body
CO2 diffuses
out
Question
17
Did you notice anything in particular about the
earthworm’s ‘skin’ as seen in the section ?
Have another look.
How might this affect diffusion ?
18
Humans obtain their oxygen by diffusion
But not through the skin
Although the skin is well supplied with blood
vessels, there are too many layers of cells for
diffusion to be fast enough
Humans have lungs and it is in these lungs
that diffusion occurs
19
Human lungs
windpipe
lung
diaphragm
position of lungs
in thorax
heart
human lungs
20
Lung Structure
each tube ends up in
a cluster of tiny air
sacs.
the air passages in the lung
branch into finer and finer tubes
A single air sac
21
blood supply to air sac
diffusion of
oxygen
diffusion of
carbon dioxide
air breathed
in and out
O2
CO2
0.03 mm
question 4
22
In mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibia,
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by
diffusion in the lungs
In fish, this exchange of gases takes place by
diffusion through the gills
The oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into
the blood vessels in the gills.
Fish
23
gill cover
gills
gill cover cut away
gill filaments
24
Diffusion takes place through the surface of the gills
Diffusion is a slow process
The branching gill filaments offer a big surface
area through which oxygen and carbon dioxide
can diffuse
In this way, the total diffusion through the gills is
greatly increased
The millions of air sacs in the lungs also vastly
increase the area through which the gases can
diffuse
Plants
25
Plants have no special organs for breathing
They have to rely on diffusion for their supplies
of oxygen and carbon dioxide
There are pores in the leaves and stems through
which the gases diffuse
In daylight, CO2 (for photosynthesis) will be
diffusing in and O2 will be diffusing out
In darkness, O2 will diffuse in and CO2 will diffuse
out as a result of respiration
26
Leaf
O2 and CO2
diffuse through
pores in the
epidermis
the ‘veins’
bring water
In a thin leaf, the
diffusion distance
is short
O2 and CO2 diffuse
into the spaces between cells
27
Question 1
Diffusion can normally take place in
(a) a liquid
(b) a solution
(c) a solid
(d) a gas
Question 2
A fish breathes
(a) water
(b) oxygen dissolved in water
(c) oxygen in the air
(d) carbon dioxide dissolved in water
28
29
Question 3
Diffusion takes place as a result of
(a) convection currents
(b) air movements
(c) natural movement of molecules
(d) changes in temperature
30
Question 4
What is the approximate diameter of
an air sac in the human lung ? (Slide 21)
(a) 0.006 mm
(b) 0.06 mm
(c) 0.6 mm
(d) 6.0 mm
31
Question 5
In a plant leaf, CO2 diffuses (a) into the air space
between cells, (b) into the cytoplasm, (c) through
the cell wall, (d) through a pore in the epidermis.
The correct sequence is
(a) a,b,c,d
(b) c, b, d, a
(c) d, a, c, b
(d) d, c, a, b
32
Question 6
Which of these would you expect to diffuse
freely through a cell membrane ?
(a) carbon dioxide
(b) water
(c) proteins
(d) oxygen
33
Question 7
Through which of these layers would you expect
diffusion to be most rapid ?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Question 8
34
The cells inside an earthworm receive oxygen
via (a) diffusion into the blood vessels, (b) transport
by the blood, (c) diffusion out of the blood into the
cells, (d) diffusion through the epidermis.
Which of the following is the correct sequence?
(a) b, c, d, a
(b) a, b, c, d
(c) d, a, b, c
(d) d, b, a, c
35
Answer
Correct
36
Answer
Incorrect
37
The earthworm’s ‘skin’ is only one cell thick.
To reach a blood vessel, the oxygen has to diffuse
over a very short distance and so is rapid enough to
meet the earthworm’s needs.
The single cell layer is an epidermis rather than
a ‘skin’.
single cell