1. art and entertainment
2. visual art and design
3. design

UML FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. Ernest Cachia
UML
Unified Modelling Language
Visualising and documenting analysis and
design effort.
• Unified because it …
– Combines main preceding OO methods (Booch by Grady
Booch, OMT by Jim Rumbaugh and OOSE by Ivar Jacobson)
• Modelling because it is …
– Primarily used for visually modelling systems. Many system
views are supported by appropriate models
• Language because …
– It offers a syntax through which to express modelled knowledge
Booch '91
OMT-1
Booch '93
OMT-2
UM 0.8
OOSE
1995
UML 0.9/0.91 June to Oct 1996
UML 1.0
UML 1.1
Jan 1997
Sep1997
Partner's
expertise
Standardisation
Public
feedback
Jun-Oct'96
Other
Fragmentary Unification
UML Ancestry (visual)
Industrialisation
Further (latest) UML Evolution
composition
(whole-part)
relationship
UML 2.0
UML 2.0
2002
Q4 2001
Q1 2001
Superstructure
UML 2.0
UML 2.0
Infrastructure
OCL
UML 1.4
dependency
relationship
1999
UML 1.3
1998
UML 1.2
1997
UML 1.1
(adopted by OMG)
Editorial revision
without significant
technical changes.
(Loosely adapted from Kobryn, 2001)
UML Partners
The list is quite an impressive one:
Hewlett-Packard
● IBM
● Microsoft
● Oracle
● i-Logix
● Intelli Corp.
● MCI Systemhouse
● ObjectTime
●
Unisys
● Sterling Software
● Rational Software
● ICON computing
● Platinum Technology
● and others…
●
and so…What is UML?
Based on the previous three slides…
• A language for capturing and expressing
knowledge
• A tool for system discovery and
development
• A tool for visual development modelling
• A set of well-founded guidelines
• A milestone generator
• A popular (therefore supported) tool
and…What UML is not!
• A visual programming language or
environment
• A database specification tool
• A development process (i.e. an SDLC)
• A panacea
• A quality guarantee
What UML can do for you
Help you to:
– Better think out and document your system before
implementing it
– “forecast” your system
– Determine islands of reusability
– Lower development costs
– Plan and analyse your logic (system behaviour)
– Make the right decisions at an early stage (before
committed to code)
– Better deploy the system for efficient memory and
processor usage
– Easier maintenance/modification on well documented
systems
– Lower maintenance costs
– Establish a communication standard
– Minimise “lead-in” costs
UML components
UML
Views
Functional
Non-functional
Organisational
Diagrams
9 diagrams
(see further on)
Model Elements
Symbology /
notation
General
Mechanisms
Adornments
Notes
Specifications
The Case “for” Diagrams
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aesthetic
Descriptive
Compressive
Simple
Understandable
Universal
Formalise-able / Standardise-able
The Case “against” Diagrams
•
•
•
•
•
•
Not inherent knowledge
Easily cluttered
Require some training
Not necessarily revealing
Must be liked to be accepted and used
Effort to draw
UML diagrams
UML diagrams
Use-Case
Static Structure
Object
Class
Interaction
Sequence
Collaboration
State
Activity
Implementation
Component
Deployment
UML Diagrams (comparative slide)
 Use-Case (relation of actors to system functions)
 Class (static class structure)
 Object (same as class - only using class instances
– i.e. objects)
 State (states of objects in a particular class)
 Sequence (Object message passing structure)
 Collaboration (same as sequence but also
shows context - i.e. objects and their relationships)
 Activity (sequential flow of activities i.e. action
states)
 Component (code structure)
 Deployment (mapping of software to hardware)
UML Diagram Philosophy
Any UML diagram:
• Depicts concepts
– as symbols
• Depicts relationships between concepts
– as directed or undirected arcs (lines)
• Depicts names
– as labels within or next to symbols and lines
The Main 4 UML Diagrams
•
•
•
•
Use-Case
Class
Sequence
State
Examples are depicted on the following
slides.
The Use-Case Diagram
The Class Diagram
The Sequence Diagram
The State Diagram
The Other 5 UML Diagrams
•
•
•
•
•
Object
Collaboration
Activity
Component
Deployment
Examples are depicted on the following
slides.
The Object Diagram
The Collaboration Diagram
The Activity Diagram
The Component Diagram
The Deployment Diagram
UML Relationships
Some Points to Ponder
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How would you justify the use of UML in any IS project
to programming personnel?
What is the difference between static and dynamic
UML diagrams?
Why does UML attempt to model systems with a heavy
emphasis on graphic notation?
Why does UML not restrict itself to one type of
diagram?
Is UML restrictive to system development? Justify your
reply.
A common misconception is that systems built using
UML are quality guaranteed. Discuss this issue and
present (write down) your reasoning.
Workshop Activity -7Try textually describing the software
controlling production of a large-scale prepacked food company
(weather/calendar/market controlled).
Once done, try describing the exact same
system diagrammatically.
Draw some conclusions from your work.
UML Development Model
UML DM
Requirements
Gathering
Analysis
Design
Development
Deployment
The next slides will outline the above phases
Requirements Gathering (1/2)
Determine what the client wants
• Business process elicitation
– Tool: Interview; Questionnaire; Observation;
Experience
– Product: UML Activity diagram
• Domain analysis
– Tool: Interview; Noun-Verb extraction; Observation
– Product: UML HL Class diagram; textual supporting
data
Requirements Gathering (2/2)
• System context determination
– Tool: Observation; Process walk-through
– Product: UML Deployment diagram
• System requirements elicitation
– Tool: JAD moderated session
– Product: Refined HL Class Diagram; UML Package
diagram
• Phase outcome presentation
– Tool: n/a
– Product: n/a
Analysis (1/2)
Unfold a detailed understanding of the
problem
• Determine system usage (Actor
determination)
– Tool: JAD session; User interrogation
– Product: Use-Case diagram/s
• Expand Use-Cases (Fleshing-out)
– Tool: Further user interrogation
– Product: Textual supplement to Use-Case diagrams
• Refine Class diagram
– Tool: JAD session; Observation (of JAD)
– Product: Refined Class diagram (inc. associations,
cardinalities/modalities, generalisations, etc.)
Analysis (2/2)
• State analysis
– Tool: Thought
– Product: State diagram
• Interaction analysis
– Tool: Internal experience (Use-Case + refined Class + State)
– Product: Sequence and Collaboration diagrams
• System integration analysis
– Tool: Observation; walk-through, interrogation
– Product: Detailed deployment diagram
Design (1/2)
Analysis ↔ Design (until design is completed)
• Develop and refine object diagrams
– Tool: Operation analysis
– Product: Activity diagrams
• Develop component diagrams
– Tool: Programmers; system component (and interaction)
visualisation
– Product: Component diagrams
• Start thinking about deployment
– Tool: Analysis of component structure and their
integration (from previous); external system cooperation
– Product: Part of deployment diagram from analysis
Design (2/2)
• Prototype development (GUI)
– Tool: JAD session previous and new; previous use-case
diagrams
– Product: Screen prototypes and shots
• Testing of design
– Peer-developed test cases based on existing use-case diagrams
– Product: Test cases (scripts)
• Design documentation structure
– Tool: Designer input and document configuration tools
– Product: Document structure
Development (1/2)
Programmers’ realm – should proceed swiftly if right
effort was initially invested
• Coding
– Tool: Programmers using class, object, activity and component
diagrams
– Product: Code
• Testing
– Tool: Back-and-forth from the coding activity using the test cases
designed in the design phase
– Product: Test results
Development (2/2)
• Implement, connect and test UIs
– Tool: UI development environment; programmer interaction
– Product: Full working system
• Finalise documentation
– Tool: programmer input; inspection
– Product: Full system documentation
Deployment
Software to hardware mapping and consideration
of interacting systems
• Backup and recovery strategy
– Tool: Initial requirements; system nature considerations
– Product: Crash recovery plan
• Installation
– Tool: n/a
– Product: Deployed system
• Installation testing
– Tool: Implementation of test sequences including backup and
recovery
– Product: Final (actual) test results
Workshop Activity -8Internally within each team, divide up into
“client/analyst”, “object engineer”, and
“programmer/documentation specialist” and
try developing a basic DVD rental control
software system using basic UML notation
so far covered and according to UML DM.
Request trainer inspection after every
phase. Coding need only be carried out at
a highly abstract structured text or pseudocode level.
Use-Case Diagrams (UCDs) (1/2)
• A use-case is…
– a simplification of (a part of) a business process model
– a set of activities within a system
– presented from the point of view of the associated actors
(i.e. those actors interacting with the system)
– leading to an externally visible result
• What is the model supposed to do?
– offer a simplified and limited notation
– allow other diagrams used to support (realise) it
– combinatorial with prototypes as complementary
information
– not intended to model functional decomposition
Use-Case Diagrams (UCDs) (2/2)
Components: use-cases and actors
– a use-case must always deliver a value to an actor
– the aggregate of all use-cases is the system's
complete functionality
Goals:
–
–
–
–
consolidate system functional requirements
provide a development synchronisation point
provide a basis for system testing
provide a basic function-class/operation map
UCD Components
• The use case itself is drawn as an oval.
• The actors are drawn as little stick
figures.
• The actors are connected to the use
case with lines.
System
Use-case symbol
Actor symbol
Actor1
«extend»
UseCase1
System boundary
«include»
Relationships and connectors
UML Actors
• An actor
– Is a class that forms a system boundary
– participates in a use-case
– is not within our responsibility as systems
analyst/s and/or designer/s
• Examples are
– end-users (roles)
– external systems (co-operations)
– time related events (events)
– external, passive objects (entities)
UML Actor Classification
A primary actor uses the system's primary
functions (e.g. a bank cashier);
A secondary actor uses the system's
secondary functions (e.g. a bank manager,
system administrator);
An active actor initiates a use-case;
A passive actor only participates in one or
more use-cases.
Identifying UML Actors
Ask yourself the following questions:
 Who are the system’s primary users?
 Who requires system support for daily tasks?
 Who are the system’s secondary users?
 What hardware does the system handle?
 Which other (if any) systems interact with the
system in question?
 Do any entities interacting with the system
perform multiple roles as actors?
 Which other entities (human or otherwise) might
have an interest in the system's output?
UML Actor Notation and
Generalisation Examples

Staff
Clerical staff
Academic staff
The guy
Support staff
«actor»
The guy
UML Use-Cases (UCs not UC
Diagrams UCDs)
Definition: "A set of sequences of actions a system
performs that yield an observable result of value to a
particular actor.“
Use-case characteristics:
 Always initiated by an actor (voluntarily or
 involuntarily);
 Must provide discernible value to an actor;
 Must form a complete conceptual function.
(conceptual completion is when the end observable value is produced)
UC Description Criteria
Use-Case Number (ID) and Name
Use-case
–
–
–
–
–
actors
pre- and post-conditions
invariants
non-functional requirements
Behaviour modelled as:
-
Described by
activity diagram/s
decomposition in smaller UC
diagrams
– error-handling and exceptions
– Rules modelled as:
-
–
–
–
–
activity diagram/s
services
examples, prototypes, etc.
open questions and contacts
other diagrams
UC Description Example
UC: Login authentication





User
Disable access - Enable access
Logged in user = valid user
Login delay; line security
Behaviour modelled as:
-
Example on the
next slide
Example on the slide
after the next
Example two
slides further on
E.g. Collaboration
diagram (tackled
later on)
-


Invalid login name; interrupt entry
Rules modelled as:
-




activity diagram/s
decomposition in smaller UC
diagrams
activity diagram/s
Log, pass prompts; authenticate
examples, prototypes, etc.
open questions and contacts
other diagrams (realisations)
Activity Diagram from previous
Sub-UCs to Login Example
Rules Activity Diagram Example
Consolidating UC Descriptions
Ask yourself these questions:
 Do all actors interacting with a given UC have
communication association to it?
 Are there common roles amongst actors?
 Are there UC similarities?
 Are there special cases of a UC?
 Are all system functions catered for by UCs?
UCD Relationships (1/2)
 Association relationship
 Extend relationship
«extend»
 Include relationship
«include»
 Generalisation relationship
UCD Relationships (2/2)
• Associations
• Links actors to their UCs
• Use (or include)
• Drawn from base UC to used UC, it shows inclusion of
functionality of one UC in another (used in base)
• Extend
• Drawn from extension to base UC, it extends the
meaning of UC to include optional behaviour
• Generalisation
• Drawn from specialised UC to base UC, it shows the
link of a specialised UC to a more generalised one
UCD Definition Summary
Use-Case diagrams:
• show use-cases and actors
• connected by “associations”
• refined by inheritance stereotypes
– “uses”
• re-use of a set of activities (use-cases)
• partitioning of activities
• points to the re-used use-case
– “extends”
• variation of a use-case
• points to the standard use-case
UCD Relationship Example
(1/2)
UCD Relationship Example
(2/2)
«extend»
make an
interview
elicit customer
needs
«include»
produce a
SRS
What a UCD is - and what it isn’t
 Attention focuser on the part of the business
process that is going to be supported by the IS.
 It is the end-user perspective model.
 It is goal driven
 Helps to identify system services.
 Are not used as DFDs.
 Sequences, branching, loops, rules, etc. cannot
(and should not) be directly expressed.
 Are often combined with activity diagrams, which
serve as their refinement.
UCD Case Study (1/3)
Vending Machine
• After client interview the following system
scenarios were identified:
• A customer buys a product
• The supplier restocks the machine
• The supplier collects money from the machine
• On the basis of these scenarios, the following
three actors can be identified:
• Customer; Supplier; Collector
UCD Case Study (2/3)
UCD Case Study (3/3)
 Introducing annotations (notes) and constraints.
Testing UCs
Verification
– Confirmation of correct development according to
system requirements.
Validation (only when working parts become
available)
– Confirmation of correct system functionality
according to end-user needs.
Walking the UC
– This is basically, interchangeable role play by the
system developers.
Workshop Activity -9Create a simple UCD (i.e. no “uses” or “extends”
relationships) for a course registration system
described as follows:
“The course registration system should
allow students to register for and drop
courses. The system’s administrator should
be able to add and delete courses from the
system as well as to cancel planned
courses. If a planned course is cancelled
the relevant instructor should be notified
through the system.”
(Loosely adapted from Lee, 2002)
Workshop Activity -10Create a UCD showing UC relationships (i.e. with
“uses” or “extends” relationships and any actor
generalisations) for an automated medical
appointment system described as follows:
“The appointment system should allow new
or existing patients to make medical
appointments
according
to
doctorcontrolled
availability
schedules.
Medical Centre management should be able
to view current schedule information.”
(Loosely adapted from Dennis, 2002)
The UML Class Diagram
• Is a static diagram (describes system
structure)
– Combines a number of model elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Classes
Attributes
Operations (methods)
Associations
Aggregations
Compositions
Generalisations
A UML Class
Name
Attributes
Operations
Properties of class diagrams:
- Static model;
- Models structure and behaviour;
- Used as a basis for other diagrams;
- Easily converted to an object diagram.
Determining Classes (1/2)
● Is there data that requires storage,
transformation or analysis?
● Are there external systems interacting with the
one in question?
● Are any class libraries or components being use
(from manufacturers, other colleagues or past
projects)?
● Does the system handle any devices?
● Does the system model organisational
structures?
● Analyse all actor roles.
Determining Classes (2/2)
• Textual Analysis
(based on Dennis, 2002)
• A common or improper noun implies a class
• A proper noun or direct reference implies an object (instance of a
class)
• A collective noun implies a class made up of groups of objects from
another class
• An adjective implies an attribute
• A “doing” verb implies an operation
• A “being” verb implies a classification relationship between an
object and its class
• A “having” verb implies an aggregation or association relationship
• A transitive verb implies an operation
• An intransitive verb implies an exception
• A predicate or descriptive verb phrase implies an operation
• An adverb implies an attribute of a relationship or an operation
UML Class Attributes (1/2)
 Very system dependent
 Describe characteristics of objects belonging to
that class
 Can be informative - or confusing
 Has a definite type
–
–
–
–
Primitive (Boolean, integer, real, enumerated, etc.)
language specific
other classes
any user defined type
 Has different visibility, including:
– public (viewed and used from other classes)
– private (cannot be accessed from other classes)
UML Class Attributes (2/2)
•
•
•
•
Can be given a default value
Can be given class-scope
Can list possible values of enumeration
Directly implementable into most modern
programming languages with object-oriented
support (e.g. Java)
Attribute syntax:
Visibility name:type=init_value{property_string}
UML Class Attribute Examples
UNIXaccount
+ username : string
+ groupname : string
+ filesystem_size : integer
+ creation_date : date
- password : string
Invoice
UNIXaccount
+ username : string
+ groupname : string = “staff"
+ filesystem_size : integer
+ creation_date : date
- password : string
Invoice
+ amount : real
+ amount : real
+ date : date = current date
+ date : date = current date
+ customer : string
+ customer : string
+ specification : string
+ specification : string
- administrator : string = "unspecified"
- administrator : string = "unspecified" - number_of_invoices : integer
- number_of_invoices : integer
+ status : status = unpaid { unpaid, paid }
UML Class-to-Java Example
Public class UNIXaccount
{
public string username;
public string groupname = "csai";
public int filesystem_size;
public date creation_date;
private string password;
static private integer no_of_accounts = 0
public UNIXaccount()
{
//Other initialisation
no_of_accounts++;
}
//Methods go here
};
UNIXaccount
+ username : string
+ groupname : string = “staff"
+ filesystem_size : integer
+ creation_date : date
- password : string
- no_of_accounts : integer = 0
Operations (Methods)
Public class Figure
Figure
{
- x : integer = 0
private int x = 0;
- y : integer = 0
private int y = 0;
+ draw()
public void draw()
{
//Java code for drawing figure
}
};
Figure fig1 = new Figure();
Figure fig2 = new Figure();
fig1.draw();
fig2.draw();
Constraints on Operations
PoliceStation
alert (Alarm)
1 station
*
BurglarAlarm
isTripped: Boolean = false
report ()
{ if isTripped
then station.alert(self)}
Association Examples
Person
Person
*
Driver
Person
Heater
Domestic
appliance
Radio
*
Company
car
Driver
1
Adult
Drives 
*
Employee
Married to
Husband
1
Car
Drives 
Driver

Wife
Company
car
Person
·Turns on
Mum
· Cleans
Family
member
Toaster
· Tunes
Dad
*
Child
Car
Qualified and "Or" Associations
Person
User
PID
Item of
clothing
1
Plates
*
*
IP-addr
Process
0..*
1
Car
Male
person
{or}
0..*
Female
person
*
Host
Ordered and Ternary Associations
Library
1..*
*
{ordered by date}
Books
1 ..*
* {ordered by surname}
Member
No qualified or aggregation
associations allowed in ternary.
0..* Credit card
Bank card
1..* Client
1..* Shop
Person
Establishment
Another Ternary Association
Example
Year
season 
Team


goalkeeper
team
Record
goals for
goals against
wins
losses
ties
Player
Association Classes
Host
*
Adapter
Computer
Network adapter
Queue
1
Notary
Purchaser
Client
Network1
Real-estate
Contract
Print spooler
1..*
Printer
Association by Aggregation
Alternative Notation for
Composition Association
Car
Wheels
Body
Engine
Wiring
*
*
*
*
Note that association
multiplicity is shown
within the classes
Roles in Aggregation
My family
My family
Fiona
Ernest
Zoo
Ernest: Family member
Fiona: Family member
Family
member
Zoo
0..*
0..* 1..*
Mammal
Falcon
0..*
Bird
Cage
1..*
Equipment
Monkey[0..*]: Mammal
Giraffe[0..*]: Mammal
Human[1..*]: Mammal
Falcon[0..*]: Bird
Cage[1..*]: Equipment
Abstract Classes
Abstract Classes and
Generalisation Example
Aircraft
{abstract}
Make
Seats
Engine type
Start() {abstract}
land() {abstract}
Helicopter
Jet plane
Make
Seats
Engine type
Make
Seats
Engine type
Start()
land()
Start()
land()
Start jet engines
Lower flaps
& landing gear
Start blades
Decrease
prop speed
Aggregation and Generalisation
Consists of
*
Figure
{abstract}
Position: Pos
Consists of
*
Electronic
Canvas
Draw() {abstract}
Group
Polygon
Line
Consists of
Draw()
Draw()
Circle
*
Draw()
Draw()
Implementing it (e.g. in Java)
abstract public class Figure
{
abstract public void Draw();
Pos position;
}
public class Group extends Figure
{
private FigureVector consist_of;
public void Draw()
{
for (int i = 0; i < consist_of.size(), i++)
{
consist_of[i].draw();
}
}
}
public class Polygon extends Figure
{
public void Draw()
{
/* something similar to group
only using lines instead */
}
}
public class Line extends Figure
{
public void Draw()
{
/* code to draw line */
}
}
public class circle extends Figure
{
public void Draw()
{
/* code to draw circle */
}
}
Constrained Generalisations
• Overlapping
● A type of inheritance whereby sharing of common
sub-classes by other sub-classes is allowed.
• Disjoint (the default)
● The opposite of overlapping.
• Complete
● A type of inheritance whereby the existing subclasses are said to fully define a given super-class.
No further sub-classing may be defined.
• Incomplete (the default)
● Further sub-classes can be added later on to more
concretely specify a given super-class.
Overlapping Generalisation
Electronic
device
{overlapping}
Radio
receiver
Amplifier
TV set
Monitor
unit
Complete Generalisation
University
faculty
component
{complete}
University
institute
University
department
Person
{complete}
Man
Woman
Expressing Rules in UML
• Rules are expressed using constraints and
derivations
● Constraints were mentioned earlier (e.g. orassociations, ordered associations, inheritance
constraints, etc.)
● Derivations are rules governing how entities can
be derived (e.g. age = current date - DOB)
Example of Derived Associations
Uses
Airport
Flight
uses
Fixed-wing
passenger craft
Aircraft
Is on
/1 class passenger
Passenger
/1 class passenger
Passenger
Name
Surname
Age
Nationality
Destination
Ticket price
/1 class passenger
Turbo-prop
aircraft
Jet-turbine
aircraft
{1 class passenger = = (Ticket price > 400)}
N.B. Relation cardinality is omitted for example clarity
Another Example of a Derived
Association
/supermarket
Supplies
Wholesaler
Processes
Shop
Order
Places
Shop
Name
Address
Owner
Category
Date of registration
Area
/Supermarket
/bulk-buying customer
Customer
{Supermarket = = (Area > 200 && Category = "dept")}
N.B. Relation cardinality is omitted for example clarity
Example of a Constraint
Association
Database
{subset}
Entry in
Maintains
Organisation
Project manager of
Member of
Employee
N.B. Relation cardinality is omitted for example clarity
Association Class
Class Dependencies
ClassA
ClassD
ClassB
«friend»
«friend»
operationZ()
«instantiate»
«call»
ClassC
«refine»
ClassD
ClassC combines
two logical classes
ClassE
Concrete Dependency Example
Controller
«access»
«access»
«access»
Diagram
Elements
«access»
Domain
Elements
Graphics
Core
«access»
Class Diagram Example
Element
<<covalent>>
C
Carbon
Hydrogen
C
<<covalent>>
C
H
Instantiation of Class Diagram
(in previous slide)
:Hydrogen
:Hydrogen
:Hydrogen
:Carbon
:Carbon
:Hydrogen
:Hydrogen
:Hydrogen
Another Class Diagram Example
CreditCard
{abstract}
OrderBean
{abstract}
<<interface>>
EntityBean
order
*
+getOrderStatus
+setOrderStatus
+getLineItems
+setLineItems
+getCreditApproved
+setCreditApproved
...
1
buyer
Customer
1
MyCreditCard
MyOrder
order
*
item
LineItem
{abstract}
*
item
1
commodity
Product
MyLineItem
*
Try This Yourselves…
• Create a class diagram to represent a
arbitrary interconnection of computers

Create a class diagram to represent a hierarchical
directory system in any OS
CD Case Study (1/3)
Describing the use of a word processor
A user can open a new or existing document. Text is
entered through a keyboard. A document is made up
of several pages and each page is made up of a
header, body and footer. Date, time and page number
may be added to header or footer. Document body is
made up of sentences, which are themselves made
up of words and punctuation characters. Words are
made up of letters, digits and/or special characters.
Pictures and tables may be inserted into the
document body. Tables are made up of rows and
columns and every cell in a table can contain both
text and pictures. Users can save or print documents.
CD Case Study (2/3)



Nouns (underlined in previous) are either classes or their attributes
Verbs (italicised in previous) are class operations
Main handled entity: document
CD Case Study (3/3)
Some Points to Ponder
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Give two examples to distinguish between aggregation
and composition.
Explain the concept of an abstract class – give one
example.
When do you think the use of generalisation is not
justified in model building?
Link in a class diagram with generalisation the classes:
“Campaign”, “Advert”, “Newspaper advert”, “Magazine
advert”, “Advert copy”, “Advert graphic”, and “Advert
photograph”.
Draw a class diagram for the following classes:
● Film (title; producer; length; director; genre)
● Ticket (price; adult/child; show time; film)
● Patron (name; adult/child; DOB)
6.
Link the classes in (5) through message passing and
services offered for any one scenario of your choice.
Workshop Activity -11Draw a CD for a patient billing system.
Include only the attributes that would be
appropriate for the system’s context.
Patient (name, gender, address, ID, tel., DOB, blood type,
occupation, pass-times, adverse habits, insurance carrier,
dietary preferences)
Doctor (name, category, specialist, warrant No., preferred
sport, address, tel., DOB, weekly income, VAT No.)
Insurance carrier (date of establishment, name, registration
ID, company staff size, address, tel., contact person name)
Create two object diagrams (ODs) based
on the CD you develop.
UML Interfaces
• Interfaces are associated with supporting
model elements (package, component, class).
• Act as contact points between collaborating
model elements and/or their clusters.
• Equivalent to such programming structures as
OLE/COM or Java interfaces.
• An interface is abstractly defined.
• An interface is composed of signatures, that as
a whole, specify the behaviour of a model
element.
UML Interface Example
Support
Political
party
Voter
Membership
«interface»
Support
{abstract}
Improve() {abstract}
Fight() {abstract}
Report() {abstract}
Politician
Work
Consider() {abstract}
Attend() {abstract}
Donate() {abstract}
Canvass() {abstract}
«interface»
Work
{abstract}
Lobby
Vote
Pedestal
Representation
UML Interface Specialisation
• Interfaces are subject to inheritance in the same
way as classes are. Interface inheritance can be
shown on a class diagram.
For class specifications
Voter
Support
Block
Floating
voter
WeakSupport
voter
see next slide.
Activist
RegularSupport
N.B. Only one interface is shown for example clarity
voter
StrongSupport
UML Interface Classes (based on
previous example)
«interface»
WeakSupport
{abstract}
«interface»
RegularSupport
{abstract}
«interface»
StrongSupport
{abstract}
Consider() {abstract}
Consider() {abstract}
Attend() {abstract}
Consider() {abstract}
Attend() {abstract}
Donate() {abstract}
Canvass() {abstract}
Please note, that whether regular support should include
either party activity attendance or the donation of funds
(or indeed both) is something of which I haven't the
vaguest idea. It is, however, irrelevant to this example.
UML Packages
• Can be considered as a general purpose
grouping mechanism (as opposed to a regular
UML diagram)
• May be used to group different types of model
elements
• Model elements in a package (group) are taken
to be related semantically
• Packages can only be related by dependencies,
refinements, or generalisations
• Any one modelling element can be located in
only one package (i.e. Packages cannot share
model elements)
Examples of UML Packages and
their Logical Grouping
Package tab
Subsystem A
External view of a UML package named "Subsystem A"
(out of UML, packages are referred to as a subsystems)
Subsystem A
Subsystem C
Subsystem B
Subsystem D
Expanded view of "Subsystem A"
showing that it groups together
three other packages named
"Subsystem B/C/D". Note, that
the name of an expanded
package is indicated in the
package tab. This is another way
of showing composed
aggregation.
Examples of Relationships between
UML Packages
Subsystem A
Subsystem B
Subsystem C
Subsystem G
Subsystem D
Subsystem E
Subsystem F
Subsystem B is dependent on C
while Subsystem D is dependent
on both B and G. Subsystems E
and F are specialised from the
generalisation Subsystem D. All
packages are within Subsystem A
except for Subsystem G.
Examples of UML Package
Importation
C
D
E
B
C::D
A
In the above example, package “B” is dependant on the
Imported package “D” from package “C”.
Even Packages have Faces!
Publishes package behaviour
Same symbol as for a class interface
Classes within the given package then
implement the particular interface
A
B
A
B
C
Packaging Steps
1. Set the context
2. Cluster classes together based on
shared relationships
3. Model clustered classes as a package
4. Identify dependency relationships
amongst packages
5. Place dependency relationships between
packages
Workshop Activity -12Package and dependency-link the classes in the
following system:
Assuming that an automated medical appointment system is to
be partitioned as:
• HCI layer
• Problem Definition layer
• Data Management layer
Furthermore, system classes are identified as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Patient UI
Appointment UI
Patient management
Appointment management
Patient data management
Appointment data management
Patient DB
Appointment DB
Workshop Activity -13Package the UCs of a HL UCD
modelling the functionality of an
Internet Banking system. The system
may be real or hypothetical. Include
dependency relationships in your
diagram.
UML State Diagrams
• Usually associated to classes and define their
behaviour according to the current state of their
objects and affecting events.
• Events are taken to be messages, condition
flags, errors or the passage of time.
• UML state diagrams contain at least one starting
point and one end point
. However the
latter can be more than one.
• States can have internal variables and activities
associated with them. This information can be
hidden to reduce diagram complexity.
Examples of UML State Diagrams
New bulb
fitted
Power
supplied
Off
Life time
exceeded
Registering
External
impact
Broken
Bulb
discarded
Details
correct
Writing
Booth
free
Polling station
open
On
Waiting
Call
Vote cast
Ballot paper
issued
On the
move
Arrive
at booth
Ballot paper
complete
Decision taken
Deciding
Arrive at ballot box
Ballot cast
Casting
“Compartments” of a UML State
Name
State variables
(optional)
Activities
Standard Events in “Activity
Compartment”
• Entry
• Specify actions to be taken on entry into the
given state (e.g. Assignment to an attribute or
sending a message, etc.)
• Exit
• Specify actions to be taken on exit from the
given state (e.g. Run housekeeping program or
send message informing of termination, etc.)
• Do
• Specify actions to be taken while in the given
state (e.g. Processing data, polling, etc.)
Example of Activity Syntax
login
Login_time = current_time
entry/type "login"
exit/send (username, password)
do/get username
do/get password
help/display help
Note, that actions while in a state, are an on-going process, while events
associated with a transition are stimuli to the triggering of that transition.
Therefore, it is possible that events on transitions act as interrupts to
on-going processes in any given state.
Auto-Triggering of Transitions
• Events can be associated to UML
transitions
• UML transitions can be left "event-less"
• If "event-less", then transition triggering in
UML becomes dependent on internal state
actions
• An "event-less" UML transition will autotrigger when all its associated internal
actions get executed.
Auto-Triggering Examples
Boot
Starting OS
do/run bios
program
do/load OS
Select
station
do/read
programme
Tune
radio
do/turn
knob
Starting
applications
do/load
applications
Listen to
programme
entry/sit
down
UML State Transitions
Full transition syntax is as follows:
event-signature'['guard-condition']/'action-expression'^'send-clause
eventname'('parameter',',...')'
parameter-name':'type-expression,...
destination-expression'.'destination-event-name'('argument','...')'
The "destination-expression" evaluates to an object or a set of obje
UML Event-Signature Examples
Print_request(pupu:string)
draw(f:figure, c:colour)
redraw
message_received
go_up(floor)
ready
reach_end(section:text_part)
Event-Signature Usage Example
Moving up
Activate
On first floor
Go_up (floor)
do/moving to floor
Arrived
Moving down
Arrived
Moving to
first floor
do/moving to floor
Arrived
Idle
Go_down (floor)
Time-out
Go_up (floor)
UML Guard-Conditions
Is a Boolean expression
Is associated with a UML transition
Is 'AND-ed' with the event-signature (if
present)
Control whether a given transition will trigger
or not
Examples include:
[t = 15s]
[retries > 3]
withdrawal(amount) [balance >= amount]
read (buff:char) [buff_elements > 0]
Guard-Condition Usage Example
Moving up
Activate
On first floor
Go_up (floor)
do/moving to floor
Arrived
Arrived
Moving down
Moving to
first floor
Idle
do/moving to floor
Arrived
timer = 0
do/increase timer
Go_down (floor)
[timer = time-out]
Go_up (floor)
UML Action-Expressions
• Action-expressions execute when a transition
happens
• Not to be confused with internal activities in the
activity compartment of a UML state
• Must use parameters existing within the object
being modelled by the given state diagram or
parameters existing within the associated eventsignature
• Zero, one or more action-expressions can be
listed per transition using the "/" symbol as
delimiter. In the case of more than one, execution
is from left to right.
Action-Expression Usage Example
Moving up
Activate
On first floor
Go_up (floor)
do/moving to floor
Arrived
Moving down
Note, the
"moving to first
floor" state is
now rdundant
Idle
do/moving to floor
Arrived
timer = 0
do/increase timer
Go_down (floor)
[timer = time-out]/go_down (first floor)
Go_up (floor)
Multiple Action-Expressions
• Must all appear on the transition arc
• Must be separated by the "/" character
• Are taken to execute in sequence from left
to right
• Transition containing only actionexpressions are possible (i.e. With no
event-signatures and guard-conditions)
• Nested action-expressions are not allowed
• Recursive action-expressions are not
allowed
Examples of Multiple ActionExpressions
Processing packet
ok_packet_cnt ++
entry/init arrays
do/fill data array
do/fill header array
exit/send ok
Inc() / separate_parts(data) / length (data)
Receiving packet
packet_cnt ++
entry/init buffer
do/get packet
do/send ack
exit/send ok
The Send-Clause
• Also a form of action(-expression)
• Explicitly designed syntax to show
message passing
• The destination of the message could be
an object or a set of objects
• The destination object can be the object
described by the state-diagram itself
Send-Clause Examples
Idle
On first floor
[timer = time-out] / go_down(first_floor)
timer = 0
do/increase timer
Equivalent transitions
Idle
On first floor
[timer = time-out] ^ self. go_down(first_floor)
timer = 0
do/increase timer
Other examples:
out_of_paper() ^indicator.light()
request_withdrawal(amount) / show_amount() ^account.debit(amount)
left_mouse_btn_down(location) / colour := pick_colour(location)
^pen.set(colour)
UML Events
UML defines four categories of events:
• A condition becoming true (i.e. A Boolean
condition and shown as guard-condition)
• Receipt of an explicit signal, itself an object, from
another object (i.e. A message and shown as an
event-signature)
• Receipt of a call on an operation by another
object (or by the object itself) (i.e. Also a form of
message and also shown as an event-signature)
• Passage of a designated period of time (i.e. Time
calculation and shown as a time-expression)
Relationship of Events to Class
Operations
C
lass
D
igital_w
atch
A
ctivate()
D
e-activate()
m
ode_btn()
inc()
A
ctivate
D
isplay
Inc/ hours :=hours +1
Inc/ hours :=m
inutes +1
Set hours
Set m
inutes
m
ode_btn
do/display
current tim
e
StateD
iagram
m
ode_btn
do/display
hours
m
ode_btn
do/display
m
inutes De-activate
Example of Signal Class
Structuring and Polymorphism
«signal»
Input
{abstract}
Device : Device
Time : Time
Send
Idle
«signal»
Mouse
{abstract}
Device : Device
Time : Time
«signal»
Right_btn
«signal»
Keyboard
Character : Char
Up : Boolean
Down : Boolean
«signal»
Left_btn
Input
do/send(input)
Done
In this example, the input signal in the
state diagram on the right could take
the form of any concrete class in the
class hierarchy on the left (i.e. Keyboard,
Right_btn and Left_btn).
Java implementation of a UML
State Diagram (1/3)
Java implementation of a UML
State Diagram (2/3)
Public class State
{
public final int Display = 1;
public final int Set_hours = 2;
public final int Set_minutes = 3;
public int value;
P
l
e
a
s
e
n
o
t
e
,
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
_
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
}
i
s
o
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
k
e
e
p
t
h
e
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
'
s
c
o
d
e
public class Watch
s
h
o
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
i
n
t
.
{
private State state = new State();
private Digital_display LCD = new Digital_display();
public Watch()
{
state.value = State.Display;
LCD.display_time();
}
public void mode_btn()
{
// Cycle through actions depending on current state (see next slide)
}
public void inc()
{
// Update corresponding LCD segments (see next slide)
}
Java implementation of a UML
State Diagram (3/3)
// Cycle through actions depending on
// current state (from previous slide)
Public void mode_btn()
{
switch (state.value)
{
case State.Display :
LCD.display_time();
state.value = State.Set_hours;
break;
case State.Set_hours :
LCD.display_hours();
state.value = State.Set_minutes;
break;
case State.minutes :
LCD.display_minutes();
state.value = State.Display;
break;
}
}
// Update corresponding LCD segments
// (from previous slide)
Public void inc()
{
switch (state.value)
{
case State.Display :
;
break;
case State.Set_hours :
LCD.inc_hours();
break;
case State.minutes :
LCD.inc_minutes();
break;
}
}
Messaging between UML State
Diagrams
• Used to communicate operations or
messages between state diagrams
• Can be implemented by actionexpressions (as described earlier) or by
dashed arrows
• The Dashed arrows can originate from
either a specific state diagram transition
or from the state diagram as a whole
• The target state diagram MUST contain
the appropriate event-signatures to
"catch" any sent messages
Examples of UML State Diagram
Messaging (1/2)
N
etw
orkadapter
Receiving
direct
A
ck()
no_ack()
Receivingand
buffering
A
ck()
no_ack()
D
um
ping
buffer
Em
pty_sig()
I/OProcessor
Sig()/ A
ck()
Idle
Intr()/ no_ack()
Processing
Examples of UML State Diagram
Messaging (2/2)
DPlayer
C
ff()
O
ff
O
n()
O
Play()
Idle
Playing
Stop()
ff()
O
ontrol
oteC
em
R
Stop()
ff()
O
ff
O
n()
O
n
O
Play()
UML Sub-States
A mechanism for nesting states
Take the form of "and-sub-states" or "or-sub-states
Tape_winding
Re-winding
Fast-forward
Example of an
or-sub-state
Examples of "or" and "and" substates
Flight_mode
Take-off
Cruise
Approach
Video_playback
Forward
Backward
Normal
Fast
Example of an
or-sub-state
Example of an
and-sub-state
Usage Example of the UML History
Indicator (1/2)
Civil-service_career
Executive
officer
Clerk
H
enter_politics()
Registration
procedures
Administrative
assistant
Administrative
officer
[result = negative] / resume_career()
Campaign
duties
Result
analysis
[result = negative] / take_up_post()
Usage Example of the UML History
Indicator (2/2)
Install_software
Restart()
OS
Restart_OS
Create()
Start install
shield
[alternative = try_again]
Restart()
H
Install
[alternative = continue]
Disk_error()
Disk_error
entry/Fix disk
do/Show question dialog
do/Ask alternative
self.Restart()
entry/Ask install
questions
do/Install software
out_of_memory()
Low_memory
[alternative = stop]
entry/Show question dialog
do/Ask alternative
[alternative = stop]
Workshop Activity -14A class named “campaign” is textually described
as follows:
“Once a campaign is established, it is assigned a manager and
staff. Authorisation in the form of a signed contract and an
authorisation code is required to kick-off an established
campaign. Once a campaign is started it is noted as active. On
completion of an active campaign, accountability is carried out
in the form of preparation of final statements. Once payment is
received in full, a campaign is considered paid, is archived and
any assigned personnel is released. If payment is only effected
in part, the campaign is not considered paid but rather simply
completed. If any payments were effected in advance of
campaign completion and are in excess of the final payment
request, a refund should be issued.
Draw a UML state diagram for the above system.
Workshop Activity -15One of the states in Workshop Activity 14- will probably be “Active” or
“CampaignActive”. Produce a nested
state diagram for this state.
UML Sequence Diagrams
•
•
•
•
Used to show object interaction
Interaction takes the form of messages
Can only model single-scenario situations
Message type is one of the interaction types
(i.e. synchronous, simple, etc. – see next slide)
• Sequence diagrams should be read starting
from the top downwards
• Sequence diagrams highlight control focus in
objects (i.e. object activation)
• Sequence diagrams can be either of
“instance” or of “generic” form
Components of a UML Sequence
Diagram
Object:Class
Object name
and “lifeline”
Call (synchronisation) message
Control (acknowledgement) message
Operation
duration
(activation)
Undefined type (uncommitted) message
Independent (asynchronous) message
Types of Interaction
• Simple
● Shows a control message without any particular details (often, but
not solely, used as acknowledgement to messages)
• Synchronous
● Shows an operation call message. Assumes that the called object
operation must terminate before the caller can proceed. Could
include implicit return.
• Asynchronous
● Indicates independent process execution. No explicit "return-tocaller" action. Used mainly in real-time concurrent systems.
• Uncommitted
● Shows a message of undetermined type. Can be either synchronous
or asynchronous.
• Synchronous with immediate acknowledgement
● Indicates a combination of simple and synchronous and indicates
that an immediate reply happens. (Strictly, not purely UML notation)
UML Sequence Diagram Example
Input(data)
:Input Win
:ErrDialogWin
:ErrHelpWin
Read this way
Invalid_data(data)
Button_press(ok)
Button_press(help)
Time flow
Button_press(ok)
Guidelines for Building a UML
Sequence Diagram
1.
2.
3.
4.
Set the context (i.e. scope the system)
Identify participating objects
Draw arbitrary lifelines for each class
Draw the duration of the objects on the
class lifeline
5. Insert the object messages from top to
bottom of diagram (time-based)
6. Check the diagram for completeness
Iteration Conditions in UML
Sequence Diagrams
Iteration condition controlled message syntax:
[continuationCondition]*operation(parameter)
An example…
:loginSession
:host
:poller
[for all hosts]*reqFreeHost()
reqStatusHost1()
[host1NotFree]reqStatusHost2()
[host2NotFree]reqStatusHost3()
Recursion Modelling in UML
Sequence Diagrams
Recursion is always carried out by call
(synchronous) messaging and is represented in UML
sequence diagrams as follows:
getFractal()
:Fractaliser
:Formatter
calcFract(int)
[for all integers in range]*calcFract(int)
Recursion Example in UML
Sequence Diagrams
loadFile(file)
:Computer
:drillController
:Driller
Drill(coord)
initSeq()
move(offset)
finalSeq()
[while not EOF]*Drill(coord)
Try this yourself…
Draw up a sequence diagram modelling the
case when an advert campaign manager
retrieves the details of a particular client’s
advertising campaign and lists the details of
a particular advert from the campaign. The
sequence diagram should also show the
case when a new advert is created. Only call
messages (synchronous) should be used in
this example and use any iteration conditions
as you deem necessary.
Objects to use: “CampainManager”, “Client”,
“Campaign”, and “Advert”
A Solution to Previous Slide
:CampaignManager
:Client
:Campaign
:Advert
getClientName()
listCampaigns()
[For all client's campaigns]*getCampaignDetails()
listAdverts()
[For all adverts in campaign]*getAdvertDetails()
addNewAdvert()
Advert()
new Ad:Advert
Try this too…
Create a sequence diagram modelling the
behaviour of a PCB drilling machine. The
machine will drill holes in a PCB of given
dimensions at a set of given co-ordinates.
Co-ordinates are given as a list, which
must contain at least one set of coordinates. Drilling stops when the end of
the list is reached or when a user
interrupts the process.
A Solution to Previous Slide
loadFile(file)
:Driller
:drillController
:Computer
Drill(coord)
initSeq()
move(offset)
finalSeq()
[while not EOF]*Drill(coord)
Object Destruction in UML
:Campaign
:Advert
listAdverts()
[for all adverts]*getAdvertDetails()
removeAdvert()
delete()
X
Using Labels in UML Sequence
Diagrams (1/2)
Activate()
:Computer
a
:BootManager
:OS1
Boot()
{max a-b = 8s}
b
Load()
Example of labels specifying
time constraints. The boot
manager will wait 8 seconds
and then boot OS1.
{max c-d = 1s}
c
d
Kernel_down()
Using Labels in UML Sequence
Diagrams (2/2)
Request()
:Controller
Send message Req() to
port until status() from
printer is “data_ready”
:port
:printer
Req()
Query()
Status()
Example of labels specifying
iteration. The controller
queries in a cyclic manner the
port for data from the printer.
Ack()
Other Message Type Examples in
UML Sequence Diagram
dataInput(imageData)
:dataReceiver
:dataFarmer
:Processor
initInputSeq()
initProc()
startFarm()
startGet1()
startGet2()
startGet3()
startGet4()
Some Points to Ponder
1.
Compare the following term-pairs:
State – Behaviour
Class – Object
Action – Activity
Use-case – Scenario
Method – Message
2.
3.
4.
5.
Do lifelines always continue down the entire page of a
sequence diagram? Explain.
What is meant by focus of control in sequence
diagrams?
What are the essential parts of a sequence diagram
message? Give one concrete example.
How do synchronous and asynchronous messages
differ? Give one concrete example of each case.
Workshop Activity -16Assuming that a microwave oven is analysed as the following
objects:
•
•
•
•
Oven
Light
Emission tube
Timer
The main actions associated with the microwave oven are as
follows:
•
•
•
•
Opening the door
Closing the door
Using the control button
Completion of the prescribed cooking interval
Create a sequence diagram for the following scenario:
– Open the door, insert the food, close the door set the 1-minute
timer, wait for cooking to complete, open the door and retrieve the
food.
Create a state diagram for the above scenario.
UML Collaboration Diagram
• Show interactions between collaborating
(interacting) objects.
• A bit like a cross between a class and a
sequence diagram (object diagram with
msgs)
• Are mainly a design tool
• Collaboration diagrams are not time-ordered
• Can serve as basis for a sequence diagram
• Like sequence diagrams, collaboration
diagrams employ message passing.
Basic Components of a UML
Collaboration Diagram
service
Object1:ClassA
Service:
Sequence-number:[condition]:message(parameter)
A return value can be shown as an assigned “:=“ expression
Sequence-number is a decimalised value (e.g. 1, 1.3, 2.3.1, etc.)
Collaboration Diagram Messages
Syntax is:
predecessor guard sequence return-value:=signature
Comma-separated list
of message path
numbers
An operation
call
Variable
A condition
clause
An integer (sometimes
with a trailing letter)
followed by a
recurrence
Examples of Collaboration Diagram
Messages
1:display()
[mode=display]1.2.1:redraw()
[balance > 0]5:debit(amount)
2*[n:=1..m]curr:=nextSeq(n)
2.3[x<0]:doodle()
3.1[y=>]:write()
1.1a,1.1b:doMore()
2.2a,2.2b/3:playback()
Predefined Stereotyped Links in
Collaboration Diagrams
• Global
• (link role) Instance is available as a name known throughout the system
• Local
• (link role) Instance is available as a local variable in an operation
• Parameter
• (link role) Instance is available as a parameter in an operation
• Self
• (link role) Object can send messages to itself
• Vote
• (group of messages) Return value is chosen by majority vote of all
returned values from a given collection
• Broadcast
• (group of messages) No message ordering in given group
Collaboration Diagram Object
Lifeline Predefined Stereotypes
• New
– Object created during a collaboration
• Destroyed
– Object destroyed during a collaboration
• Transient
– Object created and destroyed during the
same collaboration
UML Collaboration Diagram
Example
Print(ps_file)
:Computer
1:Print(ps_file)
[printerFree]1.1:Print(ps_file)
:printServer
:Printer
UML Collaboration Diagram
Example with Return-Value
calcPrime(n)
:Calculator
1*[z:=1..n]:Prim:=nextPrime(prim)
:primModule
Try This Yourself…
• Explain in plain English, what the following
collaboration diagram depicts:
NewCustomer()
:mainWindow
:customer
{new}
[free memory]1:Create()
{parameter}
3:Show(customer)
2:Create()
:customerWindow
{transient}
3.1:Update(data)
…and This One Too Please…
Push()
:Button
1:getElevator(floor_id)
:elevatorControl
1.1*[all queues]:len:=length() {broadcast}
1.3:invoke(job)
1.2:Create())
:Queue
2:next_job=getJob()
{parameter} job
:Elevator
{local} next_job
job
:Call {new}
Example of Asynchronous
Collaboration Diagram
makeCoffee()
kickback()
ernest:person
domestic:coffeeMaker
ready()
play()
main:CDplayer
Steps in Building a UML
Collaboration Diagram
1. Set the context
2. Identify which objects and which
associations between them participate in
the collaboration
3. Draw the classes/objects and link them
4. Insert the messages
5. Validate the diagram
Workshop Activity -17Assuming the following 4 classes:
•
•
•
•
CampaignDialogue
Client
Campaign
Advert
Produce a collaboration diagram modelling
the addition of a new advert to an existing
campaign. Stereotypes need not be used.
UML Component Diagrams
• Models parts of software and their interdependencies
• Represents code structure
• Are generally implemented in physical
terms as “files”
• Come as either “source”, “binary”, or
“executable” components
• ONLY executable type components can be
instantiated
Predefined Component Diagram
Stereotypes
• File
– Usually a source code file
• Binary / Library
– Usually a compiled segment directly linkable into other
compilations
• Executable
– Usually a directly executable module
• Table
– Usually a database table
• Page
– Usually a Web page
• Document
– Usually a documentation file (as opposed to compilable code)
Example of a UML Component
Diagram
Example of Source Code
Dependencies
<<page>>
home.html
<<file>>
aProg.java
<<file>>
anotherProg.java
<<document>>
aProg.doc
<<document>>
anotherProg.doc
Runtime Component Example
<<library>>
comms.dll
<<library>>
graphics.dll
<<executable>>
viewer.exe
<<library>>
dbgate.dll
UML Deployment Diagrams
• Models the run-time architecture
(topology) of:
• Processors
• Devices
• Software components
• Is ultimately traceable to initial
requirements
Topology
node
Software
component
Classes, objects,
Collab., etc.
Use-case
requirement
Stereotype Examples in
Deployment Diagrams
<<printer>>
HP LaserJet 5MP
<<router>>
Cisco X2000
<<carController>>
SAAB 9-5
Navigator
Communication Associations in
Deployment Diagrams
NEC PowerMate
i-Select VL4
PC:ClientA
*
Dell Dimension
2350 PC:ClientB
<<TCP/IP>>
Silicon Graphics
O2:Server
VAX:DB Server
*
<<DecNet>>
*
*
*
<<TCP/IP>>
*
Component Support in UML
Deployment Diagrams
UNIX Transaction
server sub-system
<<supports>>
NEC Server
Object Allocation in Deployment
Diagrams
Controller:MicrowaveOvenSystem
Guard.exe
<<process>>
Supervisor
Thermometer
controller
Bold object border indicates active object
(i.e. <<process>> or <<thread>>)
Object Transferability in
Deployment Diagrams
myMachine:ClientPC
ClientProg,exe
NEC Server:MainServer
TransactionServ.exe
transf
T1:updateThread
Supervisor
<<becomes>>
transf
dbobj
callobj
Deployment Diagrams in the form
of Class Diagrams
The End
THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR TIME
AND EFFORT