Globalisation, Population Change and Migration Demography/Population • Demographic (population) changes are an important part of globalisation. • Demography has changed massively over the last 50 years and is predicted to change even more in the next 50 years – both in terms of population size and distribution. Places that experience economic growth usually trigger an increase in the number of people living in region due to changes in the: a)Birth rate b)Death rate c)Migration – natural increase Population Growth Over Time • The Industrial Revolution lead to fall in death rate and the birth rate – due to benefits of modern healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and education • Economic growth is normally coupled by population growth e.g. the UK went from 5 million in 1750 to 40 million in 1900 • Similarly, India has boomed from 300 million to over a billion today • However, population growths remain high when a countries birth rate does not drop due to cultural preferences for more children not changing – this is the case in large parts of Africa The Demographic Transition Model Animation of population • http://www.worldmapper.org/animations/w m01to02.html • Read p 90-91 Philip Allan Population ….worldmapper.org Countries Point at which real advances are seen in health care, hygiene and medicine During the 20th Century transportation increases allowing more people to move around However, even though wealthy countries may have declining birth rates, Africa and Asia still continue to Famous Migrations Immigration to the USA has been going on since the 16th Century. People from Europe have long since considered the USA as a place of opportunity and where anything is possible And similarly migration to Australia has been forced, as well as through choice in recent years Timeline of American Immigration First Wave of immigration 1492 - 1840 •Colonial settlement •New Amsterdam (New York) founded 1626 •95% from Northern Europe •70% from GB – prisoners, puritans, adventurers •Irish potato famine •5 main groups of immigrants arrived in the first wave •Irish Catholics •German Catholics •German Protestants •English Protestants •Scandinavian Protestants Second Wave of Immigration 1840 1920 •Central and Eastern European settlers with many from rural backgrounds •Reduction in urban life •Opening of Ellis Island in 1892 •12million processed 1892 – 1924 •5000 a day •Under went medical assessments •2% deported for medical and legal reasons •1/3 of Ellis Island immigrants stayed in New York •Second wave mainly concentrated in New York •The second wave added another four groups: •Catholics from Eastern Europe •Catholics from Italy •Jews from Russian and Eastern Europe •Catholics from Canada Third Wave of immigration 1970s - Present •1965 – removal of quotas •650,000 legal immigrants •10million 1968 – 1990 •10% European •40% Asian •50% of this was from the Americas, mainly into California •LA becoming USA’s primary gateway city (New York a continuing one) •2002 – 32.5 million foreign born persons living in America (11% of total popn) •13.5 million people arrived in the 1990s (44% of total nation foreign born popn) So what affects why and how people move around? • You should hopefully remember that refer to these reasons as push and pull factors Things that encourage people to leave the place they live in Things that draw/attract people to an area Push and pull factors Task • Create a table of push and pull factors • Then colour code your factors into four categories: economic, social, political and environmental Push Factors Pull Factors Push factors Pull factors •Unemployment •Employment/jobs available •Lack of services/amenities •Better services (schools, hospitals etc) •Poor safety and security •Safer area •High crime rates •Low crime rate •Crop failure •Fertile land for growing crops •Drought •Good food supplies •Harsh climate (too hot or too cold) •Less risk of natural hazards (drought, hurricanes etc) •Flooding •Poverty •War •More wealth •Stable political group •Attractive climate (not too harsh) •Better quality of life Migrational change can lead to either a fall or rise in population • A Net Migration gain occurs when more people immigrate than emigrate. • A Net Migration loss occurs when more people emigrate than immigrate. The movement of people has led to a globalisation of population with diverse populations made up of many different beliefs, cultures and mixed societies. Migration is largely dependent on a combination of push and pull factors. However it is also largely dependent on the barriers facing a migrant known as ‘intervening obstacles.’ Examples include: • Social obstacles e.g. family ties back home. • Economic obstacles e.g. The cost of setting up a new home. • Lack of information about destination e.g. Where to stay upon arrival. Lee’s migration model Intervening opportunity? • An alternative migration destination that exists between the migrant’s place of origin and their destination • E.G. Poles migrating to Ireland pass through London on route and instead settle there. New York •As with most American cities, New York is a magnet to immigrants from all over the world •Increasing population: •1890: 1,515,300 •1920: 5,620,000 •1950:7,892,000 •1910 – 40.4% foreign born, white population •A continual target for immigration •Mosaic of ethnic neighbourhoods which are re colonized throughout history •Anti – immigrant attitudes are prevalent throughout time Other Groups • Irish • African American The world as we know it… Net immigration Net emigration Why has globalisation been increasing since 1945? What do you think? Why is globalisation increasing? In 1945, when WW2 ended, worldwide economic reconstruction began and globalisation became noticeable. The factors that accelerate it were/are: 1)Transport: •In the 1960’s the Boeing 747 made international travel more common, and more recently, the expansion of cheap flight sectors has increased air travel e.g. Easyjet and Ryanair . •Secondly containerisation (shipping goods) since the 1940’s has increased globalisation. •See Fig 7 p 76 Pearson 2) Transnational corporations (TNC’s): These are firms with operations spread through out the world, operating in • many nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Eg. CocaCola and McDonalds. The BBC is one too (interestingly part funded by the government of the UK). They have caused massive economic and cultural changes. 3. Computer & internet (and media): • Computer aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) have made manufacturing less human reliant allowing firms to become more footloose. • And ICT has allowed video conferencing and emails, allowing TNC’s to expand worldwide. • Social networking eg Facebook, Skype and Twitter • Home internet shopping • Online education eg Open University • Even on-line dating!!! Internet users 2000-2007 • http://www.worldmapper.org/animations/internet_users_animation. html 4. International organisations: • • • 5. • • • • Such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which channels loans from worlds richest nations to countries which seek economic help. In return, the requesting country has to agree to free-market economies, which means TNC’s can enter, promoting globalisation. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and World Bank also work along side the IMF. Non-governmental organisations (NGO’S) such as Oxfam, also have had major influence, working to connect places through aid and debt relief. Markets: More people are resident in urban areas and are significant consumers of goods and services. In 2007 China already had 30 million affluent consumers and by 2015 it is expected to be the world’s largest market for consumer goods. The growth of major stock markets has been an important influence • New stock markets have emerged eg Shanghai P92 Philip Allan • Have a look at the post war globalisation timeline Gangnam Style • http://www.globalization101.org/gangnamstyle-takes-the-world-by-storm/ The song “Gangnam style” by Korean pop (K-Pop) star Psy has surpassed all previous internet milestones and is now the most-watched video ever on YouTube. As of December 25th, the video was watched more than one billion times. From politicians to human rights activists to military officials, it has been parodied around the world by nearly every conceivable group. According to Wikipedia, in South Korea, Italy, Indonesia, and France, flash mobs of 12,000 to 20,000 people danced the song’s signature moves. Xmas….globalisation at it’s best? • P94 Philip Allan The Borderless World This is the first photo ever taken of the Earth from Apollo 11 in 1969. People had never seen the Earth like this. From this point onwards people began to view themselves as global citizens, visiting and often relocating to distant places This is especially true of the international elite Who are the ‘Elite’? Film stars Musicians Celebrities Doctors and health care professionals Computer programmers Property developers Writers Academics Sportsmen Bankers These people have desirable skills or money which is highly prized by countries and they will be allowed to move easily. EG – there are 200,000 Americans living in the UK which is an example of international migration Footballers • P78 Pearson Actors ‘Gerard Depardieu granted Russian citizenship’ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe20896894 What about the ‘normals’? • Since September 11th 2001 developed countries (particularly the USA) have become very concerned about immigration policies and numbers • However, people in the poorest parts of the world are becoming increasingly aware of the affluent conditions that can be found in the richer countries, while at the same time being forced to move through natural disasters and conflict • P 78-79 Pearson INTERNAL MOVEMENTS? • Within countries internal migration too has increased. • In the poor and emerging economies ruralurban migration dominates. • This is for 2 reasons: A)Media eg television, radio, books and newpapers B)Foreign Direct Investment – mainly in urban areas Indian Spiderman by Marvel • Economic or cultural globalisation? Glocalisation!!!!!!!! Task Read p 72-79 Pearson and p 88-96 Philip Allan Then answer P79 Pearson - Exam practice questions