1. health and fitness
2. disease
3. headaches and migraines

WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water in Emergencies
Session 9
Water Facilities
& Good Practices
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Exercise
- Meeting the Needs of the Users
1. List the different facilities connected to water
provision in an emergency which the
beneficiaries will use directly?
2. Select two or three types of facilities and identify
the key design features which you think the
users would identify as important?
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water Facilities
Design features from the users’ perspective:
– Acceptable level of service – water quantity, queuing
time, distance
– Accessible – to people with different levels of mobility,
safe
– Culturally appropriate – level of privacy, availability of
water for anal cleansing
– No protection risk – siting, distance, lighting
– Hygienic – good drainage, regular cleaning
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Best Practices for:
• Drainage
• Tapstands
• Handwashing facilities
• Accessibility for people with disabilities
• Bathing units
• Clothes and cooking pots washing
• Cholera treatment centres
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Designing to Meet the Needs
of the User
Involve the different groups of users in design
facilities:
– Siting / safety / protection ?
– Privacy ?
– Accessibility ?
– Cultural acceptability ?
– Water for anal cleansing ?
– Dealing with menstruation ?
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Designing to Meet the needs
of the User
• Early stages - ad hoc questions to women and
men and children if possible
• After the immediate situation is stabilised more discussions, small focus groups,
household visits
– Consider gender, age and ethnicity for FGDs
• Work with communities together with hygiene promotion staff
– What staff are available to talk to different groups
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Drainage ?
REDR
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water-Points & Drainage of
Wastewater
Burmese refugee camp in
Bangladesh
Refugee camp, Zaire
S House / WEDC
Gary Campbell
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water-Points & Drainage of
Wastewater
Nepal, IDP camp for flood affected population
S House / OXFAM-GB
Soak-pit IDP camp, northern Uganda
(to be covered)
S House / MSF-OCBA
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Soakpits
Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in
Emergencies, REDR & ITDG
The simpler the better
High O&M
Not always possible –
clayey soil
Large soakpit
constructed under the
platform,
Pakistan earthquake
response
S House / OXFAM--GB
Not essential to cover soak pits
Uncovered soakpits - can become flooded with heavy rains if poor infiltration
Covered soakpits - easier for pipe / entrance to become blocked
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Using Wastewater for Other Purposes
Wastewater can be
collected for other uses:
– Animal watering
– Collection by bucket for
use on small vegetable
gardens
– Feed directly into a
small garden
Cattle trough constructed for wastewater on a community water point,
Zimbabwe
S House / ACF
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Each needs appropriate
management
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Package GS Tapstand
OXFAM equipment
manuals
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Hand-Washing Facilities
IFRC
REDR
If water supply for hand-washing is not constant:
•Who will fill the water containers?
•What will be the mechanism?
•How will it be sustained?
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Soap
WASH Cluster Hygiene Project
R.Scott, / WEDC
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At least 250g of soap available for
personal hygiene per person per
month
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Hand-Washing Facilities
Inter-agency manual on excreta
disposal in emergencies, 2007
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Hand-Washing
S House /
OXFAM-GB
Hand-washing drum standing on soak pit near
exit to latrine / bathing block, NWFP, Pakistan
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Hand-washing stand in a school in Tajikistan
(drainage from stand could be improved)
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Accessibility to Water in Emergencies
Ask disabled people, their
carers and others with
limited mobility including the
aged
Not all people
are standard
sizes or have
the same
mobility
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Are there improvements
which could improve ease of
access?
Work with hygiene promotion
and health facility staff to
reach people who may have
limited mobility
All photos /
drawings - WEDC
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Accessibility to Water in Emergencies
Example of improvements:
Add handrails, improve difficult
paths
Add slopes to access facilities
Add washable seats in bathing
units
Provide smaller / adapted water
containers
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Shelters
S House / MSF-OCBA
Drainage problem from a bathing shelter,
northern Uganda
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S House / MSF-OCBA
User improved surface inside
bathing shelter, IDP camp, northern Uganda
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Units
& Privacy for Menstruation
Discuss with users - particularly women & adolescent girls:
• What are their needs?
• Where should bathing units be located?
• Type of doors, locks?
• Needs for dealing with menstruation hygiene?
• Separate male / female facilities
• What is culturally appropriate?
• Will users feel secure when using?
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Units
•
•
•
•
Hygiene
Privacy
Dignity
Safety
WASH Cluster Hygiene Project
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Pakistan earthquake response, OXFAM-GB
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Units & Privacy for Dealing
with Menstruation
S House /
OXFAM-GB
Screened units for toilets and
bathing – Pakistan
earthquake response
Trial menstrual cloth washing units – located inside
latrine / bathing blocks
(these were used in one camp, not used in another)
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Clothes & Cooking Pot Washing
Clothes washing slab, refugee camp,
Zaire
S House / WEDC
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Clothes / pot washing slab, IDP camp,
Pakistan
S House / OXFAM-GB
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Cooking Pot Washing Area
- Grease Trap
Davies & Lambert
(1995) Engineering in
Emergencies, REDR &
ITDG
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
Cholera Treatment Centres –
Chlorinated Water for Cleaning
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MSF-B
F Polo / UNICEF
Cleaning implements,
foot bath &
easy to clean surfaces in
latrine and cholera ward
MSF-B
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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CTCs – chlorinated water for bathing,
clothes washing, hygiene
F Polo / UNICEF
Active
chlorine
0.02%
Hand-washing
Bathing
0.2%
Floors, objects, beds
Clothes, footbaths
2%
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Use
Vomit, faeces
Dead bodies
S House / UNICEF
F Polo / UNICEF
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Designing facilities
to meet the needs of the
(different groups of) users
Discuss with the beneficiaries
their needs
- ask for feedback
- modify where appropriate
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