Please put all cells phones away Upcoming Events See what events are on the calendar See what is coming up soon Upcoming Events See what events are on the calendar Announcements Check the announcements Announcements  Have you logged into Canvas? As of 6 AM - 320/520 have taken syllabus quiz  After you earn 90% on the Syllabus Quiz you can take the Excel Quiz – wait until you have learned about plotting to take the Excel quiz  Set your correct email in Canvas  Bring $30 to lab as a deposit for your clicker The World Energy Challenge: A Very Brief Overview Engr 10 With your neighbor discuss 1. 2. 3. 4. What are fossil fuels? Why are they important? Are they renewable? Approx. what % of world energy use is fossil fuels? What do you already know? Approximately what % of world energy use is fossil fuels? A. B. C. D. E. 20% 50% 65% 85% 98% 85% Worldwide Energy Consumption 2007 1.24% http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_energy_usage _width_chart.svg World Energy Need Projection Today http://www.nea.fr/html/pub/newsletter/2001/19-1-complete.pdf Oil billion 70.9 754.1 At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 42 years. http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023769&contentId=7044915 What have you heard about the Keystone pipeline? Meclee: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keystone-pipeline-route.png Coal At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 122 years for the whole world. US reserves would last the US 224 years. http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023784&contentId=7044480 Natural Gas At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 63 years. http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023779&contentId=7044843 Fossil Fuel Depletion Good News  Continually finding new fossil fuel deposits  Many known, but untapped deposits Bad News  Fossil fuels, esp. oil and natural gas, will not last forever. • Even before they run out, as demand grows and availability shrinks, prices will skyrocket. USA Today – 1/31/11 What is the price of oil per barrel today? 1997 – 2008 Source US Energy Information Administration Alternatives have risks too August 29, 2011 – Due to Virginia Earthquake  North Anna Unit 1 is currently in Cold Shutdown with the Residual Heat Removal System providing core cooling. North Anna Unit 2 is currently in Hot Shutdown and will be taken to Cold Shutdown with the Residual Heat Removal System providing core cooling. June 6, 2011 – Due to March 11 Japan Earthquake  Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant experienced full meltdowns at three reactors in the wake of an earthquake and tsunami in March, the country's Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters said Monday. (note almost one year later, still evacuated) What do you already know? Which country is the #1 source of oil imports for the U.S.? a) Russia b) Saudi Arabia c) Canada d) Mexico e) Venezuela Energy Independence U.S. oil imports - 2011 (in 1,000s barrels/day) =9+ million bbl/day (~50% daily use) If the U.S. produced its own energy:  more stable price  less dependence on countries with unpredictable political situations http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publicat ions/company_level_imports/current/import.html CANADA 2,114 SAUDI ARABIA 1,122 MEXICO 1,108 VENEZUELA 917 NIGERIA 886 COLOMBIA 348 IRAQ 403 ANGOLA 308 RUSSIA 228 ALGERIA 253 BRAZIL 211 ECUADOR 166 KUWAIT 142 CONGO 54 NORWAY 54 Fossil Fuel Challenges Non-renewable  Depleting resources  Increasing demand  Is that all? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution from waste products  Particulates: small bits of burned fuel, causing smog  Ozone: nitrogen oxide & other gases react to create ozone near the earth’s surface  Sulfur dioxide: causing acid rain  Carbon monoxide: displaces O2 in blood, deprives brain, heart, etc. of O2 Air Pollution Causes Health Problems  Short Term • Can irritate the eyes, throat, and lungs • Bronchitis or pneumonia • Can aggrevate asthma  Long Term • Chronic respiratory disease • Lung cancer • Heart disease http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/asthma/triggers/085.html http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=6067 Air Pollution Causes Environmental Damage  Acid rain • • • • •  Kill plants Kill fish Prevent fish eggs from hatching Ruin soil – nothing grows Damage to buildings/monuments Crop damage due to ozone (O3) smog - $ billions/year Trees killed by acid rain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Waldschaeden_Erzgebirge_3.jpg Fossil Fuel Extraction Causes Environmental Damage  Adverse environmental effects due to drilling, leakages, and spills include • • • • • Surface and ground water pollution Drilling fluid (called mud) releases Land subsidence Land and wildlife disruption Oil spills http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oiled_bird_3.jpg http://www.masstech.org/cleanenergy/important/envother.htm Clean Air Act – We’re getting better!  Clean Air Act - resulted in significant improvements in the U.S. • Pollution 20 cars today = 1 car from 1960’s • Emissions reduced: CO by 33%, sulfur dioxide by 38%, volatile organic compounds by 42%, particulate matter by 75%, lead by 98%   Overall air pollution reduction approximately 48% Hot spots of bad air pollution still exist http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html It’s Not All Good News Many developing countries do not yet have strict pollution regulations in place, and pollution is significantly worse than in the U.S. Beijing Mumbai Baku, Azerbaijan http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html http://blog.sustainablog.org/do-cities-located-by-the-water-have-a-sustainability-advantage/ Greenhouse Effect   Greenhouse glass allows short wavelength radiation from the sun to transmit through. It reflects most of the long wavelength radiation emitted by everything inside the greenhouse, trapping heat inside. Greenhouse gases have this same effect, causing our world to be warm. Global Warming  The theory behind global warming - an increase in certain gases will cause more heat to be reflected, increasing the atmosphere’s temperature. • Burning of fossil fuels produces significant amounts of these greenhouse gases  Conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of 1,300 scientific experts from many countries: • Greater than 90% chance that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet Can You Name The Main Greenhouse Gases? GHGs in Atmosphere  Water Vapor (H2O) • 36%-72%      Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Fluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone (O3) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) http://nlc-echs-groupthree.co.uk/greenhousegasses.aspx   Strong correlation observed: CO2 concentration and global average surface temperature A change in average temperature could cause significant weather changes, many of them adverse. http://www.koshland-sciencemuseum.org/exhibitgcc/historical03.jsp A climate model that includes both natural processes and human activities closely matches actual measurements of 20th-century temperatures http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical06.jsp The same climate model without human activity (natural processes only) does not match the strong warming observed during the past few decades. Why So Much Disagreement?  Heat Island Effect • Many temperature sensors for collecting long-term data originally were in the country. As cities have grown, sensors now are in the city. Temperatures are higher in the city (example: walking in a parking lot on a hot day). • It is difficult to model this in climate change predictions. Result → a lot of uncertainty in long-term temperature trends. Satellite data are more accurate, but are not available for that long of a period. http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/images/UHI_profile-rev-big.gif Why So Much Disagreement?   Predicted temperature increases tend to be within (or close to within) the uncertainty of computer models. Many causes interact, making it difficult to say with certainty what causes what. Computer models must be simplified significantly and cannot take all interacting parameters into account. Petition Project   About 32,000 American scientists (9000+ with PhDs) signed a petition saying that no scientific evidence exists that manmade GHG emissions have had a significant effect on Earth’s temperature. Here are several figures from a published paper that this project references. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php Petition Project, cont. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php So, Who’s Right??   Many of your professors have strong opinions on this matter, you should do the research to form an informed opinion of your own. Here are two links, on either side of the issue, to get started. Both links refer to scientific data and make clear, reasoned arguments • http://climate.nasa.gov/ • http://www.petitionproject.org/gw_artic le/Review_Article_HTML.php Your Opinion  a) b) Based on what you know today, do you believe that man-made global warming is occurring? Yes No Your Opinion Over the next 30 years, which of the following do you think will be the most important solution to the energy crisis? a) Energy conservation b) Increased drilling for fossil fuels c) Alternative energy sources Possible Solutions to the Energy Crisis    More drilling for/excavation of fossil fuels Invest in technologies to improve efficiency and reduce emissions from the burning of fossil fuels The best energy source - conservation! • In the long term, we may need to make significant lifestyle changes as the world energy demand grows.  Invest in alternative energy sources Engineers will be needed for all of these solutions!