Sundhedsbegreber

Sundhedsbegreber Simon Simonsen Predic2on of no. deaths from chronic diseases Source: World Health Report 2003 3 Den mikrobiologiske sygdomsmodel Preven2on does work & saves money! % CDs preventable by diet/physical ac2vity Science 2002 5 Faktorer med indflydelse på sundhedstilstanden
Lone Ebbeskov Larsen/Pernille Malberg Dyg Sygdomsmønstrets udvikling (Kamper-­‐Jørgensen, 2007 s. 90) Pernille Malberg Dyg Helhedsbillede af de tre taxonomier Det affek2ve område 8 Vaner og holdninger Forankret i: • Sociale • Kulturelle • Klassespecifikke forhold 9 Vaner • Vores vaner styrer vores adfærd – og er o_e uden refleksion • Livss2l baseret på vaner – socialiserings-­‐processen • Vaner og ru2ner har to formål: – Stabilisere de sociale strukturer – Gøre livet lebere for individet Allerede i barndommen etableres vores vaner og handlingsdispos22oner (sociale arvelighed) 10 World Health Report 11 World Deaths abributable to leading risk factors 12 Blood pressure
Cholesterol
Tobacco
High Body Mass Index
Fruit and vegetable intake
Physical inactivity
Alcohol
Urban air pollution
Lead exposure
Occupational carcinogens
Illicit drugs
Unsafe sex
Occupational particulates
Occupational risk factors for injury
13 Handling – mentalt og prak2sk aspekt • Målrebet eller inten2onel • Indeholder et prak2sk aspekt • Skal være meningsfuld for den, som udfører den • Er knybet 2l individet 14 To paradimer for sundhedsformidling (Bjarne Bruun Jensen) Moraliserende sundhedsformidling Demokra3sk sundhedspædagogik Sundhedsbegreb Adfærd/livss2l Levevilkår og livss2l Sygdom Livskvalitet og fravær af sygdom Sundhed et lukket begreb Sundhed et åbent begreb Pædagogisk 3lgang Mål: adfærdsændringer Mål: øge handlekra_ Moraliserende Målgruppe – medbestemmende Evaluering Måling af adfærd ”Måling” af handlekompetence 15 Det brede og posi2ve sundhedsbegreb Fysisk – Sundhed -­‐ Psykisk Livss2l Levevilkårl Handlinger 16 Det brede og posi2ve sundhedsperspek2v 17 18 Nutrition
Sustainable
Food Supply
Food Safety
Oplevelse af sammenhæng A.Antonovsky Hvem er A.Antonovsky? • Professor i medicinsk sociologi • Levede fra 1923-­‐ 1994 • Skrevet ”Helbredets Mysterium” Hvordan opfaber A.Antonovsky sundhed? Sundhed er en ressource, en evne 3l at mestre stress – salutogene2sk perspek2v • Sundhed varierer derfor hele 2den på et kon2nuum, vi er ikke enten/eller: Sund-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐Usund. Syg -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐Rask Stressorer ifølge Antonovsky: • Et krav som en organisme eller person ikke har nogen umiddelbart 2lgængelige og automa2sk 2lpasset svar på. STRESS: • Stress defineres som et særligt forhold mellem personen og omgivelserne, som opfaGes som en belastning af personen eller overs3ger hans eller hendes ressourcer og truer hans eller hendes velbefindende. Kilde: Lazarus og Folkmann Andre diff. På Mestring – coping: • De mentale og /eller de adfærdsmæssige reak3oner, der har 3l formål at forebygge, mildne eller aNøde stress3lstand. Kilde: Bo NeGerstrøm. (2002) ”Stress på arbejdspladsen årsager, forebyggelse og håndtering”s. 47. Bevarelse af sundhed – mestring anænger ifølge Antonovsky af i hvilke grad man kan se: Mening og sammenhæng (SOC) i livet, og består af: • Begribelighed • Håndterbarhed • Meningsfuldhed Kilde: Helbredets Mysterium Antonovsky har også begrebet generelle modstandsressourcer, hvad er det? A. Antonovsky´s teori anvendt Begribelighed
Håndterbarhed
Meningsfuldhed
Viden - forståelse
Handlinger
Holdninger/følelse
Ved du hvorfor du ikke Har du forslag til
er velreguleret
handlinger
Hvad har du lyst til
Hvilke mål har du
Hvilke indre og ydre
Erfaringer fra før
årsager og
sammenhænge ser du Hvad og hvem kan
hjælpe dig
Hvilke viden mangler
du
Hvordan passer det
ind i dit hverdagsliv
Hvordan kan det giver
mening for dig
Ifølge Jensen og Johnsen Sundhedsfremme i teori og praksis hænger begreberne således sammen: Flodmetaforen • Behandling: Mennesket hjælpes op af floden • Forebyggelse: Mennesket undgår at falde i floden • Sundhedsfremme: Mennesket er i livets flod, og lærer at svømme. Kendetegn ved mennesker med svag SOC Følelser der er diffuse og lammende: • Angst • Raseri • Skam • Fortvivlelse • Forvirring • Forladthed Kendetegn ved mennesker med stærk SOC Følelser der er fokuserede og mo2vere 2l handling F.eks. • Frygt • Vrede • Skyld • Sorg • Smerte • Bedrøvelse 4 dimensioner i den sundhedsfaglige viden Viden om årsager Viden om forandrings -­‐ strategier Sundhedsforhold Viden om effekter Viden om alterna2ver 33 Why is preven2on so undervalued & underused? • Knowledge may not be in the right hands • Sick pa2ents are more visible • Irra2onal use of invasive procedures • Gains of preven2on are illusive & o_en invisible • Powerful commercial interests • Medical professionals favour treatment 34 35 Sundhedssociologiens fokus Rela2on imellem Helbred -­‐ sundhed -­‐ sygdom Biomedicinsk sygdomsopfaGelse Fokus: ”at finde ud af hvilken sygdom pa5enten har, og ikke hvilken pa5ent der har sygdommen.” __________________________________ Sygdomme er objek2ve, diagnos2cerbare naturfænomener Kendetegn • Adskillelse ad krop og psyke • Alle sygdomme genereres fra celleniveau eller er gene2sk be2ngede. • En sygdom skal behandles med samme middel, uanset pa2ent. • Til hver sygdom svarer en bestemt diagnose Selvvurderet helbred Fokus: ”Udgangspunkt i, hvordan pa5enten har det.” ________________________________ Større grad af subjek2vitet Kendetegn Ikke nødvendigvis overensstemmelse imellem: Syg = Usund Rask = Sund Funk3onsevne Fokus: ”Blandt pa5enter med samme sygdom eller handicap kan være meget store varia5oner med hensyn 5l funk5onsevne.” _____________________________ Livskvalitet og ADL (Ac2vi2es of Daily Living) Kendetegn • Fokus fra sygdom/handicap  normalt og varieret liv • Filosofi om ”at bægeret er halvt fuld – ikke halvt tomt” = Arbejdsevne • Vurdering af livskvalitet Den situa3onelle sygdomsopfaGelse Fokus: ”Sygdom er et rela5onelt begreb” ___________________________________ Regulering og omlægning af det levede liv i stedet for behandling Kendetegn • Især relevans i forhold 2l kroniske lidelser • Personen lever med sin sygdom og må indrebe sit liv dere_er. • Der skal ydes situa2onel behandling Sygdom som hjemsøgelse Fokus: ”Tro kædes sammen med helbredelse, sygdom kædes sammen med synd.” __________________________ Sygdom er en straf af menneskets handlinger og tanker Kendetegn • Det som er sundt er også rig2gt = dyd • Det som er usundt er forkert = synd • Sygdom er selvpåkaldt på grund af nega2ve tanker, depression, stress, pessimisme o.l. • Sygdom skal uddrives ved hjælp af tanker. Bio-­‐psyko-­‐social model Fokus: ”Helhedspræget og dynamisk sygdoms-­‐
sundhedsopfaDelse” ____________________________________ Helbred er produkt af dynamisk vekselvirkning mellem biologiske, psykologiske og sociale omstændigheder Kendetegn • Menneske både objekt og subjekt i rela2on 2l omgivelserne. • Handlinger er inten2onelle (struktur + aktør) • Overskrider grænser imellem videnskaber: Medicin, psykologi og sociologi. På vej mod professionalisme i sundhedsinterven2oner -­‐Centrale begreber • Strategic Planning • Programme Management • Monitoring = Quality Assessment (kvalitetssikring) Programmes Horizontal • Sundhedsfremme • Strukturelt niveau • Livss2l – bredt emne • Fokus på årsag og forebyggelse af årsag • Fokus på at undgå årsagerne 2l at usundhed overhovedet kan opstå Ver3cal • Forebyggelse • Individ niveau • Specifikt emne • Fokus på resultat • Fokus på at mindske noget i miljøet, som synes (næsten) uundgåeligt. Stakeholder analyse Eksempel: ”6-­‐om-­‐dagen” • Iden2ficér mulige primary stakeholder (Direkte) • Mulige Secondary stakeholder (prof.) • Mulige Key Stakeholder (investorer) Porfessionalisme = problemknuser NB! Den militære terminologi: • Program • Strategi • Plan • Mål • Objekt • Interven2on • Metode Intenderet handling  Konsulentrolle  kræver en planlagt 2lgang. Dignan and Carr’s planning model evalua2on Target assessment implementa2on Programme plan development Medical model Use tradi2onal approaches to screen “high risk” individuals Larger no. at “small risk” who give rise to more cases of disease 54 Defining Health – • • • 55 WHO 1948: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-­‐being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Parsons 1972: “the state of op2mum capacity of an individual for the effec2ve performance of the roles and tasks for which he/she has been socialized”. “choices in rela2on to health at both a society and individual level; how can good health be maintained, poor health be prevented and how should those who are sick or disabled be cared for…” A paradox • Health is improving & knowledge is growing … • but the complexity of health care is growing …. • our uncertainty about how to respond has never been greater 56 Lay beliefs shaped by culture & considerable varia2ons depending on gender, ethnicity, social class, age & experience with ill-­‐
health: • Class: working compared with middle class; • Gender & lifecourse: – Younger men – physical strength, – Younger women – energy & vitality, ability to cope – Middle aged – mental well-­‐being, contentment – Women – broad social rela2onships (Blaxter 1990) • Cultural: 57 – Asians tend to define health func2onally, – African-­‐Caribbeans tend to abribute illness to bad-­‐luck Lay concepts of health • Nega3ve: health as the absence of disease • Func3onal: health as ability to func2on in normal everyday roles • Posi3ve: health as general well-­‐being/
equilibrium 58 Key features of the biomedical model (Mishler 1989) • Illness as a devia2on from normal biological func2oning • Doctrine of specific ae2ology (cause) • Generic nature of disease • Medicine as “scien2fic”, neutral & value free 59 • health seen as absence of diagnosable disease • iden2fiable diseases have specific, biological causes • doctors defeat illness by finding specific counter remedies & medicine • pa2ent’s role is to cooperate with doctors (passive) • preven2on -­‐ individual responsibility to avoid risky behaviour • medical progress: winning ‘bable’ 60 • Biomedical model is a mechanis2c view of the body where “ill health is treated as the mechanical failure of some part of the systems of the body and the medical task is to repair the damage” Doyal 1995. • Defining a problem in medical terms, using medical language to describe the problem, adop2ng a medical framework to understand a problem, or using a medical interven2on to treat it (Conrad 1992) • No need to consider the wider social inequali2es which contribute to health status. 61 Challenges to biomedicine • holis2c health systems: alterna2ve or complementary medicine • self-­‐help, consumerism, pa2ent empowerment: how far can pa2ents ‘take over’? • Reform of health care • poli2cs of preven2on: a ‘new public health’ ? 62 Alterna3ve models to the biomedical model • Holis2c • Interac2on of body and mind • Mul2-­‐causality • Socially connected individual • Preven2on – health promo2on/maintenance 63 Social determinants (un)employment, class, poverty, housing, food, socio-­‐
economic determinants results in ↑ policy range: • poverty, income, tax and benefits • educa2on • employment • housing & environment • mobility, transport & pollu2on • nutri2on & Common Agricultural Policy • mothers, children & families, young adults, older • ethnicity • gender • stress 64 Cri2cism of biomedicine 65 What role did medicine play in the decline of infec2ous disease? (McKeown 1979)…How effec2ve is modern day medicine? (evidence based medicine, RCTs etc.) Vaccina2on: effec2ve or not? • Data on some diseases, e.g. TB, show decline before the introduc2on of vaccina2on. (see graph) • McKeown argues that nutri2on & improved social & economic circumstances led to a decline in infec2ous diseases (not vaccina2on) (McKeown’s chapt 39 in Davey et al) 66 Decline in mortality from tuberculosis in England & Wales over 2me
67 Efficacy of biomedical model? “immuniza2on & treatment contributed lible to the reduc2on of deaths from infec2ous diseases before 1935, & over the period since cause of death was first registered (in 1838) they were much less important than other influences e.g. nutri2on.” McKeown, (1976) in Davey et al, (2001) p218 68 Medicine -­‐ an ins2tu2on of social control? • Normal for whom? Shi_ing boundaries between normality & deviance over 2me. • Mul2ple causa2on of (chronic) disease, general suscep5bility to disease • Diseases are socially, culturally & historically variable…social construc2on of diseases over 2me…new emerging disorders. • Rather than standing outside of society medicine is deeply embedded within it. Biomedical model is one version of reality rather than the reality 69 Biomedicine cri2que by Illich: “Medicine is a serious threat to our health” coined the phrase iatrogenesis…Greek, physician (iatros) created (genesis). – three different types of iatrogenesis: • clinical (medical incompetence/mistakes) • social (ar2ficial need for medical products) • Structural/cultural (undermining autonomy & competence) Ivan Illich ‘Limits to Medicine’ (1976) 70 Clinical iatrogenesis • In 60s increase in childhood cancers linked to rou2ne x-­‐rays of pregnant women • Junior aspirin known to kill children since 1963 but not banned 2ll 1986 • More than 50% of an2bio2c prescrip2ons unnecessary 71 Clinical iatrogenesis (cont.) • 9/10 doctors fail to report adverse drug reac2ons – side-­‐effects of prescribed drugs • Surgery carried out without clear evidence of its effec2veness 72 Social iatrogenesis • Social iatrogenesis is a product of the medical organisa2on • Professional dominance supports social iatrogenesis & in order to reverse it, the state needs to intervene 73 Cultural iatrogenesis • autonomy of people is restricted by medical behaviour of undermining lay knowledge and lay prac2ce • professionalisaton of medicine related to cultural iatrogenesis. 74 Problems with Illich • Overstates his claims? • What about the benefits of modern medicine? • Proposes individual self help & self reliance • Is opposed to efforts to tackle social causes 75 Other developments • Past drivers: professional dominance, inter-­‐
professional rivalries, organisa2ons/pressure groups • Present drivers: biotechnology (pharmaceu2cal industry, gene2cs), consumers/consumerism, managed care markets (especially in USA) • The important role of the media/internet… 76