1학기 1차 지필고사용 수능특강 지문파일(19~27강)
19강
Gateway
American archaeologist-ethnohistorian Zelia Maria Magdalena Nuttall was well known especially for her
investigations of pre-Columbian culture and her studies of Mexican peoples and native Mexican plants. Nuttall was a
brilliant archival researcher and self-trained archaeologist who very early carved a career for herself by pursuing
independent research and publishing in scholarly journals. Before age 30 she became a member of several highly
prestigious scientific societies on the basis of her work. She was the winner of three medals for the exhibits of the
results of her archival work and archaeological research, which she presented in Europe and the United States.
Nuttall was never a part of university teaching faculty, and indeed there is no indication that she would have
accepted such a position had it been offered. Early in her career, she was appointed Honorary Assistant in Mexican
Archaeology at the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, a post she held for forty-seven years.
*archival 기록의
1. Born in Budapest to a family of Jewish bankers, von Neumann was undeniably bright. At age eight, he had
mastered calculus. At age twelve, he was reading works aimed at professional mathematicians. But he also loved to
invent mechanical toys and became a child expert on Byzantine history, the Civil War, and the trial of Joan of Arc.
When it was time to go off to university, he agreed to study chemical engineering as a compromise with his father,
who feared that his son couldn't make a living as a mathematician. Von Neumann kept his bargain by enrolling at
the University of Budapest and promptly leaving for Berlin, where he spent his time doing mathematics, including
visiting lectures by Einstein, and returning to Budapest at the end of every semester to take examinations. He
published his second mathematics paper, in which he gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers which excelled
Cantor's, at age nineteen. By age twenty-five he had published ten major papers; by age thirty, nearly three dozen.
* calculus 미적분학
2. When Austria ruled Northern Italy, a ballet dancer in Venice, while dancing at a theater there, had a bouquet
thrown at her, tied with a ribbon in the Italian colors. She immediately kissed the ribbon, which created tremendous
enthusiasm among the audience. After the performance she was called to the police office and sharply criticized for
this act of patriotism. She excused herself by saying that in kissing the bouquet she had only followed the universal
custom on such occasions. The authorities, however, would not accept this excuse and told her that if it happened
again she should not kiss the bouquet but step on it. The following evening another bouquet was thrown, and the
dancer in compliance with their instructions stepped on it, again amidst frantic applause. The ribbon around the
bouquet was, this time, not red, green and white, but black and yellow, the colors of Austria.
3. Oliver Locker-Lampson, British member of parliament from 1910 to 1945, once remarked that no MP could ever
be arrested. Unfortunately for him, practical joker Horace de Vere Cole overheard him say it and planned to prove
him wrong. Horace de Vere Cole promptly challenged Oliver Locker-Lampson to run a race down a London street.
He accepted and the MP was soon streaking ahead. He was somewhat surprised when de Vere Cole started shouting,
"Stop thief!" and the police were soon after him too. With nothing to hide, he stopped, and de Vere Cole told the
police that this man had stolen his gold pocket watch. Sure enough, when Locker-Lampson's pockets were searched
the watch was found on him. The MP was promptly arrested and taken into custody. Only then did Horace de Vere
Cole admit that he'd slipped his watch into the unsuspecting man's pocket to prove the MP wrong about something
he'd said. Now he ended up being arrested too.
*MP 하원의원
4. Less than a mile from the entrance of Yellowstone I saw a bear beside the road, and it walked out slowly as
though to flag me down. Instantly a change came over Charley. He shrieked with rage. His lips flared, showing
wicked teeth that have some trouble with a dog biscuit. He screeched insults at the bear, and hearing this, the bear
reared up and seemed to me to overtop our truck. Frantically I rolled the windows shut and, swinging quickly to
the left, grazed the animal, then scuttled on while Charley screamed beside me, describing what he would do to that
bear if he could get at him. I was never so astonished in my life. In his whole history Charley had showed great
tolerance for every living thing. Besides, Charley is so deep-seated a coward that he has developed a technique for
concealing it. And yet he showed his intention of wanting to attack a bear that outweighed him a thousand to one. I
don't understand it.
* screech 꽥 하는 소리를 내다 **scuttle 황급히 달리다
1
20강
Gateway
England's plan to establish colonies in North America, starting in the late sixteenth century, was founded on a false
idea. It was generally assumed that Virginia, the region of the North American continent to which England laid
claim, would have the same climate as the Mediterranean region of Europe, since it lay at similar latitudes. As a
result, the English hoped that the American colonies, once established, would be able to supply Mediterranean goods
such as olives and fruit and reduce England's dependence on imports from continental Europe. One prospectus
claimed that the colonies would provide "the wines, fruit and salt of France and Spain ... the silks of Persia and
Italy." Similarly, abundant scarce timber would do away with the need to import wood from Scandinavia. In short,
America was mistakenly expected to be a land of plenty that would quickly turn a profit.
* lattitude 위도
** prospectus 사업설명서, 투자설명서
1. In the United States the proportion of infants who were nursed at all by their mothers, and the age at which
those nurtured infants were weaned, decreased through much of the 20th century. For example, by the 1970s only
5% of American children were being nursed at the age of six months. In contrast, among hunter-gatherers not in
contact with farmers and without access to farmed foods, infants are nursed far beyond six months, because the
only suitable infant food available to them is mother's milk: they have no access to cow's milk, baby formula, or
soft food replacements. The age of weaning averaged over seven hunter-gatherer groups is about three years old,
an age at which children finally become capable of fully nourishing themselves by chewing enough firm food.
*ween 젖을 떼다
2. One of the obstacles to enjoying the peace of mind, Epicurus reasons, is the fear of death. But rather than
countering this fear by proposing an alternative state of immortality, Epicurus tries to explain the nature of death
itself. He starts by proposing that when we die, we are unaware of our death, since our consciousness (our soul)
ceases to exist at the point of death. To explain this, Epicurus takes the view that the entire universe consists of
either atoms or empty space. Epicurus then reasons that the soul could not be empty space, because it operates
dynamically with the body, so it must be made up of atoms. He describes these atoms of the soul as being
distributed around the body, but as being so breakable that they dissolve when we die, and so we are no longer
capable of sensing anything. If you are unable to feel anything when you die, it is foolish to let the fear of death
cause you pain while you are still alive.
3. Historically, climate and the physical environment have exerted the greatest influence on shaping agriculture.
People have had to adjust their living strategies and techniques to the prevailing regional climate conditions. In
addition, soils have played an influential role in both agricultural practices and food provisioning. Slash-and-burn
farming, in part, reflects an adaptation to poor tropical soils, which rapidly lose their fertility when farmed. Peasant
agriculture, by contrast, often owes its high productivity to the long-lived fertility of local volcanic soils. Terrain has
also influenced agriculture, as farmers tended to cultivate relatively level areas. In sum, the constraints of climate,
soil, and terrain have historically limited the types of crops that could be grown and the cultivation methods that
could be practiced.
4. People have long indulged in luxury foods from faraway places, combining the exotic with the local and
purchased imports with homegrown staples. Exchange networks have long brought goods far from where they were
produced for consumption. Sidney Mintz shows how the Industrial Revolution in England, supported by slave labor
on Caribbean plantations, made sugar the mainstay of the masses in both locations and linked diverse populations
together through the movements of goods and capital. Chocolate was brought from Mexico to colonial Spain, where
it quickly changed from a medicine to an elite drink and acceptable pre-mass beverage and then to a childhood
snack, while simultaneously shifting from a beverage to a solid. Coffee moved from Africa, to Brazil, to Starbucks.
None of these trajectories are simple; following the movements of global products like sugar, chocolate, or coffee
would create weblike networks covering much of the globe.
*trajectory 경로
2
21강
Gateway
The Rust Belt is notorious for its poor air quality. For decades, coal plants, steel production, and auto emissions have
pumped particulates like sulfate into the atmosphere over the eastern U.S. Especially before air quality laws began
appearing in the 1970s, particulate pollution was behind acid rain, respiratory disease, and ozone depletion. But a new
study from Harvard University suggests that the Rust Belt's thick particulate fog may have helped slow down the effects
of climate change, particularly when it was thickest. Throughout the 20th century, global temperatures have gone up by
just under one degree Celsius. But in the U.S., eastern and central states haven't seen the same rise. In fact,
temperatures there actually decreased over the same period. The reason seems to be particulate pollution. Instead of
trapping warm air in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide, fine particles like sulfate reflect the sun's light and heat. They
may even group with watery cloud droplets, which do the same thing. The effect is a net cooling across entire regions.
* particulate 분진, 미립 물질
1. Some pessimistic scientists believe that climate change on Earth has already passed the 'tipping point' beyond
which it is not possible to stop the slide into global meltdown. But other groups of scientists think that even if the
tipping point has been and gone there might still be hope for the planet in the form of geo-engineering, which is
superscale design-and-build work that could reverse the effects of climate change. The ideas put forward include
sending giant sunshades into space to block out some of the sun's light; building a network of industrial plants
around the globe that would suck in carbon dioxide, compress it into liquid, and then pump it underground; and
tipping gallons of fertilizer into the oceans to encourage the growth of marine plant life to absorb carbon dioxide
from the air by photosynthesis.
* compress 압축하다
2. Aviation experts are urging the more rapid introduction of more efficient jet engines that burn less fuel. This
would reduce direct air pollution released per passenger mile. However, increased engine efficiency can have
paradoxical results as far as global warming is concerned: More efficient engines produce exhaust with higher
relative humidity, which can increase vapor trail formation. They also tend to produce more NOx because they burn
fuel at higher temperatures and pressures. To significantly reduce aviation's contribution to global climate change,
radically more efficient aircraft may be needed. One such design, the SAX-40, was unveiled by the Silent Aircraft
Initiative of Cambridge University in the UK and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US in 2006. The
215-passenger plane, still only a concept, featured a blended wing-body design and efficient engines. Such designs,
if successful, will also reduce noise pollution from aviation.
* NOx 질소 산화물
3. Ideally, supporters of recycling would like to see a global recycling system, to allow products to be recycled
according to a unified system around the world. The beginnings of such a system are already taking root in Europe.
Germany has developed a recycling program known as the Green Dot system, in which manufacturers and retailers
have to pay for a green dot on products. The fees charged for green dots increase with the amount of packaging,
and monies from this program are used to help recycle the packaging. Consumers are encouraged to buy products
that have the green dots. According to most reports, this system has led to a dramatic decrease in the amount of
packaging used, thus creating less garbage that needs recycling. Germany claims the result has been a decline of
about 1 million tons less garbage than normal every year.
4. The improvement of the social and economic conditions of the poor in Brazil is the main concern of the
government. It is clear that to diminish deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon would require enormous financial
resources to compensate the loggers and give them an economic incentive to pursue other areas of activity. The
World Wide Fund for Nature has estimated that a total of approximately $547.2 million would be required from
international sources to compensate the forest developers and establish a highly organised framework to fully
implement forest governance and monitoring, and the foundation of new protected forest areas in the Amazon for
future sustainability. Due to Brazil's need to develop economically and pay off international debt obligations,
compensating the loggers over the entirety of the Amazon rainforest would require huge funding and increased
interaction with the international community, and a reform of the world market system if deforestation in the
country is to be halted.
* governance 관리
3
22강
Gateway
It had long been something of a mystery where, and on what, the northern fur seals of the eastern Pacific feed
during the winter, which they spend off the coast of North America from California to Alaska. There is no evidence
that they are feeding to any great extent on sardines, mackerel, or other commercially important fishes. Presumably
four million seals could not compete with commercial fishermen for the same species without the fact being known.
But there is some evidence on the diet of the fur seals, and it is highly significant. Their stomachs have yielded the
bones of a species of fish that has never been seen alive. Indeed, not even its remains have been found anywhere
except in the stomachs of seals. Ichthyologists say that this 'seal fish' belongs to a group that typically inhabits very
deep water, off the edge of the continental shelf.
* Ichthyologist 어류학자
1. A small and brightly colored warm-water fish, the honey blue-eye is found in the tropical regions of northeastern
Australia in Queensland. It lives in small quiet streams and pools, along stream banks in dense aquatic vegetation,
and in areas where roots from terrestrial plants hang down into the water. The honey blue-eye consumes small
insects and plankton and is likely to eat small eggs of other fishes and those of its own species. The male is the
flashier of the two sexes and has large fins used for swimming and displaying to a potential mate. Honey blue-eyes
in breeding condition swim closely together as the female chooses a plant on which to deposit her eggs. She then
lays a few eggs and moves on to other vegetation to repeat the process.
* terrestrial 육서생물의
2. Scientists write chemical equations to tell what changes occur during chemical reactions. Parts of a chemical
equation include symbols of elements, chemical formulas, the number of each atom or molecule involved, and signs,
such as plus or minus. Smaller plus and minus signs used as superscripts indicate the number of electrons that
can be lost, gained, or shared by an atom when it forms a compound. Other plus and minus signs indicate the
nature of the reaction. For example, four atoms of iron combine with (plus) three molecules of oxygen to form iron
oxide. Every chemical equation must be balanced. That means that the number of atoms of each kind must be the
same on both sides of the equation, regardless of whether the element stands alone, as part of a molecule, or as
part of a formula.
* superscript 어깨 기호(글자, 숫자)
3. When an underwater object is seen from outside the water, its appearance becomes distorted. This is because
refraction changes the direction of the light rays that come from the object. When these rays enter the eyes of an
observer, nerves in the eyes send signals to the observer's brain. The brain then constructs a picture based on
where the rays appear to have come from. It does this without accounting for the effects of refraction, so the
object's appearance is distorted. When one looks at a straw in a glass of water, light rays from the part of the
straw that is underwater are refracted at the surfaces between the water and the glass, and between the glass and
the air. The rays appear to come from closer to the surface than they are, and the straw looks bent. If the straw
were viewed from underwater, the part above water would be distorted.
4. In the early 20th century, scientists conducting research on phenomena associated with weather and climate were
just as likely to come from mathematics, physics, or astronomy backgrounds as from meteorology. One reason was
that there were very few institutions of higher learning that focused on what we now call geophysics - the physics
of the Earth. Consequently, individuals who had trained in other scientific and mathematical disciplines and became
intrigued by atmospheric problems often attacked those problems from the distinct viewpoints they had gained while
in graduate school. Although it might seem that meteorology and climatology would have advanced more quickly if
this specialized training had been available sooner, that might not have been the case. Sometimes there is an
advantage when people see problems in a different way. That was true for the mathematically educated Milankovitch
- and it was also true for the meteorologist-scientist of the 1920s: physics-trained Vilhelm Bjerknes.
* meteorology 기상학
4
23강
Gateway
In the past, many public-sector recreation providers allowed people free access or charged for permits to control
the amount or season for different recreational activities such as fishing or horse-riding. However, governments and
other public agencies are finding that funding to maintain sites and facilities, to cope with increased demand on the
landscape, is becoming difficult to maintain. Opportunities to charge visitors for appropriate services to help
compensate for these costs are being considered as one solution. This is a sensitive matter, as free access for all
people to the outdoors is a much cherished right. There is also an additional dilemma for public agencies where
recreation facilities are already provided from public money, and it could be argued that the taxpayer is being
charged twice. Thus, care is needed by public bodies to ensure that charges are only made for services that are
clearly additional to the provision of free access.
1. Food plays a large part in how much you enjoy the outdoors. The possibilities and permutations are endless, so
you can constantly vary your diet. Wilderness dining has two extremes: gourmet eaters and survival eaters. The
first like to make camp at lunchtime so they have several hours to set up field ovens; they bake cakes and bread
and cook multi-course dinners. They walk only a few miles each day and may use the same campsite for several
nights. Survival eaters eat some dry cereal and drink a small amount of water for breakfast, and are up and
walking within minutes of waking. They pound out dozens of miles every day; lunch is a series of cold snacks eaten
on the move. Dinner consists of a freeze-dried meal, "cooked" by pouring hot water into the package, or more cold
snacks.
* permutation 변형
2. Don't get so obsessed with a particular type of activity that you ignore other aspects of your fitness. Many
long-distance runners, for example, have a relatively skinny upper body although their midsection and legs are
usually in great shape. Even with respect to lower body functioning, running does much more for the muscles in
the front than in the back of your legs. In contrast, cycling or skiing requires a different type of leg muscle
conditioning while swimming has a less positive impact on your lower body unless you concentrate on kicking
movements. Playing a lot of tennis or racquetball may be fine for aerobic conditioning but can lead to an imbalance
in strength, especially on one side of your upper body. On the other hand, some weight-lifters pay too little
attention to their aerobic conditioning, having trouble jogging even short distances.
3. An additional trend in consumer behaviour is what is referred to as 'time deepening' in which the individual is
involved in more than one activity at the same time. Many people in the home will combine activities such as
watching television while ironing, or reading while listening to music; but there are similar trends in travel business
contexts as well. An increasing number of people are seeking holidays during which they can focus on an activity
such as painting or wine tasting while still enjoying conventional attributes such as climate, scenery and culture.
'Edutainment', in which entertainment is combined with educational learning, is also apparent in theme parks,
heritage centres and contemporary museums and other facilities that are incorporating educational benefits into
their service package, such as Chessington World of Adventures and Techniquest.
4. One of the many strengths of the African American community is an intrinsic support for the athletic endeavors
of African American girls and women. Since African American culture appreciates a greater flexibility of gender
roles and accepts a broader range of gender-appropriate behaviors, African American women are not as bound as
white women by gender role stereotypes. Athletics for girls and women is not perceived as unsuitable to an African
American female's gender role. Hall and Bower's study of African American females found that African American
women defined themselves as "softly strong" - owning both strength and femininity without conflict. Welcome support
from the African American community has energized many African American girls and women to participate in
sports.
5
24강
Gateway
In her art, Georgia O'Keeffe clearly showed a pioneering spirit and an intensely individual style. At age twenty-seven,
while teaching art in South Carolina, O'Keeffe began a series of simple, abstract charcoal drawings that expressed her
own ideas and feelings. She sent these drawings to a friend in New York, who showed them to Alfred Stieglitz, the
owner of the influential gallery 291. Stieglitz hailed them as the "purest, finest, sincerest things." O'Keeffe's greatest
source of inspiration was nature. Her best-known paintings are large, extreme close-ups of flowers; the simplified and
magnified views compel us to look at them in a new way and to discover their inner essence. At the same time, the
paintings become abstract arrangements of color and line, light and shadow. While in New Mexico, she was also
fascinated by the simple geometric grace of adobe churches and the majesty of the desert.
* adobe 흙을 재료로 한 건축 양식의 일종
1. Even though visual expressions can be traced back to prehistoric times, the meaning of the term "art" is defined
by more recent and mostly Western values. In today's society a work of art is considered special and distinct from
ordinary occurrences. It is displayed in museums, reproduced in books, and discussed in lectures. It is admired and
protected. A wide range of individuals, institutions, and factors contribute to establishing the guidelines that set art
apart from commonplace manifestations. Museums are among the most authoritative, influential, and trusted forums.
The artistic standards of these institutions are shaped by the opinions, research, and interpretations of art
historians, theorists, critics, collectors, and other experts. These specialists communicate their views to both their
peers and the public through exhibitions, books, articles, catalogues, reviews, and presentations.
* factor 중개인, 위탁 판매인
2. Music can convey the scope of a film, effectively communicating whether the motion picture is an epic drama (Star
Wars, 1977; Gone With the Wind, 1939) or a story that exists on a more personal scale (Ghost World, 2001). Music can
convey the quality and size of a space, which Gorbman refers to as "depth in space" or "physical volumes." For
example, in Alien (1979) and Olivier's Hamlet (1948) the music serves at times to make small and/or artificial spaces
seem more grand and to enhance the sense of realism. In addition, music can establish a narrative's placement in
time. Motion picture scores often serve to "authenticate the era" or to provide a sense of nostalgia. Examples of the
former would include Amadeus (1984) and Immortal Beloved (1995), while a sense of nostalgia is communicated through
the music selected for films such as American Graffiti (1973) and The Big Chill (1983).
3. Fairness in architecture, of course, does not always mean absolute equality, since people are not absolutely the
same, and this is where prudence, another virtue, comes into play. Fairness in accommodating differences can lead
to varied conditions in some cases, and uniform conditions in others. Building codes, for instance, have finally
recognized the need for a larger number of restroom stalls for women, especially in entertainment venues when
intermissions lead to a flood of people needing such facilities. At the same time, 'design for all' demands that we
adjust dimensions to accommodate the needs of people with a wide range of physical abilities, with many elements
of buildings lower or wider than what has existed in the past. Examples like this suggest that fairness without
prudence can lead, paradoxically, to unfair conditions, and that true fairness comes only from imagining ourselves
in the place of those often treated unfairly and responding to their needs accordingly.
4. If ballroom competitions are a spectacle of sights, sounds and movement, they are also performances by dancers,
officials and audience members alike. Unlike many other Western dance forms, ballroom dancing is not a 'staged'
dance style. Ballroom audiences are not seated at a distance from the dancers. Similarly, their seating area is
dimmed relative to the competition floor, but not in the dark. This means that the dancers can easily see and
interact with the audience, and such interaction is regularly part and parcel of ballroom competitions. Spectators
stand as well as sit, and most events sell standing-room-only tickets as well as specific seats. Applause and
cheering during the dancing is not only expected but actively encouraged and appreciated, and still photography
during the competition is typical.
6
25강
Gateway
Jason always seemed to have a tough time in classes, except in the ones where he could do something. In the
classes in which the teachers just stood and talked, or told everyone to read, he seemed to get bored and restless.
But the ones in which he could get up and do things like industrial arts, drama, science projects, or P.E. were
always his favorites. He soon realized that he was not a slow or unmotivated learner; he was a kinesthetic learner.
Once he figured this out, he started to use this information to his advantage. He would draw out what he learned
from class on notes, posters, and doodles. He would act out things and work with other students on projects using
role play and drama. This helped his learning come alive, and he was less bored. As a result, he not only enjoyed
school more, but his grades also went up.
* kinesthetic 운동 감각의
1. When you are first establishing yourself as a writer, it makes sense to figure out your niche and stick to it. If
you hop from novels to film scripts to poetry collections, for example, you are splitting your energy and effort into
three parts. That's fine if you want to write as a hobby, but if you want to have a career it means you're only
exerting 33 percent of your available energy on each genre. It takes a lot of work to establish yourself in any
market, so it's a good strategy to pick one and focus your efforts on it. If you feel that giving up the others will
stifle your creativity too much, then do those in any spare time you have left.
* niche 꼭 맞는 자리나 일
2. Visual aids must support psychological learning processes. Visuals that disrupt these processes have been shown to
depress learning. For example, Harp and Mayer found that adding visuals and text that were topically related to the
lesson but irrelevant to the learning goal depressed learning. They created two versions of a lesson that taught the
process of lightning formation. The basic lesson version used words and relevant visuals to depict the process. The
enhanced lesson version added short narrative vignettes with visuals such as a video of lightning striking trees, an
ambulance arriving near the trees, and a lightning victim being carried in a stretcher to the ambulance. At the same
time, the narrator said: "Approximately 10,000 Americans are injured by lightning every year." Learning was about 30
percent better for students using the basic lesson version lacking the graphic enhancements. The enhancements
actually depressed learning because they distracted attention from the main content aligned to the learning goal.
* vignette 짧은 글, 삽화
3. Our expectations are constructed through our value systems, upbringing, and past experiences and can be very
different from those of others. These expectations can become major sources of frustration when not met by others'
behavior, such as that of our tutees. The best thing to do is to try to enter tutoring without any expectations at all.
This, of course, includes giving up expectations you may have of your future students and their personalities, their
academic skills or progress, and their motivation and attitude toward you. All children are different. They have
different backgrounds, different strengths, and different weaknesses. Some may be thrilled to be tutored; others may
be suspicious. At the first meeting, a tutor's conception of a student should be a blank slate. Tutors must be
prepared to accept and to work with any students to whom they are assigned.
4. As A. S. Neill wrote in his influential book Summerhill, "A child is innately wise and realistic. If left to himself
without adult suggestion of any kind, he will develop as far as he is capable of developing." Neill and his colleagues
of the 1960s and 1970s argued that schools should do away with examinations, grades, curricula, and even books.
Though few schools went that far, the movement left a mark on educational practice. In the method of reading
instruction known as Whole Language, children are not taught which letter goes with which sound but are immersed
in a book-rich environment where reading skills are expected to blossom spontaneously. In the philosophy of
mathematics instruction known as constructivism, children are not drilled with arithmetic tables but are enjoined to
rediscover mathematical truths themselves by solving problems in groups. Both methods fare badly when students'
learning is assessed objectively, but advocates of the methods tend to disdain standardized testing.
* fare badly 잘 못하다
7
26강
Gateway
A narrative is not a myth the first time it is told, but only a story or an account. What makes a story a myth is
the fact that it is received by a given society and that a given society participates in its transmission. Obviously, it
is difficult to determine just when any story becomes a myth, but it is clear that a narrative is not a myth when it
is first told. The intentions of the first narrator and the last narrator can be the same, but this still does not give
any special status to the creator of a myth. It is far more important to realize that the intentions of a given society
in transmitting a narrative may have nothing to do with the purposes of its author. Thus we can never identify any
individual creator of a myth. So long as myth is a collective narrative by definition, the only relevant consideration
are the mentality and purposes of the society for which the myth is a myth.
1. It is widely known that Shakespeare's writings have influenced a large number of notable novelists and poets,
including Herman Melville and Charles Dickens, and continue to influence new authors even today. What is less well
known is, however, Shakespeare's influence on the English language itself. His entire work contains over 20,000
different words, and some authorities reckon that one in twelve of these was an invented word or gave a fresh
meaning to a current term. Shakespeare made up words, added prefixes and suffixes to existing words, combined
words and changed nouns into verbs. Given that the first known use of around 1,700 words or meanings is in
Shakespeare and that his works have been so widely read, it's not surprising that many of the terms we use every
day come from him. When we say something is fashionable, marketable, obscene or flawed, when we say someone is
critical, generous, lonely or useless, and when we talk of accommodation or a bump, we are using words that
Shakespeare originated. His influence is unparalleled.
2. The distinction between voice and real voice helps us understand the tricky relationship between verbal fluency
and verbal power. Sometimes they go together but sometimes they are opposed. That is, on the one hand,
sometimes fluency is a sign of power: a truly good speaker is never at a loss for words because she has found the
door to her best insights and her convictions. But sometimes, on the other hand, we distrust fluent people; they
speak with lively fluency but they are somehow too smooth. "She spoke so expressively and well but you know I
didn't really believe her." Such people are good at finding a gear and generating words that fit the situation and the
audience; they are never at a loss for words. But somehow all these words - however lively and fluent - don't give
us any sense of making contact with the speaker or any sense of knowing her real feelings, attitudes or point of
view.
3. The ideal ending is surprising, yet makes sense based on what has gone before. Masterful mystery writers do this
really well, causing us to feel we should have guessed the identity of the murderer, had we only paid attention to
the clues that were there all along. Even if you don't write mysteries, that's a good model to use for many kinds of
books: Give the reader enough clues to justify how the story ends, but do it so subtly that we didn't see it coming.
Of course some genres, like romantic comedies, are formulaic, so we do know the inevitable ending, and your
cleverness has to be applied to making the journey enjoyable even though your reader or audience knows the exact
destination.
4. The most important episode in Mark Twain's travels was unplanned. In May 1866, the clipper ship Hornet caught
fire near the equator. The crew divided into two lifeboats, and forty-three days later one of those boats carrying
fifteen wasted men landed in Hawaii. Twain was bedridden at the time, but a friend, Anson Burlingame, made him
aware of the event and helped him get a record of the nightmare. The resulting piece was published on July 19 in
the Sacramento Union and reprinted widely. After gathering more information, Twain expanded the piece and
submitted 'Forty-three Days in an Open Boat' to Harper's Monthly; it was published there in December. The story is
a fine piece of writing, and Twain knew enough to avoid joking about so serious a matter. But he must have also
known that one crew's misfortune can be another man’s opportunity.
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27강
Gateway
What's dangerous about the Internet is, because it has the aura of technology around it, it has a totally undeserved
instant credibility. The fact that information is conveyed in this high-tech manner somehow adds authority to what
is conveyed, when in fact the Internet is a global conveyer of unfiltered, unedited, untreated information. It is the
greatest tool we have not only for making people smarter quicker, but also for making people dumber faster.
Rumors published on the Internet now have a way of immediately becoming facts. This is particularly true among
people who might not themselves have access to the Internet but hear a piece of news or gossip from the people
around them who do have access.
1. The robotic teddy bear Huggable, built as a companion for children and the elderly, has two thousand sensors
under its fur-covered silicon skin that can measure temperature, force, and electrical fields. Embrace it, and it hugs
back. Put it on your lap, and it looks up at you with video camera eyes and nuzzles into your arms. Set it on a
table, and it can look around, catch your gaze, and gesture to be picked up. All the while, the robotic bear relays
audio, video, and other information wirelessly to a nurse, tutor, babysitter, or parent. Is the Huggable being hit or
ignored? Has the child fallen or gotten distracted? The Huggable knows, and can tell. A Huggable can strengthen
family ties, enabling a soldier, business traveler, or faraway grandparent to be with a child virtually.
nuzzle (코나 입을) 비비다
2. "A NEW MEDIUM is never an addition to an old one," wrote McLuhan in Understanding Media, "nor does it leave
the old one in peace. It never ceases to oppress the older media until it finds new shapes and positions for them."
His observation rings particularly true today. Traditional media, even electronic ones, are being refashioned and
repositioned as they go through the shift to online distribution. When the Net absorbs a medium, it re-creates that
medium in its own image. It not only dissolves the medium's physical form; it injects the medium's content with
hyperlinks, breaks up the content into searchable chunks, and surrounds the content with the content of all the
other media it has absorbed. All these changes in the form of the content also change the way we use, experience,
and even understand the content.
3. Discourses referring to the media production of reality TV seem to resemble reality. Simulations of space and
time, the "uncontrolled" actions of participants, real-life events, ordinary people participating - everything seems to
be real "enough." The frequency of the broadcasts in weekly TV programs and the closeness and familiarity of
audiences with the TV characters create this "hyperreality" and ultimately, yes, "the simulacrum is true." Media
reality has succeeded over time in being totally incorporated into society. In the era of media realities, the
prototype, the mediation and its reflection are inseparable. There is a unique inversion going on that is no longer
understood as such; instead of questioning media reality and to what degree it is objective, we question whether our
empirical reality complies adequately with its media equivalent. This alone is sufficient evidence that media are in a
prominent position to define truth.
* simulacrum 복제품
4. There is a real threat to the security of systems when a user leaves a terminal logged in to a system and the
terminal is left unattended; this terminal can then be used by an unauthorized person. In such a circumstance, the
unauthorized person can use the terminal and access the system, just as if the authorized user were present,
without having to know or guess the authorized user's sign-on or password. For this reason, users must be advised
not to leave a terminal logged in, without use of a password-protected screen saver. Some systems may themselves
have a process whereby inactivity of the keyboard or mouse will automatically prevent use of the terminal unless
the authorized user enters a password. If such a process exists, the policy should be written to require its use.
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