Clinical Infectious Diseases 1 December 2014 Volume 59 Number 11 The title Clinical Infectious Diseases is a registered trademark of the IDSA i News iii In the Literature ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES 1511 Clinical and Laboratory Findings of the First Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus to the United States On the cover: Miracle of Hope, 2010, acrylic on canvas, by David Putnam (American, born 1958). Stanford University Positive Care Clinic, Atherton, CA. Reproduced with permission of the artist. Antiretroviral treatment in the last decade of the 20th century marked the turning of the tide in the battle against AIDS. Inspired by the patients and staff of the Positive Care Clinic in Atherton, California, the artist David Putnam created a triptych to be displayed in the clinic, illustrating the new hope for those affected by HIV. The panel on the left, the centerpiece of the original triptych, depicts the protease inhibitors (blue dots) pitted against the HIV with its protease enzyme complex (in black). In the right panel, the bright yellow background expresses the triumph of therapy as the virus is diminished and hope shines through, or as Mr. Putnam described, “The good guys began winning.” (Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors) Minal Kapoor, Kimberly Pringle, Alan Kumar, Stephanie Dearth, Lixia Liu, Judith Lovchik, Omar Perez, Pam Pontones, Shawn Richards, Jaime Yeadon-Fagbohun, Lucy Breakwell, Nora Chea, Nicole J. Cohen, Eileen Schneider, Dean Erdman, Lia Haynes, Mark Pallansch, Ying Tao, Suxiang Tong, Susan Gerber, David Swerdlow, and Daniel R. Feikin The first US case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was confirmed in May 2014 in a 65-year-old physician who worked in Saudi Arabia and presented to an Indiana hospital on illness day 11. He had bilateral pneumonia and recovered fully. 1519 Impact of Influenza B Lineage-Level Mismatch Between Trivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccines and Circulating Viruses, 1999–2012 Terho Heikkinen, Niina Ikonen, and Thedi Ziegler Throughout 12 recent seasonal influenza outbreaks in Finland, influenza B viruses representing the other genetic lineage than the one included in the vaccine accounted for 42% of all influenza B infections and 11% of all influenza infections in the population. 1525 Editorial Commentary: Changing Epidemiology of Influenza B Virus W. Paul Glezen 1527 Insufficient Fluconazole Exposure in Pediatric Cancer Patients and the Need for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Children Kim C. M. van der Elst, Marieke Pereboom, Edwin R. van den Heuvel, Jos G. W. Kosterink, Elisabeth H. Schölvinck, and Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar The fluconazole serum concentration is significantly lower in pediatric cancer patients and the fluconazole concentration negatively correlates with the time to culture conversion. Therapeutic drug monitoring of fluconazole is potentially a valuable tool to detect underexposure in critically ill children. 1534 Editorial Commentary: Fluconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children With Cancer: Not Today Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez and Daniel K. Benjamin Jr 1537 Preformed Frequencies of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)–Specific Memory T and B Cells Identify Protected CMV-Sensitized Individuals Among Seronegative Kidney Transplant Recipients Marc Lúcia, Elena Crespo, Edoardo Melilli, Josep M. Cruzado, Sergi Luque, Inés Llaudó, Jordi Niubó, Joan Torras, Núria Fernandez, Josep M. Grinyó, and Oriol Bestard Monitoring preformed cytomegalovirus (CMV)–specific T- and B-cell memory immune responses, using novel functional immune assays, may allow accurate characterization of antiviral immune sensitization in kidney transplant recipients, regardless of CMV-specific serological profile, illustrating the risk for posttransplant CMV infection. 1546 An Outbreak of Respiratory Tularemia Caused by Diverse Clones of Francisella tularensis Anders Johansson, Adrian Lärkeryd, Micael Widerström, Sara Mörtberg, Kerstin Myrtännäs, Caroline Öhrman, Dawn Birdsell, Paul Keim, David M. Wagner, Mats Forsman, and Pär Larsson Whole-genome sequences of Francisella tularensis isolated from 10 patients involved in a respiratory tularemia outbreak were compared with 110 global archived isolates. Surprisingly, outbreak and archived isolates were often extremely similar despite sometimes great separation in time and/or space. 1554 Association Between Recent Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Nontyphoid Salmonellosis: A Nested Case-Control Study Hau-Hsin Wu, Yung-Tai Chen, Chia-Jen Shih, Yi-Tzu Lee, Shu-Chen Kuo, and Te-Li Chen The association between oral proton pump inhibitors and nontyphoid salmonellosis continues to be debated. In the current study we found a significant temporal association with or without matching for independent predisposing factors. 1559 Significant Clinical Impact of a Rapid Molecular Diagnostic Test (Genotype MTBDRplus Assay) to Detect Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Maia Kipiani, Veriko Mirtskhulava, Nestani Tukvadze, Matthew Magee, Henry M. Blumberg, and Russell R. Kempker Implementation of a rapid molecular diagnostic for the detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) led to decreased times to initiation of second-line drug treatment, culture conversion, and decreased the length of time MDR-TB patients were hospitalized on drug-susceptible TB wards. 1567 Both Lewis and Secretor Status Mediate Susceptibility to Rotavirus Infections in a Rotavirus Genotype–Dependent Manner Johan Nordgren, Sumit Sharma, Filemon Bucardo, Waqas Nasir, Gökçe Günaydın, Djeneba Ouermi, Leon W. Nitiema, Sylvia Becker-Dreps, Jacques Simpore, Lennart Hammarström, Göran Larson, and Lennart Svensson We describe host genetic factors determining susceptibility to rotavirus infection and report that Lewis-negative and secretor-negative children are resistant to P[8] rotavirus strains, but not to P[6] rotavirus strains, providing a plausible explanation to reduced vaccine efficacy in some populations. 1574 Uniform Research Case Definition Criteria Differentiate Tuberculous and Bacterial Meningitis in Children Regan S. Solomons, Marie Wessels, Douwe H. Visser, Peter R. Donald, Ben J. Marais, Johan F. Schoeman, and Anne M. van Furth A uniform tuberculous meningitis (TBM) research case definition was developed to address low numbers of culture-confirmed cases. The performance of the case definition was evaluated in culture-confirmed TBM and bacterial meningitis. “Probable TBM” criteria accurately differentiated TBM from bacterial meningitis. 1579 Simeprevir (TMC435) With Pegylated Interferon/ Ribavirin in Patients Coinfected With HCV Genotype 1 and HIV-1: A Phase 3 Study Douglas Dieterich, Jürgen Kurt Rockstroh, Chloe Orkin, Félix Gutiérrez, Marina B. Klein, Jacques Reynes, Umesh Shukla, Alan Jenkins, Oliver Lenz, Sivi Ouwerkerk-Mahadevan, Monika Peeters, Guy De La Rosa, Lotke Tambuyzer, and Wolfgang Jessner Simeprevir 150mg with peginterferon/ribavirin (24 or 48 weeks) resulted in high sustained virologic response rates at 12 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype-1/HIV-1 coinfection, irrespective of prior HCV or HIV treatment, METAVIR score or HCV genotype/subtype. BRIEF REPORT 1588 Treating Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With Interleukin 7 and Vaccination With JC Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Mireia Sospedra, Sven Schippling, Sara Yousef, Ilijas Jelcic, Silvia Bofill-Mas, Raquel Planas, Jan-Patrick Stellmann, Viktoria Demina, Paola Cinque, Robert Garcea, Therese Croughs, Rosina Girones, and Roland Martin VIEWPOINTS 1593 Infectious Diseases Subspecialty: Declining Demand Challenges and Opportunities Pranatharthi Chandrasekar, Daniel Havlichek, and Leonard B. Johnson A significant decline in the number of applicants for infectious diseases fellowship positions has been noted in recent years. Most reduction is seen among international medical graduates. Reasons for the decline are speculated upon and possible solutions are offered. INVITED ARTICLE 1599 FOOD SAFETY Seroincidence of Human Infections With Nontyphoid Salmonella Compared With Data From Public Health Surveillance and Food Animals in 13 European Countries Kåre Mølbak, Jacob Simonsen, Charlotte S. Jørgensen, Karen A. Krogfelt, Gerhard Falkenhorst, Steen Ethelberg, Johanna Takkinen, and Hanne-Dorthe Emborg Antibody measurements were applied to estimate the rate of Salmonella infections in humans. Data obtained from 13 European countries correlated with the Salmonella prevalence in food animals and estimates of travel-associated Salmonella infections but not with the reported national incidence. HIV/AIDS 1607 The Effect of Therapeutic Lumbar Punctures on Acute Mortality From Cryptococcal Meningitis Melissa A. Rolfes, Kathy Huppler Hullsiek, Joshua Rhein, Henry W. Nabeta, Kabanda Taseera, Charlotte Schutz, Abdu Musubire, Radha Rajasingham, Darlisha A. Williams, Friedrich Thienemann, Conrad Muzoora, Graeme Meintjes, David B. Meya, and David R. Boulware Intracranial pressure management with repeat lumbar puncture (LP) was investigated in patients with cryptococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. Conducting at least 1 additional LP soon after cryptococcal diagnosis was related to decreased risk of acute mortality regardless of initial pressure. 1615 Editorial Commentary: An Expanded Role for Therapeutic Lumbar Punctures in Newly Diagnosed AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis? 1638 Neutrophil-Associated Central Nervous System Inflammation in Tuberculous Meningitis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Suzaan Marais, Katalin A. Wilkinson, Maia Lesosky, Anna K. Coussens, Armin Deffur, Dominique J. Pepper, Charlotte Schutz, Zahiera Ismail, Graeme Meintjes, and Robert J. Wilkinson Tuberculous meningitis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TBM-IRIS) is characterized by severe, compartmentalized cerebral inflammation, involving mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. A high baseline cerebrospinal fluid bacillary load predisposes to recurrent inflammation during antiretroviral therapy, manifesting as TBM-IRIS. CORRESPONDENCE 1648 Clostridium difficile Infection and Candida Colonization of the Gut: Is There a Correlation? Giammarco Raponi, Valeria Visconti, Grazia Brunetti, and Maria Cristina Ghezzi Peter G. Pappas 1618 Hepatitis B Virus Sub-genotype A1 Infection Is Characterized by High Replication Levels and Rapid Emergence of Drug Resistance in HIV-Positive Adults Receiving First-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi Samir Aoudjane, Mas Chaponda, Antonio Adrián González del Castillo, Jemma O’Connor, Marc Noguera, Apostolos Beloukas, Mark Hopkins, Saye Khoo, Joep J. van Oosterhout, and Anna Maria Geretti HBV sub-genotype A1 has a severe virologic expression among HIV-positive Malawians, contrasting with the mild outcomes observed elsewhere. By deep sequencing, HBV drug-resistance was universal in viremic patients receiving lamivudine/stavudine/nevirapine, with faster emergence than previously estimated by Sanger sequencing. 1627 A Prospective Cohort Study of Neurocognitive Function in Aviremic HIV-Infected Patients Treated With 1 or 3 Antiretrovirals Ignacio Pérez-Valero, Alicia González-Baeza, Miriam Estébanez, Susana Monge, María L. Montes-Ramírez, Carmen Bayón, Federico Pulido, José I. Bernardino, Francisco X. Zamora, Juan J. González-García, María Lagarde, Asunción Hernando, Francisco Arnalich, and José R. Arribas A prospective study showed no relevance of the number of antiretrovirals used to preserve neurocognitive function in aviremic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive patients, with important implications concerning HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and the use of nucleoside-sparing regimens. 1635 Editorial Commentary: Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy: Safe for the CNS in Durably Suppressed Patients? Scott L. Letendre 1649 Defective Antigen Tubes Generate False-Positive QuantiFERON Tuberculosis Test Results Marc Roger Couturier, Robbie Myatt, Don Dorn, David T. Yang, and Nancy Pitstick 1650 Mortality in Patients With AIDS-Related Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Myanmar NiNi Tun, Frank M. Smithuis, Nikolas London, W. Lawrence Drew, and David Heiden 1651 Added Value of the emm-Cluster Typing System to Analyze Group A Streptococcus Epidemiology in High-Income Settings Stanford T. Shulman, Robert R. Tanz, James B. Dale, Andrew C. Steer, and Pierre R. Smeesters 1652 Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Mycoses in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Spinello Antinori, Laura Milazzo, and Mario Corbellino 1653 Reply to Antinori et al Alissa J. Wright and Jay A. Fishman 1654 Oral Rehydration Therapy in Cholera Munsey Stephen Wheby 1655 A Case of Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Escape on a Dual Antiretroviral Regimen: Worth the Risk? Davide Mangioni, Antonio Muscatello, Francesca Sabbatini, Alessandro Soria, Marianna Rossi, Luca Bisi, Nicola Squillace, Carlo De Grandi, Andrea Gori, and Alessandra Bandera ELECTRONIC ARTICLE e158 Intracellular Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection in Children Luciana Robino, Paola Scavone, Lucia Araujo, Gabriela Algorta, Pablo Zunino, María Catalina Pírez, and Rafael Vignoli Intracellular bacteria or intracellular bacterial communities (IB/IBCs) were associated with recurrent Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI) in children without urinary tract abnormalities. Bacterial virulence profiles reflected a wide diversity of uropathogenic E. coli. IB/IBCs could explain a high proportion of children with recurrent UTI. The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ content/current ).
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