Clinical Infectious Diseases 15 November 2014 Volume 59 Number 10 The title Clinical Infectious Diseases is a registered trademark of the IDSA i News iii In the Literature ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES 1353 Impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay on Triage of Respiratory Isolation Rooms for Inpatients With Presumed Tuberculosis: A Hypothetical Trial Lelia H. Chaisson, Marguerite Roemer, David Cantu, Barbara Haller, Alexander J. Millman, Adithya Cattamanchi, and J. Lucian Davis On the cover: Leper Woman Praying at the Shrine of St. William. Window at York Minster. Stained glass panel, ca. 1330. Anonymous (British,14th c.) York Minster, York, England. Wellcome Images. Reproduced with permission. The kneeling woman clearly has symptoms of leprosy, here displaying the characteristic cutaneous lesions stylized as spots. The motive for depicting a sufferer from leprosy in such a public place as a church, in a readily seen stained glass window, would have been to arouse sympathy. Indeed, those who were generous in alms or caregiving to those afﬂicted with this disease were encouraged by the medieval church. For example, as leprosy increased in this town during the 12th century, St. Nicholas Hospital was built just outside the walls, on land given for this purpose. Although the leprosy victim’s prayers were directed to William, Patron Saint of York, he had no special association with the disease but was credited with several miracles. (Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors) We assessed the potential impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF to make respiratory isolation decisions for inpatients undergoing evaluation for tuberculosis, compared with smear microscopy. GeneXpert had similar sensitivity and speciﬁcity for culture-positive tuberculosis and could substantially reduce time spent in isolation. 1361 Editorial Commentary: Xpert MTB/RIF Testing for Individuals With Presumed Tuberculosis: Implications for Infection Control and Rapid Tuberculosis Detection in the United States Maunank Shah 1364 Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis According to Drug Susceptibility Testing to First- and Second-line Drugs: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis Mayara L. Bastos, Hamidah Hussain, Karin Weyer, Lourdes Garcia-Garcia, Vaira Leimane, Chi Chiu Leung, Masahiro Narita, Jose M. Penã, Alfredo Ponce-de-Leon, Kwonjune J. Seung, Karen Shean, José Sifuentes-Osornio, Martie Van der Walt, Tjip S. Van der Werf, Wing Wai Yew, and Dick Menzies; for the Collaborative Group for Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB The clinical validity of drug susceptibility testing (DST) for pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and second-line antituberculosis drugs is uncertain. In an individual patient data meta-analysis of 8955 patients with conﬁrmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, DST results for these drugs were associated with treatment outcomes. 1375 Impact of Repeated Vaccination on Vaccine Effectiveness Against Inﬂuenza A(H3N2) and B During 8 Seasons Huong Q. McLean, Mark G. Thompson, Maria E. Sundaram, Jennifer K. Meece, David L. McClure, Thomas C. Friedrich, and Edward A. Belongia The effect of prior inﬂuenza vaccination history on vaccine effectiveness was assessed in a community cohort over 8 seasons. Current- and previous-season vaccination generated similar levels of protection; vaccine-induced protection was greatest for individuals with no recent vaccination history. 1386 Prevalence and Predictors for Homo- and Heterosubtypic Antibodies Against Inﬂuenza A Virus Ines Kohler, Alexandra U. Scherrer, Osvaldo Zagordi, Matteo Bianchi, Arkadiusz Wyrzucki, Marco Steck, Bruno Ledergerber, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Lars Hangartner Heterosubtypic antibodies to inﬂuenza A virus will be crucial for the development of a pan-inﬂuenza vaccine. Here we show that most individuals already possess heterosubtypic antibodies and that their generation is favored both by vaccination and age. 1394 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue 6 Years After Giardia Infection: A Controlled Prospective Cohort Study Kurt Hanevik, Knut-Arne Wensaas, Guri Rortveit, Geir Egil Eide, Kristine Mørch, and Nina Langeland Giardia infection in a nonendemic setting is associated with an increased risk for irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years later. These conditions should be considered a differential diagnosis in patients with persisting symptoms after eradication of the parasite. 1401 Acute Muscular Sarcocystosis: An International Investigation Among Ill Travelers Returning From Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011–2012 Douglas H. Esposito, August Stich, Loïc Epelboin, Denis Malvy, Pauline V. Han, Emmanuel Bottieau, Alexandre da Silva, Philipp Zanger, Günther Slesak, Perry J. J. van Genderen, Benjamin M. Rosenthal, Jakob P. Cramer, Leo G. Visser, José Muñoz, Clifton P. Drew, Cynthia S. Goldsmith, Florian Steiner, Noémie Wagner, Martin P. Grobusch, D. Adam Plier, Dennis Tappe, Mark J. Sotir, Clive Brown, Gary W. Brunette, Ronald Fayer, Frank von Sonnenburg, Andreas Neumayr, and Phyllis E. Kozarsky; for the Tioman Island Sarcocystosis Investigation Team A large outbreak of acute muscular sarcocystosis (AMS) among international tourists who visited Tioman Island, Malaysia, is described. Clinicians evaluating travelers returning ill from Malaysia with myalgia, with or without fever, should consider AMS in their differential diagnosis. 1411 Emerging Epidemic of Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Young Nonurban Persons Who Inject Drugs in the United States, 2006–2012 Anil G. Suryaprasad, Jianglan Z. White, Fujie Xu, Beth-Ann Eichler, Janet Hamilton, Ami Patel, Shadia Bel Hamdounia, Daniel R. Church, Kerri Barton, Chardé Fisher, Kathryn Macomber, Marisa Stanley, Sheila M. Guilfoyle, Kristin Sweet, Stephen Liu, Kashif Iqbal, Rania Tohme, Umid Sharapov, Benjamin A. Kupronis, John W. Ward, and Scott D. Holmberg Acute hepatitis C has increased in the United States from 2006 to 2012 among young nonurban persons in or nearby Appalachia. Prescription opioids are frequently abused at an early age and should be a focus for medical and public health intervention. 1420 Clinical Assessment of Potential Drug Interactions of Faldaprevir, a Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitor, With Darunavir/Ritonavir, Efavirenz, and Tenofovir John P. Sabo, Jens Kort, Charles Ballow, Manuel Haschke, Manuel Battegay, Rainard Fuhr, Birgit Girlich, Michael Schobelock, Ulrich Feifel, Benjamin Lang, Yongmei Li, and Mabrouk Elgadi Faldaprevir is a potent hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor. The ﬁndings from 3 phase 1 studies reported here suggest that faldaprevir can be safely coadministered with commonly used antiretrovirals. 1429 Serum Mannose-Binding Lectin Concentration, but Not Genotype, Is Associated With Clostridium difﬁcile Infection Recurrence: A Prospective Cohort Study Andrew Swale, Fabio Miyajima, Ruwanthi Kolamunnage-Dona, Paul Roberts, Margaret Little, Nicholas J. Beeching, Mike B. J. Beadsworth, Triantaﬁllos Liloglou, and Munir Pirmohamed Low mannose-binding lectin concentration, but not genotype, was associated with disease recurrence in a large prospective cohort of patients with Clostridium difﬁcile infection. VIEWPOINT 1437 Antifungal Combination Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis Almudena Martín-Peña, Manuela Aguilar-Guisado, Ildefonso Espigado, and José Miguel Cisneros Antifungal combined therapy against invasive aspergillosis in primary and salvage therapy has been widespread in recent years, despite limited data supporting its efﬁcacy. The available information is analyzed and our viewpoint on this topic is discussed. BRIEF REPORTS 1446 Using Clinicians’ Search Query Data to Monitor Inﬂuenza Epidemics Mauricio Santillana, Elaine O. Nsoesie, Sumiko R. Mekaru, David Scales, and John S. Brownstein 1451 High Usage of Topical Fusidic Acid and Rapid Clonal Expansion of Fusidic Acid–Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Cautionary Tale Deborah A. Williamson, Stefan Monecke, Helen Heffernan, Stephen R. Ritchie, Sally A. Roberts, Arlo Upton, Mark G. Thomas, and John D. Fraser INVITED ARTICLES 1455 CLINICAL PRACTICE Avoiding the Perfect Storm: The Biologic and Clinical Case for Reevaluating the 7-Day Expectation for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Before Switching Therapy Ravina Kullar, James A. McKinnell, and George Sakoulas The longer methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (MRSAB) persists uncontrolled, the more pharmacotherapy is hindered. With rapid diagnostics, superior combination antimicrobial therapy, and the selective pressure consequences of prolonged in vivo persistence, MRSAB should clear within 3–4 days. 1462 IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS Prevention of Infections During Primary Immunodeﬁciency Claire Aguilar, Marion Malphettes, Jean Donadieu, Olivia Chandesris, Hélène Coignard-Biehler, Emilie Catherinot, Isabelle Pellier, Jean-Louis Stephan, Vincent Le Moing, Vincent Barlogis, Felipe Suarez, Stéphane Gérart, Fanny Lanternier, Arnaud Jaccard, Paul-Henri Consigny, Florence Moulin, Odile Launay, Marc Lecuit, Olivier Hermine, Eric Oksenhendler, Capucine Picard, Stéphane Blanche, Alain Fischer, Nizar Mahlaoui, and Olivier Lortholary Preventing infection during primary immunodeﬁciency (PID) can include antimicrobial agents, immunotherapy, and immunization, depending on the type of PID. Observation is essential, as well as obtaining information from patients and their family about their infectious susceptibility. HIV/AIDS 1471 Beyond Core Indicators of Retention in HIV Care: Missed Clinic Visits Are Independently Associated With All-Cause Mortality Michael J. Mugavero, Andrew O. Westfall, Stephen R. Cole, Elvin H. Geng, Heidi M. Crane, Mari M. Kitahata, W. Christopher Mathews, Sonia Napravnik, Joseph J. Eron, Richard D. Moore, Jeanne C. Keruly, Kenneth H. Mayer, Thomas P. Giordano, and James L. Raper; for the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) Missed HIV care visits have independent prognostic value for clinical events beyond core indicators of retention in care. As this information is readily available and immediately actionable, missed HIV care visits should be incorporated into clinical, programmatic, and policy initiatives. 1480 Editorial Commentary: Falling Through the Cracks and Dying: Missed Clinic Visits and Mortality Among HIV-Infected Patients in Care 1483 Effects of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy on Sexual and Injecting Risk-Taking Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Joseph S. Doyle, Louisa Degenhardt, Alisa E. Pedrana, Emma S. McBryde, Rebecca J. Guy, Mark A. Stoové, Emma R. Weaver, Andrew E. Grulich, Ying-Ru Lo, and Margaret E. Hellard This systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 studies found that antiretroviral therapy is not associated with increased sexual or injecting risk-taking behavior among HIV-infected individuals undergoing treatment. 1495 Emerging Trends of HIV Drug Resistance in Chinese HIV-Infected Patients Receiving First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Huixin Liu, Ye Ma, Yingying Su, M. Kumi Smith, Ying Liu, Yantao Jin, Hongqiu Gu, Jing Wu, Lin Zhu, and Ning Wang Our study ﬁnds a rising trend of human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV) drug resistance prevalence over longer durations of highly active antiretroviral therapy. China might face the danger of a new HIV epidemic generated by transmitted drug resistance. CORRESPONDENCE 1503 Conducting Randomized Controlled Trials for the Treatment of Enteric Fever Poojan Shrestha and Amit Arjyal 1504 Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Coxsackievirus A6—Shenzhen, China Fan Yang, Jing Yuan, Xiaofang Wang, Jinlin Li, Jiang Du, Haoxiang Su, Boping Zhou, and Qi Jin 1505 Caution Is Needed Concerning Location of Legionella Testing, as 1 Size (Method) Does Not Fit All Carl D. Boethel, Shekhar A. Ghamande, Robert C. Fader, and Alejandro C. Arroliga 1506 Reply to Boethel et al David R. Murdoch, Roslyn G. Podmore, Trevor P. Anderson, Kevin Barratt, Michael J. Maze, Kathryn E. French, Sheryl A. Young, Stephen T. Chambers, and Anja M. Werno 1506 Preoperative Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Subsequent Prosthetic Joint Infection: Lack of a Causal Relation Ilker Uçkay, Anne Lübbeke, and Benedikt Huttner Wendy S. Armstrong and Carlos del Rio 1507 Reply to Uçkay et al Ricardo Sousa, Alex Soriano, and Andrea Guyot 1508 Developing an Epidemic Forecasting Model for Inﬂuenza A in Brisbane, Australia, Based on Climate and Hong Kong Inﬂuenza A Surveillance Data Xi-Ling Wang, Chit-Ming Wong, Lin Yang, Kwok-Hung Chan, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Archie C. A. Clements, Shi-Lu Tong, and Wen-Biao Hu BOOK REVIEW 1510 One Health—People, Animals, and the Environment e150 Incidence, Etiology, and Outcome of Bacterial Meningitis in Infants Aged <90 Days in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland: Prospective, Enhanced, National Population-Based Surveillance Ifeanyichukwu O. Okike, Alan P. Johnson, Katherine L. Henderson, Ruth M. Blackburn, Berit Muller-Pebody, Shamez N. Ladhani, Mark Anthony, Nelly Ninis, and Paul T. Heath; for the neoMen Study Group A surveillance study to determine the incidence, aetiology, and outcome of bacterial meningitis in infants aged <90 days across the UK and Ireland during July 2010–July 2011 shows that the incidence and outcome has not changed since the 1980s. Hossam M. Ashour ELECTRONIC ARTICLES e142 Sputum Culture Conversion With MoxiﬂoxacinContaining Regimens in the Treatment of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Sputum-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in South India Banurekha V. Velayutham, Iliayas S. Allaudeen, Gomathi N. Sivaramakrishnan, Venkatesan Perumal, Dina Nair, Ponnuraja Chinnaiyan, Paul K. Paramasivam, Baskaran Dhanaraj, Ramesh K. Santhanakrishnan, Gangadevi P. Navaneethapandian, Makesh K. Marimuthu, Vanaja Kumar, Chandrasekaran Kandasamy, Kalaiselvi Dharuman, Thiruvalluvan Elangovan, Meenakshi Narasimhan, Sridhar Rathinam, Gangadharan Vadivelu, Prabhakaran Rathinam, Chandrasekar Chockalingam, Lavanya Jayabal, Soumya Swaminathan, and Jawahar M. Shaheed A 5-drug daily regimen of moxiﬂoxacin, rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol resulted in signiﬁcantly higher sputum culture conversion at 2 months compared with thrice-weekly rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in newly diagnosed, sputumpositive, HIV-uninfected pulmonary tuberculosis patients in south India. The electronic articles listed above are freely available in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ content/current ).