1. No category

Teknisk Psykologi
(Engineering Psychology)
729g42
Daniel Västfjäll & William Hagman
Kursmål
Efter avslutad kurs ska den studerande kunna
•  - beskriva, identifiera psykologiska och tekniska faktorer som
påverkar samspelet mellan människan och den fysiska och
sociala omgivningen,
•  - muntligt och skriftligt redogöra för centrala teorier, modeller,
metoder och forskningsfynd inom teknisk psykologi och
kognitiv ergonomi,
•  - analysera olika lösningar och praktiskt tillämpa kunskaper om
människans kognitiva och biologiska förutsättningar och
begränsningar i interaktionen människa-maskinsystem och
människa-dator interaktion,
•  - beskriva hur teknisk psykologi som vetenskaplig disciplin
förhåller sig till angränsade discipliner som kognitiv psykologi,
neurovetenskap, lingvistik, filosofi och datavetenskap.
Under kursens gång fokuseras följande områden:
•  - Människan som ett biologiskt och psykologiskt
system
•  - Perceptuella förutsättningar för god ergonomi och
människa-dator interaktion
•  - Grundläggande fysiologisk ergonomi
•  - Kognitiva, emotionella och fysiologiska
förutsättningar för människa-system interaktion och
människa-dator interaktion
•  - Tillämpningar av ergonomi och human factors i
olika kontexter såsom design av datorsystem,
användarstöd, och informationssystem.
Begränsningar i:
Biologi
Perception
Kognition
Emotion
Tillämpning
Mätning:
Biomekanik
NeuroErgonomi
ERP
Haptics and music
Auditory displays
Hearing/CI
Psykofysik
Human Error Pilot Decision-making WM/Spatial
Emotional design
Affective Computing
Begränsningar = Förutsättningar: Heuristics
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Introduktion
Kognitiva begränsningar 1
Fördjupningsarbete 1
Perceptuella begränsningar 1
Perceptuella begränsningar 2
Perceptuell tilllämpning Fördjupningsarbete 2
Kognitiva begränsningar 2
Biomekanik
Perceptuell mätning/Psykofysik
Emotionella begränsningar
Fördjupningsarbete 3
Perceptuell till: Haptics and music
Emotionell tillämpning Fördjupningsarbete 4
Kog mätning: ERP Cortical brain
8-10
Daniel Västfjäll William Hagman
13-15 Daniel Västfjäll
15-17 William Hagman
10-12 Daniel Västfjäll
8-10
Daniel Västfjäll
13-15 Daniel Västfjäll
15-17 William Hagman
10-12 Daniel Västfjäll
13-15 Jonas Stålhand
10-12 William Hagman
13-15 Daniel Västfjäll
15-17 William Hagman
11.00-12
Erkin Asutay
13-15 Daniel Västfjäll
15-17 William Hagman
10-12 Carinne Signoret
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No lecture
8-10
No lecture
8-10
Human error
13-15
Pilot Decision Making 15-17
Kog tillämpning: Hear cognition 10-12
Kog till: CI and Cognition
13-15
Fördjupningsarbete 6
15-17
Kog tillämp: spatial WM and HMI 10-12
Reserv 8-10
Presentation fördjupningsarbete 13-15
Presentation fördjupningsarbete 15-17
Tenta
PREL
PREL
Johan Lindvall
Johan Lindvall
Thomas Lunner
Cecilia Henricsson
William Hagman
Kenny Skagerlund
William Hagman
Daniel Västfjäll
Tenta 4 hp
•  Skriv om 2 frågor i essäform
•  En lista med möjliga frågor kommer att
delas ut i v18
•  Typ” beskriv Wickens
informationsbearbetningsmodell”
Fördjupningsarbete 2 hp
Veckovis seminarie/inlämning av examinationsuppgift.
Uppgift (genomförs i grupper om 4-5):
•  Identifiera en problematik i valfri tillämpning där ni tror att
kunskap inom teknisk psykologi kan leda till en
förbättring. Inledningsvis, beskriv valt problem i detalj.
Utifrån föreläsningar och kurslitteratur ska ni sedan på en
veckobasis arbeta med en plan för angripa er valda
problematik. Under veckan finns schemalagd tid att arbeta
med detta (minst 2 timmar per vecka) och tid för
handledning. •  Till sista veckan ska det finnas en färdig rapport där ni
beskriver och analyser hur minst 5 relevanta aspekter som
föreläsningar/boken berört kan användas för att ”lösa” ert
problem. Rapporten ska presenteras gruppvis den 30/5.
Ytterligareinformation ges på torsdag 4/5
0205945740.jpg 200×252 bildpunkter
Teminologi
•  Engineering Psychology (det som händer
ovanför nacken….)
•  Applied-Experimental Psychology
•  Human Performance Engineering
•  Human Factors
•  Ergonomics
•  Cognitive Ergonomics
•  Cognitive Engineering
•  Human-Machine Interaction (HMI)
Affordance (Gibson)
An affordance is a quality of an object, or an environment, which
allows an individual to perform an action. For example, a knob
affords twisting, and perhaps pushing, while a cord affords
pulling.
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
See handle
Reach out hand
Grasp handle
Turn handle
Pull door
Bilder från Raja Parasuraman Using tools
•  Form: Physical appearance
•  Function: Sequence of
activity
•  Experience: Knowledge of
use
The Cooker Problem #1
Which control acts on which ring?
The Cooker Problem #2
Which control acts on which ring?
Spatial Compatibility?
http://www.baddesigns.com/boombox.html
Direction of motion Stereotypes
1
2
3
4
?
1
2
5
6
?
3
4
Clockwise = increase
Clockwise = right
5
6
Clockwise to Increase?
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Rule I: to set time turn control;
Rule II: to set time < 15s, turn control past 15s and then turn back to desired time
http://www.baddesigns.com/timer.html
Conclusions…
•  We have learned ‘routines’ for how to use many
technologies
•  We apply these routines ‘automatically’
•  When the routines succeed, they are reinforced
•  When the routines fail, we shift from ‘automatic’ to
‘problem-solving’ activity
Historen bakom Teknisk
Psykologi Overview
• 
• 
• 
• 
What this course is about
What this course is not about
Course objectives
Topics
–  History of Human Factors
–  The Systems Approach
Professional Societies
•  Applied-Experimental and Engineering Psychology
(Division 21, American Psychological Association)
–  Journal: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
•  Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (USA)
–  Journals: Human Factors, Ergonomics in Design, Journal of
Cognitive Engineering
•  Ergonomics Society (UK)
–  Journal: Ergonomics; Applied Ergonomics
•  International Ergonomics Association (IEA)
•  ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction
(SIG-CHI)
–  Journal: CHI Proceedings
•  IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society
–  Journal: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part
A. Systems and Humans
What this course is about
•  Provides a basic background on the role of
human cognitive capabilities and limitations
in the design of products, work places, and
large systems.
•  The course emphasizes theories and
findings on human performance, rather than
the design of systems per se.
What this course is NOT about
•  A course in cognitive engineering design
•  A basic course in cognitive psychology
Engineering Psychology vs. Human
Factors vs. Experimental Psychology
The aim of engineering psychology is not
simply to compare two possible designs for a
piece of equipment [which is the role of human
factors], but to specify the capacities and
limitations of the human [generate an
experimental data base] from which the choice
of a better design should be directly
deducible. (Poulton, 1966)
Why this Course is Not Human Factors Design
Boeing 777 Flight Deck!
Designing a safe and!
efficient automated cockpit!
!
!
Successful design may involve !
the application of human
performance principles, but !
not necessarily their discovery!
Designing a safe and !
usable infusion pump!
!
Why this Course is Not Cognitive
Psychology
Stimulus!
Response!
Inferred Information !
Processing Components!
!
!
The Machinery of the Mind !
Why this Course is Not Cognitive
Neuroscience
Stimulus!
Response!
Peering into the Black Box !
Because Minds and Brains are Situated —in a Body and Environment with Artifacts and Tools—Hence Engineering Psychology
Why this Course is Not Cognitive Psychology
or Cognitive Neuroscience
Successful cognitive psychology or cognitive!
neuroscience may involve the discovery of!
principles, but with no requirement to!
apply those principles or to ensure that!
they describe phenomena outside the laboratory!
Neuroergonomics
Using Brain Function to Enhance Human
Performance in Complex Systems
Neuro-Ergonomics
The scientific study of brain
mechanisms and psychological and
physical functions of humans in
relation to technology, work, and
environments
In this course:
•  Understand the major cognitive theories and
empirical findings in several domains of
human performance
•  Examine the role of these theories in
modern human-machine systems
•  Understand how human performance
theories can improve design and enhance
training
•  BUT NOT DESIGN SOLUTIONS OR
METHODS!
Resources
•  Books—General
–  Salvendy (1997), Handbook of Human Factors &
Ergonomics, 2nd, Edition.
–  Wickens, Gordon, & Liu (1998), Introduction to
Human Factors Engineering.
–  Matthews et al. (2000), Human Performance
–  Gawron (2000), Human Performance Measures
Handbook
–  Proctor and Van Zandt (1994) Human Factors in
Simple and Complex Systems
Resources
•  Books—Specific
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Vicente (1999), Cognitive Work Analysis
Vicente (2004), The Human Factor
Norman (1999), The Invisible Computer
Parasuraman and Mouloua (1996), Automation and Human
Performance
Sheridan (2002), Humans and Automation
Sarter and Amelberti (2000), Cognitive Engineering in the
Aviation Domain
Wickens et al. (1998), The Future of Air Traffic Control
Backs and Boucsein (2000), Engineering Psychophysiology
Parasuraman and Rizzo (2007), Neuroergonomics: The Brain at
Work
Resources
•  Journals—Main
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
– 
Human Factors
Ergonomics
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
CHI Proceedings
HFES Proceedings
Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science
•  Journals—Secondary
– 
– 
– 
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International Journal of Aviation Psychology
International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Applied Ergonomics
Applied Cognitive Psychology
Ergonomics in Design
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics: Part A.
Systems and Humans
Resources
•  A Few Web Sites
–  Human Factors and Ergonomics Society: http://hfes.org
–  ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human
Interaction: http://www.acm.org/sigchi/
–  University of Illinois, Institute of Aviation:
http://skylane.aviation.uiuc.edu/
–  Bad Human Factors Designs:
http://www.baddesigns.com/
Human Factors: A Brief History
Historical Overview
•  1890 s - 1920 s
–  Time-and-motion studies –  Taylor s scientific management •  Use time and motion analysis to determine the most efficient method for
performing each component task in a job
•  Link employee compensation to a piece-rate system (to maximize
employee work effort)
•  Select and train employees based on a their skills, intelligence, and
personality –  Mass production and the assembly line
–  Industrial safety History of Human Factors in Design
The Best Way to Lift Bricks
•  Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: …to lift 90 pounds of brick
at a time is most advantageous physiologically as well as
economically … Bricks/Lift
Weight/Lift (lbs) 1
5
18
90
24
120
Work/Hour (kCal)
Bricks/Hour
520
250
285
600
450
300
Optimal Procedure
[Data Source: Moore and Andrews, 1997]
Historical Overview (contd.)
•  1930 s - 1940 s
–  Selection and training
–  Army IQ test
–  Job training methods
•  The birth of Industrial/Organizational (I/O)
Psychology
Historical Overview (contd.)
•  1940 s-1950 s
•  Problems with military systems--even for skilled,
well trained, motivated operators
–  Army: Accidents in using new artillery systems
(Broadbent, 1958)
–  Air Force: Aircraft crashes (Fitts & Jones, 1947)
–  Royal Air Force (UK): Airborne radar operators
missing U-boat contacts (Mackworth, 1950)
Historical Overview (contd.)
•  1960 s - 1970 s: NASA and the space program
•  1980 s - present: The personal computer revolution
–  Graphical user interface; mouse (Xerox→Apple→Microsoft)
–  Catastrophic accidents involving poor HF design
•  Nuclear power (Three Mile Island, Chernobyl)
•  Aviation (Korean Airlines shooting down, American Airlines Cali
accident, etc.)
•  2000 - : Diversification: from military and space systems to
transportation, robotics, consumer products, aging, health
care, home automation, etc.
Key Historical Figures
F. W. Taylor, USA
1860s - 1910s
Donald Broadbent
UK, 1950s - 1980s
Paul Fitts, USA
1950s - 1970s
Michael Posner,
USA 1970s present
Key Historical Figures (contd)
Donald Norman, USA
1980s - present
Christopher Wickens, USA
1980s - present
Wickens information processing
model – en form…