1 1 Metagenomic analysis of bacterial community composition among the cave sediments of Indo- 2 Burman biodiversity hotspot region 3 4 Surajit De Mandal, Zothansanga and Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar* 5 Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796004, Mizoram, India. PrePrints 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 *Corresponding author: 18 Email: [email protected] 19 Mobile: +91-9436352574 20 21 22 23 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 2 1 ABSTRACT 2 Caves in Mizoram, Northeast India are potential hotspot diversity regions due to the historical 3 significance of the formation of Indo-Burman plateau and also because of their unexplored and 4 unknown diversity. High throughput paired end illumina sequencing of V4 region of 16S rRNA 5 was performed to systematically evaluate the bacterial community of three caves situated in 6 Champhai district of Mizoram, Northeast India. A total of 10,643 operational taxonomic units 7 (based on 97% cutoff) comprising 21 bacterial phyla and 21 candidate phyla with a sequencing 8 depth of 11, 40013 were found in this study. The overall taxonomic profile obtained by BLAST 9 against RDP classifier and Greengene OTU database revealed high diversity within the bacterial 10 communities, dominated by Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and 11 Firmicutes, while members of archea were less diverse and mainly comprising of eukaryoarchea. 12 Analysis revealed that Farpuk (CFP) cave has low diversity and is mainly dominated by 13 actinobacteria (80% reads), whereas diverse communities were found in the caves of Murapuk 14 (CMP) and Lamsialpuk (CLP). Analysis of rare and abundant species also revealed that a major 15 portion of the identified OTUs were falling under rare biosphere. Significantly, all these caves 16 recorded a high number of unclassified OUTs which might represent novel species. Further, 17 analysis with whole genome sequencing is needed to validate the novel species as well as to 18 determine their functional significance. 19 20 Subjects Biodiversity, Cave Ecology, Microbiology 21 Keywords Cave, Indo-Burman plateau, Bacterial diversity, illumina sequencing 22 23 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 3 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Indo-Burma region, a part of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots, is one of the richest biomes of 3 the world with high species diversity (Myers et al., 2000). This region is spread over 2, 62, 379 4 sq. kms and represents the transition zone between the Indian and Indochinese subregions of the 5 Oriental biogeographic region (Mani, 1974). This region contains an estimated 9.7% of the 6 world’s known endemic plant species and 8.3% of the endemic vertebrate species (Brook et al., 7 2003). Interestingly, not many reports are available on the microbial diversity, particularly from 8 Caves, from the Indo-Burma region. 9 Caves represent subsurface habitat and are less explored in terms of biodiversity and 10 community composition due to environmental and geographical constrains. Lack of 11 photosynthesis and limited nutrient source makes the caves an extreme environment to sustain 12 life. However, alternative energy in the form of allochthonous organic materials transported from 13 the surface through bat, rodents and human activities or by percolating water is utilized by 14 certain groups of microorganisms (Barton, 2006). These ecosystems with extreme temperature, 15 osmolarity, pressure, and pH forces the inhabitants to undertake diverse and novel metabolic 16 pathways for oxidizing reduced metals, fixing gases and for utilization of various aromatic 17 compounds. Organic matter helps the formation of secondary microbial communities - usually 18 multicolored yellow, grey, white or pink cloddy coadings on carbonate or clay coated walls in 19 the form of bioflim with unusual coloration, precipitates, corrosion residues (Barton, 2006). 20 Caves also act as long-term reservoirs for endemic as well as allochthonous 21 microorganisms (Engel et al., 2010). Earlier studies reported diverse group of microorganisms 22 associated with different geological and environmental factors (Adetutu et al., 2011; 2012) and 23 have already been implicated in astrobiology, drug discovery and cave conservation studies PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 4 1 (Northup et al., 2011; Saiz-Jimenez, 2012). These microbial communities also influence the 2 formation and preservation of cave deposits by constructive and destructive processes. Cave 3 microbes are also important since they act as primary producers, which sustain populations of 4 more complex organisms (Barton and Northup 2007). 5 Majority of the cave microbial diversity studies have been done using culture dependent 6 techniques which can reveal only 1% of the total microorganisms. In recent years, a novel 7 methodology is being developed to detect the environmental microorganisms, independently of a 8 need for culture based screening. Molecular microbial ecology tools such as denaturing gradient 9 gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone library analysis are being used by many researchers to 10 characterize these uncultured microbes, but these techniques are also not sufficient to analyze the 11 entire population in the community (Adetutu et al., 2012). With the advancement of Next 12 Generation Sequencing, cave microbial ecology research has also expanded which allows us to 13 use culture-independent techniques to reveal further the hidden biodiversity and key process 14 happening inside the caves. 15 This study involves the use of high throughput illumina sequencing of sediment samples 16 collected from caves situated in Indo-Burmese border of Champhai district, Mizoram, Northeast 17 India to contribute to better understanding of their microbial community. 18 19 MATERIALS AND METHODS 20 Three caves namely, Murapuk (CMP), Lamsialpuk (CLP) and Farpuk (CFP) were 21 selected for the present study based on the fact these caves are devoid of any human influence 22 and have not been studied yet. Sediment samples were collected from different locations of the 23 caves and upon collection; the samples were sieved and preserved at 4°C. No specific permit was PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 5 1 taken for the sampling since it did not involve any endangered species or protected area. 2 Sediment samples were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen content with a CHNS/O analyzer 3 (Perkin Elmer, USA) and pH of the sample were measured by pH meter (Table 1). 4 Soil community DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of soil sample using the Fast DNA spin 5 kit (MP Biomedical, Solon, OH, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. DNA 6 concentration was quantified using a microplate reader (Molecular device Spectromax 2E). V4 7 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using 2 µl of each 10 pmol/µl forward 8 and 9 GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′). The amplification mix contained 5 μL of 40mM dNTP, 5 10 μL of 5X Phusion HF reaction buffer, 0.2 μL of 2U/ µl F-540Special Phusion HS DNA 11 Polymerase, 5ng input DNA and water to make up the total volume to 25 μL. High throughput 12 Illumina Mi-seq sequencing was performed at Scigenome Labs, Cochin, India (Table 2). reverse primers 515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′) and 806R (5′- 13 14 Sequence quality was analyzed according to base quality score distributions, average base 15 content per read and GC distribution in the reads. Singletons, the unique OTU that did not cluster 16 with other sequence were removed as it might be a result of sequencing errors and can be 17 resulted to spurious OTUs. Chimeras were also removed using UCHIME method and pre- 18 processed consensus V4 sequences were clustered into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) 19 based on their sequence similarity using Uclust program (similarity cutoff=0.97). All the pre- 20 processed reads were used to identify the OTUs using QIIME program for constructing a 21 representative sequence for each OTUs. The representative sequence was finally aligned to the 22 Greengenes core set reference databases using PyNAST program (Caporaso et al., 2010; 23 DeSantis et al., 2006). Representative sequence for each OTU was classified using RDP PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 6 1 classifier and Greengenes OTUs database. Sequences which are not classified were categorized 2 as unknown. 3 QIIME software was used to calculate Shannon index and Observed species metrices. 4 Shannon metric represents observed OTU abundance and estimates for both richness and 5 evenness, whereas observed species metric detects unique OTUs present in the sample. In this 6 study, the comparison of beta diversity between three bacterial communities (CLP, CMP and 7 CFP) was done by calculating the distance matrix using UniFrac approach (Lozupone et al., 8 2005). Weighted UPGMA tree was constructed by performing jackknife test A with 10 replicates 9 and each sub-sample containing 1, 00,000 random reads selected from each sample. 10 11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12 With an unsuitable geology, caves are the most remote and inaccessible environment for 13 research, but are now being considered as a potential biodiversity hotspot due to its unique 14 ecological significance. Most of the caves present in Mizoram are of tectonic origin which was 15 caused due to tension cleavage of the compact host rock (Gebauer et al., 2001). Since these 16 caves are present in extreme conditions, it is assumed that microorganisms living in these caves 17 would be mostly novel and undisturbed. Studying this unique habitat provides an opportunity to 18 understand global microbial diversity, novel population assemblages, energy dynamics and 19 metabolism (Ortiz et al., 2013). Previous study based on caves across the world revealed 20 heterotrophic interaction and carbon turnover by Alpha and Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and 21 Actinobacteria (Macalady et al., 2008; Barton, 2014), although application of next generation 22 sequencing technology on these environment suggested to have more information about 23 microbial physiology in these caves (Tetu et al., 2013; Ortiz et al., 2014). PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 7 1 In the present study, we have used paired end illumina sequencing generating 585,434 2 raw sequences with 90% of reads having a phred score greater than 30. Illumina method is cost 3 effective and provides more detailed taxonomic profiles between samples to be determined 4 ( Nelson el al., 2014). After quality checking of V4 region of 16s rRNA, reads were clustered 5 into Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) based on their sequence similarity using Uclust 6 program (97% similarity level). A total of 1,140,013 preprocessed reads were clustered into 7 10,643 OTUs (operational taxonomical units). Sample library ranges from 259,895(CFP) to 8 470,260 (CLP) sequence reads (Table 2). Identification of this huge number of sequence reads is 9 a common phenomenon for underground microbial community compared to surface environment 10 (Moss et al., 2011; Epure et al., 2014). 11 12 The number of OTUs and Shannon diversity indicates are summarized in Table 3. On the 13 basis of the OTUs, CMP has the highest diversity followed closely by CLP. Shannon index also 14 showes a high diversity among CMP bacterial community. Rarefaction curve for Observed 15 species and Shannon metric are shown in Fig.1. The Observed species metric is only the count of 16 unique OTUs identified in the sample. This analysis shows that sample from CMP is more 17 diverse than the other two samples. Beta diversity represents the explicit comparison of 18 microbial communities based on their composition. Unweighted UniFrac reveals a close 19 relationship between these three communities with no difference in distance matrix (Table 4). 20 Consensus UPGMA tree with weighted Unifac approach bring the two communities CLP and 21 CMP together showing the existing of similar bacteria, while the bacterial community in CFP is 22 different from others (Fig.2). This difference may be due to the remote location of the Farpuk 23 (CFP) than the other two caves, which probably causes CFP to retain its unique bacterial PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 8 1 community without any disturbance. The sequences from CFP sample had more than 50% 2 singletons in the consensus reads, which are believed to possess no taxonomic information and 3 hence deleted for further sequence analysis leading to less diversity representation of the 4 bacterial species. 5 A total of 21 bacterial phyla and 21 candidate phyla were identified from all the cave 6 sediments and were mostly dominated by Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, 7 Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. Relative abundance among the top ten dominated phylum are 8 represented in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Previous studies recorded diverse groups of actinobacteria in 9 caves and their role in colored crystal formation in cave walls and therefore also in constructive 10 biomineralization processes (Barton et al., 2001). Our study also detected actinobacteria as the 11 most dominating phyla (35.97% of total sequence) with majority of them (244 OTU) falling 12 under the order actinomycelales, followed by solirubrobacterales and acidimicrobiales. Other 13 orders identified include thermoleophilia, rubrobacterraceae and MMB-A2-108. In our study, 14 twelve actinobacteria were identified upto species level: Streptomyces radiopugnans, 15 Virgisporangium ochraceum, Actinomadura vinacea, Streptomyces lanatus, Rhodococcus 16 fascians, R. fascians, Saccharopolyspora hirsute, Virgisporangium ochraceum, S. mirabilis, 17 Actinomadura vinacea and Mycobacterium celatum. In all the cave samples, denovo 3283 were 18 most dominated phylotype and BLAST result shows a 100% similarity with the species 19 Mycobacterium. Other dominated phylotype include denovo5355, which is closely related with 20 Arthrobacter - a member of the GC rich ‘actinomycete’ capable of utilizing a wide and diverse 21 range of organic substances as carbon and energy sources such as nicotine, nucleic acids, various 22 herbicides and pesticides. Phylum Chloroflexi had the second largest number of sequence 23 (13.96%) with 1999 OTUs dominated by the class Ktedonobacteria. Identified genera under PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 9 1 these phyla include Chloroflexus, FFCH10602, Caldilinea, Ardenscatena, Chloronema and 2 Oscillochloris. Most dominated OTUs under this phylum were denovo1827 and denovo 9830 3 which were classified under the order thermogemmatisporales and TK10, respectively. Members 4 of these phyla were commonly found in most of the caves from other environments such as 5 anaerobic thermophiles, filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs, and anaerobic organohalide 6 respirers. Our study detects on an average value of 13.76% of all sequences belonging to 7 planctomycetes, 8 compartmentalization and lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Most of the dominant OUTs 9 within this group were classified under the order WD2101 and Gemmatales. This phyla is the 10 major abundant members in CMP (22.82% of all read) and CLP (18.43% of all read) samples, 11 whereas in CFP it is only 0.03%. Although this phylum is a common member of the cave 12 bacterial community, its role in cave is not clear due to limited cultural representative. Few study 13 showed their involvement in metabolism of sulfated polysaccharides as well as oxidation of 14 ammonia (Schmid et al., 2000; Jetten et al., 2003). Proteobacteria was found to be diverse in all 15 the three bacterial communities. A total of 46154 sequences with 497 OTUs were found under 16 the subphylum alpha proteobacteria. Major OTUs in this subphylum were classified under the 17 order Rhizobiales. Dominant genera within this subphylum were Sphingomonadaceae 18 kaistobacter, Bradyrhizobiaceae bradyrhizobium and Hyphomicrobiaceae rhodoplanes. 19 Betaproteobacteria were less diverse, only 19 OTUs (2792 sequence) was detected among all the 20 samples. Most dominant OTUs within Betaproteobacteria were denovo 360, 2244 and 8071 all 21 classified under the genus Burkholderia. Fourty nine OTUs from 3534 sequences grouped under 22 gamma proteobacteria, dominated by the genus Dyella. 323 sequences clustering into 37 OUTs 23 were classified under the subphyla Deltaproteobacteria. All of OTUs were present in less a distinct phylum of the domain bacteria having intracellular PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 10 1 numbers. The phylum acidobacteria was moderately abundant among the cave samples and 2 represented by 11.44% of the total sequence obtained. This phylum consisted of family 3 solibacteraceae, koribacteraceae and acidobacteriaceae. Most dominant OTUs under this order 4 were denovo7994 and denovo 9544, belonging to the class chloracidobacteria and acidobacteria- 5 6 respectively. Two OTUs within this phylum - denovo 6901 and denovo 5227 demonstrate 6 close sequence similarity with Candidatus Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076, which are adopted to 7 survive under low-nutrient conditions (Ward et al., 2009). 8 9 A total of 33411 reads (CLP=8, CFP=11583 & CMP =21820) comprising 361 OTUs 10 were classified within the phylum Armatimonadetes (formerly known as ‘candidate division 11 OP10’), a dominant and globally-distributed lineage within this ‘uncultured majority’. All the 12 OTUs were classified under the genus fimbriimonas except denovo 1709 which is classified 13 under the genus chthonomonas. Only one OTU (denovo 4733) was found in CMP classified 14 under the genus Gemmatimonas. Seven OTUs containing 89 reads (CFP53, CLP2, and CMP 34) 15 were affiliated with phylum nitrospira with only two detected genus- JG37-AG-70 and 16 nitrospira. 17 oxidation in nitrite and detected previously in Mexican anchialine caves and Tito Bustillo caves 18 (Pohlman et al., 1997; Schabereiter-Gurtner et al., 2002). Our analysis reveals 45 OTUs under 19 the phylum bacteroidetes. Taxa classified under the species level were Cytophaga xylanolytica, 20 Flavobacterium succinicans, Bacteroides plebeius, Sphingobacterium multivorum and 21 Fontibacter flavus. Most dominant OTU classified were under flavisolibacter (denovo1336 and 22 denovo3516) and adhaeribacter (denovo8478). There were 334 sequences comprising 19 OTUs 23 classified under the phylum Euryarchaeota, dividing into four classes methanomicrobia, Members of this group are obligate chemolithoautotroph, obtaining energy by PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 11 1 thermoplasmata, halobacteria and methanobacteria. Identified genera in this phylum include 2 Methanocella, 3 Methanosarcina, Haloquadratum, Methanobacterium, Methanosaeta, and Methanoplanus. 4 However within the phylum Euryarchaeota, none of the OTUs were classified upto the species 5 level in all the three cave communities and were found to be present in rare numbers. The 6 phylum Crenarchaeota is also present in very low quantity and was clustered into 21 OTUs (total 7 read 1698). All the Crenarchaeota were assigned into two classes- MBGA and Thaumarchaeota. Methanocorpusculum, Halolamina, Methanoculleus, Methanoculleus, 8 Our analysis identified twenty one candidate phyla, also known as a bacterial lineage, 9 mostly falling within the rare biosphere. The most dominant OTU among the candidate phyla is 10 denovo 1407 (read=3094), classified under the phylum AD3, having close sequence similarity 11 with the environmental clone LuqGS470001 (Minyard et al., 2012). This clone was originally 12 isolated from deep saprolite and saprock which is believed to play a role in weathered minerals 13 in deep tropical saprolite and is found to be a common inhabitant of all the analyzed caves 14 (Minyard et al., 2012). Other candidate phyla identified in our study includes LD1, MPV, NKB, 15 OD, OD1, OD3, TM6, TM7, WS1, WS2, WS3, WWE1, ZB3, BH1, BRC1, FCPU, GAL, GN, 16 ZB3 and Kazan3b. Top ten bacterial genera based on OTU number and top ten OTU’s based on 17 total read count number among the cave samples is represented in Supplementary Tables S1 and 18 S2, respectively. Relative abundance of bacterial diversity from phylum to species is shown in 19 Supplementary Fig.’s S1 to S3. 20 Illumina sequencing reveals a huge number of phylotype among these caves samples 21 belonging to the rare biosphere, which are microorganisms with extremely low abundance (Reid 22 et al., 2011). We have selected the criteria for rare (<0.01% of total community) and abundant 23 (other than rare species) species based on the previous study (Aravindraja et al., 2013) and PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 12 1 according to this distribution, the rare species was 75.72-83.01% among the samples, whereas 2 the abundant species was 16.98-24.27 % (Fig. 5). Ratio of rare and abundant OTUs among all 3 the three samples were similar and within a range of 3.11- 4.88. The most abundant phylotype 4 was denovo 6722 classified under actinobacteria and were present in all the three cave samples. 5 Fig. 6 shows the unique and shared species among the rare biosphere in all the three samples. 6 Venn diagram shows only 171 rare OTUs (1.78%) being shared among the three communities, 7 but majority of the rare species in CFP are unique, whereas many common species was observed 8 between CFP and CMP. Among abundant species 3.94% is shared by all the three samples. 9 Many OTUs among the cave samples were rare in one community but showing as an abundant in 10 other community. This showes that different environmental factors prevalent among the caves 11 which makes some group to be dormant and become a member of the rare biosphere. These 12 members can be active at favorable environmental conditions and become abundant. Common 13 identified species among the cave samples were members of the phylum Actinobacteria, 14 Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Table 5). Further analysis with whole genome sequencing will 15 reveal the actual role of these rare and abundant phyla present in the cave samples. 16 This study provides an in-depth study of unexplored bacterial diversity in cave samples 17 of Mizoram with a large number of classified phyla (twenty), candidate phyla (twenty one) and a 18 large portion of unclassified bacteria, indicates the possibility the presence of novel species. It is 19 found that the classified reads were simultaneously decreased from phylum to species level. The 20 two most dominant phylotype were denovo 6722 (11.72%) and denovo 4035 (5.72%) belonging 21 to Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, respectively. The remaining phyla present in the 22 communities had low (<4%) abundance. The present study revealed a unique bacterial 23 community in Farpuk which was mostly classified under uncultured actinobacteria. These PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 13 1 uncultured species could be a major source of new antibiotics. This analysis also revealed that 2 the bacterial diversity is higher in CMP and CFP samples compared to CLP samples. This might 3 be due to the fact that CLP is situated in extremely remote place and their diversity is not 4 influenced by an exogenous source compared to other or each cave environment might have 5 different nutrient composition or ecological condition for specific bacterial taxa. PrePrints 6 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 This research was funded by a grant from the State Biotech Hub sponsored by Department of 9 Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhi. We would like to thank Mr. Lalrinhlua for his help in 10 sampling. 11 Competing Interests 12 The authors declare there are no competing interests. 13 14 Author Contributions 15 • Surajit De Mandal, Zothansanga and Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar conceived and designed the 16 experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared Figures and Tables. Surajit De Mandal 17 performed the experiments. 18 19 DNA Deposition 20 The following information was supplied and is under process regarding the deposition of DNA 21 sequences: EBI Sequence Read Archive, Project Number PRJEB7730 and ERP008676. 22 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 14 1 Supplemental Information 2 Supplemental information for this article is attached. 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The ISME Journal 7:1227-1236. 6 Ward NL, Challacombe JF, Janssen PH, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Wu M, Xie G., Haft 7 DH, Sait M, Badger J, Barabote RD, Bradley B, Brettin TS, Brinkac LM, Bruce D, Creasy 8 T, Daugherty SC, Davidsen TM, Deboy RT, Detter JC, Dodson RJ, Durkin, A.S., 9 Ganapathy A, Gwinn-Giglio M, Han CS, Khouri H, Kiss H, Kothari SP, Madupu R, Nelson 10 K , Nelson WC , Paulsen I , Penn K , Ren Q , Rosovitz MJ, Selengut JD, Shrivastava S, 11 Sullivan SA, Tapia R, Thompson LS, Watkins KL, Yang Q, Yu C, Zafar N, Zhou L, Kuske 12 C.R. 2009. Three genomes from the phylum Acidobacteria provide insight into their lifestyles in 13 soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:2046-2056. 14 15 16 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 19 1 Table 1 Details of the cave samples used in the present study. Name of the Place and Year of cave collection (Sample Name) Latitude Murapuk (CMP) N23°44.295' Lamsialpuk (CLP) Farpuk (CFP) PrePrints 2 3 4 Champhai, Mizoram, N23°08.019' Northeast India (2014) N23°06.055' Longitude Elevation Humidity Temperature (MSL) (%) (oC) pH C N H (%) (%) (%) E92°39'770' 4927 44 22 7.2 110.50 13.46 30.90 E93°16'896' 4446 40 24 7.2 126.79 13.96 9.96 E92°17'911' 4645 44 23 6.8 40.58 3.19 9.07 5 6 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 20 Table 2 Summary statistics of illumina paired-end reads (V4 region of 16S rRNA gene) used in this study. CLP CMP CFP Total Reads (bp) PrePrints Sample Name 674,406 635,210 690,975 Passed Conserved Region Filter (bp) 617,278 583,165 621,772 Passed Spacer (bp) 616,828 582,750 620,134 Passed Passed Consensus After Read Mismatch Reads Singleton Quality Filter (bp) (bp) Removal Filter (bp) (bp) 616,738 568,149 568,149 470,943 582,628 538,641 538,641 406,640 619,973 560,239 538,641 262,430 Chimeric PreSequences processed (bp) Reads (bp) PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 683 1,252 2,535 470,260 405,388 259,895 21 Table 3 Summary of illumina operational taxonomical units (OTUs) and alpha diversity estimates using QIIME tool. Sample name Total OTU Shannon index 6555 9.30 CLP 4968 9.05 CFP 3108 4.75 PrePrints CMP PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 22 Table 4 Unweighted UniFrac distance matrix among the cave samples. CLP CMP CFP CLP 0 0.761516 0.550632 CMP 0.761516 0 0.779452 CFP 0.550632 0.779452 0 Sample PrePrints name PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 23 PrePrints Table 5 Shared and unic taxa (identified upto species level) in the cave samples. Species with * is present in all the samples Species in CFP Actinomadura vinacea* Clostridium bowmanii* Clostridium butyricum* Glaciecola polaris Mycobacterium celatum Peredibacter starrii* Rhodococcus fascians Saccharopolyspora hirsuta* Sphingomonas azotifigens* Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila Streptomyces mirabilis* Thermomonas fusca Virgisporangium ochraceum* Species in CLP Actinomadura vinacea* Bacillus badius Bacteroides plebeius Brevundimonas diminuta Burkholderia tuberum Caenispirillum salinarum Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium bowmanii* Clostridium butyricum* Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani Clostridium venationis Coccomyxa subellipsoidea Cytophaga xylanolytica Escherichia coli Flavobacterium succinicans* Fontibacter flavus Inquilinus limosus Kosmotoga mrcj Luteibacter rhizovicinus Megamonas hypermegale Methylobacterium organophilum Mycobacterium celatum Paenibacillus chondroitinus Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus Peredibacter starrii* Pseudomonas viridiflava Saccharopolyspora hirsuta* Shewanella algae Singulisphaera rosea Sphingobacteria multivorum Sphingomonas azotifigens* Sphingomonas wittichii Species in CMP Actinomadura vinacea* Afipia felis Bacillus badius Burkholderia tuberum Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium bowmanii* Clostridium butyricum* Coccomyxa subellipsoidea Corallococcus exiguus Desulfosporosinus meridiei Escherichia coli Flavobacterium succinicans* Glaciecola polaris Leptolyngbya frigida Luteibacter rhizovicinus Nevskia ramosa Paenibacillus chondroitinus Paenibacillus ginsengarvi Peredibacter starrii* Propionispira arboris Pseudomonas viridiflava Rhodococcus fascians Roseomonas mucosa Saccharopolyspora hirsuta* Shewanella algae Sphingobacterium multivorum Sphingomonas azotifigens* Streptomyces lanatus Streptomyces mirabilis* Syntrichia ruralis Virgisporangium ochraceum* PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 24 PrePrints Streptomyces mirabilis* Streptomyces radiopugnans Veillonella dispar Virgisporangium ochraceum* PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 25 Figure 1 Rarefaction analysis of alpha diversity among CMP, CLP and CMP samples. Three different diversity matrix were used a) Observed number of species, b) Shannon diversity index. PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 26 1 2 PrePrints 3 4 5 Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree based on the distances between sample CLP, CMP and CFP 6 with weighted UniFrac approach. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 26 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 27 1 2 3 4 Figure 3 Taxonomy classifications of reads at phylum level for the cave samples. Only top 10 enriched class categories are shown in the figure. Classification is performed using RDP classifier and Greengenes OTUs database. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 27 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 28 1 PrePrints 2 3 4 5 6 Figure 4 Taxonomy classifications of OTUs at phylum level for the cave samples. Only top 10 enriched class categories are shown in the figure. Classification is performed using RDP classifier and Greengenes OTUs database. 7 8 28 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 29 1 2 3 Figure 5 Percentage of abundant and rare OTUs among the cave samples 4 5 6 7 8 9 29 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014 PrePrints 30 1 2 3 Figure 6 Venn diagram showing the unique and shared species among the rare and abundant OTUs among of the cave samples 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 30 PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.631v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 22 Nov 2014, publ: 22 Nov 2014
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