AnnuAl RepoRt 2014
Annual Report 2014 Independent • International • Interdisciplinary Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) PO Box 9229 Grønland, NO-0134 Oslo, Norway Visiting Address: Hausmanns gate 7 Editors: Agnete Schjønsby & Martin Tegnander Design: medicineheads.com ISBN 978-82-7288-608-9 (print) ISBN 978-82-7288-609-6 (online) Cover photo: Boy in Bangui, Central African Republic running through looted and burning homes. Photo: Marcus Bleasdale A Challenging Year for World Peace PRIO Director Kristian Berg Harpviken The new challenges create a demand for new knowledge and new forms of engagement, without forgetting that the dramatic events of 2014 were neither unique nor unpredictable. I believe PRIO is well equipped to play our part with a new and ambitious strategy for 2014–17, which defines new research themes and identifies excellence in research communication as a core objective. Here are three highlights from PRIO’s work in 2014: PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 It has been a year of worrying setbacks for peace in many parts of the globe. We have seen the rise of the Islamic State and an escalating crisis in the Middle East. In Europe, tensions between Russia and the West over Ukraine are deepening. There are worrying signs of conflict in East Asia. 1 Societal Security has long been central to the PRIO agenda, with studies of how societies respond to a variety of threats – ranging from terrorism to pandemics – and the ethical and societal impacts of the various preventative and ameliorating measures adopted. A new EU-funded Network of Excellence, SOURCE, with PRIO at the lead, brings together leading research institutes and universities to work with industrial and policy actors, integrating critical security perspectives with technological and legal innovation. Later in the year, PRIO launched a new Nordic Centre of Excellence, NordSTEVA (Nordic Centre for Security Technologies and Societal Values), to examine the ways in which security technology and societal values are mutually constitutive of each other. Gender, Peace and Security is another PRIO signature area. The gender dimension is central within all research areas at PRIO, and our long-standing gender-focused research team continues to advance and impact both research and policy agendas. With longterm support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in combination with the Research Council of Norway’s recent funding of a multi-year project on the negotiation of gender equality norms in war-to-peace transitions, we have a stronger base than ever. The impact is tangible, not least in the engaging of the world’s leading mediators in the series of UN High-Level Seminars on Gender and Inclusive Mediation Processes, a collaboration between the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) and our own team. PRIO was also a co-host for the Symposium on Women’s Rights and Empowerment in Afghanistan in November, featuring Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg and the First Lady of Afghanistan, Rula Ghani. Predicting the risk of conflict is a longstanding ambition in peace research. At PRIO we possess broad knowledge of the various factors that are robustly related to the outbreak of internal armed conflict and, greatly helped by new technological opportunities, Photo: Martin Tegnander, PRIO have used this to model statistically the likelihood of future outbreak in any given country. Working with the universities of Uppsala and Oslo, we are exploring how to gain more finegrained and, by implication, up to date predictions from ‘big data’. Models of prediction are of great value to governments and organizations engaged in conflict prevention, and our work has, for example, informed the EU Global Conflict Risk Scan (EUGCRS), which is to guide the EU in all its external action services. On top of this, we have celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Journal of Peace Research (read the anniversary special issue!), hosted a range of seminars addressing current issues, and launched a new heavily trafficked blog channel. Enjoy the report and follow PRIO in 2015! PRIO Organization 2 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Structure Board Bernt Aardal Institute Council Director´s Office Kristian Berg Harpviken Director Inger Skjelsbæk Deputy Director Administration Communication Lene K. Borg Agnete Schjønsby Social Dynamics Dimensions of Security Conditions of Violence and Peace PRIO Cyprus Centre Cindy Horst Inger Skjelsbæk / Pavel K. Baev Halvard Buhaug Harry Tzimitras Research Groups Cities and Populations Civilians in Conflict Conflict Patterns Environment Gender Governance Humanitarianism Law and Ethics Media Migration Projects administered by a specific Department Non-State Conflict Actors Peacebuilding Regions and Powers Religion Security Cross-cutting thematic Research Groups Strategic goals 2014–2017 3 1. Develop new research initiatives within the following thematic areas: Technological Change Inequalities and Insecurities Contested International Engagements Audiences 2. Maximize synergies across communication channels and audiences 3. Pursue the highest standards in academic publishing 4. Inspire public discourse, inform debate and challenge established truths 5. Engage in informed exchange with policy-makers, practitioners and conflict actors Assets 6. Cultivate recognition of the PRIO brand 7. Be an attractive employer which celebrates diversity, flexibility, initiative, and learning 8. Secure a robust financial base 9. Expand strategic collaboration with one or more Norwegian universities 10.Cultivate a leading editorial role in scholarly publishing PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Agenda Dimensions of Security Staff in 2014 4 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Inger Skjelsbæk Research Director Until February Pavel K. Baev Research Director From March Bertrand Lescher-Nuland Department Manager Vicky Ackx Rocco Bellanova Stine Bergersen Ida Dommersnes Anne Duquenne Kai Eide Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert Mareile Kaufmann Åshild Kolås Juliéta Lemaitre Kristin Bergtora Sandvik Ranabir Samaddar Anja Sletteland Pinar Tank 5 Department Manager Bertrand Lescher-Nuland Covadonga Morales Bertrand Antje Bierwisch Nina Boy J. Peter Burgess Wenche Iren Hauge Rozemarijn van der Hilst Jacob Høigilt Elida Kristine Jacobsen Research Staff Pavel K. Baev Rocco Bellanova Covadonga Morales Bertrand Nina Boy J. Peter Burgess Ida Dommersnes Wenche Iren Hauge Rozemarijn van der Hilst Jacob Høigilt Elida Kristine Jacobsen Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert Mareile Kaufmann Åshild Kolås Pinar Tank Simon Reid-Henry Kristin Bergtora Sandvik Ola Tunander Synnøve Uglevik Hilde Henriksen Waage Visiting Researchers Anja Sletteland Antje Bierwisch Maral Mirshahi Marit Moe-Pryce Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Simon Reid-Henry Research Assistants Stine Bergersen Maral Mirshahi Marit Moe-Pryce Eirik Vold Administrative Staff Vicky Ackx Anne Duquenne Ola Tunander Synnøve Ugelvik Eirik Vold Hilde Henriksen Waage PRIO Fellows at Brookings Institution Pavel K. Baev Kai Eide PRIO Global Fellows Julieta Lemaitre Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Ranabir Samaddar PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Research Director Inger Skjelsbæk (until February) Pavel K. Baev (from March) Social Dynamics Staff in 2014 6 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Cindy Horst Research Director Jenny Kathrine Lorentzen Department Manager Trond Bakkevig Endre Begby Kaja Borchgrevink Jørgen Carling Annik Cecilie Saxegaard Falch Kristian Berg Harpviken Nicole Monique Hartwell Rahmatullah Hashemi Kristoffer Lidén Jason Miklian Marte Nilsen Ceri Oeppen Inger Skjelsbæk Francis Steen Mette Strømsø Henrik Syse Jennifer Wu 7 Department Manager Jenny Kathrine Lorentzen María Hernández Carretero Lina Elter Marta Bivand Erdal Rojan Tordhol Ezzati Helga Hernes Kristian Hoelscher Heidi Hudson Noor Jdid Christin Marsh Ormhaug Erlend Paasche Greg Reichberg Tove Heggli Sagmo Research Staff Kaja Borchgrevink Jørgen Carling María Hernández Carretero Marta Bivand Erdal Rojan Tordhol Ezzati Kristian Berg Harpviken Nicole Monique Hartwell Rahmatullah Hashemi Helga Hernes Kristian Hoelscher Cindy Horst Noor Jdid Kristoffer Lidén Jason Miklian Marte Nilsen Christin Marsh Ormhaug Erlend Paasche Greg Reichberg Tove Heggli Sagmo Inger Skjelsbæk Mette Strømsø Henrik Syse Torunn Lise Tryggestad Stein Tønnesson Jennifer Wu Visiting Researchers Trond Bakkevig Annik Cecilie Saxegaard Falch Francis Steen Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh Research Assistants Cathrine Talleraas Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh Cathrine Talleraas Stein Tønnesson Torunn Lise Tryggestad MA Students Lina Elter Administrative Staff Jennifer Wu PRIO Global Fellows Endre Begby Heidi Hudson Ceri Oeppen PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Research Director Cindy Horst Conditions of Violence and Peace Staff in 2014 8 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Halvard Buhaug Research Director Matthias Basedau Ragnhild Belbo Helga Malmin Binningsbø Ingrid Marie Breidlid David Cunningham Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham Marianne Dahl Christian Davenport Håvard Hegre Helge Holtermann Bjørn Høyland Carl-Henrik Knutsen Idunn Kristiansen Elise Must Fanny Nicolaisen Jonas Nordkvelle Ragnhild Nordås Håvard M. Nygård Kari Paasonen Martin Smidt Ricardo Sousa Håvard Strand Monica Duffy Toft Andreas Forø Tollefsen Ukoha O. Okiwo Belén González Damian Laws Department Manager 9 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Research Director Halvard Buhaug Department Manager Damian Laws Hanna Bugge Lars-Erik Cederman Jeffrey T. Checkel Erica Chenoweth Primus Che Chi Scott Gates Elisabeth Gilmore Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Nils Petter Gleditsch Helene Molteberg Glomnes Luka Biong Deng Kuol Michele Leiby Cyanne Loyle Nicholas Marsh Shabana Mitra Øystein H. Rolandsen Kaushik Roy Ida Rudolfsen Siri Camilla Aas Rustad Espen Geelmuyden Rød Research Staff Helga Malmin Binningsbø Ingrid Marie Breidlid Halvard Buhaug Erica Chenoweth Primus Che Chi David Cunningham Kathleen G. Cunningham Marianne Dahl Scott Gates Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Nils Petter Gleditsch Håvard Hegre Helge Holtermann Bjørn Høyland Carl-Henrik Knutsen Nicholas Marsh Shabana Mitra Jonas Nordkvelle Ragnhild Nordås Håvard M. Nygård Øystein H. Rolandsen Siri C. Aas Rustad Espen Geelmuyden Rød Håvard Strand Andreas Forø Tollefsen Henrik Urdal Tore Wig Gerdis Wischnath Gudrun Østby Visiting Researchers Matthias Basedau Christian Davenport Elisabeth Gilmore Michele Leiby Cyanne Loyle Elise Must Kari Paasonen Ricardo Sousa Research Assistants Ragnhild Belbo Helene Molteberg Glomnes Belén Gonzales Idunn Kristiansen Fanny Nicolaisen Ida Rudolfsen MA Students Ragnhild Belbo Hanna Bugge Martin Smidt Henrik Urdal Tore Wig Gerdis Wischnath Gudrun Østby PRIO Global Fellows Lars-Erik Cedermann Jeffrey T. Checkel Christian Davenport Luka Biong Deng Kuol Kaushik Roy Monica Duffy Toft Ukoha O. Ukiwo PRIO Cyprus Centre 10 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Harry Tzimitras Director Guido Bonino Administrator Ayla Gürel Mete Hatay Olga Demetriou Giorgos Charalambous Director Harry Tzimitras Administrator Guido Bonino Senior Research Consultants Giorgos Charalambous Olga Demetriou Ayla Gürel Mete Hatay Consultants Rebecca Bryant Juliette Dickstein Fiona Mullen Rhodri Williams For publications from the PRIO Cyprus Centre, please consult page 31. Projects in 2014 ■ Borders and Materialities, Olga Demetriou the Divide, Mete Hatay ■ Cyprus and Eastern Mediterranean Hydrocarbons, Ayla Gürel and Harry Tzimitras ■ Ethics and Politics of Crisis, Olga Demetriou ■ Gender Rights and Peacebuilding, Olga Demetriou ■ Human Trafficking in Cyprus and the Region, Juliette Dickstein ■ Nationalism and Landscape in Cyprus, Mete Hatay ■ Political Culture and Behaviour in the Republic of Cyprus during the Crisis, Giorgos Charalambous ■ Political Culture in Unrecognized States, Mete Hatay and Rebecca Bryant ■ Politics of Demography in Cyprus, Mete Hatay ■ Refugeehood in Cyprus, Olga Demetriou ■ Religion in Cyprus, Mete Hatay ■ Source of Conflict or Purveyor of Peace? The Peace Potential of Hydrocarbon Resources, Harry Tzimitras ■ The Cyprus Critical History Archive (in collaboration with the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research – AHDR), Mete Hatay and Rebecca Bryant ■ The Cyprus Peace Dividend Revisited, Harry Tzimitras ■ The Property Issue in Cyprus, Ayla Gürel, Rhodri Williams and Fiona Mullen ■ Conversations Across Events in 2014 ■ 16 April. Report launch, The Independent Commission on Turkey (ICT): Turkey in the Europe: The Imperative for change by M. Ahtisaari, E. Bonino, A. Rohan, N. Tocci ■ 24 April. Conference on Crisis Politics in Southern Europe: Challenges to Democratic Governance ■ 28 May. Report launch: The Cyprus Peace Dividend Revisited: A Productivity and Sectoral Approach ■ 23 June – 3 July. Summer School: Nationalism, Religion and Violence in South-East Europe ■ 6 – 11 October. Summer School: Peace and Conflict Research: Theory and Issues ■ 17 – 18 November. Expert workshop conference: Oil and Gas in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Regional Challenges Ahead ■ 22 November. Conference on the Economic Crisis and Democratic Deficits in Southern Europe (2009-2014) ■ 28 – 29 November. PCC Annual conference: Conflict in Europe - Europe in Conflict: The Changing Nature of Conflict in Europe and its Neighborhood ■ 17 December. Book launch, Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution ed. James Ker Lindsay www.peace-research-endowment.org Peace Research Endowment Board of Directors in 2014 Greg Reichberg Executive Committee Cynthia P. Schneider Executive Committee David Beasley Board Member Abigail E. Disney Board Member Haleh Esfandiari Board Member James D. Fearon Board Member Karin Forseke Board Member James Davison Hunter Board Member Edward Martin Board Member Steven Pinker Board Member Inger Skjelsbæk Board Member Elisabeth Jean Wood Board Member Gina Torry Executive Director Ingeborg Haavardsson Special Advisor Kate Boyce Special Advisor Staff in 2014 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Joe Reeder Chair 11 Research Groups 12 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 How urban and demographic transitions create conditions for peace and conflict Coordinator: Kristian Hoelscher Projects ■ Armed Violence in Urban Settings: New Challenges, New Humanitarianisms. Simon Reid-Henry ■ The Property Issue in Cyprus. Ayla Gürel ■ Training and Mobility Network for the Economic Analysis of Conflict. Henrik Urdal (project leader), Primus Che Chi ■ Urbanizing India (URBIN): Urbanization, Exclusion and Climate Challenges. Halvard Buhaug (project leader), Kristian Hoelscher, Jason Miklian, Gerdis Wischnath ■ Youth and Violence in South Sudan (YuViSS). Øystein Rolandsen (project leader), Ingrid Marie Breidlid Completed Doctoral Projects ■ Hoelscher, Kristian: Institutions and Social Violence. (Supervisor at PRIO: Henrik Urdal) Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■ Chi, Primus Che: The Impact of Armed Conflict on Maternal and Women’s Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Supervisor at PRIO: Henrik Urdal) Events ■18 – 19 November: Emerging Challenges in an Urbanising India: Governance, Security and Climate Change ■ 3 December: Reframing Urban Violence in Latin-America How the actors in peacebuilding can influence the peacebuilding agenda Coordinator: Wenche Iren Hauge Projects: ■Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management in Haiti: Insight from Marginalized Communities. Wenche Iren Hauge (project leader), Rachelle Doucet, Alain Gilles ■Peacekeeping, Poverty, and Development: Towards an Understanding of the Gendered Peacekeeping Economies in the DRC, Sudan, and Liberia. Øystein H. Rolandsen ■Power-Sharing, Democracy and Civil Conflict. Scott Gates (project leader), Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Marianne Dahl, Helge Holtermann, Håvard Strand, Kaare Strøm ■The Cyprus Critical History Archive. Mete Hatay, Rebecca Bryant ■Imagined Sovereignties: Frontiers of Statehood and Globalization. Åshild Kolås (project leader), Covadonga Morales Bertrand, Ola Tunander ■The International Management of Peaceful Development: Afghanistan and the Maghreb/ Sahel region. Kai Eide Completed Doctoral Projects ■Lidén, Kristoffer: Between Intervention and Sovereignty: Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding and the Philosophy of Global Governance. (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) ■Tryggestad, Torunn L.: International Norms and Political Change: ‘Women, Peace and Security’ and the UN Security Agenda. (Supervisor at PRIO: Helga Hernes) Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Dommersnes, Ida: Argentum Ad Captandum vs. Unified Effort. An Examination of Strategic Narratives in ISAF. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) ■Sagmo, Tove Heggli: Return and Reintegration in a Post-Conflict Society: A Case Study on Burundi. (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling) Events ■20 May: Anthropology and the Latest Afghan War (2001–Present) ■22 May: Decolonizing Intervention: Postwar Statebuilding in Mozambique ■15 September: Book Launch: The Long Road to Peace ■19 September: Hispaniola 2014: Justice, Nationality and Migration ■3 December: Reframing Urban Violence in Latin-America Civilian agency and victimization in conflict and post-conflict situations Coordinator: Ragnhild Nordås Projects: ■ Armed Conflict and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gudrun Østby (project leader), Ragnhild Belbo, Primus Che Chi, Theodora-Ismene Gizelis, Andreas Forø Tollefsen, Henrik Urdal, Philip Verwimp ■ Conflict Trends (See page 20). Henrik Urdal (project leader), Halvard Buhaug, Scott Gates, Helene Molteberg Glomnes, Håvard Hegre, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Ida Rudolfsen, Siri Aas Rustad, Håvard Strand, Andreas Forø Tollefsen ■ Effective Non-Violence? Resistance Strategies and Political Outcomes. Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (project leader), Erica Chenoweth, Scott Gates, Belén González, Ida Rudolfsen ■ Female Empowerment in Eastern DRC. Gudrun Østby (project leader), Ragnhild Nordås, Lynn P. Nygaard, Siri Aas Rustad ■ Gender-based Violence in Armed Conflict. Ragnhild Nordås ■ Protection of Civilians: From Principle to Practice. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (project leader), Cindy Horst, Kristoffer Lidén, Maral Mirshahi, Simon Reid-Henry, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Pinar Tank ■ Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC). Ragnhild Nordås (project leader), Scott Gates, Helga Binningsbø, Siri Aas Rustad, Inger Skjelsbæk, Gudrun Østby ■ Training and Mobility Network for the Economic Analysis of Conflict. Henrik Urdal (project leader), Primus Che Chi Completed Doctoral Projects ■ Rød, Espen Geelmuyden: Mass Mobilization in Autocracies. (Supervisor at PRIO: Håvard Hegre) 13 Events ■ 3 March: Female Empowerment in DRC – 9 May: Actors, Strategies and Tactics in Contentious Direct Action. Workshop ■ 21 November: Armed Conflict and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan Africa ■ 8 How migration and transnational ties interact with societal change during peace and conflict. Coordinator: Marta Bivand Erdal Projects: ■ Active Citizenship in Culturally and Religiously Diverse Societies (ACT). Cindy Horst (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Noor Jdid ■Nationalism and Landscape in Cyprus. Mete Hatay ■Negotiating the Nation: Implications of ethnic and religious diversity for national identity (NATION). Marta Bivand Erdal (project leader), Michael Collyer, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Katrine Fangen, Åshild Kolås, Thomas Lacroix, Mette Strømsø, Cathrine Talleraas, Mari Vaage ■Negotiating Values: Collective Identities and Resilience after 22/7 (NECORE). Henrik Syse (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Mareile Kaufmann, Jennifer Wu ■Possibilities and realities of return migration (PREMIG). Jørgen Carling (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Ceri Oeppen, Erlend Paasche, Tove Heggli Sagmo, Cathrine Talleraas, Jennifer Wu ■ Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction. Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader), Kaja Borchgrevink, Marta Bivand Erdal ■Refugeehood in Cyprus. Olga Demetriou Property Issue in the Cyprus Conflict Ayla Gürel (project leader), Fiona Mullen, Rhodri Williams ■The Somali Diaspora’s Role in Somalia: Implications of Return. Cindy Horst ■Theorizing Risk, Money and Moralities in Migration (TRiMM). Jørgen Carling (project leader), María Hernández Carretero, May-Len Skilbrei ■Transnational Lives in the Welfare State (TRANSWEL). Jørgen Carling (project leader), Grete Brochmann, Godfried Engbersen, Marta Bivand Erdal, Marije Faber, Erik Snel, Cathrine Talleraas ■The Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Ezzati, Rojan Tordhol: Collective Identities in Post-Terror Norway. (Supervisor at PRIO: Marta B. Erdal) ■Hernández Carretero, Maria: Negotiating Unequal Life Chances through Migration: Exploring the Role of Risk, Money and Moralities in Migrants’ Quest for Success. (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling) ■Strømsø, Mette: A Spatial Lens on the Lived Experience of National Identity and Diversity in Norway. (Supervisor at PRIO Marta B. Erdal) ■Paasche, Erlend: From the Return Decision Making Progress to Actual Return and (Re) integration: A Study of Iraqi Kurdish Migrants, Returnees and Non-Migrants. (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling) ■Sagmo, Tove Heggli: Return and Reintegration in a Post-Conflict Society: A Case Study on Burundi. (Supervisor at PRIO: Jørgen Carling) ■Jdid, Noor: Active Citizenship in Religiously and Culturally Diverse Societies. (Supervisor at PRIO: Cindy Horst) Events ■4 March: The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor: UNHCR, Refugee Protection and Security ■13 March: Somalis in Oslo: Presentation of the Report ■10 April: Closed Sea: Protection of Borders, Protection of Migrants? ■19 June: Norway’s Readmission Agreement with Ethiopia: What Happened? ■5 December: Broadening Approaches to Radicalization: Youth, Identity and Belonging ■18 December: Blessing or Blockage? Religion and Development in Pakistan ■18 December: Islamic Charity in Norway: Exploring a Well Hidden Secret What are the trends in conflict? Coordinator: Marianne Dahl Projects: ■Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED). Clionadh Raleigh ■Conflict Prediction. Håvard Hegre (project leader), Scott Gates, Elisabeth Gilmore, Jonas Nordkvelle, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Martin Smidt, Håvard Strand, Henrik Urdal ■Conflict, Strategies, and Violence: An Actorbased Approach to Violent and Non-Violent Interactions (CSV). Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (project leader), Håvard Strand ■Conflict Trends (See page 20). Henrik Urdal (project leader), Halvard Buhaug, Scott Gates, Helene Molteberg Glomnes, Håvard Hegre, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Ida Rudolfsen, Siri Aas Rustad, Håvard Strand, Andreas Forø Tollefsen ■Forecasting Civil Conflict under Different Climate Change Scenarios. Halvard Buhaug (project leader), Elisabeth Gilmore, Håvard Hegre, Jonas Nordkvelle ■Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers (NISAT). Nicholas Marsh ■Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC). Ragnhild Nordås (project leader), Scott Gates, Helga Binningsbø, Siri Aas Rustad, Inger Skjelsbæk, Gudrun Østby ■Small Arms Survey, Nicholas Marsh Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Marsh, Nicholas: Armed Groups’ Procurement of Small Arms. (Supervisor at PRIO: Halvard Buhaug) ■Tollefsen, Andreas Forø: Disaggregating the Conflict Trap: A Spatial Analytical Approach. (Supervisor at PRIO: Håvard Strand) Events ■17 September: PRIO Annual Peace Address 2014 (see page 19): Civil Conflict: What are the Current Risks, and What are the Realistic Solutions? ■19 September: Social Media and Social Sciences; or, Research 2.0 ■4 December: The Conflict Horizon to 2030 and Beyond in a Nutshell PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■ Chi, Primus Che: The Impact of Armed Conflict on Maternal and Women’s Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Supervisor at PRIO: Henrik Urdal) ■ Dahl, Marianne: Desisting from Violence: The Selection of Non-Violent versus Violent Strategies. (Supervisors at PRIO: Scott Gates & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch) 14 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 How physical factors condition human affairs Coordinator: Siri Aas Rustad Projects: ■Conflict Trends (See page 20). Henrik Urdal (project leader), Halvard Buhaug, Scott Gates, Helene Molteberg Glomnes, Håvard Hegre, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Ida Rudolfsen, Siri Aas Rustad, Håvard Strand, Andreas Forø Tollefsen ■Cyprus and Eastern Mediterranean Hydrocarbons. Ayla Gürel (project leader), Harry Tzimitras ■Female Empowerment in Eastern DRC. Gudrun Østby (project leader), Ragnhild Nordås, Lynn P. Nygaard, Siri Aas Rustad ■Forecasting Civil Conflict under Different Climate Change Scenarios. Halvard Buhaug (project leader), Elisabeth Gilmore, Håvard Hegre, Jonas Nordkvelle ■Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts (SVAC). Ragnhild Nordås (project leader), Scott Gates, Helga Binningsbø, Siri Aas Rustad, Inger Skjelsbæk, Gudrun Østby ■The Sudan: Peacekeeping in an Oil-Booming Subsistence. Øystein H. Rolandsen ■Urbanizing India (URBIN): Urbanization, Exclusion and Climate Challenges. Halvard Buhaug (project leader), Kristian Hoelscher, Jason Miklian, Gerdis Wischnath Completed Doctoral Projects ■Miklian, Jason: ‘Green Mining’: Displacement and the Maoist Conflict in India. (Supervisor at PRIO: Åshild Kolås) Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Nordkvelle, Jonas: Climate Change and Civil Conflict: Investigating Long Term Mechanisms. (Supervisor at PRIO: Håvard Hegre) Events ■3 March: Female Empowerment in DRC – 19 November: Emerging Challenges in an Urbanising India: Governance, Security and Climate Change ■18 How media play a key role in the strategic planning of different actors within conflict Coordinator: Jason Miklian / Rojan Tordhol Ezzati Projects: ■ Active Citizenship in Culturally and Religiously Diverse Societies (ACT). Cindy Horst (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Noor Jdid ■ The Cyprus Critical History Archive. Mete Hatay, Rebecca Bryant ■ Peacebuilding, Diversity and Human Security. Jason Miklian (project leader), Åshild Kolås ■ Negotiating the Nation: Implications of Ethnic and Religious Diversity for National Identity (NATION). Marta Bivand Erdal (project leader), Michael Collyer, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Katrine Fangen, Åshild Kolås, Thomas Lacroix, Mette Strømsø, Cathrine Talleraas, Mari Vaage ■ Negotiating Values: Collective Identities and Resilience after 22/7 (NECORE). Henrik Syse (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Mareile Kaufmann, Jennifer Wu Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■ Dommersnes, Ida: Argentum Ad Captandum vs. Unified Effort. An Examination of Strategic Narratives in ISAF. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) ■ Ezzati, Rojan Tordhol: Collective Identities in Post-Terror Norway. (Supervisor at PRIO: Marta B. Erdal) Events ■ 19 September: Social Media and Social Sciences; or, Research 2.0 How political institutions contribute to peace and conflict Coordinator: Tore Wig Projects: ■Conceptualization and Measurement of Democracy (CMD). Håvard Hegre (project leader), Scott Gates, Bjørn Høyland, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Idunn Kristiansen, Shabana Mitra, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Håvard Strand, Gudrun Østby ■Conflict Prediction. Håvard Hegre (project leader), Scott Gates, Elisabeth Gilmore, Jonas Nordkvelle, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Martin Smidt, Håvard Strand, Henrik Urdal ■Destabilising Accumulation. Nicholas Marsh ■Power-Sharing, Democracy and Civil Conflict. Scott Gates (project leader), Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Marianne Dahl, Helge Holtermann, Håvard Strand, Kaare Strøm ■Reassessing the Role of Democracy: Political Institutions and Armed Conflict (PIAC). Håvard Hegre (project leader), Matthias Basedau, Ragnhild Belbo, Fernando CantuBazaldua, Hanne Fjelde, Bjørn Høyland, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Idunn Kristiansen, Jonas Nordkvelle, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Ida Rudolfsen, Martin Smidt, Tore Wig, Gudrun Østby ■Strategic Justice During Civil Conflict. Cyanne Loyle (project leader), Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Scott Gates ■The Dynamics of State Failure and Violence. Øystein H. Rolandsen (project leader), Ingrid Marie Breidlid, Helene Molteberg Glomnes, Fanny Nicolaisen ■The Sudan: Peacekeeping in an Oil-Booming Subsistence. Øystein H. Rolandsen Completed Doctoral Projects ■Rød, Espen Geelmuyden: Mass Mobilization in Autocracies. (Supervisor at PRIO: Håvard Hegre) ■Wig, Tore: Beyond the Democratic Civil Peace: Subnational Political Institutions and Internal Armed Conflict. (Supervisor at PRIO: Håvard Hegre) Events ■19 March: Regime Change and Non-State Conflicts in Weak States 15 How the humanitarian system changes with new tools, donors, and perceptions of local dynamics Coordinator: Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert Projects: ■ Armed Violence in Urban Settings: New Challenges, New Humanitarianisms. Simon Reid-Henry ■ Brazil’s Rise to the Global Stage. Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert (project leader), Paulo Esteves, Eduarda Hamann, Kristian Hoelscher, Liliana Jubilut, Torkjell Leira, Kristin Bergtora Sandvik ■ Emerging Powers in the 21st Century: The Regional and Global Significance of Brazil, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa and Turkey. Pinar Tank ■ Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction. Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader), Kaja Borchgrevink, Marta Bivand Erdal ■ Protection of Civilians: From Principle to Practice. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (project leader), Cindy Horst, Kristoffer Lidén, Maral Mirshahi, Simon Reid-Henry, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Pinar Tank ■ The Significance of Political Organization and International Law for Displaced Women in Colombia: A Socio-legal study of Liga De Mujeres. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik ■ The Somali Diaspora’s Role in Somalia: Implications of Return. Cindy Horst ■ Conflict of Interest? ‘Business For Peace’ as Development Aid in Volatile Environments. Cindy Horst (project leader), Jason Miklian, Øystein H. Rolandsen Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■ Borchgrevink, Kaja: Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction in Pakistan and the Diaspora. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) Events ■ 29 January: Killer Robots at the UN February: Colombia: Ending the War – Ending the War on Drugs? ■ 4 March: The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor: UNHCR, Refugee Protection and Security ■ 5 March: Key Pointers for Evidence-Based Humanitarian Action: Lessons from Syria, Chad and Uganda ■ 10 March: Closed Sea: Protection of Borders, Protection of Migrants? ■ 22 May: Decolonizing Intervention: Postwar Statebuilding in Mozambique ■ 28 May: Crisis in Nigeria: Monitoring Violence and Accounting for the Dead ■ 7 October: Ebola: A Humanitarian Crisis or a Crisis of Humanitarian Governance? ■ 22 September: The Humanitarian Triad ■ 24 September: Human Rights and Drones ■ 9 October: Beyond the Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza: What now for Israel and Palestine? ■ 23 October: The International Politics of Human Rights and the Responsibility to Protect ■ 28 – 30 October: PhD Course: Humanitarian Action and the Protection of Civilians ■ 11 December: Humanitarian Innovation ■ 4 ■Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction. Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader), Kaja Borchgrevink, Marta Bivand Erdal ■Religion in Cyprus: Mapping Cyprus’ New Religious Landscape. Mete Hatay ■War, Religion, and Ethics. Gregory M. Reichberg (project leader), Nicole M. Hartwell, Henrik Syse Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Borchgrevink, Kaja: Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction in Pakistan and the Diaspora. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) ■Ezzati, Rojan Tordhol: Collective identities in post-Terror Norway. (Supervisor at PRIO: Marta B. Erdal) Completed Doctoral Projects: ■Steen-Johnsen,Tale: Oil on Troubled Waters. Religious Peacebuilding in Ethiopia Events ■16 December: Book Launch: Religion, War and Ethics ■5 December: Broadening Approaches to Radicalization: Youth, Identity and Belonging ■18 December: Blessing or Blockage? Religion and Development in Pakistan ■18 December: Islamic charity in Norway: exploring a well hidden secret How religious actors, ideas, and institutions influence social and political change Coordinator: Kaja Borchgrevink Projects: ■Comparative Ethics of War. Gregory M. Reichberg (project leader), Nicole M. Hartwell, Kaushik Roy, Henrik Syse ■Negotiating the Nation: Implications of Ethnic and Religious Diversity for National Identity (NATION). Marta Bivand Erdal (project leader), Michael Collyer, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Katrine Fangen, Åshild Kolås, Thomas Lacroix, Mette Strømsø, Cathrine Talleraas, Mari Vaage ■Negotiating Values: Collective Identities and Resilience after 22/7 (NECORE). Henrik Syse (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Mareile Kaufmann, Jennifer Wu How norms and rules contribute to peaceful relations and justice Coordinator: Kristoffer Lidén Projects: ■Bearing Witness. Inger Skjelsbæk ■Communicating Risk in the Digital Age (DIGICOM). Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova, J. Peter Burgess, Anne Duquenne, Elida K. U. Jacobsen, Mareile Kaufmann, Kristoffer Lidén ■Comparative Ethics of War. Gregory M. Reichberg (project leader), Nicole M. Hartwell, Kaushik Roy, Henrik Syse ■Ethics of War and Peace. Gregory M. Reichberg (project leader), Endre Begby, PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 ■28 May: Order in Chaos: Intra-Party Coordination in Open List PR Systems ■12 October: "The New Kings of Crude": China and Conflict Resolution in the Sudans 16 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Lene Bomann-Larsen, Helene Christiansen Ingierd, Dieter Janssen, Henrik Syse ■Protection of Civilians: From Principle to Practice. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (project leader), Cindy Horst, Kristoffer Lidén, Maral Mirshahi, Simon Reid-Henry, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Pinar Tank ■Negotiating Values: Collective Identities and Resilience after 22/7 (NECORE). Henrik Syse (project leader), Marta Bivand Erdal, Rojan Tordhol Ezzati, Mareile Kaufmann, Jennifer Wu ■Regulating Cyberwar: Understanding Challenges to Norwegian Security and International Law. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik ■SOURCE: Virtual centre of excellence for research support and coordination on societal security. See page 20 – 21. J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Stine Bergersen, Nina Boy, Anne Duquenne, Kristoffer Lidén, Marit Moe-Pryce ■Strategic Justice During Civil Conflict. Cyanne Loyle (project leader), Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Scott Gates ■The Significance of Political Organization and International Law for Displaced Women in Colombia: A Socio-legal study of Liga De Mujeres. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik ■War, Religion, and Ethics. Gregory M. Reichberg (project leader), Nicole M. Hartwell, Henrik Syse Completed Doctoral Projects ■Lidén, Kristoffer: Between Intervention and Sovereignty: Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding and the Philosophy of Global Governance. (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Hayashi, Nobuo: Military Necessity. (Supervisor at PRIO: Gregory M. Reichberg) Events ■21 January: Killer Robots at the UN February: The Road Towards Colombian Peace: Field-Based Perspectives ■4 February: Colombia: Ending the War – Ending the War on Drugs? ■22 September: Ytringsfriheten under press [Freedom of Speech under Pressure] ■23 October: The International Politics of Human Rights and the Responsibility to Protect ■16 December: Book Launch: Religion, War and Ethics ■4 Events How non-state actors contribute to peace and conflict Coordinator: Øystein H. Rolandsen Projects: ■Conflict, Strategies, and Violence: An Actorbased Approach to Violent and Non-Violent Interactions (CSV). Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (project leader), Håvard Strand ■Conflict of Interest? ‘Business For Peace’ as Development Aid in Volatile Environments. Cindy Horst (project leader), Jason Miklian, Øystein H. Rolandsen ■Effective Non-Violence? Resistance Strategies and Political Outcomes. Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (project leader), Erica Chenoweth, Scott Gates, Belén González, Ida Rudolfsen ■Female Empowerment in Eastern DRC. Gudrun Østby (project leader), Ragnhild Nordås, Lynn P. Nygaard, Siri Aas Rustad ■Gender-based Violence in Armed Conflict. Ragnhild Nordås ■Nationalism and Landscape in Cyprus. Mete Hatay ■Protection of Civilians: From Principle to Practice. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (project leader), Cindy Horst, Kristoffer Lidén, Maral Mirshahi, Simon Reid-Henry, Øystein H. Rolandsen, Pinar Tank ■The Dynamics of State Failure and Violence. Øystein H. Rolandsen (project leader), Ingrid Marie Breidlid, Helene Molteberg Glomnes, Fanny Nicolaisen ■The Sudan: Peacekeeping in an Oil-Booming Subsistence. Øystein H. Rolandsen ■Youth and Violence in South Sudan (YuViSS). Øystein Rolandsen (project leader), Ingrid Marie Breidlid Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Breidlid, Ingrid Marie: Youth, Identities and State-Society Relations in the Dynamics of Violence in South Sudan. (Supervisor at PRIO: Øystein H. Rolandsen) ■Dahl, Marianne: Desisting from Violence: The Selection of Non-Violent versus Violent Strategies. (Supervisors at PRIO: Scott Gates & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch) ■9 May: Actors, Strategies and Tactics in Contentious Direct Action. Workshop ■11 September: Palestinian Challenges in the Aftermath of the Gaza War ■10 December: "The New Kings of Crude": China and Conflict Resolution in the Sudans How the global power balance affects regional conflict dynamics Coordinator: Pavel K. Baev Projects: ■ Afghanistan in a Neighbourhood Perspective. Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader), Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh ■ Brazil’s Rise to the Global Stage. Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert (project leader), Paulo Esteves, Eduarda Hamann, Kristian Hoelscher, Liliana Jubilut, Torkjell Leira, Kristin Bergtora Sandvik ■ Cyprus and Eastern Mediterranean Hydrocarbons. Ayla Gürel (project leader), Harry Tzimitras ■ Emerging Powers in the 21st Century: The Regional and Global Significance of Brazil, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa and Turkey. Pinar Tank ■ Imagined Sovereignties: Frontiers of Statehood and Globalization. Åshild Kolås (project leader), Covadonga Morales Bertrand, Ola Tunander ■ Nationalism and Landscape in Cyprus. Mete Hatay ■ Peacebuilding, Diversity and Human Security. Jason Miklian (project leader), Åshild Kolås ■ Political Culture in Unrecognized States. Mete Hatay, Rebecca Bryant ■ Religion and Political Activism among Youth in the West Bank and Gaza after 2007. Jacob Høigilt ■ Russia in Search of a New Role in the Middle East. Pavel K. Baev ■ Russian and Caspian Energy Developments. (RUSSCASP). Pavel K. Baev ■ Security in South Asia: India’s Emerging Role. Åshild Kolås (project leader), Halvard Buhaug, Scott Gates, Kristian Berg Harpviken, Jason Miklian 17 Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■ Jacobsen, Elida Undrum: Biopolitics in India: Identity Management and the Unique Identification System. (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) Events ■ 21 January: Local Security Forces in Afghanistan – Now and Beyond 2014 ■ 9 February: Human Rights Human Wrongs: Camp 14: Total Control Zone ■ 6 – 7 March: The Cyprus Peace Dividend Revisited: A Productivity and Sectoral Approach ■ 18 March: Norges rolle i Afghanistan: Oppdrag utført? Hva nå? [The Role of Norway in Afghanistan: Mission Accomplished. What Now?] ■ 19 March: Elections in Afghanistan ■ 21 March: Re-Examining Intervention: Rising Powers Approaches to Conflict Resolution ■ 15 April: Building Trust for a United Cyprus ■ 23 April: Brytningstid for utenrikspolitikken? [A Time of Change for Foreign Policy?] ■ 24 April: Crisis Politics in Southern Europe: Challenges to Democratic Governance ■ 28 April: Imagined Sovereignties under Construction ■ 5 May: Anti-Communism and South Korean Politics ■ 8 May: Revisiting the Politics of State Survival ■ 29 May: Report Launch: The Cyprus Peace Dividend Revisited - A Productivity and Sectoral Approach ■ 30 May: Imagining Basque Sovereignty: Voices From Civil Society ■ 30 May: Workshop on Basque Nationhood in a Globalizing World ■ 3 – 5 June: Language Change in the Arab World. Workshop ■ 16 June: Turkey in Europe: The Imperative for Change ■ 26 June: India’s Foreign Policy Future ■ 4 July: Summer Seminar on Nationalism, Religion and Violence ■ 12 August: Toward Agreement on Iran’s Nuclear Program? A Close-up of the Vienna Talks ■ 26 August: Sino-Japanese Relations ■ 2 September: What Next for Turkey? ■ 11 September: Palestinian Challenges in the Aftermath of the Gaza War ■ 15 September: Book Launch: The Long Road to Peace ■ 19 September: Hispaniola 2014 – Justice, Nationality and Migration ■ 9 October: Beyond the Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza: What now for Israel and Palestine? ■ 23 October: Economic Crisis and Democratic Deficit in Southern Europe (2009-2014) ■ 24 November: Peace and a New Constitution Matters for Every Nepali ■ 13 November: Police Reform and the Rocky Road of Democratization in the Arab Spring ■ 17 November: Book Launch: Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution ■ 19 November: War and State-Building in Afghanistan ■ 28 November: Conflict in Europe – Europe in Conflict How armed conflicts affect women and men differently Coordinator: Helga Hernes / Torunn L. Tryggestad Projects: ■Armed Conflict and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gudrun Østby (project leader), Ragnhild Belbo, Primus Che Chi, Theodora-Ismene Gizelis, Andreas Forø Tollefsen, Henrik Urdal, Philip Verwimp ■Bearing Witness. Inger Skjelsbæk ■Female Empowerment in Eastern DRC. Gudrun Østby (project leader), Ragnhild Nordås, Lynn P. Nygaard, Siri Aas Rustad ■Gender-based Violence in Armed Conflict. Ragnhild Nordås ■Gender, Conflict and Peacebuilding Research at PRIO. Helga Hernes (project leader), Jenny Kathrine Lorentzen, Inger Skjelsbæk, Torunn L. Tryggestad ■Gender in Politics in Somalia: Access and Influence in a Post-Conflict State. Cindy Horst (project leader), Inger Skjelsbæk, Torunn L. Tryggestad ■Gender Rights and Peacebuilding. Olga Demetriou ■Making Women Count for Peace: Gender, Empowerment and Conflict in South Asia. Åshild Kolås (project leader), Elida K.U. Jacobsen, Jason Miklian, Torunn L. Tryggestad ■OSCE Study on National Action Plans and Other National Strategies. Torunn L. Tryggestad (project leader), Helga Hernes, Christin Marsh Ormhaug ■Peacekeeping, Poverty, and Development: Towards an Understanding of the Gendered Peacekeeping Economies in the DRC, Sudan, and Liberia. Øystein H. Rolandsen ■Positioning Women for Research Professorship (POWER). Lynn P. Nygaard ■Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction. Kristian Berg Harpviken (project leader), Kaja Borchgrevink, Marta Bivand Erdal ■Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC). Ragnhild Nordås (project leader), Scott Gates, Helga Binningsbø, Siri Aas Rustad, Inger Skjelsbæk, Gudrun Østby ■The Significance of Political Organization and International Law for Displaced Women in Colombia: A Socio-legal study of Liga De Mujeres. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik ■Training and Mobility Network for the Economic Analysis of Conflict. Henrik Urdal (project leader), Primus Che Chi Completed Doctoral Projects ■Ormhaug, Christin Marsh: Health Consequences of Civil War. (Supervisor at PRIO: Håvard Hegre) ■Tryggestad, Torunn L.: International Norms and Political Change: ‘Women, Peace and Security’ and the UN Security Agenda. (Supervisor at PRIO: Helga Hernes) Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Borchgrevink, Kaja: Private Islamic Charity and Approaches to Poverty Reduction in Pakistan and the Diaspora. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 ■ Thailand’s Missing Peace. Stein Tønnesson (project leader), Marte Nilsen ■ The East Asian Peace (EAP) Programme. Stein Tønnesson (project leader), Pavel K. Baev ■ The Ideology and Sociology of Language Change in the Arab World. Jacob Høigilt ■ The Impact of China–Russia Partnership on Stability in East Asia. Stein Tønnesson (project leader), Pavel K. Baev ■ The International Management of Peaceful Development: Afghanistan and the Maghreb/ Sahel region. Kai Eide ■ The Taliban in Context. Rahmatullah Hashemi ■ Turkey’s AKP and the Politics of Contention. Pinar Tank 18 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 ■Chi, Primus Che: The Impact of Armed Conflict on Maternal and Women’s Reproductive Health in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Supervisor at PRIO: Henrik Urdal) ■Jdid, Noor: Active Citizenship in Religiously and Culturally Diverse Societies. (Supervisor at PRIO: Cindy Horst) Events ■8 – 10 January: Gender in Peace and Conflict Studies ■4 February: The Road Towards Colombian Peace: Field-Based Perspectives ■3 March: Female Empowerment in DRC ■20 March: The Role and Relevance of Gender in Peace Mediation ■3 – 4 April: Expert workshop on the OSCE study on National Action Plans for the implementation of UN SCR 1325 ■13 – 15 May: Third High-Level Seminar on Gender and Inclusive Mediation Processes ■27 August: Meeting of the Research Network on Gender, Peace and Security ■22 October: OSCE study on National Action Plans on the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 ■ 28 October: NATO and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda – Achievements and Challenges ■31 October: Gender Based Violence in War and Conflict: Approaching and Assisting Survivors ■6 November: Gender, Empowerment and Conflict in South Asia ■8 November: International Conference on Gender, Empowerment and Conflict in South Asia ■18 – 20 November: Fourth High-Level Seminar on Gender and Inclusive Mediation Processes ■21 November: Armed Conflict and Maternal Health in Sub-Saharan Africa ■23 November: Advancing Women’s Rights and Empowerment in Afghanistan How security actors and practices affect concepts and understanding of security Coordinator: Mareile Kaufmann Projects: ■CBRN Crisis Management: Architecture, Technologies and Operational Procedures (CATO). J. Peter Burgess ■Communicating Risk in the Digital Age (DIGICOM). Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova, J. Peter Burgess, Anne Duquenne, Elida K. U. Jacobsen, Mareile Kaufmann, Kristoffer Lidén ■Driving Innovation in Crisis Management for European Resilience (DRIVER). J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Stine Bergersen, Covadonga Morales Bertrand, Anne Duquenne, Mareile Kaufmann ■European Security Trends and Threats in Society (ETTIS). J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova, Antje Bierwisch, Anne Duquenne ■Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies (IRISS). J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova, Stine Bergersen, Maral Mirshahi ■LArge Scale Information Exploitation of Forensic Data (LASIE) J. Peter Burgess, Synnøve Ugelvik ■Nordic Centre of Excellence for Security Technologies and Societal Values (NordSTEVA) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova, Kristian Berg Harpviken, Mareile Kaufmann, Kristoffer Lidén ■Protection of European Borders and Seas through the Intelligent Use of Surveillance (PERSEUS). Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Stine Bergersen, J. Peter Burgess, Rozemarijn van der Hilst, Kristoffer Lidén ■Public Perception of Security and Privacy (PACT). J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova ■Securing Europe Through Counter-Terrorism: Impact, Legitimacy, and Effectiveness (SECILE). J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Rozemarijn van der Hilst ■Tactical Approach to Counter Terrorists in Cities (TACTICS) J. Peter Burgess (project leader), Vicky Ackx, Rocco Bellanova, Kristoffer Lidén, Synnøve Ugelvik ■Virtual centre of excellence for research support and coordination on societal security (SOURCE). (See page 20 – 21). J. Peter Burgess, Stine Bergersen, Nina Boy, Anne Duquenne, Kristoffer Lidén, Marit Moe-Pryce Completed Doctoral Projects ■Bellanova, Rocco: The Politics of Data Protection: What Does Data Protection Do? ■Lidén, Kristoffer: Between Intervention and Sovereignty: Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding and the Philosophy of Global Governance. (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) ■Ugelvik, Synnøve. Inside on the Outside – Norway and Police Cooperation in the EU. Ongoing Doctoral Projects ■Dommersnes, Ida: Argentum Ad Captandum vs. Unified Effort. An Examination of Strategic Narratives in ISAF. (Supervisor at PRIO: Kristian Berg Harpviken) ■Jacobsen, Elida Undrum: Biopolitics in India: Identity Management and the Unique Identification System. (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) ■Kaufmann, Mareile: Modalities of Resilience in the Networked Society. (Supervisor at PRIO: J. Peter Burgess) Events ■9 February: Human Rights Human Wrongs: Terms and Conditions May Apply ■10 March: Closed Sea: Protection of Borders, Protection of Migrants? ■20 June: Justice Past, Justice Present, Justice Future: Three Messages to the European Council ■25 November: Terror og risikokommunikasjon [Terror and Risk Communication] ■8 – 12 December: PhD Course on Methods in Critical Security Studies PRIO Annual Peace Address 2014 19 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 PAUL COLLIER Civil Conflict: What are the Current Risks, and what are the Realistic Solutions? Comments by Jonas Gahr Støre former Minister of Foreign Affairs 18 September 2014 at PRIO, Oslo The PRIO Annual Peace Address invites distinguished guests to reflect on how to contribute to the creation of a world in which violence is the exception and peace is the norm. The lecturers will include scholars, policy makers, writers, artists and others with a distinct voice on peace and war matters on the world scene. Paul Collier (right) engaging in a discussion with Jonas Gahr Støre. Photo: Julie Lunde Lillesæter, PRIO The PRIO Annual Peace Address is an important part of our efforts to create awareness, stir public debate and increase understanding about the conditions for peace in the world. We hope that the PRIO Annual Peace Address can challenge the peace research community by suggesting new measures and bringing new perspectives on peace and war. The questions asked and the answers sought can only be improved by critical challenges. Previous Years 2010: Jon Elster: Justice, Truth, Peace 2011: John Lewis: The Role of Nonviolence in the Struggle for Liberation 2012: Azar Gat: Peace for Our Time? 2013: Jody Williams: The Power of Global Activism EU Ambassador Helen Campbell giving a speech at the PRIO Annual Peace Addres, 2014. Photo: Julie Lunde Lillesæter, PRIO 20 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 PRIO's Conflict Trends project collaborates with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to answer questions relating to the causes, consequences and trends in conflict. The project will contribute to new conflict analyses within areas of public interest, and works to produce thorough and quality based analysis for the MFA. The project builds on the existing competence of PRIO with a strong emphasis on research and new data analysis. The Center for the Study of Civil War (20032013) was engaged in path-breaking research on war and peace. The Conflict Trends project sustains and makes use of the competence and international connections that PRIO has developed. The project also aims to reduce the gap between science and research and to assure that the resources and knowledge obtained are beneficial to the public in general. Project Themes The project currently focuses on the following thematic areas: ■ Natural resources and conflict Both shortages and abundance of resources have increasingly been linked to conflict activity. How will the increased pressure on land and water resources affect conflicts in the world? Natural resources such as oil and diamonds can affect the likelihood of conflict, but also contribute to its prevention. The project focuses the role of industry, and how regional and local conditions can affect the positive potential that natural resources may have on institutional development and distribution of goods. ■ Youth, development and conflict Large youth bulges can increase the risk of armed conflicts and regime change. At the same time, youth bulges can have a positive impact on society and contribute to economic growth. The project seeks to obtain increased knowledge on how access to education and work will affect the likelihood of conflict in countries with large youth bulges. Virtual Centre of Excellence for Research Support and Coordination on Societal Security ■ Political The SOURCE Network of Excellence is a five-year project that started up in 2014. The project is built upon five types of activities: change and stability In the past years, many have warned that democratic institutions have deteriorated in several countries. The project will examine democratic development from different perspectives, and report on statistical trends. ■ Human costs of conflict The human costs of conflict often go well beyond those who are killed in direct battle. The project focuses especially on the consequences of conflict on maternal health, and inequality in access to education between women and men, and between groups. ■Output: The project publishes a series of Conflict Trends Policy Briefs (see the publication list at page 31), and maintains the blog Monitoring South Sudan. People Henrik Urdal (project leader) Halvard Buhaug Scott Gates Nils Petter Gleditsch Helene Molteberg Glomnes Håvard Hegre Håvard Mokleiv Nygård Ida Rudolfsen Siri Aas Rustad Håvard Strand Andreas Forø Tollefsen Events in 2014 ■12 June: War and Peace over 50 years. On the Occassion of Journal of Peace Research 50 years. ■19 November: War and State-Building in Afghanistan ■4 December: The Conflict Horizon to 2030 and Beyond in a Nutshell 1.networking activities 2.research 3.information gathering 4.education and training 5.knowledge-sharing These five areas together address both the ambitions and the expected impact of the Work Programme specific to the Security call of EU's 7th Framework Programme. Through an integrated information gathering hub, education programmes across the security sectors, and a comprehensive programme of networking activities, the SOURCE project will advance European excellence in research and industrial innovation and form the foundation for a permanent virtual centre of excellence capable of continuing to bring added-value to research on societal security. Through a broad set of concerted activities the centre will gather experts and actors from all levels of the security chain (researchers, industry actors, policy-makers, civil society, end-users and the public at large), all linked by a common project of documenting, analysing and understanding the link between security and the society in which it is played out. Through an array of networking activities, meetings, scientific and popular publications, film, press and social media, a scholarly journal and the formation of an international association for the study and improvement of societal security, the SOURCE Network of Excellence will meet the goals of raising the awareness among policy makers and 21 end-users, raising the competitiveness of the security industry by better applying it to the social layers of insecurity in society and, as a consequence, contribute to the improvement of the well-being and security of European citizens. The aim of the SOURCE Network of Excellence is to create a robust and sustainable virtual centre of excellence capable of exploring and advancing societal issues in security research and development. People J. Peter Burgess (project leader) Stine Bergersen Nina Boy Anne Duquenne Kristoffer Lidén Marit Moe-Pryce Events in 2014 ■20 June: Justice Past, Justice Present, Justice Future: Three Messages to the European Council ■25 November: Terror og risikokommunikasjon [Terror and Risk Communication] ■8 - 12 December: Methods in Critical Security Studies. Phd Course The Norwegian Centre for Humanitarian Studies is a joint CMI, NUPI and PRIO initiative which aims to promote and facilitate critical and relevant research on key humanitarian issues. The centre serves as a hub for research and policy discussion, and features a national network of scholars working on humanitarian issues from outside the three core institutions. It also features an extensive network of international humanitarian scholars. PRIO People at NCHS Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (Director) Maral Mirshahi (Project Assistant) Cindy Horst Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert Julieta Lemaitre Kristoffer Lidén Simon Reid-Henry Øystein H. Rolandsen Pinar Tank Events in 2014 ■29 January: Killer Robots at the UN. PRIO February: Colombia: Ending the War Ending the War on Drugs? PRIO ■4 February: The road towards Colombian peace – Field-based perspectives. PRIO ■27 February: The Humanitarian Cyber Space: Expanding Frontiers or Shrinking Space? PRIO ■4 March: The rise and decline of a global security actor: UNHCR, refugee protection and security. PRIO ■4 March: The role and utility of research in driving evidence based aid. PRIO ■5 March: From Actionable Information to Assessments of Impact: Key Pointers for Evidence-Based Humanitarian Action. PRIO ■19 March: Afghanistan: humanitarian efforts and development assistance. Afghanistan Week 2014 (CMI, PRIO, NAC) ■4 April: R2P and protection of civilians. Roundtable with professor Michael Ignatieff. NUPI ■4 ■8 May: Launch of Civil-Military Coordination Report. NUPI ■22 May: Book Launch: Protecting Civilians in Refugee Camps. Bergen Resource Centre for International Development. (CMI, Univ. of Bergen) ■27 May: UNRWA and the Palestinian Refugee Camps. (CMI, NUPI) ■3 June: Roundtable: Refugee Resettlement and the Political Economy of Protection. ■22 September: The Humanitarian Triad. Seminar with Raymond Apthorpe. (Bjørknes Univ. College, Research School on Peace and Conflict, PRIO) ■24 September: Research Seminar: Human Rights and Drones. (PRIO, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights) ■7 October: Ebola: A Humanitarian Crisis or a Crisis of Humanitarian Governance? (MSF Norway, NRC, Norw. Red Cross, PRIO) ■9 October: Beyond the Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza: What now for Israel and Palestine? (PRIO, NOREF) ■17 October: The (D)evolution of a Norm: R2P, the Bosnia Generation, and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention. NUPI ■23 October: The International Politics of Human Rights and the Responsibility to Protect. PRIO ■28 – 30 October: Humanitarian Action and the Protection of Civilians. (PRIO, NUPI, CMI, Research School on Peace and Conflict) ■21 October: Armed Conflict and Maternal Health - Policy and Research Seminar. PRIO ■3 December: Reframing Urban Violence in Latin-America: Humanitarian and Military Responses. (PRIO, Norwegian Latin America Research Network) ■11 December: Humanitarian Innovation. PRIO PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Norwegian Centre for Humanitarian Studies (NCHS) humanitarianstudies.no Journal of Peace Research 22 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Henrik Urdal Editor Ragnhild Nordås Deputy Editor Halvard Buhaug Deputy Editor Bertrand LescherNuland Managing Editor Idunn Kristiansen Managing Editor Volume 51, 2014 6 issues, 796 pages. Special issues Anniversary Special Issue Guest Editors: Halvard Buhaug & Jack S Levy Nils Petter Gleditsch Article of the Year Award 2014 Corinne Bara for her article ‘Incentives and opportunities: A complexity-oriented explanation of violent ethnic conflict’ in JPR 51(6): 696-710 JPR Best Visualization Award 2014 Thomas Chadefaux for his article 'Early warning signals for war in the news' in JPR 51(1): 5-18 Associate Editors 2014 Kristin M. Bakke, University College London Michael Brzoska, University of Hamburg Margit Bussmann, University of Greifswald Sabine Carey, University of Mannheim Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham, University of Maryland Han Dorussen, University of Essex Håvard Hegre, Uppsala University & PRIO Scott Gates, PRIO Desirée Nilsson, Uppsala University Ragnhild Nordås, PRIO Stein Tønnesson, PRIO & Uppsala University Editorial Committee 2014 Alex Braithwaite, University College London Allan Dafoe, Yale University Ismene Gizelis, University of Essex Cullen Hendrix, College of William and Mary Kristine Höglund, Uppsala University Bjørn Høyland, University of Oslo Jo Thori Lind, University of Oslo Päivi Lujala, NTNU David Sobek, Louisiana State University Håvard Strand, University of Oslo and PRIO Isak Svensson, Uppsala University Monica Duffy Toft, Oxford University Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati, NTNU Marijke Verpoorten, University of Antwerp Nils Weidmann, University of Konstanz Magnus Öberg, Uppsala University Security Dialogue 23 J. Peter Burgess – Editor (on leave) Volume 45, 2014 6 issues, and 600 pages. Special issues Border Security as Practice. Edited by: Karin Côté-Boucher, Frederica Infantino & Mark B. Salter. 45 (3) Preemption, Practice, Politics. Guest Editors: Marieke de Goede & Stephanie Simon. 45(5) Associate Editors 2014 Pinar Bilgin, Bilkent University Marieke de Goede, University of Amsterdam Anna Leander, Copenhagen Business School Mark B. Salter, University of Ottawa Anna Stavrianakis, University of Sussex Maria Stern, University of Gothenburg Book Review Editors 2014 Louise Amoore, Durham University Peter Andreas, Brown University Jens Bartelson, Lund University Didier Bigo, Sciences-Po, Paris Jocelyne Cesari, Harvard University Simon Chesterman, National University of Singapore Carol Cohn, Tufts University William E. Connolly, Johns Hopkins University Ronald Deibert, University of Toronto James Der Derian, University of Sydney Michael Dillon, Lancaster University Jenny Edkins, University of Aberystwyth Stefan Elbe, University of Sussex Sarah Pettersen – Managing Editor (Oct 2013-Aug 2014) Marit Moe-Pryce – Managing Editor (from Aug 2014) Cynthia Enloe, Clark university Charlotte Epstein, University of Sydney Hugh Gusterson, Georgetown University Lene Hansen, University of Copenhagen Jef Huysmans, Open University Vivienne Jabri, King's College London Martti Koskenniemi, University of Helsinki Jennifer Klot, Social Science Research Council Rex Li, Liverpool John Moores University Luis Lobo Guerrero, University of Groningen David Lyon, Queens University Andrew Neal, University of Edinburgh Taylor Owen, Columbia University Patricia Owens, University of Sussex Paul Rogers, University of Bradford Kristin B. Sandvik, PRIO Michael Shapiro, University of Hawaii Peter van Ham Clingendael, The Hague Rob Walker, University of Victoria Cynthia Weber, University of Sussex Annick T. R. Wibben, University of San Francisco Michael C. Williams, University of Ottawa Ole Wæver, University of Copenhagen PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Claudia Aradau – Editor Journals 24 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Volume 13, 2014 4 issues, 384 pages. Published by Taylor & Francis, in cooperation with PRIO, the Norwegian Defense University College, and the United States Naval War College. Editorial Office Norway Co-Editor: Henrik Syse, PRIO Managing Editor: Nicole M. Hartwell, PRIO and Oxford University Editorial Office USA Co-Editor: Martin L. Cook, United States Naval War College Managing Editor: Timothy J. Demy, United States Naval War College Associate Editors 2014 Alex Bellamy, Griffith Asia Institute Shannon French, Case Western Reserve Henrik Syse Editor Nicole M. Hartwell Managing Editor University Nils Terje Lunde, Norwegian Defence University College Gregory M. Reichberg, PRIO James Cook, United States Air Force Academy George R. Lucas, Jr., United States Naval Academy Associate Editors Sang-Hwan Lee, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea Jangho KIm, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, PRIO HUFS President Kim In-Chul, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea IASR Chairman of Management Kyung-Won Chung, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Volume 17, 2014 4 issues, 433 pages. Published by SAGE (London) for PRIO and the Centre for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Special Issues The Dynamics of Political Demography. 17(2) Editor-in-Chief Scott Gates, Peace Research Institute Oslo, Norway and NTNU, Norway IASR Vice-chairmen of Management Jun-Young Kang, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Jeong Hwan Shin, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Editorial Committee 2014 Pavel Baev, PRIO and Brookings Institution, USA Christopher Butler, University of New Mexico, USA Yunjae Cheong, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Yo Sop Choi, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Indra de Soysa, NTNU, Norway Scott Gates, PRIO and NTNU, Norway Nils Petter Gleditsch, PRIO Jaeho Hwang, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Scott Gates Editor-in-Chief Håvard Mokleiv Nygård Associate Editor Craig Jenkins, Ohio State University, USA Seonju Kang, Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security, Korea HeMin Kim, Florida State University, USA and Seoul National University, Republic of Korea Woosang Kim, Yonsei University, Korea Mansoob Murshed, University of Birmingham and Institute for Social Studies, The Netherlands Won K. Paik, Central Michigan University, USA Jin Woo Park, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea Jan Ketil Rød, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Kaushik Roy, PRIO and Jadavpur University, India Kaare Strøm, University of California San Diego, USA Atsushi Tago, Kobe University, Japan Monica Toft, University of Oxford, UK Editorial Boards 25 American Political Science Review Christian Davenport (Ed. Board) Nils Petter Gleditsch (Ed. Board) Babylon Hilde Henriksen Waage (Editorial Advisory Board) International Area Studies Review Scott Gates (Editor in Chief) Håvard Nygård (Associate Editor) Pavel K. Baev (Ed. Board) Nils Petter Gleditsch (Ed. Board) Journal of Military Ethics Henrik Syse (Editor) Gregory Reichberg (Associate Editor) Nicole Monique Hartwell (Managing editor) Political Geography Halvard Buhaug (Ed. Board) International Feminist Journal of Politics Inger Skjelsbæk (Associate Editor) Journal of Narrative Politics J. Peter Burgess (Ed. Board) Politics and Governance Kristian Berg Harpviken Civil Wars Scott Gates (Ed. Board) International Interactions Christian Davenport (Ed. Board) Nils Petter Gleditsch (Ed. Board) Cahiers de la sécurité J. Peter Burgess (International Scientific Committee) International Migration Review Jørgen Carling (Ed. Board) Comparative Social Research Kristian Berg Harpviken (Associate editor) International Organization Lars Erik Cederman (Ed. Board) Jeffrey Checkel (Ed. Board) Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Ed. Board) Cooperation and Conflict Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Committee) Torunn Tryggestad (Editorial Advisory Board) Educate Lynn P. Nygaard (Ed. Board) European Journal of International Relations Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Editorial Committee) Foreign Policy Analysis Nils Petter Gleditsch (Ed. Board) Global Asia Stein Tønnesson (Ed. Board) Globalizations Stein Tønnesson (Ed. Board) Internasjonal Politikk Inger Skjelsbæk (Editorial Committee) International Political Sociology J. Peter Burgess (Ed. Board) Journal of Peace Research Henrik Urdal (Editor) Halvard Buhaug (Deputy Editor) Ragnhild Nordås (Deputy Editor) Helge Holtermann (Managing Editor) Idunn Kristiansen (Managing Editor) Bertrand Lescher-Nuland (Managing Editor) Scott Gates (Associate Editor) Håvard Hegre (Associate Editor) Ragnhild Nordås (Associate Editor) Stein Tønnesson (Associate Editor) Gudrun Østby (Associate Editor) Håvard Strand (Editorial Committee) Political Science Research and Methods Håvard Hegre (Ed. Board) Radical Philosophy Claudia Aradau (Co-Editor) Research and Politics Håvard Hegre (Ed. Board) Scott Gates (Advisory Board) Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Associate Editor) Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses Claudia Aradau (Ed. Board) Kristoffer Lidén (Ed. Board) Scandinavian Political Studies Håvard M. Nygård (Ed. Board) International Studies Review Håvard Hegre (Ed. Board) Migration Letters Jørgen Carling (Editorial Advisory Board) Security Dialogue Claudia Aradau (Editor) Marit Moe-Pryce (Managing Editor) Sarah Pettersen (Managing Editor) Kristin Bergtora Sandvik (Ed. Board) Rocco Bellanova (Book Review Editor) Mareile Kaufmann (Book Review Editor) ISA Compendium Nils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Advisory Board) Pacific Focus Stein Tønnesson Security Index Pavel K. Baev (Advisory Board) Peacebuilding J. Peter Burgess (Ed. Board) Strategic Analysis J. Peter Burgess (Editorial Advisory Committee) International Studies Perspectives Nils Petter Gleditsch (Editorial Advisory Board) International Studies Quarterly Christian Davenport (Ed. Board) Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Jørgen Carling (Editorial Advisory Board) Journal of Human Security J. Peter Burgess (Ed. Board) Journal of Politics Håvard Hegre Journal of Social and Political Psychology Inger Skjelsbæk (Ed. Board) Peace Review Nils Petter Gleditsch (Board of Editorial Advisors) Political Analysis Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Ed. Board) World politics Kristian Skrede Gleditsch (Ed. Board) PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Editorial boards with PRIO participation in 2014 Publications 2014 26 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Doctoral Dissertations Bellanova, Rocco. The Politics of Data Protection: What Does Data Protection Do? A Study of the Interactions between Data Protection and Passenger Name Records Dispositifs. Political and Social Sciences, Université Saint-Louis, Bruxelles & Faculty of Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Supervisors: Denis Duez, Université Saint-Louis; Paul De Hert, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (defended 5 May). Hoelscher, Kristian. How Can Levels of Social Violence Shape Political Institutions at the National, City and Regional Levels? Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Henrik Urdal, PRIO; Anne Julie Semb, UiO (defended 24 October). Lidén, Kristoffer. Liberal Peacebuilding and the Philosophy of Global Politics: Groundwork on the Ethics of Peacebuilding. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo. Supervisors: J. Peter Burgess, PRIO; Thomas Pogge, UiO (defended 5 December). Miklian, Jason. “Green Mining”, Displacement and the Maoist Conflict in India. Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Supervisors: Stig Jarle Hansen & Darley Jose Kjosavik, NMBU; Åshild Kolås, PRIO; Priyankar Upadhyaya, Beneras Hindi University, India (defended 27 June). Ormhaug, Christin Mørup. Effects of Civil War on Maternal and Child Health Care in SubSaharan Africa. Faculty of Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Supervisors: Espen Sjaastad & Ingrid Nyborg, NMBU; Håvard Hegre & Henrik Urdal, PRIO (defended 10 October). Tryggestad, Torunn, 2014. International Norms and Political Change: ‘Women, Peace and Security’ and the UN Security Agenda. Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Supervisors: Jennifer Bailey, NTNU; Helga Hernes, PRIO (defended 12 December). Ugelvik, Synnøve, 2014. Inside on the Outside – Norway and Police Cooperation in the EU, Faculty of Law. University of Oslo. Supervisors: Ragnhild Helene Hennum, UiO; Saskia Maria Hufnagel, Queen Mary, University of London (defended 4 December). Monographs Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher. Inside the Politics of SelfDetermination. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davenport, Christian. How Social Movements Die: Repression and Demobilization of the Republic of New Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy. Unconventional Warfare in South Asia, Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Farnham: Ashgate. Roy, Kaushik. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400 – 1750: Cavalry, Guns, Governments and Ships. London: Bloomsbury. Edited Volumes Carling, Jørgen; Jennifer Lee & Pia Orrenius, eds. Special Anniversary Issue: International Migration in the 21st Century: Advancing the Frontier of Scholarship and Knowledge. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. Gates, Scott & Kaushik Roy, eds. War and State-Building in Afghanistan: Historical and Modern Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Pérouse de Montclos, MarcAntoine, ed. Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Reichberg, Gregory M. & Henrik Syse, eds. Religion, War, and Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Journal Articles Baev, Pavel K. ‘Russia and Turkey Find a Common Course in Confronting the Specter of Revolution’, Turkish Policy Quarterly 12(4): 45–53. Basedau, Matthias. ‘Bad Religion? Religion, Collective Action, and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries’, Journal of Conflict Resolution. DOI: 10.1177/00220027145418531–30. Bellanova, Rocco. ‘Data Protection, with Love’, International Political Sociology 8(1): 112–115. Bergersen, Stine. ‘Overvåkning og personvern: Om innsynsrett i teori og praksis’ [Surveillance and Privacy: About the Right of Access in Theory and Practice], Materialisten. Tidsskrift For Forskning, Fagkritikk Og Teoretisk Debatt 14(3): 47–65. Böhmelt, Tobias; Thomas Bernauer; Halvard Buhaug; Nils Petter Gleditsch; Theresa Tribaldos & Gerdis Wischnath. ‘Demand, Supply, and Restraint: Determinants of Domestic Water Conflict and Cooperation’, Global Environmental Change 29: 337–348. Breidlid, Ingrid Marie & Michael J. Arensen. ‘Demystifying the White Army: Nuer Armed Civilians’ Involvement in the South Sudanese Crisis’, Conflict Trends 2014/3: 32–39. Brown, Richard; Jørgen Carling; Sonja Fransen & Melissa Siegel. ‘Measuring Remittances through Surveys: Methodological and Conceptual Issues for Survey Designers and Data Analysts’, Demographic Research 31: 1243– 1274. Bryant, Rebecca. ‘Living with Liminality: De Facto States on the Threshold of the Global’, Brown Journal of World Affairs 20(2): 125–143. Buhaug, Halvard. ‘Concealing Agreements over ClimateConflict Results’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111(6). DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.1323773111. Buhaug, Halvard; Jonas Nordkvelle; Thomas Bernauer; Tobias Böhmelt; Michael Brzoska; Joshua W. Busby; Antonio Ciccone; Hanne Fjelde; Erik Gartzke; Nils Petter Gleditsch; Jack A. Goldstone; Håvard Hegre; Helge Holtermann; Vally Koubi; Jasmin S. A. Link; Peter Michael Link; Päivi Lujala; John O’Loughlin; Clionadh Raleigh; Jürgen Scheffran; Janpeter Schilling; Todd G. Smith; Ole Magnus Theisen; Richard S. J. Tol; Henrik Urdal & Nina von Uexkull. ‘One Effect to Rule Them All? A Comment on Climate and Conflict’, Climatic Change 127(3): 391–397. Buhaug, Halvard; Lars-Erik Cederman & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. ‘Square Pegs in Round Holes: Inequalities, Grievances, and Civil War’, International Studies Quarterly 58(2): 418–431. 27 Carling, Jørgen & Silje Vatne Pettersen. ‘Return Migration Intentions in the Integration–Transnationalism Matrix’, International Migration 52(6): 13–30. Carling, Jørgen. ‘Scripting Remittances: Making Sense of Money Transfers in Transnational Relationships’, International Migration Review 48: 218–262. Charalambous, Giorgos. ‘Taking Party Ideology Development Seriously’, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 44 (2): 193–203. Charalambous, Giorgos & Iasonas Lamprianou. ‘Societal Responses to the Post-2008 Economic Crisis among South European and Irish Radical Left Parties: Continuity or Change and Why?’, Government and Opposition. DOI: 10.1017/ gov.2014.35. Deka, Arunima. ‘Of Pills and Politics: Contraceptives and Women in Assam’, Social Change and Development 11(1): 118–130. Demetriou, Olga & Maria Hadjipavlou. ‘A Feminist Position on Sharing Governmental Power and Forging Citizenship in Cyprus’, Feminist Review 107 (1): 98–106. Demetriou, Olga. ‘Struck by the Turks’: Reflections on Armenian Refugeehood in Cyprus’, Patterns of Prejudice. DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2014.905369. Erdal, Marta Bivand. ‘Praca i rodzina: Rozważania o powrocie wśród Polaków mieszkających w Norwegii’ [Work and Family: Return Considerations Among Polish Migrants Living in Norway], Studia MigracyjnePrzegląd Polonijny 2014/2: 41–64. Erdal, Marta Bivand. ‘‘This is My Home’: Pakistani and Polish Migrants’ Return Considerations as Articulations About ‘Home’’, Comparative Migration Studies 2(3): 361–384. Erdal, Marta Bivand & Rojan Tordhol Ezzati. ‘‘Where are you from’ or ‘When did you come’?: Temporal Dimensions in Migrants’ Reflections about Settlement and Return’, Ethnic and Racial Studies. DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2014.971041. Fjelde, Hanne & Gudrun Østby. ‘Socioeconomic Inequality and Communal Conflict: A Disaggregated Analysis of SubSaharan Africa, 1990–2008’, International Interactions 40(5): 737–762. Gleditsch, Nils Petter & Ragn hild Nordås. ‘Conflicting Messages? The IPCC on Conflict and Human Security’, Political Geography. DOI: 10.1016/j. polgeo.2014.08.007. Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Jonas Nordkvelle & Håvard Strand. ‘Peace Research - Just the Study of War?’, Journal of Peace Research 51(2): 145–158. Gürel, Ayla & Laura Le Cornu. ‘Can Gas Catalyse Peace in the Eastern Mediterranean?’, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 49(2): 11–33. Harpviken, Kristian Berg. ‘Split Return: Transnational Household Strategies in Afghan Repatriation’, International Migration. DOI: 10.1111/imig.12155. Hoelscher, Kristian & Per Martin Norheim-Martinsen. ‘Urban Violence and the Militarisation of Security: Brazilian ‘Peacekeeping’ in Rio de Janeiro and Port-au-Prince’, Small Wars and Insurgencies 25(5): 957–975. Høigilt, Jacob & Frida Austvoll Nome. ‘Egyptian Salafism in Revolution’, Journal of Islamic Studies 25(1): 33–55. Høigilt, Jacob. ‘Prophets in their own Country? Hizb al- Tahrir in the Palestinian Context’, Politics, Religion & Ideology. DOI: 10. 1080/ 21567689. 2014. 9656921-17 Holtermann, Helge. ‘How Can Weak Insurgent Groups Grow? Insights from Nepal’, Terrorism and Political Violence. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2014.908775. Holtermann, Helge. ‘Relative Capacity and the Spread of Rebellion: Insights from Nepal’, Journal of Conflict Resolution. DOI: 10.1177/0022002714540470. Horst, Cindy; Marta Bivand Erdal; Jørgen Carling & Karin Fathimath Afeef. ‘Private Money, Public Scrutiny? Contrasting Perspectives on Remittances’, Global Networks 14(4): 514–532. Hudson, Heidi. ‘Contextualising African Identities, Othering and the Politics of Space’, Africa Insight 44(1): 1–6. Hudson, Heidi. ‘Gendercidal Violence and the Technologies of Othering in Libya and Rwanda’, Africa Insight 44(1): 103–120. Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen. ‘How Sudan’s ‘Rogue’ State Label Shaped US Responses to the Darfur Conflict: What’s the Problem and Who’s in Charge?’, Third World Quarterly 35(2): 284–299. Knutsen, Carl Henrik. ‘Income Growth and Revolutions’, Social Science Quarterly 95(4): 920–937. Kolås, Åshild. ‘Degradation Discourse and Green Governmentality in the Xilinguole Grasslands of Inner Mongolia’, Development and Change 45(2): 308–328. Kolås, Åshild. ‘Mothers and Activists in the Hills of Assam’, Economic and Political Weekly 49(43): 41–48. Marsh, Nicholas. ‘Normative Power and Organized Hypocrisy: European Union Member States’ Arms Export to Libya’, European Security. DOI: 10. 1080/09662839.2014.967763 Miklian, Jason & Kristian Hoel scher. ‘A Tale of New Cities’, Harvard International Review 36(1): 13–18. Miklian, Jason. ‘The Past, Present and Future of the ‘Liberal Peace’’, Strategic Analysis 38(3): 493–507. Nordås, Ragnhild. ‘Religious Demography and Conflict: Lessons from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana’, International Area Studies Review 17(2): 146–166. Nygaard, Lynn P. ‘The Professional Without a Profession: An Entrepreneurial Response to Supercomplexity in Research Environments?’, Educate~ 14(3): 22–31. Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv & Håvard Hegre. ‘Governance and Conflict Relapse’, Journal of Conflict Resolution. DOI: 10.1177/0022002713520591. PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Carling, Jørgen; Marta Bivand Erdal & Rojan Ezzati. ‘Beyond the Insider–outsider Divide in Migration Research’, Migration Studies 2(1): 36–54. 28 PRIO Publications continued ... PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Østby, Gudrun & Hanne Fjelde. ‘Socioeconomic Inequality and Communal Conflict: A Disaggregated Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2008’, International Interactions 40(5): 737–762. Reid-Henry, Simon & Ole Jacob Sending. ‘The “Humanitarianization” of Urban Violence’, Environment & Urbanization 26(2): 427–442. Rolandsen, Øystein H. & Cherry Leonardi. ‘Discourses of Violence in the Transition from Colonialism to Independence in Southern Sudan, 1955–1960’, Journal of Eastern African Studies 8(4): 609–625. Rolandsen, Øystein H. & David M. Anderson. ‘Violence as Politics in Eastern Africa, 1940– 1990: Legacy, Agency, Contingency’, Journal of Eastern African Studies 8(4): 539–557. Sagmo, Tove Heggli. ‘Return Visits as a Marker of Differentiation in the Social Field’, Mobilities. DOI: 10.1080/17450101.2014.891860. Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora. ‘Beyond Sexual Violence in Transitional Justice: Political Insecurity as a Gendered Harm’, Feminist Legal Studies 22(3): 243–261. Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert; John Karlsrud & Mareile Kaufmann. ‘Humanitarian Technology: A Critical Research Agenda’, International Review of the Red Cross. DOI: 10.1017/ S1816383114000344. Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert & John Karlsrud. ‘Ny humanitær teknologi - en kritisk forskningsagenda’ [New Humanitarian Technology - A Critical Research Agenda], Internasjonal Politikk(2): 224–233. Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora. ‘Regulating War in the Shadow of Law: Toward a Re-Articulation of ROE’, Journal of Military Ethics 13(2): 118–136. Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora. ‘Teknologi og det humanitære fornyelsesprosjektet’ [Technology and the Humanitarian Renewal Project], Internasjonal Politikk(2): 272–281. Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Kjersti Lohne. ‘The Rise of the Humanitarian Drone: Giving Content to an Emerging Concept’, Millennium Journal of International Studies. DOI: 10.1177/03058298145294701– 20. Sinatti, Giulia & Cindy Horst. ‘Migrants as Agents of Development: Diaspora Engagement Discourse and Practice in Europe’, Ethnicities 14(2). Strand, Håvard & Henrik Urdal. ‘Hear Nothing, See Nothing, Say Nothing: Can States Reduce the Risk of Armed Conflict by Banning Census Data on Ethnic Groups?’, International Area Studies Review 17(2): 167–183. Tryggestad, Torunn L. ‘State Feminism Going Global: Norway on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission’, Cooperation and Conflict 49(4): 464–482. Weintraub, Michael & Håvard Mokleiv Nygård. ‘Bargaining Between Rebel Groups and the Outside Option of Violence’, Terrorism and Political Violence. DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2013.829459. Wischnath, Gerdis & Halvard Buhaug. ‘On Climate Variability and Civil War in Asia’, Climatic Change 122(4): 709–721. Book chapters Wischnath, Gerdis & Halvard Buhaug. ‘Rice or Riots: On Food Production and Conflict Severity across India’, Political Geography 43: 6–15. Non-refereed Journal Articles Buhaug, Halvard; Henrik Urdal & Jack S. Levy. ‘50 Years of Peace Research: An Introduction to the Journal of Peace Research Anniversary Special Issue’, Journal of Peace Research 51(2): 139–144. Carling, Jørgen & Marta Bivand Erdal. ‘Return Migration and Transnationalism: How Are the Two Connected?’, International Migration 52(6): 2–12. Erdal, Marta Bivand. ‘Transnationalism in a Comparative Perspective: An Introduction’, Comparative Migration Studies 2(3): 255–260. Høigilt, Jacob & Jon Nordenson. ‘Tahrir-litteraturen’ [The Tahrir Literature], Babylon 2014(1): 92–100. Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen; Kristian Hoelscher; Benjamin de Carvalho & Pinar Tank. ‘Brazil: An Aspiring Global Power’, Government Gazette 2014/7 (July). Lee, Jennifer; Jørgen Carling & Pia Orrenius. ‘The International Migration Review at 50: Reflecting on Half a Century of International Migration Research and Looking Ahead’, International Migration Review 48: 3–36. Urdal, Henrik; Gudrun Østby & Nils Petter Gleditsch. ‘Journal of Peace Research’, Peace Review 26(4): 500–504. Bellanova, Rocco & Paul De Hert. ‘Practices and Modes of Transatlantic Data-Processing. From Sorting Countries to Sorting Individuals?’ in The Routledge Handbook of European Criminology. London: Routledge (514–535). Bennett, Andrew & Jeffrey T. Checkel. ‘Process Tracing: From Philosophical Roots to Best Practices’ in Andrew Bennett & Jeffrey T. Checkel, eds, Process Tracing: from Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (3–37). Boy, Nina. ‘Oeffentlichkeit als public credit’ [The ‘Public’ of Public Credit] in Andreas Langenohl & Dietmar J. Wetzel, eds, Finanzmarktpublika: Moralitaet, Krisen Und Teilhabe In Der Oekonomischen Moderne. Wiesbaden: Springer (301–317). Boy, Nina. ‘The Backstory of the Risk-free Asset: How Government Debt Became “Safe”’ in Charles Goodhart, Daniela Gabor, Ismail Ertuerk & Jakob Vestergaard, eds, Central Banking at a Crossroads. London: Anthem Press (177–187). Buhaug, Halvard & Hanne Seter. ‘Environmental Change and Armed Conflict’ in Edward Newman & Karl R. DeRouen, eds, The Routledge Handbook of Civil Wars. New York: Routledge (197–210). Checkel, Jeffrey T. & Andrew Bennett. ‘Beyond Metaphors: Standards, Theory, and the ‘Where Next’ for Process Tracing’ in Andrew Bennett & Jeffrey T. Checkel, eds, Process Tracing: from Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (260–275). 29 Photo: Guenter Guni PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Checkel, Jeffrey T. ‘Identity, Europe, and the World Beyond Public Spheres’ in European Public Spheres: Politics Is Back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (227–246). Checkel, Jeffrey T. ‘Mechanisms, Process, and the Study of International Institutions’ in Andrew Bennett & Jeffrey T. Checkel, eds, Process Tracing: from Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (74–97). Chi, Primus Che; Lyn Horn & Mariana Kruger. ‘Risk-benefit Assessment’ in Mariana Kruger, Paul Ndebele & Lyn Horn, eds, Research Ethics In Africa: a Resources For Research Ethics Committees. Stellenbosch: Sun Press (63–70). Demetriou, Olga. ‘Situating Loss in the Greek-Turkish Encounter in Cyprus’ in Vally Lytra, ed., When Greeks and Turks Meet: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Relationship Since 1923. Farnham: Ashgate (45–64). Demetriou, Olga. ‘Ως ‘óν πολιτικόν: Η πολιτικοποíηση της καθημερινής ζωής στη Θράκη’’ [Being Political: The Politicization of Daily Life in Western Thrace] in Efi Plexousaki, ed. Μεταμορφώσεις του εθνικισμού: Επιτελέσεις της συλλογικής ταυτότητας στην Ελλάδα. Athens: Alexandria (263–294). Duez, Denis & Rocco Bellanova. ‘Humains et non-humains dans la fabrique des frontières de l’Europe: une approche in medias res de l’européanisation’ [Humans and Non-Humans in the Making of European Borders: A Proposal for a ‘In Medias Res’ Approach of Europeanization] in Denis Duez, ed., L’européanisation - Sciences Humaines Et Nouveaux Enjeux. Bruxelles: Bruylant (223–247). Erdal, Marta Bivand. ‘The Social Dynamics of Remittance-receiving in Pakistan: Agency and Opportunity Among Non-migrants in a Transnational Social Field’ in Md Mizanur Rahman, Tan Tai Yong & AKM Ahsan Ullah, eds, Migrant Remittances In South Asia Social, Economic and Political Implications. London: Palgrave Macmillan (115–134). Ezzati, Rojan & Cindy Horst. ‘Norwegian Collaboration with Diasporas’ in Liisa Laakso & Petri Hautaniemi, eds, Diasporas, Development and Peacemaking In the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books. Friberg, Jon Horgen & Cindy Horst. ‘RDS and the Structure of Migrant Populations’ in Guri Tyldum & Lisa Johnston, eds, Applying Respondent Driven Sampling to Migrant Populations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (17–26). Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Overvåking under kontroll’ [Surveillance under Control] in Lene Berg, ed., Gompen og andre beretninger om overvåking i Norge 1948–89. Oslo: URO/KORO (7–16). Gleditsch, Nils Petter. ‘Will Climate Change Reverse the Trend Towards Peace?’ in Ulrich Schneckener, Arnulf von Scheliha, Andreas Lienkamp & Britta Klagge, eds, Wettstreit Um Ressourcen. Konflikte Um Klima, Wasser Und Boden. Berlin: Oekom-Verlag (49–60). 30 PRIO Publications continued ... PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Tønnesson, Stein. ‘China’s National Interests and the Law of the Sea: Are they Reconcilable?’ in Shicun Wu & Hong Nong, eds, Recent Developments In the South China Sea Dispute: The Prospect of a Joint Development Regime. London: Routledge (199–227). Tønnesson, Stein. ‘Could China and Vietnam Resolve the Conflicts in the South China Sea?’ in Yann-huei Song & Keyuan Zou, eds, Major Law and Policy Issues In the South China Sea: European and American Perspectives. Farnham: Ashgate (207–233). Photo: Gudrun Østby Tryggestad, Torunn L. ‘FNs sikkerhetsrådsresolusjon 1325 om kvinner, fred og sikkerhet’ [UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security], in Gender i Forsvaret. Fra teori til praksis. Oslo: Abstrakt Forlag (95–124). Gürel, Ayla & Harry Tzimitras. ‘Gas Can Become the New Lost Opportunity’ in J. Ker-Lindsay, ed., Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. London: I.B. Tauris. Hatay, Mete & Ali Dayioglu. ‘Cyprus’ in Jørgen S. Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić & Egdūnas Račius, eds, Yearbook of Muslims In Europe, Vol. 6. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers (153–175). Hatay, Mete. ‘Three Ways of Sharing the Sacred: Choreographies of Coexistence in Cyprus’ in Elazar Barkan & Karen Barkey, eds, Choreographies of Shared Sacred Sites: Religion, Politics, and Conflict Resolution. New York: Columbia University Press (69–96). Hudson, Heidi. ‘The ANC in Perspective: Agents, Structures and the Politics of Change’ in Treading the Waters of History: Perspectives on the ANC. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa (195–). Jacobsen, Elida K. U. & Samrat Schmiem Kumar. ‘The Plurality of Peace, Non-Violence and Peace works in India’ in Priyankar Upadhyaya & Samrat Schmiem Kumar, eds, Peace and Conflict - the South Asian Experience. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India. Kolås, Åshild. ‘Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Ideas, Approaches and Debates’ in Priyankar Upadhyaya & Samrat Schmiem Kumar, eds, Peace and Conflict - the South Asian Experience. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India (1–22). Montealegre, Jane; Antje Röder & Rojan Ezzati. ‘Formative Assessment, Data Collection and Parallel Monitoring for RDS Fieldwork’ in Guri Tyldum & Lisa Johnston, eds, Applying Respondent Driven Sampling to Migrant Populations. Lessons from the Field. London: Palgrave Pivot (62–83). Reichberg, Gregory M. ‘Catholic Christianity: Historical Development’ in Gregory M. Reichberg & Henrik Syse, eds, Religion, War, and Ethics: a Sourcebook of Textual Traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (76–103). Roy, Kaushik. ‘Hinduism’ in Gregory M Reichberg & Henrik Syse, eds, Religion, War, and Ethics: a Sourcebook of Textual Traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (471–543). Roy, Kaushik. ‘Learning through Conflicts: How have India’s External Conflicts Shaped its Strategic Culture?’ in Happymon Jacob, ed., Does India Think Strategically? Institutions, Strategic Culture and Security Policies. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors (83–112). Roy, Kaushik. ‘The Concept of Peace in Hinduism: A Historical Analysis’ in Takashi Shogimen & Vicki A. Spencer, eds, Visions of Peace: Asia and the West. Farnham: Ashgate (47–66). Tunander, Ola. ‘Diskurs, identitet och territorialitet: Kjellens tankar om ett europeisk statsfôrbund’ [Discourse, Identity and Territoriality: Kjellen’s Thoughts on a Union of European States] in Bert Edstrôm, Ragnar Bjôrk; & Thomas Lunden, eds, Rudolf Kjellen. Geopolitiken Och Konservatismen. Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg (203-223). Østby, Gudrun & Henrik Urdal. ‘Demographic Factors and Civil War’ in Edward Newman & Karl R. DeRouen, eds, The Routledge Handbook of Civil Wars. New York: Routledge (131–144). PRIO Series 2014 31 1 Mullen, Fiona; Alexander Apostolides & Mustafa Besim. ‘The Cyprus Peace Dividend Revisited: A Productivity and Sectoral Approach’, PRIO Cyprus Centre Report 1. Nicosia: PRIO Cyprus Centre. 2 Charalambous, Giorgos. ‘Political Culture and Behaviour in the Republic of Cyprus during the Crisis’, PRIO Cyprus Centre Report 2. Nicosia: PRIO Cyprus Centre. 3 Gürel, Ayla; Hubert Faustmann & Harry Tzimitras, eds. ‘East Mediterranean Hydrocarbons’, PRIO Cyprus Centre Report 3. Nicosia: PRIO Cyprus Centre. 4 Gürel, Ayla & Fiona Mullen. ‘Can Eastern Mediterranean Gas Discoveries Have a Positive Impact on Turkey-EU Relations’, in Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Daniela Huber, Meltem Müftüler-Baç, E. Fuat Keyman, Jan Tasci & Nathalie Tocci, eds, Global Turkey in Europe II, Rome: Nuova Cultura (49-68). PRIO Cyprus Centre Policy Briefs 1 Demetriou, Olga. ‘Towards a Gendered Peace - Interventions in the Negotiation Process Inspired by UNSCR 1325’, PCC/ GAT Policy Brief 1-2014. PRIO Gender Peace and Security Updates PRIO Policy Briefs PRIO Papers 1 Tryggestad, Torunn L. & Jenny Kathrine Lorentzen. ‘The Role and Relevance of Gender in Peace Mediation’, PRIO Gender, Peace and Security Update 1. Oslo: PRIO. 1 Nilsen, Marte & Stein Tønnesson. ‘Myanmar’s National Census – Helping or Disrupting Peace?’, PRIO Policy Brief 1. Oslo: PRIO. [Also available in Burmese.] Breidlid, Ingrid Marie & Michael J. Arensen. ‘“Anyone Who Can Carry A Gun Can Go”: The Role of the White Army in the Current Conflict in South Sudan’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. 2 Lorentzen, Jenny Kathrine & Torunn L. Tryggestad. ‘Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict’, PRIO Gender, Peace and Security Update 2. Oslo: PRIO. 2 Marsh, Nicholas. ‘Defining the Scope of Autonomy’, PRIO Policy Brief 2. Oslo: PRIO. Buhaug, Halvard & Jonas Nord kvelle. ‘Climate and Conflict: A Comment on Hsiang et al.’s Reply to Buhaug et al.’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. 3 Lorentzen, Jenny Kathrine & Torunn L. Tryggestad. ‘First Woman Appointed as UN Force Commander’, PRIO Gender, Peace and Security Update 3. Oslo: PRIO. 4 Lorentzen, Jenny Kathrine & Torunn L. Tryggestad. ‘Symposium on Women’s Rights and Empowerment in Afghanistan’, PRIO Gender, Peace and Security Update 4. Oslo: PRIO. Conflict Trends Policy Briefs 1 Hegre, Håvard & Håvard Mokleiv Nygård. ‘Peace on Earth? The Future of Internal Armed Conflict’, Conflict Trends 1. Oslo: PRIO. 2 Dahl, Marianne; Scott Gates; Håvard Mokleiv Nygård & Håvard Strand. ‘Ukraine and the Role of the Security Forces in Popular Uprisings’, Conflict Trends 2. Oslo: PRIO. 3 Gates, Scott; Håvard Hegre; Håvard Mokleiv Nygård & Håvard Strand. ‘Development Consequences of Internal Armed Conflict’, Conflict Trends 3. Oslo: PRIO. 3 Talleraas, Cathrine. ‘The Unintended Effects of Norway’s Readmission Agreement with Ethiopia’, PRIO Policy Brief 3. Oslo: PRIO. 4 Paasche, Erlend. ‘Iraqi Kurdistan: Partner Under Pressure’, PRIO Policy Brief 4. Oslo: PRIO. 5 Ormhaug, Christin Marsh. ‘National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security in the OSCE Area’, PRIO Policy Brief 5. Oslo: PRIO. 6 Nilsen, Marte & Stein Tønnesson. ‘High Risk of Electoral Violence in Myanmar’, PRIO Policy Brief 6. Oslo: PRIO. [Also available in Burmese.] 7 Hernes, Helga. ‘Global Aspects of Women’s Participation’, PRIO Policy Brief 7. Oslo: PRIO. 8 Paasche, Erlend. ‘Why Assisted Return Programmes Must Be Evaluated’, PRIO Policy Brief 8. Oslo: PRIO. Doucet, Rachelle. ‘Modelos locales de Prevención y Gestión de Conflictos en Haití’ [Local Models of Conflict Prevention in Haiti], PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. Eide, Kai. ‘Afghanistan and the US: Between Partnership and Occupation’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. Hedayat, Lida Nadery & Kristian Berg Harpviken. ‘Where Do Afghan Women Stand on Education and Economic Empowerment?’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. Marsh, Nicholas & Gugu Dube. ‘Preventing Diversion: The Importance of Stockpile Management’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO. Sharan, Timor & Torunn Wimpelmann. ‘Women’s Rights and Political Representation: Past Achievements and Future Challenges’, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 PRIO Cyprus Centre Reports Research School on Peace and Conflict 32 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Research School Activities 2014 6 – 7 January: Symposium, with Lynn Nygaard and Jacob Høigilt 8 – 10 January: PhD Course: Gender, Peace and Security, with Inger Skjelsbæk and Torunn Tryggestad Gregory M. Reichberg Head Kristoffer Lidén Academic Coordinator Maral Mirshahi Administrative Coordinator Lynn P. Nygaard Leader of symposiums and skills training The Research School on Peace and Conflict offers advanced research training for the next generation of peace and conflict scholars by building on networks and expertise at the UiO, NTNU and PRIO. The collaboration is characterized by multidisciplinary approaches to peace and conflict issues, international profile and outlook, and research excellence. The Research School on Peace and Conflict is a National Research School, funded by the Research Council of Norway. Head Gregory M. Reichberg, Professor II, University of Oslo and Research Professor, PRIO Steering Group Øyvind Østerud, Professor, UiO Kristen Ringdal, Professor, NTNU Inger Skjelsbæk, Deputy Director and Senior Researcher, PRIO Elida Kristine Undrum Jacobsen, Student Representative Kjersti Lohne, Student Representative (deputy) Gregory M. Reichberg, Professor II, University of Oslo and Research Professor, PRIO Kristoffer Lidén, Secretary of Steering Group, Researcher, PRIO 3 – 6 March: The Political Economy of Genocide: The Case of Rwanda, with Philip Verwimp 10 – 11 April: Open Source GIS: Quantum and PostGIS. With Andreas Forø Tollefsen and Nils B. Weidmann 5 – 7 May: Course on Writing and Presentation, with Lynn P. Nygaard 8 – 9 May: Symposium, with Lynn P. Nygaard 8 May: Introduction to the Research School on Peace and Conflict 12 – 15 May: The Dynamics of Civil War, with Jeffrey T. Checkel and Scott Gates 11 – 15 August:Advanced Social Statistics, with Arild Blekesaune 29 September – 2 October: The Arab Spring: a Challenge to Comparative and International Politics, with Inga Brandell 6 – 10 October: Cyprus Course on Peace and Conflict, with the PRIO Cyprus Centre 28 – 30 October: Humanitarian Action and the Protection of Civilians 13 – 14 November: Symposium 8 – 12 December: Methods in Critical Security Studies, with J. Peter Burgess and Mark B. Salter Peace Research Summer School 33 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Summer School students 2014 Photo: Julie Lunde Lillesæter, PRIO Since 1969, PRIO has organized the Peace Research Course of the University of Oslo’s International Summer School. The course has been coordinated by Kendra Dupuy and Stephan Hamberg since 2006, and the 2014 course was their last Summer School. Kendra Dupuy Coordinator Stephan Hamberg Coordinator Main topics: The causes of conflict The dynamics of conflict Resolving conflict and building peace Ethics and legal issues in war There were 21 students in the 2014 course from the following countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, the USA, Denmark, Ethiopia, Czech Republic, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iceland, Kyrgyzstan, Norway, South Africa, the Netherlands, and Zambia. Most of the 2014 students had academic backgrounds, in the sense that they were either working on a degree or had recently finished one. However, we had two professors, two student who had worked with the UN, one NGO worker, and three students who had been police officers (two of which are currently working on academic degrees). Leadership and Support 34 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Director´s Office Kristian Berg Harpviken Director Inger Skjelsbæk Deputy Director Communication Halvor Berggrav Adviser to the Director (On leave from November) Hilde Christine Hjertenes Adviser to the Director Lynn P. Nygaard Adviser on Project Development and Publications Ingeborg Haavardsson Special Adviser on External Relations Agnete Schjønsby Communication Director Martin Tegnander Portal Manager Administration Lene K. Borg Administrative Director Lars Even Andersen Deputy Administrative Director Julie Lunde Lillesæter Communication Assistant Library Cathrine Bye Institute Adviser Pål Torjus Halsne Finance Controller Fanny Nicolaisen Administrative Assistant Lorna Quilario Sandberg Chief Accountant Svein Normann IT Manager Damian Laws Management Adviser Odvar Leine Head Librarian Olga Baeva Librarian Report from the Board 2014 35 The research at PRIO is organized into research groups, projects and departments, of which the research groups serve as a driving force in innovation and project development. The research groups are structured thematically, reflecting the Institute’s research agenda. At end of 2014, PRIO has 15 research groups: Migration Gender Conflict Trends Environment Humanitarianism Peacebuilding Religion Security Law and Ethics Civilians in Conflict Governance Non-state Conflict Actors Cities and Populations Regions and Powers Media The value generated by the research projects constitutes the basis for the Institute’s operations, and both the research staff and the projects are anchored in the three research departments: ■Social Dynamics of Violence and Peace ■Dimensions of Security ■Conditions PRIO owns the two world-class journals – the Journal of Peace Research and Security Dialogue, both published by SAGE. Furthermore, PRIO keeps key roles in the editorial teams of the journals International Area Studies Review and the Journal of Military Ethics. We consider 2014 to have been a good year for PRIO, with a high level of activity. The following research output is emphasized: ■4 scientific monographs (the corresponding figure for 2013 was 5) ■68 peer-reviewed journal articles in international journals (the figure for 2013 was 70) ■28 book chapters (the figure for 2013 was 43) ■7 completed doctoral dissertations (the figure for 2013 was 2) The Institute’s total operating income amounted to NOK 115.8 million, an increase of 24.4% on the corresponding figure for 2013. The 2014 accounts show a surplus after tax of NOK 12.8 million, against a surplus of 3.8 million in 2013. PRIO has a long-term strategic aim of building up its net assets, and the result contributes positively towards this aim. The 2014 surplus will be added to the net assets, which now amount to NOK 60.9 million, equivalent to 52% of the total assets. The cash-flow analysis shows a net increase of NOK 7.1 million in the Institute’s cash equivalents from 31 December 2013 to 31 December 2014. PRIO’s liquidity situation is considered good. Current assets are equivalent to 2.2 times current liabilities at December 31, 2014. The Board is of the opinion that the annual accounts give a true and fair view of PRIO’s financial situation as of 31 December 2014. In 2014, the core grant represented 14% of the Institute’s operating revenues. Another 39% of the income came from the Research Council of Norway through ordinary project grants. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) is one of the most important contributors to PRIO’s activities. Project grants from the MFA provided 24% of PRIO’s operating revenues in 2014. Additional income was generated through various other funders, including the European Commission and the Norwegian Ministry of Defence. It is a strategic goal to diversify the funding base in order to reduce vulnerability. Focused efforts are also directed towards increasing the share of international funding, which in 2014 constituted 18%. For 2015, PRIO has budgeted with a turnover of NOK 120.8 million, including a core grant of NOK 16,681,000. At the start of the year, 77% of the budgeted income was considered secure. The Institute has budgeted with a surplus for 2015 as well, and the Board is of the opinion that the conditions for continued operation are present. PRIO enjoys a good internal working environment. Routines for health, environmental awareness and security have been established. PRIO employees participate in decision-making at the Institute through membership of, or representation on, the Institute Council and the PRIO Board. Reported sick leave in 2014 was 2.2% (2.5% in 2013). No accidents with physical injury were reported in 2014. The Institute does not pollute the external environment. On average, 93 people were employed at PRIO during 2014, working an equivalent of 72 person-years. Compared with 2013, the average number of people employed and the number of person-years performed increased by four. A total of 107 persons were engaged by PRIO during 2014. 20 doctoral candidates and four master’s degree students benefited from scholarships and/or workspace at PRIO. PRIO promotes gender equality for its employees. In 2014, work carried out by research staff at the Institute amounted to 53.6 person-years. Among junior researchers and doctoral candidates, women were responsible for 66%, while women accounted for 58% of the senior researchers holding doctoral degrees. 21% of the research professors were women. The female proportion of the 18.1 person-years performed by support staff was 62%. PRIO makes active efforts to prevent discrimination on the basis of functional ability, ethnicity, national origin, skin colour, or religious or philosophical orientation. Activities performed in this regard include recruitment, remuneration and working conditions, promotional schemes, staff development programmes and protection against harassment. PRIO is engaged in the project Peace and Reconciliation in the Eastern Mediterranean. In relation to this project, the Institute keeps a branch office in Nicosia, Cyprus. Apart from the work of the PRIO Cyprus Centre, all of the Institute’s activities are carried out at PRIO’s offices in Oslo. PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 The purpose of the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) is to engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, groups and individuals. Since its foundation in 1959, PRIO has played a central international role in developing peace research as an important academic discipline. PRIO is led by Kristian Berg Harpviken, who is engaged in his second term as Director of PRIO, ending June 30, 2017. Inger Skjelsbæk serves as Deputy Director. 36 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 The Board is of the clear opinion that PRIO’s activities are well managed, and in compliance with the Institute’s Statutes, approved strategies, and annual plans of action. PRIO is internationally very well-recognised within the field of peace and conflict. In the short term, the demand and funding prospects for PRIO’s research are expected to remain robust. In the longer term, challenges may arise from the Norwegian research policy. Possible scenarios include a research policy that aims at cultivating the institute sector as an arena for applied research, at the same time as universities and colleges are also increasingly expected to obtain supplementary funding from external sources. Expansive consultant companies and new public think-tanks may narrow down the space for the institute sector in general, and for strong academic research milieus like PRIO in particular. At the same time, PRIO demonstrates that solid academic competence is the best base for research relevance. We consider the research milieu at PRIO to be unique in a Norwegian as well as international setting. We develop new and stronger alliances with other research environments, and we are therefore of the opinion that in the long term, PRIO will prove itself as a robust research institute with unique qualities and a strong international profile that is well positioned for further growth. Oslo, 20 April 2015 Bernt Aardal Chair Ragnhild Nordås Board Member Georg Sørensen Board Member Kristian Berg Harpviken Director Tora Skodvin Board Member Henrik Urdal Board Member Bernard Enjolras Board Member Ragnhild Sohlberg Board Member The Board members Bernt Aardal (Chair) University of Oslo Tora Skodvin University of Oslo Bernard Enjolras Institute for Social Research, Oslo Ragnhild Sohlberg Sohlberg Consulting, Oslo Georg Sørensen Aarhus University Ragnhild Nordås, PRIO Henrik Urdal, PRIO Bernt Aardal Chair Tora Skodvin Bernard Enjolras Ragnhild Sohlberg Georg Sørensen Ragnhild Nordås Henrik Urdal Kristian Berg Harpviken (ex officio) Inger Skjelsbæk (ex officio) Lene K. Borg (ex officio) Deputies: Marianne Røed Institute for Social Research, Oslo Nora Sveaass, University of Oslo Catharina Kinnvall, Lund University Nazneen Khan-Østrem, Aschehoug Sveinung Lunde, Bjørknes College Kristin Bergtora Sandvik, PRIO Damian Laws, PRIO Cash Flow Statement 20142013 Cash Flow From Operating Activities Annual surplus 17 738 5 659 Taxes paid for the period (1 898) (3 108) Depreciations620685 Change project advances from funders (7 976) 20 522 Change debtors 761 (5 964) Change other receivables 1 766 (1 051) Change accounts payable and other liabilities 2 941 327 Effect of pension fund (6 566) 547 Change in other periodized items 533 873 Net cash flow from operating activities 7 919 18 491 Cash Flow from Investment Activities (831) (439) Payments for purchase of fixed assets Net cash flow from investment activities (831) (439) Cash and Cash Equivalents Net change in cash and cash equivalents 7 089 18 052 Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 88 440 70 389 Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 95 529 88 440 37 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 All figures in NOK thousands Income Statement 20142013 Operating Revenues Core grants 16 111 15 224 Project grants 90 072 69 793Note 4 Sales revenues 6 941 6 014 Other revenues 2 658 2 009 Total operating revenues 115 782 93 040 Note 3 Operating Expenses Salaries and social costs 47 596 49 227Notes 8, 11 Professional fees 21 386 12 272 Other personnel costs 2 214 1 820 12 511 12 616 Note 6, 10 Office costs Running costs for field office 3 988 3 003 Travel, representation and seminars 11 358 9 735 Depreciations 620 638Note 5 Total operating expenses 99 673 89 311 Operating surplus (deficit) 16 109 3 729 Financial Income/Expenses Financial income 1 850 2 074 Financial expenses 221 144 Net financial items 1 629 1 930 Net Surplus Net surplus before corporate tax 17 738 5 659 Corporate tax 4 942 1 832Note 12 Net surplus for the financial year 12 796 3 827 Disposal of Net Surplus Transferred to other equity capital 12 796 3 827 Note 13 38 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Balance Sheet 20142013 Assets Fixed assets Deferred tax assets 1 196 2 988Note 12 Machines and furniture 808 597Note 5, 6 Total fixed assets 2 004 3 585 Current assets Debtors 17 288 18 050Note 4 Other receivables 2 202 3 968 Bank and cash in hand 95 529 88 440Note 2 Total current assets 115 019 110 458 Total assets 117 023 114 043 Net Assets and Liabilities Net assets Basic capital 6 197 6 197 Other equity capital 54 710 41 914Note 13 Total net assets 31 December 60 907 48 111 Allocation for liabilities Pension liabilities 3 368 9 934Note 7 Long term liabilities, employees 1 401 1 204Note 11 Total allocation for liabilities 4 769 11 137 Current liabilities Withholding tax, social security, VAT 4 283 3 946 Project advances from funders 28 594 36 570Note 4 Accounts payable 2 699 3 068 Current income tax payable 3 151 1 899Note 12 Other liabilities 12 620 9 311 Total current liabilities 51 347 54 794 Total net assets and liabilities 117 023 114 043 Oslo, 20 April 2015 Bernt Aardal Chair Ragnhild Nordås Board Member Georg Sørensen Board Member Kristian Berg Harpviken Director Tora Skodvin Board Member Henrik Urdal Board Member Bernard Enjolras Board Member Ragnhild Sohlberg Board Member 39 Note 1: Accounting Principles The annual accounts are produced in accordance with the Accounting Act of 1998 and sound accounting practice. Valuation and Classification of Assets and Liabilities Long-lived assets aimed at permanent utilization or ownership are classified as fixed assets. Other assets are classified as current assets. Items falling due within one year are classified as current assets and liabilities. The classification of current and non-current liabilities is based on the same criteria. Note 2: Separate Bank Account for Withholding Taxes Note 3: Operating Revenues Fixed assets are stated at historical cost net of accumulated depreciation or at estimated fair value if less than book value and the decline in book value is not perceived as temporary. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis at rates calculated to amortize each asset over its expected economic lifetime. Current assets are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Assets and liabilities in foreign currency are valued at year-end exchange rates. Income Revenue is recognized when it is earned. Costs Costs are accounted for in line with the matching principle. Pensions The basis for recording pension liabilities is estimated salary level upon retirement and years of service. Deviations from estimates and effects of changes in assumptions are amortized over expected remaining years of service if exceeding 10% of the greater of pension liabilities and pension funds. Changes in the pension plan are dispersed over the remaining years of service. The figures include payroll tax. The pension means are assessed at real value. The balance in the separate bank account for withholding taxes at 31 December 2014 was 2,145,847. The corresponding figure at 31 December 2013 was NOK 2,142,374. Core grant Project grants Sales revenues Other revenues Total operating revenues 20142013 16 111 000 15 224 000 90 072 524 69 793 493 6 940 991 6 014 325 2 657 775 2 008 522 115 782 290 93 040 340 including the Research School on Peace and Conflict in collaboration with the University of Oslo and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, as well as the Peace Research course at the International Summer School at the University of Oslo. PRIO receives an annual result-based core grant through the Research Council of Norway. The core grant is used to support long term knowledge and competence building, in line with the Guidelines for Governmental Funding of Research Institutes. Research at PRIO is organised in projects, and project grants consist of revenues from funding sources in Norway and abroad, including project grants from the Norwegian Research Council, ministries and the European Commission. Sales revenues consist of royalty income generated through the publishing of Journal of Peace Research and Security Dialogue by SAGE. Other revenues consist of income generated through PRIO’s engagement in education, Note 4: Project Accounts The method of accounting used for projects is the percentage-of-completion method (Norwegian Accounting Standard 2, Construction Contracts). Project revenues are accounted for according to progress and reflect earned income. Project expenses are accounted for according to the accrual principle of accounting. The project balance and any outstanding income are regarded as sufficient to cover future expenses needed for the completion of the project. Earned non-invoiced revenues are included in the sum for debtors in the balance. On account payments and project advances from funders are presented as current liabilities on the balance sheet. Projects at 31 December Earned non-invoiced revenues on ongoing projects Pre-invoiced production 2014 9 221 371 25 593 828 2013 8 893 069 36 570 063 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Notes to the Accounts at 31 December 2014 40 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Note 5: Machines and Furniture Cost price 1 January New investments Decline/sales during the year Accumulated previous depreciations This year’s depreciation Net book value at 31 December 20142013 10 771 309 10 332 071 831 003 439 237 0 0 10 174 403 9 489 543 620 236 684 860 807 672 596 905 Depreciation of machines and furniture is calculated using the linear method over three years. Note 6: Leasing On 1 August 2005, PRIO entered into an agreement with the Norwegian Red Cross for rent of office space in Hausmanns gate 7. The agreement was in 2014 extended until 31 July 2020 and the annual rent is NOK 2.9 million. After expiry, PRIO has the right to extend the agreement for another five years, at market-regulated rent. Each of the parties can claim an annual regulation of the rent equal to 100% of the change in Statistics Norway’s consumer price indices. Note 7: Pension Expenses, Pension Assets and Pension Liabilities Present value of earned pensions this year Interest expense on pension liabilities Return on pension assets Effect of estimate deviation Regulatory plan changes Accrued payroll tax Administration cost Accounted for pension expense PRIO’s employees are members of the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund. The pension plan is regulated by the Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund Act. The pension plan comprises retirement pensions, disability pensions and contingent life pensions (contingent life pensions include joint life pensions and children’s pensions). The plan also comprises contractual pensions from 62 years. The pension plan is coordinated with pensions from the National Insurance Scheme. Membership is mandatory for all employees who qualify according to current regulations. At 31 December 2014, 78 employees were included in the fund, and the number of pensioners was 3. Calculation of pension contributions and pension liabilities are based on actuarial principles. The pension scheme is not based on funds; payment of pensions is guaranteed by the Norwegian state (Retirement Pension Act §1). The Norwegian Public Service Pension Fund simulates placing the pension assets in government bonds (fictitious funds). 20142013 4 517 165 3 963 615 2 340 724 1 864 571 (1 801 678) (1 479 217) 1 110 825 (7 326 330) (300 619) 630 918 138 070 125 627 (1 321 843) 5 105 514 31 December 2014 31 December 2013 Assets < liabilities Assets < liabilities Accrued pension liabilities 71 428 872 62 797 902 Pension plan assets (at market value) 42 418 369 38 852 260 Estimate deviations not recognized (26 058 384) (15 239 298) Net pension liability, before payroll tax (2 952 119) (8 706 344) Accrued payroll tax (416 249) (1 227 594) Net pension liability, after payroll tax (3 368 368) (9 933 938) Economic Assumptions Discount interest Expected salaries regulation Expected pension regulation Expected G regulation Expected return on funds 20142013 2.30% 4.00% 2.75% 3.75% 1.75% 2.75% 2.50% 3.50% 3.20% 4.40% The regular presuppositions of the insurance industry are used as actuarial assumptions for demographic factors and retirement. Note 8: Specification of Salaries and Social Costs Total salaries and social costs consist of the following items: Salaries Payroll tax Pension costs Total 20142013 43 643 724 39 412 473 6 702 873 6 032 831 (2 751 212) 3 872 032 47 595 385 49 227 336 41 The average number of employees at PRIO during 2014 was 93, performing a total of 72 personyears (the corresponding figures for 2013 were 89 and 68). Additionally, the institute had 4 graduate students with scholarships and/or office space at PRIO during the year (the corresponding figure for 2013 was 5). Note 10: Auditors’ Fee Fees to Deloitte AS and cooperating firms have been divided as follows: 20142013 Statutory audit fee 210 000 200 000 Other audit services 112 500 129 500 Tax advice fees 23 400 23 400 Total excl. VAT 345 900 352 900 Note 11: Remuneration of the Leadership For each year employed in the Institute Director position, the Institute Director accrues 1.5 months of salary, payable upon completion of the Institute Director term. Director Board Note 12: Tax In 2009, the Norwegian tax authorities decided that PRIO is liable for corporate taxation, effective as of the 2008 income year. PRIO disagrees and has appealed the decision. Pending the appeal, PRIO has accounted for tax as if the institute were liable for corporate taxation. Specification of income tax expense: 2014 2013 Current income tax payable 3 151 276 1 898 554 Changes in deferred tax 1 791 268 (176 852) Effect of change in taxation rules 0 110 656 4 942 544 1 832 358 Tax on profit/(loss) Specification of current income tax payable: 2014 2013 This year’s payable income tax expense 3 151 276 1 898 554 Too little/much income tax allocation previous years 0 0 Current income tax payable in balance sheet 3 151 276 1 898 554 Reconciliation from nominal to real income tax rate: 2014 2013 Profit/(loss) before taxation 17 738 366 5 659 243 Estimated income tax according to nominal rate (27%) 4 789 359 1 584 588 Tax effect of the following items: 20142013 Other non-deductable expenses 155 005 137 114 Other non-taxable income (1 820) 0 Effect of change in taxataion rules 0 110 656 4 942 544 1 832 358 Income tax expense Effective income tax rate 27.9% 32.4 % Specification of the tax effect of temporary differences and losses carried forward: 20142013 (286 979) (305 543) Fixed assets Pension liabilities (909 460) (2 682 163) (1 196 439) (2 987 707) Total Off-balance sheet deferred tax benefits 0 0 Net deferred benefit/liability in balance sheet (1 196 439) (2 987 707) The deferred tax benefit is included in the balance sheet on the basis of future income. Note 13: Net Assets PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Note 9: Number of Employees During the Financial Year SalaryPensionOther 1 037 688 99 586 5 612 207 500 Basic capital Other equity capital, 1 January Net surplus Other equity capital, 31 December Total net assets, 31 December 20142013 6 197 000 6 197 000 41 914 358 38 087 474 12 795 822 3 826 885 54 710 180 41 914 358 60 907 180 48 111 358 42 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 PRIO Staff in 2014 43 (Staff who left in 2014 are listed in italics) Deputy Director Inger Skjelsbæk Director’s Office Halvor Olav Berggrav Ingeborg Haavardsson Hilde Christine Hjertenes Lynn Parker Nygaard Researchers Pavel K. Baev Rocco Bellanova Covadonga Morales Bertrand Helga Malmin Binningsbø Kaja Borchgrevink Nina Kristin Jessica Boy Ingrid Marie Breidlid Halvard Buhaug J. Peter Burgess Jørgen Carling Primus Che Chi Erica Chenoweth David Cunningham Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham Marianne Dahl Ida Dommersnes Kendra Dupuy Marta Bivand Erdal Rojan Tordhol Ezzati Scott Gates Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Nils Petter Gleditsch Stephan Hamberg Wenche Iren Hauge Rahmatullah Hashemi Håvard Hegre Maria Hernández Carretero Helga Hernes Rozemarijn van der Hilst Kristian Hoelscher Helge Holtermann Cindy Horst Jacob Høigilt Bjørn Høyland Elida Kristine Jacobsen Noor Jdid Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert Mareile Kaufmann Carl-Henrik Knutsen Åshild Kolås Kristoffer Lidén Nicholas Marsh Jason Miklian Shabana Mitra Marte Nilsen Jonas Nordkvelle Ragnhild Nordås Håvard Mokleiv Nygård Christin Marsh Ormhaug Erlend Paasche Andrew Peter Rebera Greg Reichberg Simon Reid-Henry Øystein H. Rolandsen Siri Camilla Aas Rustad Espen Geelmuyden Rød Tove Heggli Sagmo Kristin Bergtora Sandvik Håvard Strand Mette Strømsø Henrik Syse Pinar Tank Andreas Forø Tollefsen Torunn Lise Tryggestad Ola Tunander Stein Tønnesson Synnøve Ugelvik Henrik Urdal Hilde Henriksen Waage Tore Wig Gerdis Wischnath Jennifer Wu Gudrun Østby Research Assistants Ragnhild Belbo Stine Bergersen Helene Molteberg Glomnes Belen Gonzalez Jenny Kathrine Lorentzen Maral Mirshahi Marit Moe-Pryce Linn Marie Reklev Ida Rudolfsen Cathrine Talleraas Eirik Vold MA Students Ragnhild Belbo Hanna Bugge Lina Elter Martin Smidt Visiting Researchers Trond Bakkevig Matthias Basedau Antje Bierwisch Annik Cecilie Saxegaard Falch Christian Davenport Kai Eide Elisabeth Gilmore Michelle Leiby Cyanne Loyle Ortrun Merkle Elise Must Kari Paasonen Anja Sletteland Ricardo de Sousa Francis Steen Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh PRIO Global Fellows Endre Begby Lars-Erik Cederman Jeffrey T. Checkel Heidi Hudson Luka Biong Deng Kuol Julieta Lemaitre Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Ceri Oeppen Kaushik Roy Ranabir Samaddar Monica Duffy Toft Ukoha O. Ukiwo PRIO Cyprus Centre Guido Bonino Giorgos Charalambous Olga Demetriou Ayla Gürel Mete Hatay Harry G. Tzimitras Library Olga Baeva Odvar Leine Editorial staff Claudia Aradau Scott Gates Nicole Monique Hartwell Idunn Kristiansen Bertrand Lescher-Nuland Marit Moe-Pryce Håvard Mokleiv Nygård Sarah Pettersen Henrik Syse Henrik Urdal Communication Julie Lunde Lillesæter Agnete Schjønsby Martin Tegnander Administrative Functions Vicky Ackx Lars Even Andersen Lene Kristin Borg Cathrine Bye Anne Duquenne Bertrand Lescher-Nuland Jenny Kathrine Lorentzen Damian Laws Fanny Nicolaisen Svein Normann Lorna Quilario Sandberg Jennifer Wu PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 Director Kristian Berg Harpviken Statutes 44 PRIO ANNUAL Report 2 014 §1: Aim and Purpose The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), herein also referred to as “the Institute”, is an independent international research institute. Its purpose is to engage in research concerning the conditions for peaceful relations between nations, groups and individuals. A quorum of the Board shall be constituted by the presence of at least five members; or by the presence of four, including the Chairperson. The Chair has a double vote in the case of a tie. In addition to this main purpose, the Institute shall: • stimulate research cooperation nationally and internationally • undertake training and teaching • hold conferences and seminars • disseminate information based on its own research as well as that of other institutions. The Board shall keep minutes of its meetings. Minutes are to be available to the members of the Institute staff. • The Institute is free to choose its research projects. • The results of its research shall be available to the public. The name of the Institute is, in Norwegian, “Institutt for fredsforskning” and, in English, “Peace Research Institute Oslo”, with “PRIO” as the official abbreviation in both languages. §2: The Foundation The Peace Research Institute Oslo, is an autonomous non-profit foundation, independent of ideological, political or national interests. The “basis capital” (grunnkapital) of the Institute (as of 31 December 1996) stands at NOK 6.197 million. §3: Governing Bodies The Institute has the following governing bodies: • the Board • the Institute Director • the Institute Council. §4: The Board The Board shall consist of seven members with personal deputies. Board members are appointed for a three-year period, in such a way that 4 and 3 members, respectively, are to be appointed at a time. Members are appointed by the following bodies: • One member by the Institute for Social Research • Two members by the Norwegian Research Council (NFR) • One member by the University of Oslo • One member from the other Nordic countries, appointed by the Nordic International Studies Association • Two members by the Institute Council (IC). These two members shall be chosen from among the PRIO staff. The Institute Director, the Deputy Director and the Administrative Director are not eligible. The Institute Director, Deputy Director and the Administrative Director take part in the meetings of the Board, without voting rights. Consideration shall be given to achieving reasonable representation of both sexes. The Board elects its own Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson. If any Board member finds it necessary to leave the Board during his/her period of appointment, a new appointment should be made for the duration of the period. The Board shall be convened when demanded by the Chair or by two of its members. §5 Board: Functions The Board shall discuss and approve the work plan of the Institute, approve the budget and accounts, and evaluate the activities of the Institute in relation to the Institute’s aim and purpose and its work plan. The Board shall appoint the Institute Director (cf § 6), the Administrative Director, researchers employed in permanent positions and other researchers when these are engaged for a period of over one year. Notice of termination for these same personnel categories is likewise to be approved by the Board. §6: Appointment of Institute Director and Deputy Director The Institute Council and the Board jointly prepare the appointment of a new Institute Director. The Institute Council is to deliver an annotated recommendation to the Board. Before delivering its recommendation, the Council is to obtain statements from outside experts. The Institute Director shall be appointed by the Board to serve for a period of four years, with the possibility of an extension of up to four years. If the Institute Council, within two weeks of the Board’s first decision on the hiring of a new Director, by at least a 3/4 majority, notifies the Board in writing of its reasoned disagreement with the decision, the Board must consider the hiring anew. The Board shall appoint the Deputy Director for two years at a time, following nomination by the Director and the recommendation of the IC. The Deputy Director may be re-appointed. § 7: Institute Director: Functions The Institute Director is in charge of leading the activity of the Institute. The Institute Director has overarching responsibility for the planning, running, co-ordinating and financing of the scholarly activities of the Institute, within the framework set by the work plan and the budget adopted by the Board. The Institute Director is to see to it that the staff are provided with possibilities to develop their competence. The Institute Director has main responsibility for information about the Institute externally. He/She shall also determine what is to be published in the name of the Institute. The Deputy Director shall execute the daily functions of the Institute Director when the latter is prevented from performing them. §8: The Institute Council The Institute Council (IC) is composed of all employees in permanent positions, as well as all employees in non-permanent positions employed for 50 % or more of standard working hours for more than 6 months. All these have voting rights in the IC. The conscientious objectors and the students elect one representative each with voting rights – with personal deputies. These are to be chosen at separate, annual elections. Further rules concerning these elections shall be determined by the IC. A quorum of the Institute Council shall be constituted by the presence of at least 3/5 of its members with voting rights. Unless otherwise determined, matters are to be decided by simple majority vote. The Chair has a casting vote in the case of a tie. The Institute Council shall be convened when requested by the Institute Director or three of its members. The Institute Director takes part in the meetings of the IC, without the right to vote. At the beginning of each meeting the IC is to decide who shall chair that session. The Administrative Director normally acts as secretary to the IC. The IC shall keep minutes of its meetings. § 9: Institute Council: Functions The Institute Council is a consultative body for the Board and the Director. All matters which, according to § 5 above, are to be dealt with by the Board (including work plan, budget and accounts, appointment of the Administrative Director, researchers in permanent positions and other researchers when they are engaged for a period of over one year) are to be presented first to the IC for its recommendation. Unless special circumstances are an impediment, the Institute Director and the staff representatives to the Board shall also present to the IC all other matters which they intend to put before the Board. Personnel matters are not to be dealt with by the Institute Council. The Institute Council itself determines whether a matter falls within its mandate. The Institute Council elects two members of the PRIO staff to the Board. The IC can require these to take up specific matters before the Board. § 10: Freedom of speech All staff members have full freedom of expression, internally and externally. § 11: Statutes These Statutes are available in both Norwegian and English. In the case of any discrepancies, the Norwegian text shall apply. Amendment of the Statutes requires both a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board. § 12: Dissolution Dissolution of the Institute requires a 2/3 majority of the Institute Council, and a 5/7 majority of the Board. Should this take place, any funds shall go to the Institute for Social Research or be used for a research purpose designated by the latter Institute. ■ Non-profit research institute founded in 1959 ■ Independent foundation with headquarters in Oslo ■ International staff of about 100 people who represent different academic backgrounds and expertise ■ Financed on project basis with funding from national research councils, government ministries, international organizations, foundations, corporations and individuals ■ Nurtures international partnerships, on project basis as well as with our programme for PRIO Global Fellows, the Peace Research Endowment (New York), and the PRIO Cyprus Centre (branch office in Nicosia) ■ Publishes findings in major international journals and with the leading publishing houses ■ Engages actively in teaching and training, including the hosting of the Research School on Peace and Conflict for PhD scholars in collaboration with Norwegian partners ■ Communicates and engages on various arenas, such as with international academic networks, multilateral organizations, governmental agencies and civil society actors ■ Collects and maintains statistical data on peace and conflict, and serves as a data hub for researchers worldwide ■ Owns and houses two internationally renowned academic journals: Journal of Peace Research and Security Dialogue www.prio.org
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