1. family and parenting
2. children

KINSHIP
CARE
RESOURCE KIT
for Community and Faith-Based Organizations
Helping Grandparents and
Other Relatives Raising Children
Children’s Defense Fund
L E AVE NO CHILD BEHIND
Understanding Kinship Care: What You Need to Know
About Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children
“The most difficult thing for me out of all this has
been trying to find some peace and happiness
for my grandchildren and myself. To look at the
broader scope of what all this will mean ... My job is
to do the best for them I know how and thank
God for them.”
— Grandparent caregiver, Washington, D.C.
Kinship care families are everywhere. Across the
country, millions of grandparents and other relatives
have stepped forward to care for children whose
parents are unable or unwilling to raise them.
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, more than 2.4
million grandparents reported that they were
responsible for meeting the basic needs of their
grandchildren. Great-grandparents, aunts, uncles,
cousins, and siblings also are taking on the role of
substitute parents to many children in our local
communities.
“The greatest joy in my life is watching my grandson grow from a scared, withdrawn toddler who
never smiled into an active, intelligent and curious six-year-old who loves to laugh and makes
me laugh. The pain and heartache of his past
fade with his laughter.”
— Grandparent caregiver, Milton, Vt.
Kinship care is not new. Family members and close
friends have raised other’s children from the beginning
of time, but the challenges facing these families have
changed significantly over the past two decades. Like
all families, kinship care families need the support
of their extended family members and communities
to ensure that they Leave No Child Behind .
The following introduction to kinship care is
designed to help you and others understand the
unique challenges kinship caregivers face and what
needs to be done to help them.
What is “kinship care”?
“Kinship care” describes a family situation in which
a grandparent or other extended family member is
raising a child whose parents cannot. “Informal kinship
“He is the best thing that ever
happened to me.”
Señor C. has never questioned his decision to
raise his grandson. The child’s parents were
troubled and never really wanted to be a part of
his life. From the beginning, Señor C. and his
wife, both natives of Puerto Rico, believed that
their grandson was a gift from God. He belonged
to them. Since his wife died five years ago,
Señor C. and his grandson find solace and support in each other. Señor C. says his grandson’s
local school and the after-school programs it
offers have been lifesavers for the family. They
provide meals, recreational activities, and, most
importantly, other adults to help watch over his
grandson. “Family is the key,” he says, but the
understanding and support of his neighbors, his
grandson’s teachers, and his Spanish-speaking
community are important, too.
care” commonly refers to relatives raising children
who are not in the foster care system. “Formal kinship
care” is used to refer to relatives who are raising children
the state has removed from their parents’ homes.
How many children are being raised by kinship
caregivers?
• According to the 2000 Census, more than 6 million
children (or one in 12) were living in households
headed by grandparents and other relatives.
“Sometimes you have to learn
how to help.”
“Many pastors know that members of their congregations are grandparents and other relatives
raising children, but that’s different from knowing what kind of help they need the most. You’ve
got to identify who is in this situation, sit them
down, and ask them what your organization can do
to make their lives better. Then you have to do it.”
— Reverend Clifford Barnett, Brighton Rock
AME Zion Church, Portsmouth, Va.
Understanding Kinship Care
“If love runs deep, you’ll do
whatever it takes.”
When Charlotte H. lost her second daughter in a
plane crash, she and her husband immediately
began raising their 9-month-old grandson. When
they started out, times were hard. Even though
they were eligible, they were told they couldn’t
get any financial assistance or support services
for the baby. Their friends tried to be helpful but
did not really understand what is was like to be
parenting a young child so late in life. Things
began to improve with the help of a local support group that gave Ms. H. and her husband a
chance to share their difficulties with others and
find out about available services. Thanks to her
community support group, she says, “someone is
always there to help.”
• More than 2.5 million children living in relativeheaded households live there without either
parent present.
• Nationwide, more than 2.4 million grandparents
reported that they were responsible for the basic
needs of grandchildren under the age of 18 living
in their households and about one-third of those
were caring for children without either parent
present.
• More than one in five children living in relativeheaded households (nearly 1.3 million children)
live in poverty.
• Over the last decade, child welfare agencies have
become increasingly reliant on relatives as the first
option when a foster care placement is needed for
an abused or neglected child. It is estimated that
states typically place 20 to 40 percent of children in
foster care with members of the extended family.1
Why are there so many grandparents and other
relatives raising children?
Many grandparents and other relatives have taken
over the care of children whose parents are unable
to do so because of increases in substance abuse,
2
incarceration, domestic violence, unemployment,
divorce, illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and other crises
facing families and communities.
Are there kinship care families in my community?
“There are more of us than you think,” said one
grandparent caregiver. Keep in mind that many
grandparents and other relative caregivers may not
identify themselves because they don’t want to share
personal information about their families. They
also may be afraid that if they talk about the problems
they are having raising the children, the state might
decide to take the children from them.
Do most kinship caregivers have legal custody or
guardianship of the children they are raising?
While some kinship caregivers have obtained courtordered legal authority over the children they are
raising, many have not. Unfortunately, kinship caregivers who do not have legal custody or guardianship often have trouble accessing the same benefits
and services that are available to parents. They are
also not likely to be able to continue to raise the children
if the children’s parents want them back. In most
cases, children in foster care are in the legal custody
of the state, even if they are living with relatives.
“Don’t let anyone keep you from doing
what’s right.”
At first, Terry L. didn’t feel she could care properly
for her two grandchildren, ages 3 and 6. Terry’s
husband was unemployed and receiving disability
benefits. Her youngest granddaughter suffered
from epilepsy and pulmonary problems and
needed constant care and attention. Faced with
the possibility that the girls would be put in foster
care, Terry and her husband decided to raise
them, although she still hopes that one day her
daughter might be ready to parent again. “It’s
been our belief in God that has helped us make
such hard decisions,” she says.
Understanding Kinship Care
3
What kind of special challenges do kinship care
families face?
Let’s Talk About It!
You might want to get together a group from your
community or faith-based organization to learn
more about kinship care families. The following
two videos are a good way to start the discussion:
“Big Mama”: “When exactly are you too old to
love your own grandchild?” asks Viola Dees, a
90-year-old caregiver raising her grandson in the
Oscar®-winning documentary “Big Mama.” The
film depicts a devoted kinship caregiver’s struggle
to raise a troubled 9-year-old under the watchful
eye of the Los Angeles child welfare system. The
video can be ordered for $49.95 plus $10 shipping
and handling at 1-877-811-7495. A discussion
guide is available at www.newsreel.org/films/
bigmama.htm.
“Legacy”: This 90-minute Oscar ®-nominated
documentar y, which has aired on PBS and
Cinemax, tells the compelling story of a courageous
family in a low-income neighborhood in Chicago
whose central figure, Dorothy, is a grandmother
struggling to raise her grandchildren and
transcend her community’s economic and social
conditions. The video is available to high
schools, public libraries, and community groups
for $49.95 by calling 1-877-811-7495 or at
www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0054
Why don’t kinship caregivers without legal
authority just go to court and ask a judge for
legal guardianship or custody?
Legal guardianship and custody cases can be expensive,
time-consuming, and emotionally exhausting for
everyone involved. Free legal services are scarce and
generally available only to individuals with very low
incomes. Grandparents and other relative caregivers
who decide to seek legal authority against the wishes
of the child’s parents are forced to take their own family
members to court at a time when family cooperation
is most needed. In cases where a parent cannot be
located, legal requirements are especially burdensome.
Kinship care families may face a variety of special
challenges:
• Physical problems. Many children being raised by
grandparents and other relatives have special physical problems, sometimes related to their parents’
alcohol or drug abuse. Low birth weight, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other
learning disabilities, and illnesses such as HIV/
AIDS are particularly common. Kinship caregivers
also may have health problems of their own.
• Emotional issues. Children living in kinship care
families also may have severe emotional scars due
to a legacy of substance abuse, domestic violence,
mental health problems, and abuse or neglect.
Their caregivers also may be depressed and have
other stress-related conditions related, at least in
part, to their caregiving responsibilities.
• Difficulties obtaining benefits and services.
Caregivers may find it difficult to enroll the children
they are raising in school, authorize immunizations,
get basic health and mental health care, stay in
public or senior housing, or get certain government
benefits for their children.
What are some of the issues facing kinship caregivers caring for children in foster care?
While foster care placements with relatives may help
to preserve family and cultural bonds and offer the
child a unique opportunity for permanence, there
also can be great stresses on kinship foster caregivers.
• On average, kinship foster caregivers are older,
poorer, more likely to be single, and less educated
than their non-kin counterparts.
• Children in kinship foster care are more likely to
live in a family whose income is below the poverty
line than those children in non-kin foster care.
• Children in kinship foster care are more likely to
live in a family that must spend half or more of its
income on rent, has difficulty getting adequate
food, and does not own a car.
Understanding Kinship Care
• Studies also have found that child welfare caseworkers tend to provide less information to kinship
foster caregivers than to non-kin foster parents
and that kinship foster caregivers receive fewer
services for themselves and the children under
their care than their non-kin counterparts.2
“I’d do it all over again.”
For Gloria F., a Native American grandmother
raising two teen-aged grandchildren, family and
community are everything. She and her husband
have raised the children since they were babies.
While they are still an important part of the family,
the teenagers continue to have some difficulties.
For help, she and her husband turned to Casey
Family Programs, a local organization that provided
counseling and advice on how to balance the
needs of all the family members. The program
also provided respite care to give the couple a
break from their caregiving responsibilities and
family activities, giving the family a chance to have
fun together. Without Casey’s services and support,
says Gloria F., “the road would have been a lot
harder for us.”
What can my local organization do to help
kinship care families?
• EDUCATE members of your organization and
community about the challenges facing kinship
care families. Too many people in communities
across the nation do not know about the problems
facing grandparents and other relative caregivers
and the children they are raising. Increasing
awareness of this issue is the first step in helping
kinship care families get the support they need
from their communities. You also can work to help
make sure that kinship care families have the
opportunity to raise their concerns in local school,
health and mental health, child care, and other
meetings in your area.
4
• PARTNER with others to set up an activity or
offer other assistance to kinship care families in
your organization or community. Using the “how-to”
guides included in this resouce kit, gather a group
of individuals or organizations to initiate or
expand support for kinship care families.
Individuals and community groups can reach out
to the kinship caregivers in their neighborhoods,
schools, and religious organizations on an individual
basis by offering to help with errands, child care,
and other daily tasks.
• SHARE the information and resources provided in
this resource kit with kinship care families in your
organization or community. You can copy and
distribute information about national, state, and
local resources that already serve kinship care families
through your newsletters, Web sites, bulletins, and
on your community bulletin boards. Using the
resource pages included in the resource kit, you
also can encourage kinship care families to collect
additional information about any special concerns
they may have.
Where can I get more information about ways that
my community can help kinship care families?
If you want to order additional resource kits or would
like more information about how your community or
faith-based organization can better support kinship
care families, please contact the Child Welfare and
Mental Health Division of CDF by e-mailing child
welfare@childrensdefense. org or by calling 202-6623568. You also may refer to the “National Kinship
Care Resources” included in this resource kit.
1
2
Geen, R., Clark, R., and Ehrle, J., A Detailed Look at Kinship Caregiving.
Paper prepared for the 21st Annual Association for Public Policy Analysis and
Management Research Conference (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, July
1999).
Geen, R., Clark, R., and Ehrle, J., A Detailed Look at Kinship Caregiving.
Paper prepared for the 21st Annual Association for Public Policy Analysis and
Management Research Conference (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, July 1999).
• SEEK OUT kinship care families in your organization
and community, and ask them how you can help.
Kinship care families know what they need better
than anyone else. Find a sensitive and respectful
way to ask the caregivers in your community what
help they need.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
How One Individual Can Help Kinship Care Families
Encouraging Others in Your Community to Lend a Hand
“You know, it makes you feel really good that somebody cares about you. Just for someone
to call you [and say] ‘how did your day go?’ or ‘how are you doing?’”
— A grandmother raising her grandchildren, Edgewood Center for Children and Families,
Kinship Support Network, San Francisco, Calif.
Grandparents and other relative caregivers often say that they don’t need much
to raise their children, just a helping hand now and again to help lighten their
load. In addition to organizing support groups, respite care centers, and other
programs, community and faith-based organizations also can encourage their
members, staffs, and volunteers to spend time with individual families. This can
be particularly helpful for kinship caregivers, who often say that they will only
trust their grandchildren to people they know.
Kinship caregivers may get so caught up in the daily
responsibilities of raising a child that they don’t have
time to ask for help. They may be so overwhelmed
that it’s hard to figure out what kind of help they
need the most. Some kinship caregivers may be
afraid that if they accept an offer of help, they will
have to reveal too much about their personal lives.
Whatever the reason, community and faith-based
organizations often can break down these barriers
by offering help in a variety of ways.
What is the best way to encourage individuals
to help kinship care families?
You first need to educate individuals in your organization, congregation, or community about the
unique struggles that kinship care families face.
Second, you need to give them concrete, realistic suggestions about how they can help. To assist you,
CDF has created a special flyer (on the back of this
page) “Ten Ways to Say Thank You to Grandparents
and Other Relatives Raising Children.” You also
need to continue to reinforce the importance of what
just one individual can do to help kinship care families.
Don’t forget to involve the teens in your organization
or congregation in this effort.
What are some creative ways to use “Ten Ways
to Say Thank You to Grandparents and Other
Relatives Raising Children”?
The flyer on the back of this page can be used in
many different ways to educate your organization’s
members, staff, or volunteers about kinship care and
encourage them to reach out to individual kinship
care families. You may want to adapt the flyer to
your own community. If you would like to use it the
way it is, feel free to copy and distribute the flyer
and encourage others to do the same. If you work
with non-English speaking populations, you can ask
one of your volunteers to translate it.
There are numerous ways to use the flyer:
• Post the flyer on your bulletin board.
• Take the information contained in the flyer and
reprint it in your newsletter, church bulletin, or
other mailings and handouts.
• Share the flyer with those who have contact with
local newspapers or TV and radio stations and
encourage them to do a local interest story on
kinship care in your community.
• Briefly highlight your efforts to thank kinship
caregivers at the beginning or end of your organization’s regular meetings, potluck dinners, and
leadership conferences or retreats.
How to Start a Support Group
Letting Kinship Care Families Know They Are Not Alone
“At first I felt that I didn’t need a support group, but I kept coming. I was amazed at
what the other members of the group were talking about — they were talking to me! I
understand that people are afraid of the child welfare system and don’t want their children
taken away. I want families to know that there is help and support out there. Caregivers
should know that there are other people out there with the same problems they have.”
— Grandparent caregiver and support-group leader
Many grandparents and other relatives count on a time, later in life, when they
can take a break from some of life’s hectic demands. For kinship caregivers,
that time never comes. Unexpectedly, they are asked to raise children for the
second time around, often without adequate family, financial, or community
supports. As a result, kinship caregivers commonly report that they feel alone
in their struggles. They lose touch with old friends who don’t have the same
caregiving responsibilities. They may no longer have the time and energy to stay
active with local community or faith-based organizations. This sense of isolation
can become overwhelming for some kinship caregivers, making it even more
difficult to care properly for themselves and for the children they are raising.
Your community or faith-based organization can
help reduce the isolation that many kinship caregivers feel by linking them with kinship care support
groups in your community. If there are no existing
groups appropriate for the kinship care families you
serve, your organization or congregation may consider organizing one or lending your facilities to a
kinship care support group. By spreading the word
about an existing group or starting a new one in
close consultation with the kinship caregivers you
serve, your organization or congregation can play a
vital role in connecting kinship caregivers with other
families who are experiencing similar challenges.
Support groups for kinship caregivers are extremely
important, and your community or faith-based
organization can help get them started.
A key function of support groups is to provide reinforcement and encouragement through the “give
and take” of the group members.1 A kinship care
support group, for example, might meet to discuss
common problems, such as how to deal with government agencies or substance abuse by the children’s
parents, or how best to guide the behavior of the
children they are raising. Additional support group
goals may include providing information and
resources, inviting experts to talk about issues of
interest to kinship caregivers, or learning coping
skills.2 In a sense, a support group can provide an
“extended family” for kinship caregivers, many of
whom develop friendships with other support group
participants that may continue long after the support
group ends.
Are there different types of support groups?
What is a support group, and why is it is valuable?
A support group allows participants to share their
personal experiences with others who are in similar
situations and are experiencing the same types of
issues. This forum can provide a productive way to
accept and work through problems as a group and
make the participants feel less alone in their struggles.
There is no one recipe for a successful support
group. If there is no appropriate support group for
kinship caregivers in your community, your organization or congregation should start by assessing the
most immediate needs of those you expect to participate. Talk to the kinship caregivers you know about
what kind of support group structure would be most
How to Start a Support Group
helpful to them. Next, your organization will have
to evaluate the capabilities and talents of those available to lead the support group activities.
In structuring the support group that works best,
you might want to consider the following models,
keeping in mind that many groups incorporate
elements of all three. The focus of a support group
also may change over time as participants become
more familiar with one another and begin to work
through the issues that are most important to them.
• Emotional support. The primary purpose of this
type of support group is to allow members to share
their collective experiences and provide a network
of caring and peer support for caregivers. Your
organization or congregation may choose to develop
this type of support group if the kinship caregivers
in your community say they need an outlet for
stress and the constant demands of parenting.
• Education and information referral. The primary
purpose of this type of group is to link participants
with useful resources, information, helpful organizations, and experts in relevant issue areas. If the
kinship caregivers in your organization or congregation say their biggest problem is accessing benefits and services, this type of support group might
be the most useful to consider.
• Outreach and advocacy. Participants in this type of
support group work together to identify and bring
about solutions to common problems. This structure
might work best for kinship caregivers whose main
goal is to bring community, media, and policymakers’ attention to the issues they face. In many
situations, a support group initially may be organized
for emotional support and then later decide to
take on more of an advocacy role.
What questions should my organization or
congregation ask before directing a caregiver
to a support group in the community or before
starting a new one?
What population of kinship caregivers will your
support group serve?
It is important to tailor the structure of a support
group to suit the needs of the individual members it
will serve. Because the needs of kinship care families
can be quite different, you may need to narrow the
2
population that will benefit from your organization’s
or congregation’s support group. Are you going to
invite caregivers who are raising children both inside
and outside of the foster care system? Are you going
to include kinship care families of different ages or
income levels? Should your support group be conducted in English or in another language? Will you
pay special attention to one particular issue, such as
substance abuse or raising children with disabilities?
These types of questions will help you better address
the needs of participants.
Who should facilitate the support group?
While there is no one “right” way to run a support
group, there are several considerations to keep in
mind. Some experts believe that it is important to
have professional facilitators, such as therapists, clergy,
or licensed social workers run a support group. They
argue that professionals will be able to provide better
referrals, offer more expertise in handling potentially
serious mental health issues, and maintain objectivity
that other group participants do not have. Others
argue that it is beneficial to have other kinship caregivers as facilitators because they are better able to
appreciate what group participants are going
through. After speaking with the kinship care families you intend to serve and deciding on the group’s
purpose, your organization or congregation must
decide who should facilitate the group. You also may
talk to the leaders of other effective support groups
in your area before you decide. You may choose to
have co-facilitators — one who is a caregiver and the
other with professional experience.
How often should the support group meet?
This decision should be left to the support group
participants, although most support group facilitators
agree that groups need to meet at least once a month
in order to provide a consistent, supportive presence
in caregivers’ lives. Attention also must be paid to
making child care and transportation available for the
support group meetings.
Should children be included in the support group?
Your community or faith-based organization may
choose to have a separate support group for children
in kinship care families or to have children and
caregivers meet separately for the first half of the
meeting and then come together for the second half.
How to Start a Support Group
For more information about support groups
for children, see “How to Set Up Activities for
Children in Kinship Care Families,” included in
this resource kit.
If there is a need for a new kinship care support
group in my community, how should my organization
or congregation get started?
Before your organization or congregation starts a
new support group for kinship caregivers, it should
first determine if there are other kinship care support groups in your area. In addition to asking
your local networks about already existing groups,
you also may contact the AARP’s Grandparent
Information Center at 1-800-424-3410, Monday
through Friday from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. EDT for a list
of local support groups. You also can send e-mail
inquiries to [email protected] or search AARP’s online
support group database at www.aarp.org/grand
parents/searchsupport, or write AARP at 601 E
Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20049. AARP also
offers its own booklet on “How to Start a
Grandparent Support Group.”
If you want additional information on how to start a
support group, you also can contact the Grandparent
Resource Center (GRC) in New York City. The GRC
provides quarterly workshops and a curriculum on how
community-based agencies can start kinship care
support groups. It also supplements its curriculum
with bimonthly trainings of support group leaders.
If you live outside the New York area, you can hire
GRC staff consultants to come train your organization
3
on how to start a kinship care support group.
For more information, call 212-442-1094 or visit
www.ci.nyc.nyus/html/dfta/html/grc.html.
If a kinship care support group does not already
exist in your area, you might think about other
organizations that might want to partner with you in
establishing one. These other local organizations also
may be able to assist you by providing a place for the
group to meet, transportation services, child care, or
refreshments. They also might be helpful in getting
the word out to the kinship care families they serve
about the availability of a new support group.
Does my organization need funding to start
a support group?
There will be costs associated with running a support group. Your organization or congregation
should consider providing child care, transportation, and light refreshments for participants. There
also may be minimal costs attached to providing
space or staff to facilitate the support group.
Fortunately, many of these goods and services can
be donated, making the support group one of the
most cost-effective ways to support kinship care families
in your community.
If you need additional funding to offset the minimal
costs of running a support group, your organization
or congregation may be eligible to apply for a twoyear seed grant from The Brookdale Foundation’s
Relatives as Parents Program (RAPP). RAPP provides
funding to both state and community-based agencies
Reaching Out to Rural Caregivers
Some grandparents and other relative caregivers feel especially isolated because they live in a rural area.
The Upper Cumberland Development District Agency on Aging in Tennessee decided to reach out to kinship
caregivers living in rural locations because there were no services available. Pat Jones, program director,
explains, “The kinship caregivers felt isolated and alone. They were afraid to ask the Department of Social
Services for help or to speak out about their problems because they feared that their children would be
taken away from them.” With the help of grant funding, three support groups serving 14 rural Appalachian
counties in Tennessee have been established. They have become the most important and beneficial services
available to the kinship caregivers in the area. The meetings are held in a restaurant, and a private company
gives a yearly Christmas party for grandparents. The group meets at least once a month and provides time
for caregivers first to share issues alone and then later in the session with the children they are raising. Ms.
Jones offers the following advice for organizations or congregations planning to start a support group:
“Don’t be discouraged if people don’t show up at first. The numbers will grow when you build trust with the
individuals who do participate, and the word will spread.” Contact: Patty Jones, Program Director, Upper
Cumberland Area Agency on Aging at 931-432-4113 or [email protected].
How to Start a Support Group
4
Grandparents as Support Group Leaders
Out of the knowledge gained from their own experiences, a group of grandparent caregivers from the Church
of the Advocate in Philadelphia began the “Grans as Parents” (GAP) support group. According to Eileen
Brown, president of the organization, the program is run solely on a volunteer basis. “The staff here work
from their hearts to help kinship caregivers. Their reward is helping to create success stories. No matter
how many times the kinship caregivers fall or feel that they cannot continue, the volunteers at GAP help pick
them up until they can stand on their own.” Ms. Brown believes that the success of the support group stems
from the fact that her employees and volunteers all work together. “From the custodian to the bus driver to the
support group leaders, we are all a team. No volunteer or staff member is more important than any other.”
In structuring a kinship care support group, Ms. Brown emphasizes that “you must be flexible and willing to
make changes in your program to address the needs of the individuals in your group.” Today, GAP has
become an independent nonprofit agency that provides a drop-in center five days per week for grandparents
who need assistance with custody and school problems, children’s behavioral issues, and basic subsistence issues. The agency also continues to offer a support group each month, collaborating with other
organizations in the community for referrals and support. Contact: Eileen Brown, president, Grans as
Parents, 215-236-5848.
to start support groups and other related kinship
care support programs. To obtain more information
about funding opportunities through the RAPP
program, call 212-308-7355 or log on to www.brook
dalefoundation.org.
The AARP Grandparent Information Center provides
information and referrals to local support groups, legal
service organizations, and other local organizations
that help kinship caregivers. It also provides additional
information on how to start a support group.
How should my organization or congregation
encourage participation in a kinship care
support group?
The Brookdale Foundation Group
Relatives as Parents Program (RAPP)
126 East 56th Street
New York, NY 10022
212-308-7355
212-750-0132 fax
www.brookdalefoundation.org
Your organization can promote the visibility of your
kinship care support group by passing out flyers and
other information about it through other local community and faith-based agencies and service providers.
In addition, you can advertise the support group
through local newspapers, on TV and radio stations,
Web sites, and community bulletin boards. The
AARP Grandparent Information Center suggests
posting signs in hair salons, grocery stores, and senior
centers. The AARP Grandparent Information
Center’s Web site also allows your organization to
add information about your kinship care support
group to its national list by logging on to www.aarp.
org/grandparents/searchsupport and following the
simple instructions.
The Brookdale Foundation’s Relatives as Parents
Program awards two-year seed grants to local nonprofit
organizations and state agencies that provide support
groups and other direct services to kinship care families.
New York City Department for the Aging
Grandparent Resource Center
2 Lafayette Street, 15th Floor
New York, NY 10007-1392
212-442-1094
212-442-3169 fax
www.nyc.gov/html/dfta/html/grc.html
Resources to help get you started:
AARP Grandparent Information Center
601 E Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20049
202-434-2296
202-434-6470 fax
www.aarp.org/confacts/programs/gic.html
The Grandparent Resource Center provides technical
assistance to individuals and organizations wishing
to set up support groups and other services for kinship
care families in New York City and across the country.
1
2
Cox, C., To Grandmother’s House We Go and Stay (New York: Springer) 2000, p. 235.
Schopler, J.H., and Galinsky, M.J., Support Groups as Open Systems: A Model
for Practice and Research, Health and Social Work, 19 (1993), pp. 195-207.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Ten Ways to Say Thank You to
Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children
Did you know that more than one in 12 American children are living in homes headed by
grandparents and other relatives? In many of these homes, “kinship caregivers” are raising the
children by themselves, with little outside support. Some of these grandparents thought
their days of raising children were over long ago. Now, suddenly, they find themselves changing
diapers and helping children with homework all over again.
It’s hard for any family to raise children, but it can be especially hard for grandparents and
other relative caregivers. They may be older individuals with health problems of their own.
The children they are bringing up may have special needs. It’s exhausting and expensive to
raise grandchildren, but these “silent saviors” say they wouldn’t have it any other way. By raising
their grandchildren, they are raising the community’s children. It’s a labor of love.
By giving just an hour or two of your time, you can say “thank you” to one of the many kinship
care families in your community:
1. Run errands or help around the house:
Raising children is a job in itself. Offering to
pick up groceries or help clean the house can
give a tired caregiver a badly needed break.
2. Offer to baby-sit: Offer to watch the children
while the caregiver takes care of personal
business or has an afternoon out. If the caregiver doesn’t want to leave the children, offer
to watch the children while she is in the home
doing laundry or other projects around the
house.
3. Give the family a night out or a meal in:
Cooking after a long day is enough to drive
any parent crazy. Offer to take a kinship care
family out for dinner or bring a meal to them.
4. Tell them how much you appreciate them:
Recognize and honor caregivers’ efforts and
sacrifices on behalf of their children by telling
them how proud you are to know them.
5. Volunteer your talents and professional
services: Are you a seamstress, a beautician,
a plumber, a lawyer, or do you have other
professional talents or personal gifts? Offer
to share them with a kinship care family.
6. Drop by their house with a surprise: A batch
of cookies or flowers from your back yard can
make a caregiver’s day. Drop by with an unexpected treat.
7. Go with them to important appointments:
Caregivers may find it difficult to attend all the
meetings with teachers, social workers, government workers, and others that are necessary
to get vital services and benefits for the children they are raising. It’s easier when they
don’t have to go alone. Offer to go with them.
8. Provide transportation for kinship care families:
Caregivers say that they sometimes have trouble getting their children to and from appointments and social events. Volunteer to drive
the children to and from school or the caregiver
to and from a doctor’s appointment.
9. Invite them to events with their children:
Caregivers want to have fun with their grandchildren in a place where they can relax and
be with other families. Help a kinship care family
feel less isolated by encouraging them to come
to special events and outings or to spend an
evening or a Saturday with your family.
10. Be a sounding board: Like all parents, relative caregivers may need someone to talk to
about concerns and difficulties with their grandchildren. Tell them often that they can call you
if they just need to hear a voice on the other
end of the phone.
Together We Can Help Care for the Caregivers!
L E AV E
NO CHILD
B E H I N D¤
How to Set Up a Respite Care Program
Giving Kinship Care Families a Break
“I’d love to just lay down and sleep because physically I’m worn out. Seems like my energy
just got up and went out the door. It’s all the up and down, this and that, getting up at
night, never a break.” 1
— A grandparent raising her two grandchildren
Sooner or later, all kinship caregivers need a break from the children they are
raising. And children need a break from their caregivers. Before setting up a
respite care program, it is important to take a step back and identify what kind
of respite care services already are available in your community. If there are not
enough services in your area to serve local kinship care families, you might
work with other partners in the community to set up a respite care program for
the caregivers. This will give kinship caregivers the time they need to worship,
go to the grocery store, or take care of their own health needs.
The following information will help you get started in creating a respite care
program for kinship caregivers in your community.
What is respite care?
For families providing intensive, ongoing care to
a family member who requires a lot of energy and
attention, rest is important to keep everyone healthy.
Respite care gives grandparents and other relative
caregivers a temporary break from the daily stresses
of looking after a child. There are many ways you
can provide respite to a caregiver. Volunteers can
look after the caregiver’s child a few hours each
week, in emergency situations, or on a more regular
basis. Volunteers also can watch the child while the
caregiver is in the home. The most important thing
is to talk to the caregivers in your community or
congregation who need help and ask them what
kind of arrangements would work best for them.
Why may kinship caregivers need respite care?
Grandparents and other relative caregivers often are
under a lot of stress. Some are older individuals
without much money or extended family support
who thought their child-rearing days were over. They
may have health problems. In addition, the children
they raise may have disabilities or other special
needs. These challenges require incredible energy
and lots of rest — rest caregivers cannot get without
extra help and support.
How can respite care help kinship caregivers
and the children they raise?
When a familiar, trusted adult looks after a child, the
kinship caregiver finally has a chance to take care of
other family responsibilities without worrying. When
caregivers take care of themselves, they can take better
care of the children they are raising. Respite care
also gives the children they are raising the chance to
develop strong relationships with other caring adults
in their communities.
Why should my organization or congregation
provide respite care?
Parents don’t trust their children to just anyone.
It’s no different for grandparents and other relative
caregivers. They may be reluctant to ask others for
help because, like all of us, they are uncomfortable
about letting strangers into their lives. They may be
afraid to admit they could use some temporary relief
out of fear that it will be interpreted as their inability
to care for the children and put the children at risk
of being taken away from them. Others are reluctant
to talk about the painful reasons that they are raising
their grandchildren in the first place. That is why it
is so important that kinship care families get respite
care from those they know and trust, such as their
How to Set Up a Respite Care Program
2
Reaching Out to Elderly Kinship Caregivers
In the early 1980s, the staff of the Adult Well Being Program in Detroit, Mich., noticed that more
and more of their senior clients were seeking services with their grandchildren in tow. “You can
become easily isolated when you’re older, when you’re lower-income, and when you can’t get
access to transportation,” says Karen Schrock, executive director of the program. “Add three to
five grandchildren you are raising, and you’re really isolated.”
In response to this growing population of older caregivers, the Adult Well Being Program started a
respite care program designed specifically for low-income grandparents raising children full time. It
gives caregivers a break by providing tutoring, field trips, and after-school activities for the children.
Using trained volunteers from Catholic Charities, the program sends senior companions into the
home to give caregivers “concentrated breaks.” The grandchildren also receive memberships to
the Boys and Girls Clubs, so they can participate in a wide range of activities. Contact: Adult Well
Being Program at 313-924-7860. Their Web site is www.awbs.org.
neighbors, or members of their church or community
center. It also will be easier for the kinship caregivers
to return the favor by helping and supporting others.
What are the different kinds of respite care?
One of the great things about building a respite
program is that you can decide what works best for
those you are seeking to help and for your organization and its team of staff and volunteers. Here are
just a few types of respite care for you to think
about:
• In-home respite. A volunteer or staff member
looks after a child while the kinship caregiver stays
in the home or leaves the home for an agreedupon period of time. Your organization might
choose to provide this type of respite care while
the volunteer or staff member, the child, and the
caregiver get to know each other better.
• Community site-based respite. The caregiver can
drop off the child at a volunteer’s home or with
staff members at your organization’s facility while
she goes to an appointment or does errands. The
advantage of this type of care is that the child can
play with other children, and staff and volunteers
can look after the children along with other adults.
• Group respite. A team of volunteers or staff members can take a group of children to the movies or
another planned activity while their kinship caregivers handle other tasks. You also may be able
to make arrangements for a group of children
being raised by grandparents and other relatives
to participate regularly in special children’s activities run by a local Boys and Girls Club or other
child-serving organization.
• Crisis nursery. If your community or faith-based
program already has a nursery, you might consider
starting a “crisis nursery.” Caregivers without other
family supports could drop off their children for
care while they deal with medical or other personal
emergencies.
• Camps and recreation programs for school age
children. Camps and other recreation programs
can provide invaluable experiences for the children
they serve as well as a break for their caregivers.
If your organization or congregation’s respite care
program is taking care of children with disabilities
and other special needs, keep in mind that volunteers
and other staff members will need special training.
How to Set Up a Respite Care Program
3
Family Friends
Cheryl is a single grandmother raising her 4-year-old grandson, Darius. Leona is an 80-year-old volunteer from the neighborhood. Through the Family Friends Program at Philadelphia’s Center for
Intergenerational Learning at Temple University, Leona began volunteering to help Cheryl care for
Darius. In the process, the two women developed a strong personal friendship. “What is unique
about our respite program,” explains Adam Brunner, Family Friends’ project director, “is that when
we create a match, we intend it to last forever — like family.” The Family Friends Program places
senior volunteers with children 12 years of age and younger, all of whom have special needs. The
senior volunteer and the caregiver also develop a strong bond. “For the grandparent caregiver, the
experience of having another adult care about her child seems to help her feel less isolated, alone,
and burdened,” says Brunner. Contact: Family Friends, Center for Intergenerational Learning
at Temple University, at 215-204-3196 or [email protected]. Their Web site is www.temple.
edu/cil/familyfriendshome.htm.
How can my organization start a respite
care program?
Your best starting point is the ARCH National
Respite Network and Resource Center. ARCH is
funded in part by the U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services. It gives free advice to organizations that want to offer respite to members of their
community and provides the following resources:
• “ Bringing Respite to Your Community: A Start-Up
Manual” is a “how-to” book. It gives you basic
information.
• Fifty-six free fact sheets provide information on
various aspects of respite care programs, including
one on respite programs for grandparents and
other relative caregivers.
• A lending library of useful books on respite care
and related issues covers everything from designing your program to training your volunteers. You
can contact ARCH toll-free at 1-800-473-1727 or by
visiting www.archrespite.org.
How can I find out about other respite care
programs in my state?
Many states have their own state respite coalitions.
These groups have had a lot of experience setting
up respite care programs. They can give you practical
advice about how to tap into programs that already
exist in your community, how to start your own, or
how to get in touch with other people in the state
who are interested in the same issue. Some states,
such as Nebraska and Oregon, provide state funding
for respite services. A list of state respite coalitions is
listed in the resource section below. If your state doesn’t
have its own respite coalition, ARCH has a National
Respite Locator Service that provides a state-by-state
list of more than 2,000 respite care programs. You
can get a copy the list by calling 1-800-473-1727
or by visiting www.respitelocator.org/index.htm.
“A National Review of Respite for Grandparents and
Kinship Caregivers” is another useful publication
that will tell you about several programs across the
country that focus on grandparents and other relative caregivers raising children. Get your own free
copy by contacting the Washington Department
of Aging and Adult Services at 360-493-2559 or by
e-mailing [email protected].
Does it cost money to start a respite
care program?
If your organization or congregation has a dedicated
group of volunteers or available staff members, you
don’t need much money to start a respite program.
Sometimes there are expenses that you may not expect,
like transportation costs for volunteers, participants,
and caregivers, or snacks for the children. In these
cases, you can organize a special fundraising event
such as a bake sale or a raffle to support your respite
How to Set Up a Respite Care Program
care project. If you are providing all-day or overnight
respite or serving children with special needs,
greater costs may be involved. It depends on the size of
your program and the responsibilities you undertake.
If you do anticipate costs, you can apply to local
community groups such as the United Way for startup
funds. You also can partner with another communityor faith-based organization and share costs. You also
might be able to get specific donations, such as food
and equipment, from local organizations and businesses. In some cases there are government programs
that might help fund your respite care program.
ARCH’s “Guide to Federal Funding for Respite and
Crisis Care Programs” can help you find out more
about these sources. ARCH’s contact information is
listed in the resource section below. There also may
be some respite funding available through your local
Area Agency on Aging under the National Family
Caregiver Support Program for grandparents 60 and
older raising grandchildren. (For more information,
see the resource pages on the National Family Caregiver
Support Program included in this resource kit).
4
a month — it should consult an attorney or other
expert about the type of liability insurance it needs.
Liability insurance helps protect the organization
and its staff, both paid and volunteer. Even though
your community or faith-based organization already
has liability insurance, you should check to make
sure the new activities will be covered under the
existing policy.
Resource to help get you started:
ARCH National Respite Network and
Resource Center
Chapel Hill Training-Outreach Project, Inc.
800 Eastowne Drive, Suite 105
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
1-800-473-1727
www.archrespite.org
1
Minkler and Roe, Grandmothers as Caregivers: Raising Children of the Crack
Cocaine Epidemic (Newbury Park: Sage) 1993, p. 69.
Does my organization need liability insurance to
have a respite care program?
Whenever an organization starts a new program
where volunteers or paid service providers care
directly for children — even for two or three hours
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Creative Ways to Show Respect and Recognition for Kinship Caregivers
Honoring Their Commitment to Children
“I didn’t know how to act because I never experienced anything like that in my life.
It felt so good to be honored because we have struggled so much.”
— Jo Mary Peoples, a great-grandmother raising seven great-grandchildren,
honored as Colorado’s “Grandparent of the Year”
Grandparents and other relative caregivers make tremendous sacrifices for their
families and the children they are raising. Providing a child with continuous care
can be physically and emotionally draining. Providing ongoing financial support may put a caregiver’s own economic future at risk. When juggling the
demands of parenting, many grandparents and other relative caregivers also
find themselves giving up the activities that they looked forward to in their older
years, such as traveling, taking classes, changing careers, or just relaxing. As one
kinship caregiver describes her caretaking responsibilities, “You give up self
interests to invest time and money in your loved ones.”1 Community and faithbased organizations can support grandparents and other relative caregivers by
recognizing their selflessness, strength, and extraordinary commitment to their
children and their community.
How can your organization or congregation
help recognize and honor kinship caregivers
and their children?
• Tributes. Encourage the children in your organization or congregation to create and present a
tribute to their kinship caregivers, such as a poem,
letter, drawing, or other piece of artwork.
Giving the kinship caregivers in your community an
extra reminder that their job is important and
worthwhile can go a long way toward making them
feel supported and appreciated. In recognizing their
dedication, courage, and commitment, you can provide encouragement that will keep these caregivers
afloat during challenging times.
• Plaques or certificates of appreciation. Order a
plaque or certificate celebrating a caregiver’s efforts.
In honoring kinship caregivers, recognition events
do not have to focus on the caregiver alone. Planning
events for the whole family can facilitate unique
bonding experiences revitalize both the caregiver and
the child. Your organization or congregation can
recognize caregivers and their families in a
variety of ways:
• Proclamations. Request that the mayor of your city
issue a public pronouncement in recognition of a
specific individual or group of kinship caregivers
in your community or congregation. September 9
is National Grandparents’ Day and may be a good
time for such announcements. Mother’s Day or
Father’s Day also provide special opportunities for
recognition of kinship caregivers roles.
• Flowers. Send flowers unexpectedly to kinship
caregivers with a card of appreciation. If your congregation has flowers left over from a religious service
or other event, give them to a kinship caregiver.
• Award ceremonies or dinners. Invite kinship
caregivers and their children to a dinner or
awards ceremony in their honor, with music,
speakers, and other surprises.
• Respite. Provide care for children while the
caregiver enjoys a gift certificate for a dinner and
a movie, Sunday brunch, or a trip to the hairdresser
or nail salon. (Please see “How to Set Up a Respite
Care Program” included in this resource kit.)
• Corporate donations. Find corporate sponsors to
donate vacations and other gifts in recognition of
kinship care families.
• Media profiles. Encourage your local papers,
radio, and TV stations to showcase a committed
kinship caregiver or to cover your organization’s
Creative Ways to Show Respect and Recognition for Kinship Caregivers
or congregation’s recognition event. Make sure to
check with the caregiver first to see if such attention
is welcome.
What are some examples of recognition
events that other organizations and congregations have organized for kinship care families?
The following are examples of recognition events
other communities have created for their kinship
caregivers. Your community or faith-based organization
can organize similar events to help grandparents and
other relative caregivers feel appreciated and special.
Grandparent Recognition Day
In honor of grandparent caregivers, the Brooklyn
Grandparents Coalition held a day of respite,
relaxation, and recognition. Seventy grandparents
enjoyed inspirational gospel singing that highlighted
both the struggles and the joys of raising grandchildren. Before the day was over, the grandparents
were presented with proclamations from state and
city officials. Prizes and certificates were given in
recognition of the grandparents’ commitment to
their grandchildren. As Deborah Langosch, chairperson of the Grandparents Coalition, explained,
“We wanted to give them (grandparent caregivers)
acknowledgement because often what they do, the
sacrifices they make to take care of their families, is
a thankless job. Part of our job is to show them that
they are appreciated and to thank them for what they
have done.” Contact: Brooklyn Grandparents
Coalition, Chairperson, c/o Bensonhurst Guidance
Center, at 212-632-4760, or write to 8620 18th
Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11214.
Grandparents Fun Day
The Grandparent Resource Center, a Colorado
organization that offers a variety of services to grandparents raising grandchildren, started their annual
Grandparent’s Fun Day in 1995. A day of picnicking,
games, and dancing, the Fun Day recognizes all
grandparent caregivers and honors one caregiver in
particular. The Colorado Grandparent of the Year is
someone who has done exceptional work in the
community or who has persevered through an exceptional situation. Contact: The Grandparent Resource
Center at 303-980-5707, e-mail [email protected],
or write to P.O. Box 27064, Denver, CO 80227.
2
Grandparents Dinner Social
The Second Time Around support group for grandparent caregivers in Port Chester, N.Y. invited other
local support groups to a Grandparent’s Dinner
Social. More than 50 grandchildren were entertained
with fun projects in a side room at the Ossining
Community Center while the grandparents had dinner,
coffee, dessert, and lively discussion about their
experiences as grandparent caregivers. Contact:
Family Services of Westchester, at 914-937-2320, visit
www.fsw.org, or write to One Gateway Plaza, Port
Chester, NY 10573.
Radio City Music Hall Christmas Spectacular
To show its support of grandparent caregivers,
Family Services of Westchester provided 30 grandparents and grandchildren with donated passes to
the Christmas Spectacular at Radio City Music Hall.
Lori Connolly of Family Services noted, “Grandparents
really want these recreational opportunities because
they are given the chance to expose their children
to things they otherwise could not afford, and having
other children and families around gives the grandparents a needed break.” Contact: Family Services of
Westchester at 914-937-2320, visit www.fsw.org, or
write to One Gateway Plaza, Port Chester, NY 10573.
Grandparents Week
The Edgewood Center for Children and Families
in San Francisco celebrates grandparent caregivers
in a week-long series of events leading up to
National Grandparent’s Day on September 9.
Activities include a Mystery Night in which the center
surprises the grandparents with a night out on the
town. There also is a museum trip planned and a
luncheon to celebrate National Grandparents Day.
Contact: Edgewood Center for Children and
Families at 415-681-3211 or www.edgewoodcenter.org,
or e-mail [email protected].
1
Poe, Lenora M., The Changing Family: Psycho-Social Needs of Grandparents
Parenting a Second Shift, Parenting Grandchildren: A Voice for
Grandparents, Spring 2000.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
How to Plan a Wednesdays in Washington and at Home ® Event
Help Kinship Care Families Make Their Voices Heard
“We wanted the delegates to hear and see us. We ended up stuck in the elevator with
one senator who must have thought we were a sewing circle. We made it clear we were
not. We are advocates for children. We are not here to complain, but we want something
done, and we will be back.”
— Kinship caregiver participant in Wednesday at Home at the state capitol in Richmond, Va.
In addition to creating new programs and services for kinship care families, your
community or faith-based organization is invited to join the Children’s Defense
Fund’s (CDF) Leave No Child Behind® Movement to help kinship care families
make their voices heard by local, state, and federal policy-makers. By joining this
important Movement, your organization can play a vital role in ensuring that all
children get the support they need to become healthy, productive members of
society. Together we can and must build the civic and spiritual will of enough
citizens and political, faith, youth, and community leaders to protect and invest
in all our children. It’s time to do better! We hope you will help build the
Movement to Leave No Child Behind to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a
Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start, and a Moral Start in life and successful transition
to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities.
What is the Mission of the Leave No Child
Behind® Movement?
As we enter the 21st century, America’s strength
reflects our courage, our compassion, our hard
work, our moral values and our commitment to justice.
Today, we can extend the American dream of our
forefathers and foremothers to every child and family.
We have the know-how, the experience, the tools,
and the resources. And we have the responsibility as
mothers, fathers, grandparents, and concerned and
sensible people across the country.
We can build a nation where families have the
support they need to make it at work and at home;
where every child enters school ready to learn and
leaves on the path to a productive future; where
babies are likely to be born healthy, and sick children
have the health care they need; where no child has
to grow up in poverty; where all children are safe in
their community and every child has a place to call
home — and all Americans can proudly say “We
Leave No Child Behind.”
Our mission and vision in the months and years
ahead is to do what it takes to meet the needs of
children and their parents by building on the strengths
and sense of fairness of the American people, learning
from the best public and private ideas and successes,
and moving forward to a renewed commitment to
all our children.
What are Wednesdays in Washington and
at Home?
Wednesdays in Washington and at Home® events
(WIW/WAH) are a centerpiece of CDF’s efforts to
mobilize a critical mass of people from all walks of
life to demand action from our leaders to protect
and invest in all of our children. We seek to build a
persistent, powerful voice and witness of presence
for children on Wednesdays somewhere in America,
including visits, e-mails, phone calls, and faxes to
members of Congress in Washington and in their
local offices. We also seek to engage state and local
public officials in support of our vision and specific
annual goals to Leave No Child Behind. Your community or faith-based organization can gather a
group of kinship care families and other concerned
citizens to plan a WIW/WAH event to highlight the
How to Plan a Wednesdays in Washington and at Home ® Event
struggles kinship care families face and outline ways
that legislators and policy-makers can help make
their lives better.
WIW/WAH were inspired by the 1964 “Wednesdays
in Mississippi,” a moral witness of women during the
Civil Rights Movement. Black and White women
from the north traveled to Mississippi to develop
relationships with southern women, bear witness for
racial justice, and build bridges of understanding
between Black and White women across income and
racial lines. WIW/WAH also were inspired by the
New Testament parable describing an unjust, powerful judge who ignored a powerless widow’s pleas for
justice. But she did not give up. “Because this widow
keeps bothering me, I will grant her justice so that
she may not continue coming forever and wear me
out,” the judge finally said. So must we wear out our
leaders with our relentless insistence until they
commit and act to truly Leave No Child Behind.
2
Your organization can help kinship care
families in many ways.
CDF offers several programs to help your community
or faith-based organization become more involved in
the Leave No Child Behind® Movement, such as:
• Organizing a WIW/WAH.
• Helping political, media, and community leaders
see and feel firsthand the needs of children in your
community and what they can do by organizing a
Child Watch visit.
To learn more about these or other ways you can
help build the Leave No Child Behind® Movement,
call Children’s Defense Fund’s Campaign to Leave
No Child Behind at 202-628-8787, or visit www.
childrensdefense.org.
“We’ll Keep Trying Until They Get It Right”
A bitter cold February day didn’t stop a group of 50 kinship caregivers from a long-planned trip to their
state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, for a Wednesdays at Home™ event with CDF, under the leadership of
Reverend Clifford Barnett and Brighton’s Solid Rock, a service provider for kinship care families in
Portsmouth, Va. A dedicated band of caregivers sat in on a legislative training offered by CDF staff followed by meetings with key state representatives. “One legislator told us this is a family affair,” said one
participant, “but we’ll show him these children are everyone’s business.” Contact: Reverend Clifford
Barnett at 757-393-0570, or e-mail [email protected].
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
How to Set Up Activities for Children in Kinship Care Families
Making Sure Children Get the Special Suppor t They Need
“Our group has lots of fun. We go on exciting trips, play educational games, and have
different people come in and teach us new crafts. Grandma’s Kids is helping me improve
my reading and my behavior.”
— Participant in the Harrison School Grandma’s Kids, a program for children being
raised by kinship caregivers
Like all children, children in kinship care families need love, nurturing, and
special attention to resolve the unique challenges they face. In addition to the
guidance of their caregivers, they need positive role models and support from
their communities. Children in kinship care families may struggle with a variety
of challenges. Some may experience emotional problems as a result of the
abandonment of a parent. Others have special needs due to the substance
abuse or neglect of their parents. Common feelings experienced by these children may include anger at their parents — and sometimes at their caregivers —
guilt, fear, abandonment, and confusion about their situations. Support groups,
mentoring programs, and other activities specifically designed to address the
needs of children in kinship care families can help them sort through these
emotions and learn how to better deal with them. These activities also can help
them have some fun.
What kinds of activities can your organization
offer to children in kinship care families?
Children being raised by grandparents and other
relatives can benefit from many of the same activities
as children being raised by their parents. Participating
in sports activities, going on field trips, and attending
entertainment events will help children raised in kinship care families stay involved in their community
and feel a sense of belonging, even when they feel
their families are different. It is especially important
that these children have the opportunity to meet and
interact with other children being raised by grandparents or other relatives. This will help them know
that they are not alone in the challenges they face.
The following are suggestions for types of activities
that your community or faith-based organization can
offer these children.
• Set up support groups for children. Just as adult
caregivers struggle with their new child-rearing
responsibilities, many children in kinship care
families are dealing with their own unique set of
issues. They may feel abandoned by their parents,
be coping with special mental or physical disabilities,
or fear losing the kinship caregiver who is currently
caring for them. Others may blame themselves for
the fact that their parents are no longer raising
them. Your organization or congregation could
provide a qualified therapist or social worker to
help children discuss their concerns and issues
with other children in the same situation. You
already may have therapists or social workers in
your organization or congregation who would be
willing to volunteer to run a support group for
children. If your resources are more limited, consider using your state and local community network to refer children and their families to already
established support groups for children from kinship care families in your area. However, be sure
they understand the unique needs of kinship care
families.
How to Set Up Activities for Children in Kinship Care Families
• Offer tutoring and homework help. Volunteers
from your organization or congregation may
choose to provide tutorial assistance to help children
in kinship care families complete their homework
assignments or get special help in challenging
areas. Many children will benefit from getting
help with basic math and reading skills. In
Nashville, Tenn., for example, the state’s Family
and Children Services Agency offers a tutoring
program called Y.E.S. (Youth Excellent Summer)
to two different groups of children raised by
grandparents or other relatives, twice a week for
three hours. The ages of children served range
from 5 to 14. The groups focus on math and reading skills. Problem solving, critical evaluation,
cooperation, and responsibility also are taught in
this program.
• Provide training on basic life skills. Prior to living
with their kinship care families, some children have
lacked role models to guide them in the fundamentals of growing up, such as how to improve
their social skills, resist peer pressure, and build
their self-confidence. You can help these children
by teaching them basic personal and social skills.
Involving other young people to provide peer support and peer interaction also helps children in
kinship care families apply these skills to real life
situations.
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• Encourage participation in cultural and recreational
activities. Give children in kinship care families
the opportunity to participate in recreational, art,
and other expressive activities. These may include
painting, storytelling, dance, rap, and singing,
depending on the skills and interests of volunteers
in your organization or congregation. Simple and
inexpensive field trips may include trips to the
zoo, bowling, swimming, roller-skating, picnics at
the park, or a night at the movies. Help the children have some fun.
• Help provide transportation. Some children in
kinship care families just need help getting to and
from school or other community events. You can
create a program in which “friends” are matched
with children to provide assistance, including taking
children to social and recreational activities and
providing transportation to and from medical or
other appointments. Make sure those who are
driving have the insurance coverage they need for
the children and themselves and that those providing
transportation have permission from the caregivers.
• Organize and supervise special weekend trips.
If your organization or congregation has additional
resources available, you can create family recreational
activities or weekend camps such as The GrandFamilies Camp and Camp Hope. These opportunities
give both caregivers and the children they are
Hope for Kinship Care Families
The Volunteers of America’s No Empty Nest program in Alaska offers two free camping opportunities for kinship care families. The Strengthening of Grandfamilies Family Camp is a three--day camp
in which grandfamilies are offered a variety of workshops, crafts, activities, recreation, and support to meet the needs of every member of the family. “The Grandfamilies Camp,” says Pat
Cochran, director of prevention services, “brings grandparents and grandchildren together to break
the isolation and helps them to feel a part of a community. It is a tremendous relief for children
who find out that there are lots of kids just like them. They can let go of some of those heavy burdens and just be kids!”
In the summer, 10 “camperships” also are earmarked for grandchildren being raised by grandparents to attend Camp Hope. This unique six-day prevention camp targets young children whose lives
have been impacted by parental substance abuse. Combined with traditional camp activities, a
specialized curriculum helps these children better understand their parents’ disease and how it
has affected them. They explore their feelings, learn healthy coping skills, and find out about their
own increased risk of alcoholism and addiction. Contact: Pat Cochran, Director of Prevention
Services at 907-522-9866 or 907-279-9646 or [email protected]. The Web site for this program
is www.grandparentagain.com/community/support_alaska.html.
How to Set Up Activities for Children in Kinship Care Families
3
Services for Children Raised by Grandparents and Other Relatives
Grandma’s Kids is a school-based project in Philadelphia coordinated by Temple University’s Center
for Intergenerational Learning and funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Services
address the needs of both the children in kinship care families and their older caregivers. It is also
an after-school program and summer camp offer tutoring assistance, life skills training, and counseling. Grandparents can go to support meetings as well as workshops on managing finances, finding
housing, resolving legal issues, and improving parenting skills. Teacher training also is provided
through Grandma’s Kids, so teachers can become more aware of the unique challenges facing both
the children in kinship care families and their caregivers. Project volunteers also coordinate with
classroom teachers so that the after-school program builds on classroom lessons. Contact:
Sannah Ragsdale, project coordinator, Grandma’s Kids, at 215-204-3105. The Web site for the program
is www.temple.edu/CIL/grandmaskids.htm.
raising the opportunity to relax and interact with
other kinship care families who are experiencing
many of the same challenges.
• Provide job opportunities and guidance. Have
your organization or congregation create job
opportunities for children in kinship care families,
such as lawn mowing or working at a bake sale.
These opportunities help children become more
responsible and self-sufficient and build self-esteem.
• Participate in or create a mentoring program.
All children need caring adults in their lives. Adult
mentors can help kinship caregivers enhance a
child’s learning skills and build their self-esteem and
self-control. Mentors also can provide emotional
support and guidance on topics children may not
be comfortable discussing with their caregivers.
Many mentoring programs have been proven to
increase educational achievement and social
development for children and to help prevent
other problems like substance abuse. To be effective, however, the mentor/mentee relationships
need to be consistent and committed. Mentoring
relationships actually can do more harm than
good if they are short-lived or sporadic. Too many
children living with kinship caregivers already
have been disappointed by adults in their lives.
• Organize a toy/clothing exchange. “Hand-medowns” can be a blessing for kinship care families
with tight budgets. Your organization or congregation might create a toy/clothing exchange to
give these families toys or clothes they otherwise
would not be able to afford. Equally important, an
exchange gives kinship care families the ability to
give back to the community when the children
they are raising outgrow their clothes and toys.
• Award or support scholarships: Some children in
kinship care families can only dream of going to
college, due to their family’s limited resources. By
creating college scholarships for children in kinship care families, you can help defray the costs of
a college education for children raised by kinship
caregivers living on fixed incomes. Your organization or congregation also can help by supporting
existing scholarship programs and linking eligible
children to them.
How to Set Up Activities for Children in Kinship Care Families
How can I find existing activities in my
community that could help children in kinship
care families?
You should begin by checking the Kinship Care Fact
Sheet for your state. These fact sheets are available
online at www.childrensdefense.org/childwelfare/
kinshipcare/fact_sheets/. They list local organizations
and programs that specifically serve kinship care
families. Hard copies of the fact sheets can be
4
requested by contacting CDF’s Child Welfare
and Mental Health Division at 202-662-3568. Try
connecting with your local school system and community organizations, such as the YMCA, YWCA,
the Urban League, the United Way, Boys and Girls
Clubs, or Big Brothers and Big Sisters. Your local
Child and Family Services Department or
Department on Aging also may be good places to
find out what child-specific services are offered.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
How to Set Up Parenting Education Programs for Kinship Caregivers
Improving Parenting Skills the Second Time Around
“In addressing the needs of grandparents, it is easy to overlook their unique strengths …
grandparent empowerment training can build on these strengths, increasing the grandparents’ skills while enabling them to become community resources reaching out to other
grandparents in need of support and information.”
— Carole B. Cox, author, To Grandmother’s House We Go and Stay
While many consider parenting to be a natural skill, “parent education” or “parent
empowerment” programs have demonstrated that parents and caregivers can
learn how to be even better parents. More importantly, these programs have
proven wrong the stereotypical notion that parenting education is for “bad parents.”
Parenting education really only works for caring parents who feel that continuing
to learn and change are important parts of life. An increasing number of programs provide parenting education to teach parents and other caregivers how
best to care for the children they are raising.
Why is parenting education important for
kinship caregivers?
Are there different types of parenting
education programs?
For grandparents and other relative caregivers who
have not raised children for many years, parenting
education provides a “refresher course” on the
newest and most effective parenting techniques.
Some grandparents and caregivers say that parenting
classes are especially useful because they feel out of
touch with today’s youth. Parenting education can
provide training on appropriate ways to communicate
with children of different ages and support children’s
development in a positive way. It also can teach caregivers about new disciplinary techniques or how to
talk about sex, drugs, or violence.
Parenting education programs should be customized
to the individual needs of a particular group of parents
or caregivers. If you have a group of grandparents
raising children with special needs, for example,
parenting classes can focus on building the specific
caregiving skills to best meet children’s physical and
emotional challenges.
Parenting education helps grandparents and other
relatives become better caregivers and also can help
them find valuable resources in the community to
assist them in their parenting roles. For example,
grandparents with children with disabilities needs
can learn about alternative programs available to
address their children’s unique needs. Some parenting
education programs also help grandparents find
legal assistance and surmount bureaucratic hurdles
to obtain government benefits and services for their
children. Most importantly, parenting education
programs can help caregivers feel that they are not
alone in their struggle to be the best parents they
can be to their children.
The following are just a few of the ways in which you
can design a parenting program for the kinship
caregivers in your community:
• Implement a pre-existing parenting education
curriculum. There are hundreds of parenting education courses that have been effective in educating
different populations of parents. These courses are
tailored to parents of different cultures, parents of
children with special needs, and parents of children
of different ages. Although many of these curricula
are not focused specifically on grandparent and
other relative caregivers, they are universal enough
in their application to be useful and easily adapted
to this population.
How to Set Up Parenting Education Programs for Kinship Caregivers
2
Parenting the Second Time Around
In designing a parenting education program, it is important to use or develop a curriculum that
reflects contemporary parenting practices. It also is important to be sensitive to cultural differences and teach disciplinary techniques that are mindful of these differences. It is helpful to make
the sessions relevant to the experiences of grandparents and other relative caregivers. Three parenting groups in New York offer six weeks of parenting classes that provide kinship caregivers with
a basic understanding of child development and children’s needs, teach positive disciplinary techniques, and suggest ways that caregivers can partner with schools to ensure that their children’s
educational needs are being met. Child care is provided on-site. Contact: Cornell Cooperative
Extension of Orange County, Educational Center, at 845-344-1234, e-mail at [email protected]
or www.cce.cornell.edu/publications/catalog.html.
• Locate a family support program that offers
parent education classes. There may be a family
resource center or other family support program
in your community that already is offering parent
education classes as part of a broader range of
support services for families. The family support
program may be willing to start a special class for
kinship caregivers or to involve caregivers in its
ongoing classes. These programs also can be useful in connecting kinship care families to other
resources in the community.
• Design your own parenting class. Because of the
specific needs of the kinship caregivers you are
serving, your community or faith-based organization
may wish to design its own parenting education
curriculum. One option, for example, might be to
survey the grandparents and other relative caregivers
in your community to find out what kind of training
would be of greatest benefit to them. Your organization can then use this information to develop a
curriculum to meet the needs of this population.
Your organization also might choose to work with
parenting education professionals locally or
nationally who have designed curriculums to help
customize your kinship care training.
• Choose a support group or empowerment model.
The support group model of parenting education
helps grandparents and other relative caregivers
cope with the emotional difficulties and challenges
of raising children while also teaching them how
to strengthen their abilities to parent. The empowerment model of parenting education groups
focuses on the challenges that grandparents and
other relative caregivers face and encourages caregivers to advocate for themselves. It is important to
mention that these models are not mutually exclusive. Some parenting education groups incorporate
elements of both to meet the comprehensive needs
of their participants.
How much does it cost to start a parenting
education program?
The cost of parenting education programs varies
based on the type of parenting education your
organization chooses. If your organization designs
its own parenting course based on the needs of the
kinship care families and the knowledge of others in
your community, the cost may be minimal. To use a
curriculum that has been designed by others, it may
be necessary for you to pay for training and materials.
This cost can range from hundreds to several thousands
of dollars. Regardless of which curriculum you use,
there may be small additional costs, such as publicity,
refreshments, child care, and transportation, although
it is possible to reduce these costs through the use of
volunteers and donations.
Where can I obtain funding to start a
parenting education program?
One way to obtain funding for your parenting education
program is to contact your local or state office on
aging. This office may offer grants for these programs
or be able to connect you with funding sources in
your community. Most states have created Children’s
Trust Funds (related to their child abuse prevention
efforts) that also may provide funding for parent
How to Set Up Parenting Education Programs for Kinship Caregivers
education programs. You also may try partnering
with another community or faith-based organization
to start a parenting education program.
There are foundations that provide startup grants
for grandparent caregiver programs, such as the
Brookdale Foundation in New York. In addition,
there are community foundations that support local
parenting programs. For example, the Philadelphia
Foundation, the Kansas City Foundation, the
Baltimore Community Foundation, the Chicago
Community Trust, and the Boston Foundation all
have supported parenting programs.
A third method of obtaining funding for your
parenting education group is through corporations.
Some of the corporations that have shown interest
in funding parenting education programs are AT&T,
Proctor and Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Hasbro,
McDonald’s, Stride Rite, and Metlife.
Finally, it may be useful to contact your state
Department of Education or Department of Heath
to inquire whether they have funding available for
parenting education programs for kinship caregivers.
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How can my organization encourage kinship
caregivers to participate in parenting education
programs without making them feel like they
are “lacking” as parents?
Any materials or advertisements for your organization’s
parenting education programs should emphasize
that even the best parents can improve their skills,
and how good parents are most likely to benefit
from parenting education because they are always
looking for new ways to help their children. This is
especially important for kinship caregivers who may
feel they are to blame for their adult children’s
behaviors and are afraid of repeating the same
mistakes the second time around. Even those caregivers who feel confident about their parenting skills
may feel judged by their family, friends, and others.
Does my organization need a parenting expert
to teach these classes?
It depends on what your focus will be. Before
providing parenting education, your organization
should think carefully about what will be included in
the training and how to provide it in the most responsible way possible. If you can involve an experienced
parent educator, it can be very helpful. At a minimum,
ask parenting experts in your community to look
over and provide advice on your training plans and
the materials you propose to use.
Empowering Grandparents Raising Grandchildren
Empowerment training focuses on strengthening the parenting skills of grandparents as well as
enabling them to become active advocates and resource people for others with the same concerns.
Empowerment training differs from a support group as it follows a set curriculum. One empowerment
curriculum, which focuses on both general parenting issues and advocacy, consists of 14 classes.
At the conclusion of the parenting empowering sessions, a graduation ceremony held in formal
recognition of the grandparents’ accomplishments. The curriculum is available in English and Spanish.
Contact: Carole Cox, Fordham University Graduate School of Social Service, at 212-636-6649 or
[email protected].
How to Set Up Parenting Education Programs for Kinship Caregivers
4
Training for Caregivers Raising Children with Special Needs
Raising children with developmental disabilities can present unique challenges to grandparents
and other relative caregivers. To provide caregivers with the skills needed to effectively parent
these children, five programs in New York offer training curriculums tailored to this population. They
include information on how to obtain key resources, how to address potential long-term care
needs, and anger management and disciplinary techniques. The curriculum often works best in a
support group setting, where grandparents can meet others struggling with the demands of raising
children with special needs. Contact: New York State Office of Aging at 518-474-5041, or visit
www.aging.state.ny.us/caring/grandparents.
Selected Parenting Resources
Although the following resources are not specifically
tailored to a kinship care audience, they may be
good places to start in shaping a parenting education
program. If there is no ongoing parenting education
program for kinship caregivers in your community,
your organization should see if any of the following
programs are already offered locally and might be
adapted for kinship caregivers.
MELD. MELD is a community-based education program designed to meet the needs of specific populations, such as: 1) parents with children up to age 3
who are chronically ill or disabled; 2) new parents;
3) young mothers with new babies; 4) growing families;
and 5) Latino and Southeast Asian families. MELD
offers a five day training to parent facilitators, who
are recruited from the community, and provides followup support services to them. The training takes
place in Minneapolis and costs approximately $15,000.
MELD’s curriculum emphasizes health, child development, child guidance, family management, use of
community resources, home and community safety,
balancing work and family, and other issues related
to the parenting needs of the target group. MELD’s
facilitated parent education groups meet for two
years, typically twice a month or as often as once
per week. Contact: MELD at 612-332-7563 or
[email protected].
Avance. Avance is a community-based program
that targets low-income Latino parents with infants
and young children. It has 80 family centers
throughout Texas and in Kansas City and provides
weekly, three-hour parenting education classes that
last for nine months, play groups and child care for
children, toy-making classes for parents, adult education,
and bimonthly home visits. Services are preventive in
nature. Facilitators of the groups are usually graduates
of the program and live in the same community as
the parents whom they are serving. The curriculum
is culturally sensitive and bilingual. Contact: Avance
at 210-270-4630 or www.avance.org.
Parents as Teachers National Center (PAT). The
PAT National Center develops curricula and trains
and certifies parent educators to provide parenting
support and information. There are more than
3,300 PAT programs worldwide. The PAT National
Center also trains Early Head Start, Even Start, and
other program staff, who conduct home visits with
parents. The core components of the PAT programs
consist of personal visits, group meetings, developmental screenings, and linkages to a network of
community resources. Contact: Parents as Teachers
National Center at 314-432-4330 or www.patnc.org.
Family Support America (FSA). FSA serves as a clearinghouse and resource center in family support. It
offers program and practice expertise and training
and technical assistance in all types of family support.
Family support centers, one type of family support,
are places in the community where families turn for
help and assistance and to share experiences. They
often offer parenting education programs. FSA also
has an online database of thousands of family support
programs. Contact: Family Support America at
312-338-0900 or www.familysupportamerica.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Cash Assistance
any grandparents and other relative caregivers already are living on limited incomes.
The added expense of raising a child may
make it even more difficult to make ends meet.
Your community or faith-based organization can
help by letting kinship caregivers know that they can
apply to their state for cash benefits on behalf of the
children under their care. While the amount of the
monthly benefit varies by state, the extra income
may be just what the caregiver needs to take the best
possible care of his or her child. The following is
designed to give kinship care families and those
who are helping them basic information about the
federal cash benefit program, Temporary Assistance
for Needy Families (TANF). Your state or local government also may have some general assistance or
short-term emergency assistance available.
M
Many kinship caregivers in your community are
eligible to apply for a monthly cash payment to
help support the children they are raising.
TANF was established by the 1996 federal welfare
legislation to provide public assistance and other
services to low-income families. This program
replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent
Children Program (AFDC). Among its other general
purposes, TANF allows states “to provide assistance to
needy families so that children may be cared for in
their own homes or in the homes of relatives.” As a
result, all states have cash assistance programs to help
children and their families. Each state has a different
name for its TANF program, such as Colorado Works
or Arkansas’ Transitional Employment Assistance
(TEA) program. Each state also offers a different
monthly payment. For a list of the names of the
TANF programs in each state, log on to www.acf.hhs.
gov//programs/ofa/tnfnames.htm, or call 1-800333-4636. You can also link directly to your state’s
TANF Web site by logging on to www.acf.hhs.gov/
programs/ofa/stlinks.htm.
Kinship caregivers should be aware that there are
two ways to apply for TANF benefits.
TANF was established to encourage families to
remain on cash assistance only for a temporary period
while they prepare to go back to work. In addition to
parents, TANF also is available to certain relatives who
are raising needy children full time. Each state
defines who qualifies as a “relative” for eligibility
purposes. In almost all states, kinship caregivers can
apply for TANF benefits in one of two ways. It is very
important for kinship caregivers to understand the
difference between these two ways, so that they can
be clear when talking to TANF agency representatives.
Cash Assistance
• Child-Only Grants: Most kinship caregivers apply
for TANF “child-only grants.” With a child-only
grant, only the child’s income is counted for the
purposes of determining his or her eligibility for
cash benefits. Since the benefit is intended only
for the child, a relative kinship caregiver does not
have to share her income information or comply
with welfare program work requirements. More
importantly, there is no time limit on the receipt
of a child-only grant. Eligible children can continue
to receive monthly assistance until they reach the
age of 18—or 19, if they are full-time students.
• Regular TANF Grant: Income-eligible related
caregivers could also apply for cash assistance on
behalf of themselves as well as the children they
are raising. In this case, the caregiver would include
themselves in the grant as “part of the assistance
unit.” This means that the state would take the
caregiver’s income into account in determining
the entire family’s TANF eligibility and benefit
levels. If an adult caregiver is included in the assistance unit, the monthly grant will be higher than
a child-only grant, but the caregiver receiving
benefits also would be subject to work participation
requirements. In addition, the caregiver and the
child only could receive benefits for a maximum
of five years (many states impose even shorter
time limits).
2
Kinship caregivers can contact their state’s TANF
program to get information on how and where to
apply for benefits by calling 1-800-333-4636 or
logging on to www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/
stlinks.htm. Caregivers also can find out more general
information about TANF by contacting the Welfare
Information Network (WIN) at 202-587-1000 or
www.financeprojectinfo.org/win/.
Remind kinship caregivers to be persistent when
they apply for TANF benefits.
As with other government benefits programs,
TANF agency caseworkers are not always aware of
how eligibility guidelines apply to kinship care families. Many caregivers have reported that when they
go to apply for TANF, they are told that they cannot
apply on behalf of the children they are raising
because they don’t have legal custody or guardianship.
Even in cases where they are applying for a child-only
grant for the child, the worker may tell caregivers
that their income will be counted and ask for unnecessary financial information. Your community or
faith-based program can help grandparents and
other relatives understand what they can receive by
discussing the eligibility guidelines highlighted in
these resource pages. Unless a child has an income
of his or her own through child support, social security,
or a trust fund, for example, almost all children in
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Cash Assistance
kinship care families should be eligible for some
benefits. A child who is already receiving foster care
payments is not eligible for TANF benefits, but there
may be other children in the home who are eligible.
Note: Caregivers related by blood to the child do not
need legal custody or guardianship to receive TANF
benefits. Caregivers not related by blood may be
required to obtain legal custody or guardianship.
Some kinship caregivers may not want to apply for
TANF because they are afraid people might think
that “they are looking for a handout.”
Your community or faith-based organization can
encourage kinship caregivers to apply for TANF by
explaining that, like Social Security benefits, TANF is
one of many public programs designed to provide
children and needy adults with the help they deserve.
There are currently more than one-half million kinship
caregivers who are receiving TANF funds to help
support the children they are raising. They should
not feel ashamed to apply for help when they need
it. In fact, they should be applauded for doing the
3
best they can for their children.
In addition to TANF, children being raised by kinship
caregivers may be eligible for other benefits, such as
food stamps, Medicaid, or the state Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP), child care subsidies,
disability benefits and others. For more information
about these benefit programs, please see the “Food
and Nutrition,” “Health Care,” “Children with
Physical and Mental Disabilities,” and “Child Care
and Early Education” resource pages in this resource
kit. To find out about additional government benefits
programs, kinship caregivers also can log on to
www.govbenefits.gov or call 1-800-333-4636. Kinship
caregivers themselves also may be eligible for a range of
benefits. See the “Senior Resources” resource page
in this resource kit for information about available
programs.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Child Care and Early Education
any grandparents and other relative caregivers worry about finding the right child
care and early education programs for the
children they are raising. You can help caregivers in
your community or congregation by giving them
information about the different types of child care
and early childhood education programs that may
be available to their families. In addition to the
information summarized below, the Children’s
Defense Fund (CDF) has developed the “Grandparents
and Other Relative Caregiver’s Guide to Child Care
and Early Education,” which offers additional information about available programs. To obtain a copy
of the guide, visit www.childrensdefense.org/ss_kin_
guides.php, or contact CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental
Health Division at 202-662-3568, or e-mail child
[email protected].
M
Different types of child care and early childhood
education programs may be available to kinship
caregivers raising children in your community.
Child care and after-school activities help shape the
way children think, learn, and behave for the rest of
their lives. All children deserve the quality child care
and early childhood education experiences necessary
to get a head start in life. Many kinship caregivers
need to work while they are raising their grandchildren, and they want them to be in a safe place
while they are away. They want the children they are
raising to get early learning experiences so that they
start school ready to succeed. School-age children
may also need safe and age-appropriate activities
after school.
There are several types of child care. They are not all
available in all communities, and they have different
costs. It is important to research the costs and benefits
of each type of child care to make sure the kinship
caregiver finds the right one for his or her family.
• In-home care. With this type of child care, someone
comes to the grandparent’s or other relative’s home
to care for their children. Having the child care
provider in the kinship caregiver’s own home gives
him or her more control over where the children
are and keeps the children in a familiar setting.
• Family child care. With this type of child care, the
children are cared for in a small home-like setting,
usually in the child care provider’s own home.
Most family child care providers work alone, so
the caregiver should have a back up if the child
care provider is sick or cannot work some days.
Some communities have a network of family child
care providers. Some states license family child
care providers, while others do not. Check with
your state child care licensing agency. Even if they
are not licensed, family child care providers
should have basic health and safely training.
Child Care and Early Education
• Center care. Centers usually are licensed by the
state and required to meet standards for cleanliness,
safety, health conditions, staffing, and program
activities. They offer different ranges of activities.
Centers should have staff who are trained and
have child development experience. Nonprofit,
community, or faith-based groups may run centers,
as do public schools, government agencies, or
employers.
• Early childhood education. This usually refers to
center-based programs that offer a range of activities to help children develop physically, socially,
emotionally, and mentally. Activities are based on
the children’s age, and change as children get
older. Early childhood education programs have
more structured learning experiences for older
children than what younger children usually get.
There are many different names for early childhood
education programs such as child care center,
nursery school, preschool or prekindergarten, or
child development center. Head Start is a popular
federally- funded early childhood education program
for lower-income families that offers comprehensive
services and an assurance of quality care for children ages 3 to 5. The Early Head Start Program
offers care for infants and toddlers.
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Finding good child care and early childhood education
programs is one of the most important decisions
kinship caregivers can make for their children.
It is important to find child care or early childhood
education programs that provide age-appropriate
activities for each child. When children are very
young, it is important to find a child care provider
or program that can give them a lot of individual
attention. As they get older, children need activities
to help them learn and grow. They also need basic
lessons to prepare them for school, including activities
that help them learn how to read and play with others.
School-age children can benefit greatly from beforeor after-school programs if a kinship caregiver works
or cannot be with them during those times of the
day. These programs can provide children with the
tutoring, additional instruction, sports, art, and
music activities they may not get during their regular
school day.
Caregivers may have a choice of programs for
before- and after-school care in their community.
Child care programs; recreation centers; or youth,
community, or faith-based groups may run such
programs. They can check the telephone book for
the local YMCA or YWCA and Boys or Girls Clubs.
Many schools offer before- and after-school care as
well. For example, the federal government runs
some through its 21st Century Community Learning
Centers programs. The learning centers offer activities
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Child Care and Early Education
for school-age children in a safe, drug-free, and
supervised environment. The learning centers help
schools stay open longer; provide a safe place to do
homework; and have recreational, music, and art
activities. Visit the 21st Century Community Web site
at www.ed.gov/21stcclc/grantees.html to find local
centers and the grade levels they serve.
Kinship caregivers and others should be encouraged
to use the following tips when selecting a child
care program.
No matter who operates the child care program,
caregivers should look for one where the staff members
have child development training. Most early childhood education programs are licensed and registered
by the state. This means they meet certain standards
for cleanliness, safety, health conditions, staffing,
and program activities. When choosing a program,
encourage the kinship caregiver to visit each place,
speak with the staff, and talk with other families who
use the program or provider. Do other parents think
it is safe? Do their children like it? When they visit,
they should pay attention to how the home or center
looks and feels to them. Watch how the staff speak
and act with the children. Watch how the children
play with each other. They should ask the staff questions.
You or others in your organization or congregation
may want to help by accompanying caregivers when
they visit different facilities. Here are some things to
look for:
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• Is it clean? Is it in good repair? Are there railings
on all staircases? Are the bathrooms clean?
• Is there a safe place for the children to play outside?
Does it have a fence? Does it have a gate that locks
so the children cannot run into the street?
• Is it child proof? Are medicines and cleaning supplies
out of reach? Are the electrical outlets covered or
out of reach?
• Does it have a plan to get everyone out if there is
a fire? What will they do if there is an accident or
another kind of emergency?
• Do staff have good health habits? Do they wash
their hands before giving the children food? Do
they wash their hands after changing diapers?
• Do staff supervise the children at all times? How
many adults are there compared to the number of
children? Do staff have any child development
training? Do they have previous child care experience? Do they seem to enjoy the children? Does
the provider or program do criminal background
checks on its staff?
• How long has the provider worked in this program?
• How do the children spend their time? Are there
enough books and toys for them? Are there different
activities for children of different ages?
• How are children guided toward appropriate
behaviors?
• Does it feel safe? Would you feel comfortable
leaving your grandchild there?
Child Care and Early Education
After the visit, help the kinship caregiver think
about these questions and talk about what they saw
so they can choose the best program to meet the
needs of the children they are raising. You also may
want to encourage kinship caregivers to contact
their local child care resource and referral agency.
In many communities, the staff at these agencies can
help caregivers learn about local child care programs
for children of all ages. Each resource and referral
agency has up-to-date lists of licensed or registered
child care programs. The lists include information
about where space is available, the ages of children
served, hours of operation, fees, and types of programs.
They often also have a checklist to help kinship caregivers evaluate child care providers that are being
considered. To find a local resource and referral
agency, contact Child Care Aware at 1-800-424-2246
or www.childcareaware.org. Enter the zip code and
find the telephone number for local referral agencies.
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caregivers can qualify for tax assistance to pay for child
care while they work. Each state decides what children
they will help and by which method of payment.
To find out if kinship caregivers in your organization
or congregation qualify for help paying for child
care, contact your state child care subsidy agency.
The National Child Care Information Center can
give you the telephone number for your state agency
at 1-800-616-2242 or http://nccic.org.
Kinship caregivers may need other helpful
resources to get started.
The groups listed below provide information or services
that should be helpful for grandparents and other
family members looking for good child care and
early childhood education programs.
Kinship caregivers can get help to pay for child
care for the children they are raising.
Child Care Aware
1-800-424-2246
www.childcareaware.org
The federal government gives money to states to
help some low-income families pay for child care
and early childhood education programs while they
work. The amount of help each kinship caregiver
may get depends on his or her family income.
Generally, otherwise eligible families with children
under age 13 qualify for help with child care.
There are other forms of help as well: Some kinship
Child Care Aware has telephone numbers for child
care resource and referral agencies across the country.
They can find a local agency to get information
about child care providers and financial help. They
also have a free checklist to help evaluate the quality of
family day care or child care centers being considered.
Enter a zip code to get the telephone number for a
local referral agency.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Child Care and Early Education
Children’s Defense Fund (CDF)
25 E Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
202-662-3568
202-662-3550 fax
www.childrensdefense.org
[email protected] e-mail
CDF provides information and resources on issues
facing grandparents and other relative caregivers,
including information on federal legislation that
helps kinship care families. CDF has a series of kinship care family guides in four issue areas: health
insurance, food and nutrition programs, child care
and early childhood programs, and children with
disabilities. Call, write or fax for a copy of any of the
kinship care guides. CDF also works extensively to
promote quality child care and early childhood education for children and families who need this help.
Early Head Start National Resource Center
Zero to Three
2000 M Street, N.W. Suite 200
Washington, DC 20036
202-638-1144
202-638-0851 fax
www.ehsnrc.org
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The Early Head Start National Resource Center provides
information to parents and providers about the
Head Start program. Check the Web site to find
local Early Head Start programs.
National Child Care Information Center (NCCIC)
243 Church Street, NW, 2nd Floor
Vienna, VA 22180
1-800-616-2242
1-800-716-2242 fax
1-800-516-2242 TTY
[email protected] e-mail
www.nccic.org
The National Child Care Information Center provides
information about child care to families, providers,
states, and the general public. Its Web site has state
contact information for different state agencies
involved in child care. Visit the Web site or ask the
center for a list of groups that have written checklists
to help families pick the right child care.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Child Support
any grandparents and other relatives may
be eligible to receive child support on
behalf of the children they are raising.
Child support is a regular payment provided by the
child’s parent(s) that can be used to help cover a
child’s living expenses. It also can include payments
for a specific benefit, such as health insurance or
child care for the child. Your community or faith-based
organization can let kinship caregivers know that
child support may be available and encourage them
to consider applying for it through the court system.
M
Sometimes kinship caregivers do not want to pursue
child support because they think it might make the
child’s parents angry. In some cases, a caregiver may
feel that if he or she “goes after” the child support,
the parent may remove the child from the caregivers
home. In these situations, caregivers may choose not
to pursue child support and should not be pressured
to do so.
Kinship caregivers should know that the children
they are raising may be eligible for child support
from their parents.
Unless parental rights have been terminated by a
court, a child’s parents generally are legally obligated
to financially support a child until that child reaches
the age of majority, marries, joins the military, or
becomes self-supporting. Any relative or other adult
who is caring full time for a child is eligible to apply
for and receive child support on behalf of that child
from one or both parents, even if the kinship caregiver has sufficient funds to support the child on his
or her own. The amount of child support ordered
by a court varies depending on the parents’ income
and other factors.
Each state has its own guidelines to determine
how much child support a child should receive.
Each state has established “child support guidelines”
that determine how much child support must be
paid for a child. The guidelines vary by state, but
many states simply calculate an amount of child support
based upon a percentage of a parent’s income.
Sources of income can include wages, investments,
pensions and retirement benefits, worker’s compensation, disability payments, unemployment benefits,
veterans benefits, and social security payments.
Income does not include Temporary Assistance to
Needy Families (TANF) or Supplemental Security
Income Program (SSI) payments received by a parent. Courts also may count as parental income any
money, goods, or services (such as a free place to
live) provided by relatives and friends (including
new spouses or girlfriends or boyfriends).
If kinship caregivers are receiving TANF on a
child’s behalf, child support will be used to
reimburse the state TANF agency.
If children are receiving TANF payments, any child
support collected on their behalf will be paid directly
to the state TANF agency to reimburse it for the
costs of the child’s welfare benefits. Kinship caregivers
should be aware that some states “pass through” to
the child some portion of child support collected,
Child Support
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in addition to the monthly TANF cash grant. Once
a child no longer receives TANF, most current child
support payments will go directly to the child.
petition in court and representing themselves; or
(4) by applying for assistance with a state’s child support
enforcement agency.
Kinship caregivers receiving TANF on a child’s
behalf may have to help a state establish a child
support order.
• Private attorneys. The local bar association for
your county (the professional organization for
lawyers) should be able to provide you with a list
of private attorneys who specialize in child support
cases. Sometimes they will include attorneys willing to take cases for lower-income clients at a low
or sliding-scale fee. Your community or faith-based
organization also may want to see if there are any
volunteers who would be willing to take on child
support cases for free.
The states sometimes require kinship caregivers who
are raising a child receiving TANF to help locate the
child’s parents and establish a child support order by
providing any information they may have about the
parents’ whereabouts. If a kinship caregiver feels,
however, that attempts to make a parent pay child
support will jeopardize the child’s physical or emotional
safety or their own, they can make an argument to
the agency that there is “good cause” not to cooperate.
Kinship caregivers also should keep in mind that if
they are already receiving child support payments
on behalf of a child on TANF, they must report the
child support payments to the TANF caseworker. If
they don’t, they will be committing welfare fraud
and may be required to pay back benefits received
to the state or serve jail time.
Kinship caregivers may need basic information on
how to apply for child support.
Grandparents and other relatives raising children may
seek to collect child support from the child’s parents
in several ways: (1) by hiring a private attorney;
(2) by securing an attorney at no charge from a local
legal services office; (3) by filing a child support
• Legal services. Most counties are served by a legal
services or legal aid office that provides legal services
to eligible low-income clients. Kinship caregivers
can find their local legal service agency by calling
directory assistance or looking in the phone book.
Caregivers also can log on to www.lawhelp.org or
www.abanet.org/legalservices/probono for a list
of local legal service providers who provide representation in child support cases.
• Self-representation. Kinship caregivers may file a
“petition” for child support and represent themselves in the court that hears child support cases in
their county of residence or in the county where
the child’s parent lives. In some counties the court
that decides child support cases is called Family
Court; in others, the local civil court has a special
Family Court or Child Support division. The petition
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Child Support
is the legal document that starts a child support
case and asks the court to make a decision about
how much child support a parent should provide
for a child.
• Local child support enforcement agency. You may
also seek assistance from your local child support
enforcement agency. The purpose of these agencies is to help increase child support collections.
There is usually a $25 application fee to use
agency services, although this fee can be waived.
The agency can help you to do the following:
locate a child’s parents through the state or federal
parent locator service and/or state or federal
directory of new hires; find out information about
where the parents work and what assets they have
that may be available to help pay child support;
establish paternity, if necessary; secure child support
orders; enforce child support orders by collecting
current payments and past-due support (arrears);
and review child support orders periodically to
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make sure they are current and appropriate. Local
child support enforcement agencies may be found
by logging on to www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/cse/
extinf.htm.
• Other resources. For more information about
child support and where to start, the federal
government provides a how-to guide called the
“Handbook on Federal Child Support Enforcement.”
The guide can be ordered by calling 1-800-fed-info
or logging on to www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/
children/childenf/enforce.htm. Many communities
also have grass-roots organizations that provide
support to caregivers and parents who are trying
to secure child support. One national child support
advocacy group is the Association for Children for
the Enforcement of Support (ACES), based in
Ohio. It has local chapters across the country.
ACES can be contacted at 1-800-738-ACES or by
logging on to www.childsupport-aces.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Child Welfare and Kinship Foster Care
ight now in the United States, almost onethird of the children who have been removed
from their homes by the state for abuse and
neglect are being cared for by grandparents and
other relatives. This is sometimes referred to as “formal kinship care,” as opposed to “informal kinship
care,” because children have come under the formal
supervision of the state due to abuse or neglect. In
“informal kinship care,” relatives usually take over
from the parent without formal state involvement.
Sometimes grandparents and relatives who are providing “formal” care have been licensed as a child’s
foster parent. Some are taking care of a child in foster care with little state supervision or funding.
Whatever the case, kinship caregivers who are providing
foster care sometimes face special challenges in
negotiating the child welfare system. Studies have
shown, for example, that some kinship caregivers do
not have the same access to caseworker support and
supplemental services for the child as other nonrelated foster parents.
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Community and faith-based organizations can help
kinship care families raising children in foster care
by sharing information and resources, including the
newest information about effective programs designed
to support families. Organizations also can help children
in the child welfare system by volunteering their
time and resources. The following information
explains some of the ways you can help.
Kinship caregivers raising children in foster care may
need specific information about how to navigate
this complex system.
While some foster care agency caseworkers already
may have provided useful information and resources,
some kinship care families may feel lost in the child
welfare system and would benefit from additional
kinship care-specific resources. The Child Welfare
League of America (CWLA) recently has published
a guide to help kinship caregivers interact better
with child welfare agency caseworkers. It also provides
basic information on how to navigate the child welfare
system. The guide, “A Tradition of Caring: Information,
Resources, and Support for Kinship Caregivers,” is
available by calling CWLA at 202-638-2952 or by logging
on to www.cwla.org/pubs/pubdetails.asp?PUBID=8552.
Kinship caregivers should be aware that most states
have a kinship care division in their child welfare
agency. This division focuses exclusively on the
needs of kinship care families and the policies that
affect them. Specific information on kinship care and
the child welfare system is available from the State
Kinship Care Fact Sheets that can be downloaded at
www.childrensdefense.org/ss_kincare.php. Hard
copies of the fact sheets also are available through
CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental Health Division at
202-662-3568 or [email protected].
In addition to information, Generations United, a
national organization dedicated to promoting intergenerational programs and policies, has established
the KinNET program, a series of support groups
Child Welfare and Kinship Foster Care
across the country specifically aimed at kinship
caregivers raising children who are in foster care or
at risk of entering foster care. For a list of KinNet
sites and more information about kinship grants,
call Generations United at 202-638-1263, or visit
www.gu.org/kinpub.htm.
Kinship caregivers who want to care permanently for
their foster children should know about options
available to them.
Thirty-four states and the District of Columbia now
have subsidized guardianship programs to help provide
permanent homes for children in foster care. These
programs provide ongoing payments to grandparents
and other relative caregivers who have legal guardianship of children they were caring for in foster care
but for whom adoption is not an appropriate option.
For a list of all the state subsidized guardianship
programs and their contacts, kinship caregivers can
obtain a copy of “Expanding Permanency Options
for Children: A Guide to Subsidized Guardianship
Programs,” published by CDF and Cornerstone Consulting Group. The guide may be obtained by logging
on to www.childrensdefense.org/ss_ kincare.php by
contacting CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental Health
Division at 202-662-3568, or e-mailing childwelfare@
childrensdefense.org.
Since the enactment of the Adoption and Safe
Families Act in 1997, there has been increased pressure
on state child welfare agencies to move children in
foster care to permanent families. Formal kinship
caregivers in your community may be receiving
pressure from the child welfare agency to adopt the
children for whom they are caring. You can help
2
them understand their options for adopting or for
seeking legal guardianship to care long-term for the
children. If the child had special needs, the caregiver
may be eligible for ongoing adoption assistance if he
or she adopts the child. There also may be a subsidized
guardianship program in your state that will provide
monthly cash assistance if the caregiver obtains
guardianship of the child. (For more information
about these options, see the resource pages on
“Legal Options” in this resource kit).
Community and faith-based organizations should find
out about and participate in innovative new child
welfare programs that help kinship care families.
One of these exciting efforts is called Family Group
Decision Making (FGDM). The FGDM process
involves gathering family members, service providers,
pastors and other faith leaders, and others chosen by
the family to help plan how they can work together
to ensure a child’s long- and short-term safety. A
child welfare agency staff member is involved in the
preliminary planning and provides basic information
to the group, but then lets the family group develop
a plan for the child and family. The staff must approve
the group plan and monitor the continuing progress
of the family as it works toward meeting its goal.
FGDM differs from traditional child welfare practices
because it acknowledges the important roles of family
and community. It is based on the principle that
families often know their strengths and weaknesses
better than the state. The goals of FGDM include
helping families become self-sufficient within time
limits, improving family functioning, and finding a
long-term safe solution to the family’s problems
Child Welfare and Kinship Foster Care
without using foster care or keeping children in the
formal child welfare system. FGDM may be referred
to as “family group conferencing,” the “family unity
model,” “family team meetings,” or a similar name.
Some form of FGDM is being used in at least 100
communities in 30 states. The National Center on
Family Group Decision Making provides a directory
of FGDM programs around the world on their Web
site at www.ahafgdm. org or by calling 1-866-242-1877.
A representative of your local child welfare agency
should know if your community is currently using
FGDM to resolve cases.
In addition to sharing information with kinship care
families about the availability of family group decision
making, representatives from community and faithbased organizations also may volunteer to participate
in these meetings on behalf of kinship caregivers
and their children. Ministers, rabbis, teachers, and
other adults who know the child and family may be
asked by the child’s parents or caregivers to take
part in the meeting to help find solutions that work
best for the child and other family members.
Your community or faith-based organization also
can actively participate in community and state
efforts to establish a community-partnership
approach to child protection.
Since 1996, the Community Partnership for
Protecting Children Initiative has made an effort to
change the fundamental principles surrounding
child protective services. This initiative is premised
on the idea that no single person, organization, or
government agency has either the responsibility or
the capacity to protect our children alone. Rather,
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it is up to all of these community partners, be they
faith leaders, parents, the child welfare agency, other
child-serving agencies, or community leaders, to
help families and children by empowering them and
providing supportive services before maltreatment
occurs, responding when abuse or neglect does
occur, and strengthening families to reduce the
reoccurrence of maltreatment. Keeping children
safe must be everybody’s business.
The community-partnership approach already has
been implemented in four cities — St. Louis, Mo.;
Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Jacksonville, Fla; and Louisville,
Ky. — and is being expanded in these states and
established in others. For partnerships to be successful,
community and faith-based organizations must be
part of the neighborhood networks established to
protect children. Both formal and informal resources
are key to their success. There must be a partnership
with the formal child protection agency, which also
must begin to do business differently. Family-group
decision making is a core piece of partnerships at
many sites.
If your community has not yet instituted the communitypartnership approach to child protection, you can
help by informing your local child welfare agency
about these efforts and how much they are needed
in your community. To get started in your community,
see “Getting Started on Community Child Protection”
by the Center for the Study of Social Policy. This
brief guide suggests how a wide range of local and
state leaders, from faith-based leaders to parents and
neighborhood organizers, can begin the process of
creating reform in the child protection system, as
well as where different groups can begin. It outlines
Child Welfare and Kinship Foster Care
the core elements of community child protection as
well as potential first steps needed to begin moving
child protection toward a neighborhood-based system. For more information about community child
protection and a copy of the guide, contact The
Clearinghouse on Community-Based Approaches to
Child Protection at www.cssp.org/child_protection/
index.php?db=22 or call the Center for Community
Partnerships in Child Welfare at 212-979-2369.
Community and faith-based organizations also can
encourage their members to volunteer to help
other children who have been abused or neglected.
4
Members might volunteer to be Court Appointed
Special Advocates, participate on Citizen Review
Boards, or be foster or adoptive parents. For more
information about ways to volunteer, your organization
can request a copy of CDF’s brochure “Protecting
Children is Everyone’s Business: 25 Things Individuals,
Organizations and Businesses Can Do to Help
Protect Children.” This brochure provides a range
of ideas for individuals, congregations, and businesses
to make keeping children safe a community effort.
To obtain a copy, visit www.childrensdefense.org,
contact CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental Health
Division at 202-662-3568, or e-mail childwelfare@
childrensdefense.org.
In addition to helping individual kinship care families,
community and faith-based organizations can reach
out to children who have been abused and neglected
by encouraging the individual involvement of their
members and volunteering group resources.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Children with Physical and Mental Disabilties
randparents and other relative caregivers may
be raising children who have disabilities due
to various physical or mental health problems.
Some may be raising children who are at a high risk
of developing disabilities if they do not receive services
to help them while they are young. Fortunately,
many federal, state, and local programs are available
to help kinship caregivers raise children who have
disabilities. Your community or faith-based organizations can help kinship care families find out more
about these programs by providing them with the
information described below. CDF also has developed
the “Grandparents and Other Relative Caregiver’s
Guide to Raising Children with Disabilities,” which
offers even more detailed information about this
subject. To obtain a copy of the guide, log on to
www.childrens defense.org/ss_kin_guides.php,
contact CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental Health
Division at 202-662-3568, or e-mail childwelfare@
childrensdefense.org.
G
Kinship caregivers should be aware of the types
of support available for children with disabilities.
Children with disabilities may be eligible for free or
low- cost help for many of their needs. More information about how to apply for these programs is
available elsewhere in this resource kit. Help
includes the following:
• Cash benefits. The Social Security Administration
provides a monthly cash benefit through SSI to
eligible adults and children with serious disabilities.
The federal Social Security Administration runs
the program, but there also are local Social Security
offices. In most states, children whose income and
disability qualify them for SSI also qualify for free
medical care through Medicaid and may qualify for
food stamps. As children get older, special SSI rules
may allow them to work and still get cash benefits
and Medicaid.
• Early intervention services. State or county
early intervention programs, often operated
through Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA), may provide services for
infants and toddlers to make sure they get the
help they need before a physical or developmental
problem gets worse.
• Education. Children being raised by kinship caregivers may qualify for special education or related
services in school. IDEA requires that free, appropriate public education and related services be
available to all children with disabilities who qualify.
• Family support services. Family support programs
may provide services or cash assistance to prevent
children with disabilities from going into residential care.
• Health insurance. Health insurance often is available through Medicaid or the Children’s Health
Insurance Program. Please refer to the resource
pages on “Health Care” in this resource kit for
more information.
• Child care and early childhood education. Local
agencies and programs may offer public child
care, Early Head Start, or Head Start programs
that serve children with disabilities. Please refer
to the resource pages on “Child Care” in this
resource kit for more information.
• Respite care. Your community or congregation
already have or may want to establish services to
give kinship caregivers a break from caregiving
duties for a child with disabilities. Please refer to
“How to Set Up a Respite Care Program” in this
resource kit for more information.
Children with Physical and Mental Disabilities
Kinship caregivers also should be aware that children
with disabilities have specific legal rights.
Children who have disabilities are protected against
discrimination by civil rights laws. These laws are
written to make sure that people with disabilities are
treated the same way as people who do not have
disabilities. Major civil rights laws for children with
disabilities include:
• Rehabilitation Act (often called “Section 504”).
This law protects access for people with disabilities
to schools, child care programs, hospitals, mental
health centers, and other human service programs
that receive funds from the federal government.
A Section 504 plan describes what accommodations
and services the school will provide to help a kinship
caregiver’s child learn with other students who do
not have disabilities. For example, a Section 504
plan may include assistive technology, such as special
computer equipment, to help the child participate
in classroom activities. The law requires public
schools to identify all students who may qualify for
this assistance. Schools must have evaluation procedures to decide who qualifies. The law also
requires all schools to provide access to the same
programs that are available to students who do not
have disabilities. All school districts must have a
Section 504 coordinator and a grievance procedure
for students and their families who are denied services
or believe they are not receiving the right services.
• Americans with Disabilities Act (often called
“ADA”). This law protects access for people with
disabilities to programs provided by state and local
governments. It also protects access for them to
transportation and to places of “public accommodation,” such as nonprofit service programs. It
applies to almost all child care centers except
those run by religious groups. Call the ADA
2
Information Line at 1-800-514-0301 or 1-800-5140383 (TDD) for more information. Their Web site
is www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/adahom1.htm; click on
“Disabilities” to read about how to file a complaint
and learn more about the ADA.
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (often
called “IDEA”). IDEA guarantees special education
and related services for eligible students with disabilities from ages 3 to 21. Children who qualify
have the right to a “free and appropriate public
education” (often called FAPE) and related services.
To qualify for special education and related services,
your caregiver’s grandchild or other relative must
have one or more specific disabilities that negatively
affect his or her ability to perform in school. These
include mental retardation, hearing impairments
(including deafness), speech or language impairments, visual impairments (including blindness),
serious emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairments, autism, traumatic brain injury, other health
impairments, or specific learning disabilities.
Kinship caregivers may need other helpful
resources to get started.
The groups listed below provide information or
services to grandparents and other family members
raising children with disabilities.
Children’s Defense Fund (CDF)
25 E Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
202-628-8787
202-662-3550 fax
www.childrensdefense.org
[email protected] e-mail
CDF provides information and resources on issues
facing grandparents and other relative caregivers,
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Children with Physical and Mental Disabilities
including information on federal legislation that
helps kinship care families. CDF has written a series
of kinship care family guides in four issue areas:
health insurance, nutrition and food programs,
child care and early childhood programs, and
children with disabilities.
Developmental Disabilities (DD) Council
Visit www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/add or
www.naddc.org to find your state DD Council.
Each state has an organization to plan and coordinate
services for adults and children with developmental
disabilities. Many councils provide grants to nonprofit
organizations that serve families. Others train people
with disabilities and family members to be their own
advocates through a program called Partners in
Policymaking. The DD Councils provide basic information to all adults and children who have developmental disabilities and their families.
Easter Seals
230 W. Monroe Street, Suite 1800
Chicago, IL 60606
312-726-6200 or 1-800-221-6827
312-726-4258 TTY
312-726-1494 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.easter-seals.org/index.asp
Easter Seals provides services to children with physical
and mental disabilities and special needs. Go to the
Web site and click on “Services” to find the nearest
services. Services include early intervention, physical
and occupational therapy, and speech and hearing
therapy. It also operates child care centers around
the country that serve children with disabilities.
3
Families and Advocates Partnership for Education
(FAPE)
PACER Center
8161 Normandale Blvd.
Minneapolis, MN 55437-1044
952-838-9000
952-838-0190 TTY
952-838-0199 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.fape.org
FAPE Web site has information for families and
advocates about many special education issues.
Family Voices
3411 Candelaria N.E., Suite M
Albuquerque, NM 87107
505-872-4774 or 1-888-835-5669 toll-free
505-872-4780 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.familyvoices.org
Family Voices is a national, grass roots network of
families and friends speaking on behalf of all children
with or at risk for special needs. Family Voices has
chapters across the country. The Web site has a list
of state chapters and provides links to other organizations in each state.
Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health
1101 King Street, Suite 420
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-684-7710
703-836-1040 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.ffcmh.org (Web site is in both English
and Spanish)
Children with Physical and Mental Disabilities
The Federation is a national parent- and caregiverrun organization that addresses the needs of children
and youths with emotional, behavioral, or mental
disorders and their families. The Web site has a list
of state organizations and local chapters.
SAMHSA’s National Mental Health
Information Center
P.O. Box 42557
Washington, D.C. 20015
1-800-789-2647
866-889-2647 TDD
301-984-8796 fax
www.mentalhealth.org
The center provides information about a range of
diagnosed and undiagnosed mental health problems
and disorders. Trained staff members answer a
national toll-free hotline where people can ask
questions and get referrals to local service providers.
There is no charge to call, and all conversations are
private and confidential.
National Association of State Directors of
Developmental Disabilities Services (NASDDDS)
113 Oronoco Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
703-683-4202
703-683-8773 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.nasddds.org/index.shtml
NASDDDS helps state agencies develop service delivery
systems and supports for people with developmental
disabilities. To find a specific state office, go to the
Web site and click on “State Member Agencies.”
4
National Information Center for Children and
Youth with Disabilities (NICHCY)
P.O. Box 1492
Washington, DC 20013
1-800-695-0285 voice/TTY
202-884-8441 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.nichcy.org
NICHCY serves as a national information and
referral center for families and professionals who
addresses disabilities, with a special focus on issues for
children and youths from birth to age 22. NICHCY
has bilingual information specialists who can answer
specific questions from parents in both English and
Spanish. The Web site offers “State Resource Sheets,”
listing groups and agencies that can help find information and services.
National Mental Health Association (NMHA)
2001 N. Beauregard Street, 12th Floor
Alexandria, VA 22311
703-684-7722
800-433-5959 TTY
703-684-5968 fax
Mental Health Information Center:
1-800-969-NMHA
www.nmha.org
NMHA works to improve the mental health of all
Americans through advocacy, education, research,
and service through the Mental Health Information
Center. It provides information and referrals for
individuals seeking help for themselves, family members,
or friends. It also produces pamphlets on a variety of
topics, including children’s mental health. One
series of pamphlets covers topics relating to teen
mental health: depression and suicide, self-esteem,
eating disorders, and stress.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Children with Physical and Mental Disabilities
Parent Training and Information (PTI) Centers
Visit www.ed.gov/Programs/bastmp/ SPTIC.htm or
www.taalliance.org/PTIs.htm for a list of centers in
each state.
Each state has at least one parent-run organization
to help parents learn more about the needs of their
children with disabilities. PTIs provide information
to parents of infants, toddlers, school-age children,
and young adults with disabilities. It also works with
professionals who serve these children. PTI staff
members can help you talk with professionals about
your child’s needs. They also can help you learn how
to participate in planning processes for your child’s
education. The centers provide information about
programs, services, and resources in your state.
5
Protection and Advocacy Agency (P&A)
www.protectionandadvocacy.com
The state P&A provides legal and other advocacy
services to adults and children with disabilities.
The P&A also investigates conditions in facilities and
programs that take care of people with disabilities.
Many P&A agencies provide help to families so they
can get education and other services for their children
with disabilities. Each state P&A decides what services
it will provide, with community representatives and
P&A staff members making these decisions together.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Domestic Violence
hile domestic violence is commonly
believed to occur only between spouses and
intimate partners, kinship caregivers also may
be victims of violence — and threats of violence —
from the parents of the children they are raising or
from other family members. Domestic violence presents a very serious situation for the caregiver and the
children who may witness the violence or become
victims themselves. Community and faith-based
organizations should understand that when others
outside the family try to intervene in any domestic
violence situation, the violence may get worse instead
of better. Because of the unpredictable nature of
family violence, community and faith-based congregations can help most effectively by providing kinship
care families with the information and resources
they need to get safe, professional advice.
W
Community and faith-based organizations can
provide emergency information and resources
to kinship caregivers who are being abused or
threatened with abuse.
If kinship caregivers believe that they or the children
being raised are in immediate danger of violence,
they should call 911 immediately and alert the police.
If kinship caregivers believe that domestic violence is
likely to occur again, they should contact the National
Domestic Violence hot line at 1-800-799-7233. The
hot line provides advocacy, counseling, and referral
services in any language. It also can link caregivers
and other domestic violence victims directly with
state and local domestic violence hotlines, domestic
violence shelters, and law enforcement. The hot line
is confidential and is available 24 hours a day. For
more general domestic violence information, articles,
and other resources, kinship caregivers also may
contact the National Resource Center on Domestic
Violence at 1-800-537-2238, the Battered Women’s
Justice Project of the National Clearinghouse for the
Defense of Battered Women at 1-800-903-0111 (ext. 3),
or visit www. bwjp.org. Note: Caregivers should be
aware that any Internet activity is not confidential and
can be tracked by others.
Kinship caregivers may want to consider getting
a court order to protect themselves from a family
member who has abused them or threatened abuse.
Kinship caregivers who are afraid the child’s parent
or another family member may come back again to
hurt them or the child may want to consider asking
a local court for a protective order. A protective
order (sometimes called a “restraining order” or
a “stay-away order”) makes it illegal for the person
named in the order to come near the caregiver or,
in some cases, a child. If they find that a caregiver or
child is in danger, most courts will issue a temporary
protective order in an emergency situation and then
hold a hearing later to consider putting a more permanent order into place. It is against the law for
someone who is the subject of a protective order to
purchase or possess a gun. If a caregiver fears that
an abuser with a protective order against them has
a gun, they should contact law enforcement to seek
removal of the firearm. To find local legal help in
domestic violence cases, caregivers should contact
the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
(NCADV) at 303-839-1852 or www.ncadv.org.
NCADV has a directory of local programs and
statewide coalitions, most of which keep updated
lists of qualified domestic violence attorneys and
free legal service providers. Caregivers also can log
on to the American Bar Association’s Commission
on Domestic Violence Web site at www.abanet.org/
domviol/home.html.
Domestic Violence
Community and faith-based organizations also can
give kinship caregivers valuable information about
the impact of domestic violence on children.
Even after an abusive parent has left, children still
may be profoundly affected by the domestic violence
they have witnessed between parents or other family
members. Studies have shown that the impact of
domestic violence varies for each individual child
based on the frequency, nature, and extent of the
violence; the age and personality of the child; and
the child’s relationship with other adults in his or
her life. However, children who experience violence
in their homes may display a range of emotional and
behavioral disturbances, physical disorders, and
academic problems. If a caregiver believes that the
child needs help dealing with past domestic violence
between parents or other loved ones, he or she
2
should be encouraged to get help for the child.
To find appropriate services for children who have
been exposed to domestic violence, contact domestic
violence programs in your community. The Family
Violence Prevention Fund also has excellent information
and resources on the impact of domestic violence on
children at 415-252-8900 or www.endabuse.org. The
“Children with Physical and Mental Disabilities” and
“Health Care” resource pages contained in this
resource kit might also be helpful in getting
mental health services. CDF has a fact sheet on the
impact of domestic violence on children, which can be
obtained at www.childrensdefense.org/childwelfare/
domesticviolence/factsheet.asp or by contacting
the Child Welfare and Mental Health Division
at 202-662-3568, or e-mailing childwelfare@
childrensdefense.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Education
any kinship caregivers find it difficult to
enroll the children they are raising in
school or authorize the children’s participation in school-related activities without legal custody
or guardianship of the children. Some grandparents
and other relative caregivers may need information
on how to advocate on behalf of their children for
special education programs and related services.
Other kinship care families may benefit from additional information on how to take a more active role
in their child’s general education.
M
Kinship caregivers may find it difficult to enroll the
children they are raising in school without legal
custody or guardianship.
Many local public schools only allow parents or legal
guardians to enroll a child in school. While this is
not always the case, kinship caregivers first should
talk with the principal’s office at their local school
to find out the enrollment policy for children being
cared for by their relatives. If enrollment is denied
because the caregiver does not have a legal relationship to the child, he or she should check with the
local school district superintendent’s office to find
out if the proper policy is being applied. It is important
to request a written copy of the policy because, in
some cases, individual schools may be misinformed
about enrollment procedures for children in kinship
care families. If the school district’s policy makes it
difficult for caregivers to enroll their children, your
organization may want to gather together a group
of caregivers to meet with key members of the local
school board or the state’s Department of Education
about these enrollment problems.
Some states may have special laws that allow
kinship caregivers to enroll their children in school
without legal custody or guardianship.
Several states recently have passed educational
enrollment laws that allow kinship caregivers to
enroll the children they are raising in school without
going to court. Most of these laws require the caregiver to sign a form or “affidavit” certifying that they
are caring for the child full time. This form assures
the school district that the child is not pretending
to live with the kinship caregiver full time in order
to go to a different or a better school. To find out if
your state has an educational enrollment law, kinship
caregivers can contact Generations United to ask for
a copy of “State Laws and Regulations Affecting
Grandparent- and other Relative-Headed Families”
at www.gu.org or 202-638-1263. Generations United
also has a helpful fact sheet called “Grandparents
and Other Relatives Raising Children: Access to
Education.” A list of all the state laws affecting kinship
care families, including educational enrollment laws,
also is available in the “Kinship Care State Fact
Sheets,” which are available through CDF’s Child
Welfare and Mental Health Division at 202-662-3568,
[email protected] or online at
www.childrensdefense.org/childwelfare/kinshipcare/
fact_sheets. If there is no educational enrollment law
to accommodate kinship care families in your state,
your organization may want to consider organizing a
group of kinship caregivers to educate state legislators
about the importance of laws that prevent children in
kinship care families from being denied an education.
Kinship caregivers also may need information
on how to advocate for special education and
related services if a child they are raising
has special needs.
A federal law, the Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA) requires all eligible children
with disabilities to get a free and appropriate public
education in the least restrictive environment. To
qualify for special education and other related services,
a child must have one or more specific disabilities
that negatively affect their ability to perform in school,
including mental retardation, hearing, visual, speech
or language impairments, serious emotional disturbances, specific learning disabilities, and other
health impairments. A caregiver does not need legal
custody or guardianship to advocate on a child’s
behalf for special education and related services.
For more detailed information about kinship care,
special education, and other programs available to
Education
children with disabilities, visit www.childrens
defense.org/ss_kin_guides.php to obtain a copy of
“The Grandparent’s and Other Relative Caregiver’s
Guide to Raising Children with Disabilities,” or contact
CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental Health Division at
202-662-3568 or [email protected].
Kinship caregivers may want additional information
about how they can become more involved with
their children’s general education.
Grandparents and other relative caregivers may want
to find new ways to participate in their children’s
educational and related activities. By being involved,
they more easily can build on what the children are
doing in school when they are home. A federal law,
the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(ESEA), provides funds and requires schools to offer
a range of “parent involvement” activities to ensure
that parents can play an active role in improving
their child’s school. These parent and caregiver
involvement policies must be developed jointly with
parents and caregivers and must include at least one
annual meeting open to all parents and caregivers.
Schools also must provide parents and caregivers,
in writing, a description of the school’s parent and
caregiver involvement policy and information on the
school’s curriculum, assessments, and academic
goals. School districts are required to send parents
and caregivers school-level report cards on student
achievement levels at each school in the district.
Parents and caregivers also are given the right to
request information about the qualifications of their
child’s teacher.
2
The ESEA defines “parent” to include legal guardians
or other persons acting in the place of a parent,
such as a kinship caregiver. In addition to volunteering
to participate in school-sponsored parental activities,
kinship caregivers also shouldparticipate in their
local school’s Parent-Teacher Organization (PTO),
a program that encourages parents, caregivers, and
teachers to work together to improve children’s educational experiences. To find out more information
about local parent-teacher programs, kinship caregivers can contact the National Parent Teacher
Association at 312-670-6782 or visit www.pta.org. The
National Association of Elementary School
Principals also offers a booklet called “The Apple of
Your Eye” to help grandparents and other relative
caregivers encourage children to do well in school.
This publication can be ordered by contacting the
Educational Products Division of The National
Association of Elementary School Principals at
1-800-386-2377 or www.naesp.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Food and Nutrition
any grandparents and other relative caregivers worry about whether the children
they are raising are getting the food they
need to grow up healthy and ready to learn in
school. Some kinship caregivers may want to learn
more about how to make sure their children eat
nutritional meals. Others might need information
about how to apply for government food programs
or how to get special supplemental foods for children
they are raising who have specific health problems.
Whatever the situation, community and faith-based
organizations can help kinship care families care for
all their children’s nutritional needs by sharing the
program information below. In addition, CDF has
developed “The Grandparent’s and Other Relative
Caregiver’s Guide to Food and Nutrition Programs
for Children,” which contains more detailed food
and nutrition resources. To obtain a copy of the
guide, visit www.childrensdefense.org/ss_kin_guides.
php, contact CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental
Health Division at 202-662-3568, or e-mail
[email protected].
M
Community and faith-based organizations can
let kinship care families know that extra food
may be available in their local area.
Your community or faith-based organization, other
local food banks, or food pantries may provide free
groceries to help kinship care families and others in
need. Other groups in your community may offer
free government bulk food or other food items.
Grandparents and other relative caregivers should
be told about the availability of these programs,
given specific information about where and how
they can apply, and encouraged to ask for additional
help if they need it.
Eligible kinship care families should be encouraged
to participate in federal food and nutrition programs.
The federal government has several national programs
that may help eligible kinship caregivers get nutritious
foods for the children they are raising. These programs
can help kinship care families and others buy groceries,
baby formula, and food supplements. Some children
also may qualify for free or reduced-price meals and
snacks at school.
• Food stamps are food coupons that are available
to eligible, low-income individuals and families.
Food stamps are used like cash or electronic
“debit” cards at most grocery stores. Generally, they
can be used to buy food items that are prepared
and eaten at home as well as seeds and plants to
grow food. Food stamps cannot be used to buy
preprepared hot foods that might be eaten in the
grocery store or at home, or for any nonfood items
like toilet paper, soap, paper towels, toothpaste, or
pet food. Food stamps cannot be used to buy alcohol, cigarettes, vitamins, or medicine and are not
accepted in restaurants. Kinship caregivers do not
need legal custody or guardianship to apply for
food stamps on behalf of the children they are
raising. To find the nearest food stamp application
site, kinship caregivers should contact the national
Food Stamp hot line 1-800-221-5689, or visit www.fns.
usda.gov/fsp.
The Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Program
can help eligible kinship caregivers meet the special
nutritional needs of their young grandchildren. WIC
provides free food and formula to eligible lowincome children up to age five. It also serves
certain eligible women who are pregnant or have
recently had a child. WIC staff members educate
caregivers about proper nutrition and refer children
to health care providers. To qualify, women and children must be low-income and “nutritionally-at-risk.”
This means that the grandchildren must have certain
types of health conditions, like anemia or growth
problems, or they may need to eat more nutritious
food. Children must get a health screening when
they apply to see if their condition qualifies. To
apply for WIC, the kinship caregiver must go to an
approved local agency that runs a WIC program.
Visit www.fns.usda.gov/wic to find the toll-free
number you need to call to find a local WIC program
in your state. Kinship caregivers do not have to have
legal custody or guardianship to apply for WIC on
behalf of the child they are raising.
Food and Nutrition
• National School Breakfast and National School
Lunch Programs provide free or low-cost nutritious
meals to all eligible students in the United States.
Children through age 18 also can receive snacks
if they attend after-school programs at participating
sites. Generally, kinship caregiver’s children can
qualify for these meals if they are income-eligible
and their schools participate in the program.
Many public and nonprofit private schools serving
kindergarten through grade 12 offer these meals.
They also are available at residential child care
programs. Caregivers can ask their children’s
teacher school principal, or school district’s director of nutrition for an application. The same
application covers both breakfast and lunch programs. Kinship caregivers do not have to have
legal custody or guardianship to apply for school
breakfast and lunch programs on behalf of the
children they are raising.
• The Summer Food Service Program provides free
meals and snacks to low-income children up to
age 18 at summer food sites when school is not
in session. The program can help stretch kinship
caregivers’ food budgets during the summer when
their grandchildren are not getting breakfast,
lunch, or snacks at school. It also offers free meals
and snacks for individuals with disabilities over
age 18 who attend school programs for people
with physical or mental disabilities. The child does
not have to apply individually for the program.
States approve locations for the Summer Food
Service Program as either “open” or “enrolled”
sites, and children at the sites can qualify for the
program. “Open” sites are located in low-income
neighborhoods where at least half of the children
qualify for free and reduced-price school meals.
In these cases, all children who come to the open
site get free meals. There is no application to
participate. The other choice is an “enrolled”
Summer Food site. These sites provide meals only
to children who are enrolled in a program at the
site. The sites are located in programs where at
least half of the enrolled children qualify for free
and reduced-price school meals. All enrolled
children get free meals regardless of their income.
To participate in an enrolled site, the grandchild
must be registered in the program.
2
• The Child and Adult Care Food Program can help
reduce kinship caregivers’ living expenses by providing extra help to feed the children they are
raising. The program gives free meals and snacks
to children who attend child care centers, family
child care homes, before- and after-school programs,
and Head Start centers. It also provides meals and
snacks at after-school programs for school-age
children and youths up to age 19. Generally, only
children who attend the programs approved to
get these special funds are eligible to be served.
Many child care centers, group and family child
care homes, Head Start programs, after-school
programs, recreation centers, and settlement
houses get these special funds. To find local programs that offer the Child and Adult Care Food
Program, kinship caregivers should call the
national toll-free number at 1-800-424-2246 to
get the telephone number for a local child care
resource and referral service. Visit www.childcare
aware.org to find a local agency, or see what agency
runs the program in your state by checking
www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/care/cacfp/cacfphome.htm.
Kinship caregivers may need a range of additional
information about food and nutrition programs.
To learn more about federal food and nutrition programs
kinship caregivers also may contact the following
resources:
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA )
USDA/FNS Public Information Staff
3101 Park Center Drive, Room 926
Alexandria, VA 22302
1-800-221-5689
www.fns.usda.gov
Food Research and Action Center (FRAC)
1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 540
Washington, DC 20009
202-986-2200
202-986-2525 fax
www.frac.org
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Health Care
egular medical care is essential to provide all
children with the healthy start they deserve in
life. Children being raised by grandparents
and other relatives may have physical and mental
health problems that require immediate attention or
long-term treatment. Fortunately, most children in
kinship care families are eligible for free or low-cost
health insurance through two public programs:
Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance
Program (CHIP). Some caregivers and even some staff
in health agencies or health centers, however, may not
know that this health insurance coverage is available
or how to enroll children in these programs. You
can help the children in your community or congregation being raised by kinship caregivers get the
health coverage and care they deserve.
R
Medicaid and CHIP provide free or low-cost
children’s health insurance coverage.
Medicaid is a public health insurance program that
covers the cost of medical care for eligible lowincome children and adults. Medicaid covers most
basic health care for children, including doctor visits,
prescriptions, and hospital costs. All children who
receive Medicaid also are eligible for Early and
Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (or
“EPSDT”) services. EPSDT provides children with
preventive testing, health screenings, and regular
checkups. It also covers the cost of treatment for
problems that are found in the EPSDT checkups,
including treatment for mental health conditions.
CHIP is a public program that provides health
insurance coverage to uninsured children in families
with incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid, but
who cannot afford the high cost of private health
insurance. CHIP programs usually cover most basic
health services, such as regular checkups, immunizations, hospital care, prescription drugs, dental care,
and eyeglasses. In some states, Medicaid and CHIP
have been combined into one health insurance program for children. In those states the comprehensive
EPSDT set of services is available to all children in
the program. Some states use the same name for
both the Medicaid and CHIP programs. Other
states have different names for them.
Most children being raised by kinship caregivers
are eligible for Medicaid or CHIP.
All 50 states and the District of Columbia have policies
that allow grandparents and other relative caregivers
to apply for Medicaid or CHIP coverage on behalf of
the children they are raising. Under most states’
policies:
• kinship caregivers do not have to get legal custody
or guardianship in order to enroll the children
they are raising in Medicaid or CHIP.
• kinship caregivers’ income is not counted in determining a child’s eligibility for Medicaid or CHIP;
only the child’s income (e.g. trust fund, social security death benefits, or child support) is counted.
• kinship caregivers are not required to submit any
proof of the absent parent’s income in order to
enroll the children they are raising in Medicaid and
CHIP (although the state may request information about the parent’s whereabouts, income, and
employment for the purposes of pursuing medical
child support).
• kinship caregivers do not have to prove their
blood relationship to the child or their status as
the child’s full-time caregiver with formal documentation or an affidavit.
• the child does not have to have lived or resided in
the state or the home of the kinship caregiver for a
certain period of time before becoming eligible to
receive Medicaid or CHIP coverage. Most states
require only that the child live with the kinship
caregiver at the time the application is made.
Kinship caregivers should be aware that they are
usually eligible to apply for Medicaid or CHIP on a
child’s behalf even if they initially are turned away.
Kinship caregivers may not be aware that they are
eligible to apply for health insurance for a child,
because often the advertisements, brochures, and
Web sites for states’ Medicaid and CHIP programs
only mention parents. In other cases, the agency
workers handling the child’s Medicaid or CHIP
application may not be aware of the enrollment
policies that apply to kinship care families.
Health Care
Encourage the kinship caregivers in your organization
or congregation to be persistent. If their children
are not allowed to apply for Medicaid or CHIP or
have been denied coverage under either of these
programs, you can recommend that they politely ask
to speak with a supervisor who may be more familiar
with the enrollment policies. You also can be helpful
by assigning a volunteer to go with the kinship caregiver when he or she applies for these programs
to provide moral support and encouragement if
difficulties arise.
Kinship caregivers might find it difficult to
consent to medical care.
Enrolling a child in Medicaid or CHIP does not give
the caregiver the legal right to consent to a child’s
medical treatment. Doctors, hospitals, and other
medical service providers may require the consent of
the child’s parent or legal guardian to provide medical
care. Some states have “medical consent” or “power
of attorney” laws that allow a child’s parent to give
caregivers written permission to authorize medical
treatment without going to court to get legal custody
or guardianship. To find out if your state has these
types of laws, contact Generations United’s
Grandparents and Relatives Raising Children Project
at 202-638-1263, or visit www.gu.org.
If your state does not have this type of law, caregivers
should consider going to court to ask for formal
legal authority. If the caregiver cannot afford an
attorney, you might consider asking a lawyer in your
community or congregation to help for free.
Grandparents and other relatives also can visit
www.lawhelp.org or www.abanet.org/legalservices/
probono for a list of local free legal service providers
in their area.
2
Some kinship caregivers also may be eligible for
free health insurance coverage.
Depending on their income, grandparents and
other relative caregivers may qualify for Medicaid
coverage as the “needy caretaker relative” of a
Medicaid-eligible child. If kinship caregivers apply
for coverage for themselves, the caregivers’ income then
will be counted in determining their own eligibility,
as well as the eligibility of the children they are raising.
Unlike Medicaid, CHIP is only available to grandparents and other relative caregivers in a handful
of states. To find out more about kinship caregivers’
eligibility for Medicaid and other public benefits
programs, older caregivers can use the National
Council on Aging’s Benefits CheckUp Web site at
www.benefitscheckup.org. The Web site will ask them
to answer several simple, confidential questions to
help determine their eligibility for a variety of
benefits programs.
More health insurance information is available
for kinship care families
To find out information about the Medicaid and
CHIP programs in their states, kinship caregivers
should call 1-877-KIDS-NOW. This number will connect
callers directly to their appropriate state agency.
CDF also offers a complete health insurance guide
for kinship care families, “Healthy Ties: The
Grandparent’s and Other Relative Caregiver’s Guide
to Health Insurance for Children.” To obtain a copy
of the guide visit www.childrensdefense.org/ss_kin_
guides.php, contact CDF’s Child Welfare and Mental
Health Division at 202-662-3568, or e-mail [email protected].
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Help Children
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Children’s Defense Fund
Child Welfare and Mental Health Divison
25 E Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
Help Children
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I Want to Join the Children’s Defense Fund’s
Leave No Child Behind ® Movement!
Name____________________________________________________________________________________
Organization (if applicable) _________________________________________________________________
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■ Yes, I am a kinship caregiver.
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HIV/AIDS
ome grandparents and other relative caregivers in your community or congregation
may be raising children who are living with
HIV/AIDS. Others are caring for children whose
parents are infected with or have died from the disease.
Even if a kinship care family is not currently dealing
with HIV/AIDS, they may need information to help
educate the children and adolescents they are raising
about HIV/AIDS and how to prevent it. As they
would with any serious illness, kinship caregivers
need reliable information to know where to find the
best treatment options in their community and how
they can access specialized services and supports for
their family members. You can help kinship care
families by sharing the following national information and resources, which can be tailored to their
individual needs.
S
Kinship caregivers may be raising a child whose
parent has HIV/AIDS.
Despite advances in HIV/AIDS treatment, many kinship caregivers find themselves looking after children
whose parents with HIV/AIDS can no longer care
for them. Caregivers in this situation are forced not
only to deal with grief over the illness of their own
child or relative, but also must help the children they
are raising with their own feelings about a parent’s
illness or death. In cases where the ill parent is still
involved in a child’s life, the caregiver may have
questions about how best to help the family cope
with and share child-rearing responsibilities.
There are several national resources that can help
kinship care families living with HIV/AIDS get the
basic and confidential information they need about
treatment options, new medical advances, local
support groups, and other issues of concern. The
HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service, run
by the federal Department of Health and Human
Services, is staffed with bilingual health information
specialists who can answer questions about HIV/
AIDS treatment options using a broad range of
national and community-based information
resources. The service is confidential and can be
reached by calling 1-800-HIV-0440 or visiting
www.hivatis.org. The National AIDS hot line also is
staffed with HIV/AIDS experts who provide confidential information about treatment resources and
community-based supports for families. The hot
line can be reached at 1-800-342-AIDS. The AIDS
hot line for Spanish-speaking families is
1-800-344-SIDA.
For caregivers in communities of color, the National
Minority AIDS Council (NMAC) offers a range of
resources for families living with HIV/AIDS. NMAC
can be reached at 202-483-6622. Its Web site, www.
nmac.org allows, caregivers to search for communitybased treatment and support organizations in their
local areas and provides numbers for state
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS hot lines across the country. Confidential
questions also may be e-mailed to [email protected].
The National Native American AIDS Prevention
Center addresses the needs of Native American
Families, at 510-444-2051 or www.nnaapc.org.
Confidential questions also may be e-mailed to
[email protected].
Kinship caregivers may need legal services and
information to plan for their children’s futures.
Kinship caregivers raising children whose parents
have HIV/AIDS may need legal help to make sure
that the children will continue to live with them
after their parents’ death. Caregivers may encourage
the child’s parents to create a will designating them
as the child’s guardian after they die. Your organization
or congregation can be helpful by finding volunteer
lawyers to help kinship care families draw up appropriate wills and guardianship arrangements. (Please
also see the “Legal Options” resource page provided
in this resource kit.) If you cannot recruit volunteer
lawyers to donate their services, your organization or
congregation can help by linking kinship care families
to local legal service providers, some of whom may
provide legal services for free or on a sliding scale.
A list of free local legal service providers also may be
found at www.abanet.org/legalservices/probono or
www.lawhelp.org. You also may want to check with
your local bar association or law school to see if they
2
offer any free legal help. The AIDS Education Global
Information System (AEGIS), a worldwide electronic
bulletin board for individuals and families dealing
with HIV/AIDS, also offers a helpful list of local
legal resources and an extensive law library. AEGIS
can be reached at 949-248-5843 or www.aegis.org.
Many states also now have standby guardianship
laws. These laws allow parents with HIV/AIDS and
other illnesses to designate an alternate caregiver
or guardian in the event that they become incapacitated or die. To find out if your state has a standby
guardianship law, check with your local lawyer or
legal services provider. For a list of state laws and
regulations affecting grandparent- and other relativeheaded families, contact the Generations United
Grandparents and Relatives Raising Children Project
at 202-638-1263 or www.gu.org, e-mail [email protected],
or call the AARP Grandparent Information Center
at 1-800-424-3410.
Kinship caregivers also may be caring for a child
who is infected with HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS may affect children differently than it
affects adults. Treatment advances have substantially
reduced the transmission of HIV/AIDS from mother to
child. Unfortunately, however, many younger children
and an even greater number of older children and
adolescents are still living with HIV/AIDS. It is
essential that a kinship caregiver raising a child with
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS have current, accurate information to
ensure that the child has access to the most effective
treatment options, services, and new techniques for
daily care. Caregivers also may want help in talking
to child care providers or teachers about their child
with HIV/AIDS. In addition to the general HIV/
AIDS information resources described above, caregivers of children living with HIV/AIDS can contact
the National Pediatric and Family HIV Resource
Center at 1-800-362-0071 or visit its Web site for
families at www.thebody.com/nphrc/nphrc.page.
html The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
also is a good resource for caregivers caring for a
grandchild with HIV/AIDS at 1-888-499-HOPE. The
Foundation’s Web site is located at www.pedaids.org.
Click on the box entitled “Pediatric AIDS and You.”
Confidential questions about children and HIV/AIDS
also can be e-mailed to [email protected].
Kinship caregivers face their own stresses in caring
for family members affected by HIV/AIDS.
Kinship caregivers who are caring for a child or
other family member with HIV/AIDS face tremendous stresses in their everyday lives. Sometimes they
need a break from their daily caregiving responsibilities.
Your area already may have respite care programs
that serve kinship care families. For a national directory
of respite care programs available in each state, caregivers should contact the ARCH National Resource
3
Center at 919-490-5577 or www.chtop.com. If respite
care services are not available in your area, your community or faith-based organization may want to provide
them. (Please see “How to Set Up a Respite Care
Program,” also provided in this resource kit).
Kinship care families also can benefit from national
efforts to increase HIV/AIDS awareness.
Many families who are dealing with the frustration
of watching a loved one struggle with HIV/AIDS
have found it helpful to get involved in broader state
and national efforts to bring attention and more
research funding to fight the disease. There are several
national organizations that welcome the participation
of adults and children affected by HIV/AIDS and
their caregivers. The National Association of People
with AIDS (NAPWA) advocates on the national,
state and local levels on behalf of all people who are
living with HIV/AIDS. NAPWA can be contacted at
202-898-0414 or www.napwa.org. The NAMES
Project Foundation sponsors the AIDS Memorial
Quilt, a national project designed to give family
members and others the opportunity to honor a
loved one and increase HIV/AIDS awareness by
creating a square in an enormous quilt that travels
and is displayed across the nation. The Foundation
can be contacted at 404-688-5500 or www.aidsquilt.org.
HIV/AIDS
Kinship care families also may need information to
educate their children and adolescents about how
to prevent HIV/AIDS.
Grandparents and other relative caregivers raising
children for the second time around may need basic
information about HIV/AIDS, how it is transmitted
and, most importantly, how to prevent it. With
young people under the age of 25 as the fastestgrowing population of people infected with HIV/
AIDS, helpful resources and advice on how to talk
with children and adolescents about its risks are
4
vital. Caregivers can call the Centers for Disease
Control (CDC) National Prevention Information
Network at 1-800-458-5231. The hot line is staffed
with information specialists to answer a wide range of
questions about HIV/AIDS risk facts and prevention.
Confidential questions also can be e-mailed to CDC
information experts at [email protected]. Their Web
site, www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/index.asp, also has
valuable information and fact sheets.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Housing
randparents and other relative caregivers must
deal with many stresses when they assume fulltime responsibility for raising children. One
of the most common challenges is finding and staying
in appropriate housing. Some kinship caregivers, for
example, may be threatened with eviction from senior
public housing when they take in young children.
Others live in apartments that are simply too small
to accommodate children safely. Few grandparent
caregivers have the financial resources to afford larger
homes that can accommodate additional family
members, and most affordable family housing is
designed for younger, more physically fit parents.1
G
It may be confusing for grandparents and other kinship
caregivers to understand what options are available
to them when it comes to housing. You may be able
to help the kinship caregivers in your community or
faith-based organization by sorting through some of
the available options and offering them some helpful
housing resources. Generations United, a national
nonprofit membership organization — whose mission is to promote intergenerational public policies,
strategies, and programs — compiled much of the
following information. Generations United is leading a fight for legislation to improve housing options
for kinship care families. For more information about
Generations United and its housing work, please see
the information listed at the end of this section of
resource pages.
Kinship caregivers raising children may be living
in public or senior housing that is funded by the
federal government.
Many kinship caregivers who take in children may live
in housing that is funded by the federal government
and administered by a local housing agency or public
housing authority (sometimes called a “PHA”). Kinship
care families often report that housing agency workers
are not familiar with how housing policies apply to
kinship care families. Grandparents and other relative
caregivers, for example, may be incorrectly told that
they need legal custody or guardianship of their
children in order to stay in public housing. Some may
be told that they do not qualify for larger apartments
in public housing. Kinship caregivers can use the following information to help remind housing agency
workers how housing policies should be applied to
kinship care families.
There are several different types of public
and senior housing.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) funds four primary types of
federal housing assistance to low-income families:
• Public housing. Rental units owned and operated
by PHAs. Public housing tenants pay rent directly
to the PHAs. The PHA sets the amount of rent
required based on income levels. The rest of the
operating and maintenance costs are paid
through available PHA funds.
2
Housing
• Tenant-based Section 8 vouchers and certificates.
Families can use these subsidies to rent housing in
the private market. The PHAs pay the landlords
an amount equal to the difference between the
tenant’s required rental payments and the approved
“market rent.”
• Project-based Section 8 assistance. These rental
units are owned and operated by private owners
who have received a subsidy from the federal government to help keep rental fees affordable for
lower-income tenants.
• Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly
Program. Sometimes referred to as “senior housing,”
the current program provides capital advances
through HUD to finance the development of very
low-income rental housing with supportive services.
Rent subsidies also are provided to make the units
affordable to very low-income households.
Federal law does not require grandparents
and other relatives to have legal custody or
guardianship of the children they are raising to
continue to qualify for federal housing programs.
The biggest perceived barrier to caregivers living in
any form of housing that receives funding from
HUD is the belief that relative caregivers are
required to have legal guardianship or custody of
the children they are raising before they can qualify
for or remain in public housing. While this misperception is widespread (even among local public
housing authorities), it is not true. In 1996, HUD
revised its definition of “family” for both public
housing and Section 8 programs and clarified that
the public housing authority must be notified of
additions to the household and that permission must
be requested to add noncustodial children. However,
HUD regulations do not require that kinship caregivers
obtain legal custody or guardianship to stay in public
housing or in Section 8 programs.2
There are many other misconceptions about
whether kinship caregivers and the children they
are raising qualify for public housing.
• No children. The widespread perception, even by
many housing experts, is that children are not
allowed in Section 202 housing (senior housing).
However, HUD’s policy is just the opposite: “When
an applicant for a Section 202 project is otherwise
eligible and there is an appropriate-size unit available,
that applicant shall not be rejected solely on the
basis of a child being a member of the household.”3
• Unit size. HUD regulations limit the maximum size
of Section 202 housing units to two bedrooms. This
means that, as a practical matter, it may be difficult
for larger kinship care families to stay in or move
into a Section 202 unit. However, grandparentheaded families are not faced with immediate
eviction if the presence of their grandchildren
puts them in violation of the occupancy standards.
The Section 202 regulations state: “If the owner
determines that because of change in household
size, an assisted unit is smaller than appropriate,
project rental assistance payment with respect to
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Housing
the unit will not be reduced or terminated until
the eligible household has been relocated to an
appropriate alternate unit.”4
There also are important federal laws that protect
kinship caregivers against discrimination in private
housing.
Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 5 made it
illegal to discriminate in any aspect related to the
sale, rental, or financing of housing. Discrimination
is illegal based on race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin. The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 19886
added prohibitions against discrimination based on
handicap or family status, which is defined to include
the presence of a minor child. The Act and its subsequent amendments apply to housing owners and
professionals in the public and private sectors. While
family status became a protected class in 1988, the
Act and its subsequent amendments do allow for
seniors-only housing under special circumstances.
A building in which at least 80 percent of the units are
occupied by at least one person who is 55 years of
age or older can legally exclude families with children.
Kinship caregivers may need other helpful
resources to get started.
The groups listed below provide information or
services that should be helpful for kinship caregivers
who are looking for advice on housing issues:
3
The Fair Housing Information Clearinghouse
1-800-343-3442
1-800-290-1617 TTY
www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/index.cfm
This organization supplies national and local information and links to fair housing resources.
Generations United (GU)
122 C Street, N.W., Suite 820
Washington, DC 20001
202-638-1263
202-638-7555 fax
www.gu.org
At GU’s Web site, click on “Kinship Care” and then
on “Fact Sheet” to learn more about the innovative
GrandFamilies Housing Replication Projects in several
different states.
National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys (NAELA)
1604 N. Country Club Road
Tucson, AZ 85716
520-881-4005
520-325-7925 fax
www.naela.org
The National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys, Inc.
is a nonprofit association that assists lawyers, bar
organizations, and others who work with older clients
and their families. Established in 1987, the academy
provides information, education, networking, and
assistance to those who must deal with the many
specialized issues involved with legal services for the
4
Housing
Boston Finds a New Home for Kinship Care Families
Communities throughout the United States are trying to model new programs based on GrandFamilies House in Boston, Mass., the first housing development in the country designed to serve
the physical and economic needs of grandparent-headed families. The house is comprised of 26
two-, three-, and four-bedroom apartments that have safety features for children and seniors, including
grab bars in the bathrooms, electrical outlet covers, and an extensive communal program space.
Supportive services include an on-site resident service coordinator, live-in house manager, educational services, and assistance with accessing outside services. In addition, YWCA-Boston offers
an on-site program called Generations Learning Together (GLT). GLT provides a pre-school and an
after-school care program. The after-school program focuses on developing and improving math,
computer, and science skills. Through this program, residents also have access to a computer
learning center, homework assistance, and senior fitness programs. The GrandFamilies House was
created by the nonprofit group Boston Aging Concerns. It also obtained 100 designated Section 8
voucher subsidies from the Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development,
in addition to federal “HOME” housing program funds. Individuals over the age of 50 with children
under the age of 18 qualify to be residents. Other states are currently replicating this project.
To find out more information about GrandFamilies House, contact Stephanie Chacker at bacyou@
compuserve or 617-266-2257.7
elderly and disabled. The Web site offers a national
directory of attorneys who belong to NAELA.
National Council of State Housing Agencies
444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 438
Washington, DC 20001
202-624-7710
202-624-5899 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.ncsha.org
National Low Income Housing Coalition
1012 14th Street, N.W., Suite 610
Washington, DC 20005
202-662-1530
202-393-1973 fax
www.nlihc.org
The National Low Income Housing Coalition provides excellent advocacy and informational materials
on issues affecting low-income housing.
This Web site provides information on how to
contact the local housing commissions.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Housing
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD)
451 7th Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20410
202-708-1112
202-708-1455 TTY
www.hud.gov
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HUD’s Web site will help clarify who qualifies and
how to apply for federally subsidized programs, such
as public housing, Section 202 Supportive Housing
for the Elderly, and the Section 8 Voucher Program.
5
The Source, Housing Options for Grandparent Caregivers, NAIARC
Newsletter, 9, 1, http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~aiarc/
source/win99hou.htm.
National Housing Law Project, HUD Housing Programs: Tenants’ Rights,
(Oakland: National Housing Law Project, 1998), p. 2/4.
Ibid.
24 CFR, Part 891.420.
42 U.S.C. 3601-3619.
Pub. L. 100-430.
Generations United Fact Sheet, Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising
Children: Housing Needs and Challenges — The GrandFamilies House
Response.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Incarcerated Parents
any grandparents and other relatives are
raising children because their parents are
incarcerated. Incarceration presents many
challenges for kinship care families. In addition to
the daily tasks of raising children, caregivers also
find themselves responsible for making sure the
children maintain a healthy relationship with their
incarcerated parent. While this added stress sometimes results in increased family conflict and frustration, there are many local and national resources to
help kinship caregivers, children, and incarcerated
parents find the support they need.
M
Community and faith-based organizations can help
kinship caregivers find counseling and support for
their entire family.
The most successful kinship care relationships involve
a partnership between the caregiver, the parent(s),
and the child. Because the isolation of incarceration
can make maintaining this relationship very difficult,
kinship caregivers may need support from organizations that have a special understanding of incarceration
and how it affects families:
• The Federal Resource Center for Children of
Prisoners, operated by the Child Welfare League
of America, conducts research, collects and disseminates information, provides training and
technical assistance, and increases awareness
among the service systems that come in contact
with families separated by incarceration. The center’s
ultimate goal is to improve the quality of information available about children with incarcerated
parents and to develop resources that will help
create better outcomes for these children and
their families. The center can be reached at
202-638-2952 or www.cwla.org/programs/
incarcerated/ cop_03.htm.
• The American Friends Service Committee’s
Criminal Justice Program provides information,
support, and referrals for prisoners and their families
and also helps families to advocate for criminaljustice reforms. The program can be contacted
at 215-241-7130 or www.afsc.org (click on “criminal
justice”).
• The Center for Children of Incarcerated Parents
provides counseling and support services for prisoners and their families. The program also offers
a training curriculum for incarcerated parents,
caregivers of prisoners’ children, and professionals
working with offenders. The center can be contacted
at 626-449-2470 or www.e-ccip.org.
• The Family and Corrections Network is a national
organization that offers resources and referrals for
kinship caregivers and others with incarcerated
family members. The network offers a directory of
state and national programs for inmates and their
families. Contact the network at 434-589-3036 or
www.fcnetwork.org.
Incarcerated Parents
Community and faith-based organizations can help
provide and connect families with programs that
help children visit their parents in prison.
For many families with relatives in prison, maintaining regular contact can be difficult. Currently, more
than 60 percent of parents in state prison and 84
percent of parents in federal prison are more than
100 miles from their homes. Several national and
local programs help facilitate regular visitation
between children and their families in prison. Girl
Scouts Beyond Bars, for example, is one program for
girls whose mothers are in prison. The program provides transportation for children to visit their mothers at correctional facilities twice a month. The girls
spend the other two weekends each month in traditional Girl Scout activities. For more information
about this program (now available in 22 states),
kinship care families can contact 1-800-478-7248 or
www.girlscouts.org. The national resources noted
above also can help in finding resources to facilitate
visits between parents and their children. If special
visitation programs do not exist locally, community
and faith-based organizations can help kinship care
families by providing regular transportation and
support for children who want to visit their
parents in prison.
Kinship caregivers may need special resources to
help them prepare the child they are raising for a
visit with an incarcerated parent.
2
Family Support Services (PFSS). PFSS provides tips
on how to prepare a child for a visit with a parent in
prison, including how to explain the visit to the
child and what to talk about after the visit is over.
The organization also offers additional practical
advice for the caregiver and the child and can be
contacted at 804-643-2401 or www.pfss.org.
Kinship caregivers should be encouraged to
connect the child’s incarcerated parents with
services that will help them in prison.
There are several national programs that offer educational programs, counseling, and other supportive
services to help incarcerated parents improve their
parenting skills and stay in touch with their children.
Community and faith-based organizations can
encourage kinship caregivers to share these opportunities with their family members:
• Parents as Teachers is a nationwide organization
focused on encouraging parents to act as their
children’s first teachers. Parents as Teachers provides incarcerated parents with parenting and
child development classes, helps to facilitate parentchild visits, and offers parents opportunities to
make personalized objects for their children. The
services offered by Parents as Teachers are available
in various correctional facilities nationwide. For
more information, call 314-432-4330, or visit
www.patnc.org.
While it is important, visiting with a parent in prison
may be a very emotional experience for children
and their caregivers. Your community or congregation can help enhance this experience by directing
kinship caregivers to information provided by Prison
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Incarcerated Parents
• The National Institute of Corrections (NIC) offers
extensive information and resources for prison
inmates, including a Web site with a list of state
and local programs for female offenders and their
children. The list and other useful resources are
available by calling 1-800-877-1461 or by clicking
on the “women offenders” section of the NIC’s Web
site at www. nicic.org.
3
• The Offender-Preparation and Education Network,
Inc. (OPEN) provides self-help books and other
parent and family educational resources for offenders
and families of offenders. For more information,
call 972-271-1971, or visit www.openinc.org.
• Motheread, Inc. provides training and a curriculum
to promote literacy among incarcerated parents.
Once literate, the parents are given storybooks to
read aloud and send to their children. Services are
available nationwide by calling 919-781-2088 or
visiting www.motheread.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Juvenile Justice
randparents and other relative caregivers in
your community or congregation may be raising
children who have had previous experience
with the juvenile or adult criminal justice systems or
facing problems that put them at risk for delinquent or
criminal behavior. You can help kinship care families
by sharing the following information and resources.
G
Kinship caregivers may need help keeping their
children on the right track.
The extent to which children encounter violence in
their lives can affect both the child’s immediate wellbeing and long-term development and behavior.
Research indicates that children who experience
violence in the home are more likely to behave violently throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
While exposure to family and media violence tends
to cross cultural and economic lines, children in
lower socioeconomic neighborhoods are at a higher
risk for exposure to various forms of community violence. Bullying, a historically overlooked schoolyard
occurrence, also is a common source of violence in
schools that contributes to a feeling of fear among
students. Older children and teens often feel helpless to control the violence around them, and it
affects their ability to function in school and form
healthy peer relationships. These youths also may
turn to violence in order to gain a sense of control
or as a form of self-protection, which contributes to
more violence in the community.
After-school programs can help to curb troubling
behaviors when they most frequently occur — between
the hours of 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. These programs are
important because they do more than just make
youths and communities safer, they also help to
ensure positive youth development. Children and
youth who participate in after-school and youth
development programs are less likely to use drugs,
drink alcohol, become sexually active, or smoke —
and are more likely to have stronger interpersonal
skills, higher academic achievement, and healthier
relationships with others. The U.S. Department of
Education sponsors a comprehensive Web site,
www.afterschool.gov, which allows caregivers to
learn more about after-school programs and locate
a program in their community. You also may call the
Department of Education at 1-800-USA-LEARN.
There are national resources that can help kinship
care families get basic information about what they
can do if they are concerned that a child in their
care is being bullied in school or engaging in other
risky or harmful behaviors. The National Youth
Violence Prevention Resource Center provides
information for parents and other caregivers on
violence in schools, youth violence prevention programs, teen suicide, and strategies to foster healthy
youth development. The center can be contacted
by calling 1-866-SAFEYOUTH or visiting www.
safeyouth.org. The site also features an extensive
collection of links to other sites that offer information on youth violence, as well as tools and technical
assistance to prevent violence.
Kinship care families may need information
to educate their children about how to behave
should they come in contact with law enforcement
officials or be arrested.
Some kinship caregivers may want help advising
their children about what to do if they come in
contact with the police or other law enforcement
officials or are arrested. Where are their rights?
Can they ask that their kinship caregiver be notified
immediately? Do they have the right to a lawyer? It
might be helpful for your community or faith-based
organization to sponsor sessions where caregivers and
children (both separately and together)can hear
Juvenile Justice
from trained attorneys and other advocates about
their rights and responsibilities in these areas. It also
may be useful to include special information about
children with disabilities, including serious emotional
disturbances or behavioral problems. Kinship caregivers may need help to understand the importance
of making sure that accurate information about the
child’s mental health history is provided when
appropriate. Information about a child’s history will
allow law enforcement officers and the court, when
relevant, to better understand the child and the
circumstances related to the offense and may result
in more appropriate treatment and other services
for the child. For more information about how to
obtain a lawyer, caregivers should contact the
National Legal Aid and Defender Association at
202-452-0620 or www.nlada.org for a list of providers
in the area. If the child has a disability, caregivers
also can contact their state protection and advocacy
agency (the National Association of Protection
and Advocacy Systems Inc.) at 202-408-9514 or
www.protectionandadvocacy.com.
Kinship caregivers also may be caring for a child who
is currently incarcerated or has had prior experience
with the juvenile or criminal justice systems.
Grandparents or other relative caregivers may be
struggling with raising a child who is involved in the
juvenile justice system or has had some prior experience in the system. Most young people involved in
the juvenile justice system are not violent and do not
re-offend, but often are struggling with social, educational, or economic hardships. The American Bar
Association’s Juvenile Justice Center has a list of
resources for parents and caregivers available at
www.abanet.org/crimjust/juvjus or by calling
202-662-1506. The National Center on Education,
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Disability, and Juvenile Justice has specific resources
for caregivers of incarcerated youth with disabilities.
The center can be reached by calling 301-405-6462
or visiting www.edjj.org.
For caregivers in communities of color, the Building
Blocks for Youth Initiative provides useful information on the disparate treatment of minority youth in
the juvenile justice system and what can be done to
promote more fair and effective treatment of young
people in the juvenile and criminal justice systems.
Visit www.buildingblocksforyouth.org or call 202-6370377 for more information.
Kinship caregiver families can benefit from
national efforts to raise awareness about youth
violence and delinquency prevention.
Everyone who cares for children and young people
can get involved in broader state and national
efforts to prevent youth violence and ensure that
youths who are judged to be delinquent are treated
fairly and provided with the services they need to
become healthy, productive adults. General information about youth violence prevention and juvenile
justice is available through the Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Juvenile Justice
Clearinghouse at www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org. CDF advocates
on behalf of all children and youth. To learn more
about CDF’s activities relating to youth violence
prevention and juvenile justice and how you can
get involved, call 202-628-8787, or visit www.
childrensdefense.org or www.cdfactioncouncil.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Legal Options
any kinship caregivers need help deciding
the legal options that are best for them and
their children. Should they go to court to
obtain legal custody or guardianship of the children
they are raising? What should they do if the child’s
parents won’t consent to a new legal arrangement?
Where should they go to get a will? While kinship
caregivers considering legal action always should
speak with a qualified attorney, community and
faith-based organizations can help by sharing the
following basic information about where to start.
Organizations also should encourage lawyers in their
congregations and communities to volunteer their
time to help kinship care families who cannot afford
the high cost of legal services. For example, Grand
Central, a kinship caregiver resource center in
Philadelphia, held a legal resource fair where attorneys
from the Philadelphia area answered questions oneon-one with individual kinship caregivers at no cost.
• Does the caregiver anticipate caring permanently
for the children until they reach 18 years of age
(or longer if the children remain in school or
have disabilities)?
Community and faith-based organizations can help
by asking kinship caregivers whether they have
considered the appropriateness of various legal
options in the care of their children.
• How strong is the relationship between the
caregiver and the child?
M
Understandably, kinship caregivers often are so overwhelmed with the daily care of the children they are
raising that they have not had the opportunity to
think about legal options or have not considered
court involvement in the care of their children. In
fact, a formal legal arrangement may not be the best
result for every kinship care family. On the other
hand, formal legal arrangements can provide valuable
resources and a sense of permanency and security
for caregivers and their children. Your community
or faith-based organization can help kinship care
families consider some important questions to help
them decide whether they want to ask a court for
formal legal authority to continue caring for their
children:
• Will the caregiver be able to care for the children
permanently, given the ages of the caregiver and
the children and other special needs that they
may have?
• Does the caregiver have trouble enrolling the
children in school, obtaining health care for the
children, or accessing other benefits for the children
because he or she doesn’t have legal custody?
• Is the caregiver worried that the child’s parent(s) will
take the child back unexpectedly or inappropriately?
• How long have the children lived with the caregiver?
• What is the likelihood that the child’s parent(s)
will be able to resume custody?
• What kind of changes in family relationships will
be caused by court involvement?
• What kinds of emotional, social, and financial
supports are available to the kinship family now?
How would legal custody help enhance the
supports available?
Legal Options
Community and faith-based organizations can share
information about the types of legal options that
may be available to kinship caregivers.
There are several legal options available to grandparents and other relative caregivers in most states,
each with slightly different characteristics. A brief
description of each option is provided below. Please
note that the formal names of these legal options
may vary from state to state. Before making a decision to pursue any of these options, it is important
that kinship caregivers speak with a qualified attorney about what is best for their situation.
• Legal guardianship is a type of legal custody that
grants caregivers basic legal authority over their
relationship with the children they are raising.
Every state has a means for caregivers to obtain
these primary rights and duties for children in
their care, although guardianship laws differ from
state to state. Even when a child is placed in a
guardianship arrangement, the birth parents still
have some rights, called “residual rights,” which
typically include the right to consent to adoption,
the right to change the child’s name, and the obligation to financially support the child. In addition,
when a caregiver has guardianship of a child, the
birth parents can petition the court for termination of the guardianship. However, a court usually
will not terminate a guardianship unless it is in
the best interests of the child. Some states have
subsidized guardianship programs that allow
guardians to receive money to help with the care
of the child with limited or no continuing involvement from an agency. For more information on
subsidized guardianship, see the resource pages
“Child Welfare and Kinship Foster Care” also
included in this resource kit.
• Co-guardianship between relatives and parents has
many of the same features of traditional guardianship relationships. It provides stability for children
and relatives, but also allows willing and able birth
2
parents to have a role in the child’s life. In an
increasing number of states, a variation on coguardianship is standby guardianship or springing
guardianship. In these arrangements, a parent
appoints a standby guardian to take over the legal
care of the child in the event of his or her incapacitation or death.
• Adoption is a legal option that typically requires
the complete and permanent termination of all
legal aspects of the original parent-child relationship. The relative caregiver who becomes a parent
through a traditional adoption procedure becomes
invested with all of the rights and obligations of a
birth parent. Because of the perceived finality of
traditional adoption, this option may not be
appealing to some kinship caregivers, especially
those who harbor hope that the birth parent(s) will
one day again care for their children.
• Open adoption describes an arrangement whereby
the court grants the adoption but enters a directive
that the birth parent(s) may have communication
rights after the adoption. Communication in an
open adoption may range from allowing a written
note to be sent to the child to regular visitation. In
some states, ongoing communication must be
acceptable to both parties before it will be approved.
Courts also may mandate an ongoing relationship
between siblings. Open adoption is not available
in every state.
• Power of Attorney is a written document in which
a parent can confer a specific type of authority to
a caregiver, such as authority over a child’s finances.
In some states, parents can use a Power of Attorney
to confer medical or educational decision-making
authority. A Power of Attorney, however, can be easily
revoked and is not as comprehensive as legal custody
or guardianship. Some states have medical consent
and educational consent laws that allow parents
to confer limited authority to caregivers. For
more information about medical and educational
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Legal Options
consent laws, please see the “Education” and
“Health Care” resource pages contained in this
resource kit.
NOTE: Many kinship caregivers believe that a
signed and notarized letter from the child’s parent
is enough to confer legal authority. This is not true.
In most cases, a court must formally recognize a new
legal kinship relationship before a caregiver can
obtain the benefits of any of the legal options discussed
above. Court practices and procedures vary by state,
and a caregiver will need to consult with an attorney
before and throughout the process of obtaining
judicial recognition of a kinship relationship.
Community and faith-based organizations can help
kinship caregivers find legal representation to help
obtain legal authority over the children they are raising.
There are several legal resources that may be available for
relative caregivers seeking legal advice. The following
organizations may be able to directly provide legal
services to caregivers or refer caregivers to an attorney:
• Legal Services Corporation offices may provide
free or low-cost services to eligible individuals
whose income is within 125 percent of the federal
poverty level. For contact information for Legal
Services offices throughout the country, visit the
Legal Services Corporation Web site at www.lsc.gov.
In addition, Pine Tree Legal Assistance, a Legal
Services in Maine, has a Web site, www.ptla.org/links.
htm, that has links to most state-based Legal
Services organizations in the country, pro bono
attorneys, law school legal aid programs, state bar
foundations, and information on representing
oneself in legal proceedings.
• Many local law schools and bar associations
offer clinical programs that provide free legal
services by law students under the supervision of
licensed attorneys. In addition, local professional
3
organizations for attorneys (called “bar associations”) also may offer free legal services or be able
to direct caregivers to affordable legal services in
the area.
• Nonprofit organizations addressing children’s and
senior’s issues, such as the AARP, also can be helpful. AARP is a national organization that provides
a Legal Services Network, which is a directory of
attorneys across the country who charge reduced
fees for AARP members. More information about
this is available on AARP’s Web site at www.aarp.
org. In addition, AARP and Generations United
have produced a useful brochure entitled, “State
Laws and Regulations Affecting Grandparent and
Other Relative-Headed Families,” which outlines
important laws and provides a glossary of relevant
legal terms. The brochure is available by contacting
Generations United at 202-638-1263 or by visiting
www.gu.org.
• State agencies or the courts may provide legal
services or referrals if the children were removed
from the birth parent(s)’ home by the state and
were placed with the relative caregiver through a
state agency (such as the Department of Social
Services, the Department of Family Services, etc.).
Caregivers should consult their agency caseworker
or the local family court or juvenile court judge
for more information.
• Kinship caregiver service and support programs in
the area can provide a valuable legal referral system
for relative caregivers. For a list of nearby kinship
care service and support programs, kinship caregivers can download a copy of their state kinship
care fact sheets at www.childrensdefense.org/ss_
kincare.php. Hard copies of the state fact sheets
are available by calling CDF’s Child Welfare and
Mental Health Division at 202-662-3568.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
National Family Caregiver Support Program
ike all caregivers caring for family members
of different ages, kinship caregivers face enormous stresses in raising the children under
their care. In recognition of family caregivers’
commitment to their family members, the federal
government has set up the National Family Caregiver
Support Program, which may provide useful services
and supports for the older kinship caregivers in your
community or congregation.
L
The National Family Caregiver Support Program
can help kinship caregivers age 60 and older.
In November 2000, Congress established the
National Family Caregiver Support Program as part
of a larger law called the “Older Americans Act.”
The program is designed to provide support services
for family caregivers of individuals age 60 and older
and grandparents and other relatives age 60 and
older who are raising children.
These support services may include:
• information to caregivers about available services;
• assistance to caregivers in gaining access to
available services;
• individual counseling, organization of support
groups, and training of caregivers to help them
make decisions and solve problems relating to
their caregiving roles;
• respite care to enable caregivers to be
temporarily relieved from their caregiving
responsibilities; and
• supplemental services, on a limited basis, to
complement the care provided by caregivers.
Many states already are using the National Family
Caregiver Support Program to help older kinship
caregivers.
Many states already have developed programs
specifically targeted to older kinship caregivers.
In Michigan, for example, the state’s largest Area
Agency on Aging has published and distributed copies
of a resource and information guide for grandparents
and other older relatives raising children. Oklahoma’s
State Unit on Aging helped to develop the Oklahoma
Respite Resource Network that has been providing
respite services to many types of family caregivers,
including kinship caregivers.
Older kinship caregivers should be encouraged
to take full advantage of services offered under
this program.
The National Family Caregiver Support Program is
administered by the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services through its Administration on
Aging (AoA). The AoA provides money through the
program to the states. Each state then funds its own
Area Agencies on Aging (AAA), community-based
agencies that provide services and support for older
people in their local area.
While the law gives each state the option to use up
to 10 percent of its program funds to provide support
services to older grandparents and other relative
caregivers, not all states have chosen to set up programs
specifically for kinship caregivers. Contact your state’s
aging agency to learn if it has developed special programs for kinship caregivers. You can call the AoA’s
National Information Center at 202-619-7501 to get
the name of your state’s unit on aging. You also can
find information about your state unit on aging at
www.aoa.gov/aoa/pages/state.hmtl.
National Family Caregiver Support Program
If your state’s aging agency doesn’t have a
special program for older kinship caregivers,
ask it to start one.
If your state has not yet established any supportive
programs for kinship care families, you still can help
by letting your local aging agency know how much
these programs are needed in your community.
Many state units on aging are just becoming familiar
with the unique issues facing older kinship caregivers.
To help states start new programs, a national organization, Generations United, has prepared “A Guide
to the National Family Caregiver Support Program
and Its Inclusion of Grandparents and Other
Relatives Raising Children.” This guide provides
2
state aging agencies with examples of model programs
for older kinship caregivers and national resources
for states to use in setting up similar programs. It
also contains a copy of the law authorizing the
National Family Caregiver Support Program and the
amount of money provided to each state based on
its aging population. The guide can be ordered by
calling 202-638-1263. It is also available online at
www.gu.org.
CDF appreciates the assistance of Ana Beltran of
Generations United — a national nonprofit membership
organization whose mission is to promote intergenerational
public policies, strategies, and programs — in developing
this resource section.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Senior Resources
any grandparents and other relatives are
older caregivers who find themselves raising
children later in life instead of retiring.
Some have health problems that make it difficult to
care for the children. Others may need a break from
the stresses of their caregiving responsibilities. In
addition, caregivers may need information on government benefits programs for seniors, such as
Medicare and Social Security. Whatever their needs,
it is important that kinship caregivers not ignore
their own needs or increase the stress in their busy
lives. Your community or faith-based organization
can help senior kinship caregivers find the supports
they need to care for their children and themselves.
M
Kinship caregivers may find immediate supports
and activities from their local Area Agency on
Aging (AAA).
The federal government’s Administration on Aging
(AoA) funds local organizations called Area
Agencies on Aging (AAA) that provide services,
resources, and information for seniors in a variety of
issue areas. To find out more about the individual
services and activities your local AAA offers, kinship
caregivers can contact the government’s Eldercare
Locator at 1-800-677-1116 or www.eldercare.gov. This
service will connect caregivers with the nearest AAA
and provide other national resources. Respite care
also may be available to senior kinship caregivers
through their local AAA’s under the National Family
Caregiver Program. For more information about this
program and respite care, please see the resource
pages on the “National Family Caregiver Support
Program” and “How to Start a Respite Care
Program,” also available in this resource kit.
With added caregiving responsibilities, kinship
caregivers may need easily accessible information
on a range of senior issues.
The AoA also has additional general resources to offer
to seniors looking for services and referrals. The
National Aging Information Center offers a listing
of helpful books and resources for grandparents and
other individuals raising children. The center can
be contacted by calling 202-619-0724 or visiting
www.aoa.gov or www.seniors.gov.
Kinship caregivers also may need help finding out
what government benefits are available to them.
As with benefits for children, senior kinship caregivers may need help finding their way through the
maze of government programs for seniors. The
National Council on the Aging (NCOA) now has the
Benefits Checkup Web site, which allows seniors to
find out what type of benefits may be available to
them in the areas of financial assistance, health care
programs, prescription drug assistance, home energy
assistance, and others. Seniors do not have to provide personal information such as their Social
Security numbers, name, or address in order to use
the service. Once seniors fill out a simple online
questionnaire, they can print out a report that lists
all of the assistance programs they may be eligible
for and where they can apply locally. The Web site is
at www.benefitscheckup.org. The federal government
also has a Web site to help seniors and others find
more information about benefits programs, at
www.govbenefits.gov. Senior caregivers who do not
have access to a computer through local libraries
and community and faith-based organizations can
call the National Aging Information Center at
202-619-0724.
Kinship caregivers may need information to help
them with a variety of legal matters.
In addition to the legal resources mentioned in the
“Legal Options” resource pages, senior caregivers
may need advice on a range of other legal matters,
such as landlord-tenant law, trusts and estates, and
more. The Brookdale Center on Aging of Hunter
College provides legal information to grandparents
and professionals and publishes analyses of the policy
needs of grandparent caregivers and other seniors.
The center also has a list of elder law service providers
on the state and local levels. The center can be contacted at 212-481-3780 or www.brookdale.org.
Senior Resources
Kinship caregivers may want to become more
involved in national organizations that advocate
on behalf of seniors.
There are two national organizations that provide a
wide variety or services and supports for seniors. The
AARP is a national organization dedicated to providing
resources and advocacy to anyone 50 years or older
for a fee of $12.50 a year. In addition to publications,
volunteer programs, discounts, and other benefits,
AARP also has a Grandparent Information Center
(GIC) devoted specifically to the issues facing grandparents and kinship caregivers. The GIC can be
2
contacted at 1-800-424-3410 or visiting www.aarp.
org/confacts/programs/gic.html. The National
Council on the Aging is a national organization
dedicated to promoting the dignity, independence,
well-being and contributions of older Americans. In
addition to programs and services that assist communities in helping seniors, NCOA also has constituent
groups that allow their members to address specific
issues. One example is the National Interfaith
Coalition on Aging, which provides practical guidance
on enhancing spirituality in the lives of seniors.
NCOA can be contacted at 202-479-1200 or
www.ncoa.org.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Substance Abuse
randparents and other relative caregivers
raising children whose parents abuse drugs or
alcohol face many challenges. They may feel
embarrassed about their family problems and isolate
themselves from their friends and community support
networks. Parental substance abuse also may be compounded by mental illness, family violence, unemployment, or legal problems. Kinship caregivers may
even feel that their child’s substance abuse problems
are a result of their own failures as a parent, and
they may frequently worry about how to prevent the
children they are raising from getting involved in
drugs and alcohol.
• Preserving your marriage
Kinship caregivers need basic information to help
them cope with the substance abuse in their lives
and prevent the cycle from repeating itself in the
lives of their children. Your community or faithbased organization can help kinship care families
find the resources to create a drug-free environment
and future for the children in their care.
• House rules and safety practices
Like all parents, kinship caregivers should be
encouraged to help prevent substance abuse.
• Talking with children about substance abuse
G
• Anger and jealousy from family members
• Managing children’s behavioral problems
• Caring for an infant
• Caring for a child
• Caring for a teenager
• Helping children cope
• Managing threats of violence
• Visits with parents
• Preparing for reunification
• Discussing parental drug and alcohol abuse
The Children of Alcoholics Foundation’s (COAF)
“Ties That Bind” project in New York City, in conjunction with a national team of social workers and
substance abuse specialists, has created resource
materials that cover a broad range of issues common to
kinship care families struggling with parental alcohol
and substance abuse. The project is designed to
provide substance abuse information for kinship
caregivers, children and teenagers, as well as absent
birth parents and professionals working with kinship
care families.
The project offers a 90-page substance abuse handbook and 25 different fact sheets, designed specifically
for kinship care families, on relevant issues:
• Substance abuse is not your fault
• How addiction happens
• Support groups and other options for help
• Your own use of alcohol and other drugs
• Getting drug users help
For a reasonable fee, the “Ties That Bind” project
also has experienced trainers available to teach community and faith-based organizations, kinship care
families, and others about how to prevent substance
abuse. Trainers include child welfare workers, social
workers, teachers and educators, medical professionals,
substance abuse treatment specialists, and kinship
caregivers who are trained in substance abuse issues.
For more information about materials and training
from the “Ties That Bind” project, kinship caregivers
should contact the Children of Alcoholics Foundation
at 1-800-488-DRUG or visit www.coaf.org.
Substance Abuse
Kinship caregivers should be aware that the
children they are raising may have problems as a
result of their parent’s substance abuse.
If the child’s mother was using drugs while she was
pregnant, a kinship caregiver may wonder if the
child has a disability or other problems related to
the parent’s substance abuse. Caregivers should be
encouraged to talk to their doctor or other health
service provider about getting the child evaluated.
If the doctor finds a problem, the child may qualify
for early intervention services that provide evaluation,
prevention, treatment, and support. Each state has
an agency that coordinates early intervention services,
although some states charge fees for those services
based on a caregiver’s income. To contact the state
early intervention coordinator, kinship caregivers
may contact the National Information Center for
Children and Youth with Disabilities at 1-800-695-0285
or www.nichcy.org.
Kinship caregivers also may want to find out
more information about drug treatment for the
child’s parent or for themselves.
2
Community and faith-based organizations can provide
kinship care families with national resources to help
them find confidential information and treatment in
their local area. Kinship caregivers may contact
the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Information at 1-800-729-6686 or www.health.org.
The clearinghouse is a one-stop resource for the
most current information about substance abuse
prevention and treatment.
Kinship caregivers also can contact DrugHelp
Treatment Referrals, a nonprofit information and
referral network run by the American Council for
Drug Education that provides information on specific
drugs and treatment options, referrals to public and
private treatment programs, self-help groups, family
support groups, and crisis centers throughout the
United States. DrugHelp can be contacted at 1-800488-DRUG or by visiting www.drughelp.org. To find
a local Alcoholics Anonymous treatment and support
group, caregivers can contact Al-Anon/Alateen World
Groups at 1-888-4AL-ANON or www.al-anon.org.
In addition to information on ways to help the child
they are raising, kinship caregivers also may need
help for an adult child with a drug or alcohol problem.
In some cases, the caregiver may have a substance
abuse problem but is unwilling to address it because
of fears that the state might take the child away.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
National Kinship Care Resources
AARP
Grandparent Information Center
601 E Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20049
202-434-2296
202-434-6466 fax
www.aarp.org/confacts/programs/gic.html
[email protected] e-mail
The Grandparent Information Center (GIC) offers
a variety of information about being a good grandparent, visitation rights, and raising grandchildren.
Grandparents can access tip sheets and a free
newsletter on topics including raising grandchildren,
starting support groups, and addressing their educational needs. The GIC Web site also offers a number
of links to local support groups through the AARP’s
national database.
The Brookdale Foundation Group
126 East 56th Street
New York, NY 10022
212-308-7355
212-750-0132 fax
www.brookdalefoundation.org
The Brookdale Foundation Group’s Relatives as
Parents Program (RAPP) is designed to encourage
and promote the creation or expansion of services
for grandparents and other relatives who have taken
on the responsibility of substitute parenting. Its
Web site lists a large number of national and local
resources for grandparents and children; grandparents
raising grandchildren; aging information; general
information; legal and financial assistance; welfare
reform updates; and recommendations for useful
publications, videos and resources. RAPP also provides
a limited number of seed grants for state agencies
and local support groups serving kinship care families.
Casey National Center for Resource Family Support
1808 Eye Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
202-467-4441 or 1-888-295-6727 toll free
202-467-4499 fax
[email protected] e-mail
www.casey.org/cnc
The Casey National Center provides information
and referrals for foster and kinship care families and
the child welfare professionals who work with them.
Publications, handbooks, and tool kits are available
on the following topics: federal tax benefits, guides
to special education and Social Security benefits,
planned and crisis respite care, a Bill or Rights for
Children in Foster Care, etc.
Child Welfare League of America
440 First Street, N.W., 3rd Floor
Washington, DC 20001-2085
202-638-2952
202-638-4004 fax
www.cwla.org
The Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) is an
association of public and nonprofit child welfare
agencies. CWLA offers tips on parenting, discipline,
and child development. In addition to advocating
for kinship care families on the national level,
CWLA offers a bi-annual national conference that
focuses exclusively on kinship care issues.
Children of Alcoholics Foundation (COAF)
Ties That Bind Project
164 W. 74th Street
New York, NY 10023
212-595-5810, ext. 7760
www.coaf.org/kinship/kinmain.htm
COAF provides tips for relatives who have taken over
the care of a child when parents’ drug or alcohol
use has left them unable to care for their children.
Suggestions, tips, and strategies are available in the
following areas: talking about alcohol and drugs
with children, dealing with the substance abusing
parent, coping with children’s behavioral problems,
dealing with caregiver’s own feelings, and facts and
myths about substance abuse.
Children’s Defense Fund
25 E Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20001
202-628-8787
202-662-3550 Fax
www.childrensdefense.org
[email protected] e-mail
The Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) provides a
voice for all the children of America who cannot
vote, lobby, or speak for themselves. Its mission is to
Leave No Child Behind and to ensure every child a
Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start,
and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to
adulthood with the help of caring families and
National Kinship Care Resources
2
communities. CDF provides information on the latest
issues facing grandparents and other relative caregivers.
A list of CDF’s publications for kinship caregivers
and for those professionals who work with them can
be found at the end of this guide. All publications
are accessible on CDF’s Web site.
GrandsPlace
154 Cottage Rd
Enfield, CT 06082
860-763-5789
860-763-1568 fax
www.grandsplace.com
Generations United
122 C Street, N.W., Suite 820
Washington, DC 20001-2085
202-638-1263
202-638-7555 fax
www.gu.org/projg&o.htm
GrandsPlace offers a Web site for grandparents and
others raising children to allow them to communicate
with one another online. The Web site offers words
of wisdom, information on grandparents rights and
benefits, a state-by-state directory of grandparent
support groups, games and craft ideas, and a place
to add photographs. Grandparents can sign up for a
free, bimonthly e-mail newsletter containing articles
relating to kinship care, recipes, and household hints.
Generations United (GU) supports a National
Center on Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising
Children, which seeks to improve the quality of life
of these caregivers and the children they are raising.
The Web site provides information including overviews
of current innovative kinship care programs, updates
on federal and state legislation, legal options, housing,
public benefits, and links to additional kinship care
resources.
Grand Parent Again
www.grandparentagain.com
This Web site was created by a grandparent caregiver
to offer an online exchange for other grandparents
who have become parents again. The Web site offers
a clothing exchange program, a recipe database,
online and phone support groups, as well as medical
and legal information for grandparents and grandchildren.
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Resources
National Adoption Information Clearinghouse
330 C Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20447
703-352-3488 or 1-888-251-0075
703-385-3206 fax
www.calib.com/naic/pubs/r_grand.cfm
This government Web site offers a list of resources
for kinship care families, including a variety of
curricula, videos, newsletter series, booklets, and
publications. Information also may be requested
by phone.
National Aging Information Center
U.S. Department on Aging
330 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20201
202-619-0724
202-260-1012 fax
www.aoa.dhhs.gov
The center offers a listing of helpful books and
resources for grandparents and other older individuals
raising grandchildren. The Web site also provides
contact information for each state’s Department on
Aging, so kinship caregivers can find support programs
and services near them. Information also may be
requested by phone.
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20037
202-833-7200
202-452-1840 fax
www.urban.org
The Urban Institute provides numerous reports
about the challenges that kinship caregivers face,
such as welfare reform and other information
pertaining to grandparents and relative caregivers
inside and outside of the child welfare system.
Children’s Defense Fund • Kinship Care Resource Kit
Acknowledgments
CDF would like to thank all the kinship caregivers and kinship care advocates who reviewed or provided material for this publication,
especially Generations United; Carole Cox, Fordham University; Maggie Edgar, ARCH; Kiersten Stewart, Family Violence Prevention
Fund; Kim Sumner-Mayer, Children of Alcoholics Foundation; and Reverend Clifford Barnett, pastor of the Brighton Rock AME Zion
Church in Portsmouth, Va.
This resource kit was developed by Mary Bissell and MaryLee Allen in the Child Welfare and Mental Health Division of the Children’s
Defense Fund (CDF). CDF would like to thank the following CDF staff and interns for their contributions to this project: Jooyeun
Chang, Della Hoffman, Jill Ward, Shannon Brigham-Hill, Ellen Zemel, Danielle Ewen, Jesselyn McCurdy, Gregg Haifley, Jill Morningstar,
Melissa Rhee, Eileen Zorc, Jamie Reim, Melanie Nowling, Jodi Newman, Emily Davidson, Lesley Guggenheim, Sara DePersis, Taylor
Ramsey, Cristina Ritchie, Rasheeda Creighton, Molly Cornelius, Jamie Hochman-Herz, Charlotte Gillingham, Beth Koivunen, Shalonda
Brooks, Pafilvie Amisial, Karina Kirana, Caron Gremont, and Melissa Umezaki.
CDF’s Director of Communications is Patricia Alford Williams. Cynthia Rigoli served as production manager of this publication. Libby
Alesbury and Beth Rennie edited the publication, and Anourack Chinyavong was the designer.
Funds for this publication were made possible through the support of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Charles H. Revson
Foundation, and an anonymous donor. The statements and views expressed, however, are solely the responsibility of CDF.
CDF encourages you to copy and share this information with others.
Mother to Son
Langston Hughes
Well, son, I’ll tell you:
Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
It’s had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
And places with no carpet on the floor
Bare.
But all the time
I’se been a-climbin’ on,
And reachin’ landin’s,
And turnin’ corners,
And sometimes goin’ in the dark
Where there ain’t been no light.
So boy, don’t you turn back.
Don’t you set down on the steps
‘Cause you finds it’s kinder hard.
Don’t you fall now –
For I’se still goin’, honey,
I’se still climbin’,
And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
From THE COLLECTED POEMS OF LANGSTON HUGHES by Langston Hughes,
copyright © 1994 by The Estate of Langston Hughes.
Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.
About Children’s Defense Fund
The mission of the Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) is to Leave No Child Behind and to ensure every
child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start, and a Moral Start in life and successful passage
to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities.
CDF provides a strong, effective voice for all the children of America who cannot vote, lobby, or speak
for themselves. We pay particular attention to the needs of poor and minority children and those with
disabilities. CDF educates the nation about the needs of children and encourages preventive investments
before they get sick, into trouble, drop out of school, or suffer family breakdown.
CDF began in 1973 and is a private, nonprofit organization supported by foundation and corporate
grants and individual donations. We have never taken government funds.
25 E Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
(202) 628-8787
www.childrensdefense.org