1. business and industrial
2. agriculture and forestry
3. aquaculture

GLOBAL SHRIMP FARMING SITUATION
George Chamberlain
President
GLOBAL AQUACULTURE ALLIANCE
• Communications
– Global Aquaculture Advocate magazine
– Website (www.gaalliance.org)
– Electronic newsletter
• BAP Certification
– Market driven standards for best practices
• Annual GOAL meeting
– Production, markets
• Advocacy
– Issues and solutions
• Health
• Breeding
– Kona Bay vannamei
– Brunei monodon
• Nutrition
– Fishmeal replacement
• Hatchery
• Farm
• Seafood
– Kauai Shrimp
– Kauai clams
Hawaii, USA
Brunei
TOPICS
1. The Challenge
2. Disease Case Studies
3. Shrimp Health Management
– The Past
– The Present – Early Mortality Syndrome
– The Future
4. Conclusions
5. Panel Discussion
1. “FISH TO 2030” PROJECTS
EXCEPTIONALLY STRONG GLOBAL SEAFOOD
DEMAND
120
Gro wing fisheries (0.7% p er an num)
Production (million tonnes)
100
Stag n an t fisheries
• Global consumption rises to 22.5 kg/y
80
• Global consumption remains at
1996 levels (15.6 kg/y)
60
Fish
40
•Technological advances in aquaculture
•Baseline scenario
20
•Ecological collapse of fisheries
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
Ye (1999)
IFPRI (2003)
FAO (2004)
Wijkstrom (2003)
Source: Hall, S. Blue Frontiers (2011), WorldFish Centre
2. AQUACULTURE IS THE ONLY WAY
TO INCREASE OUR SEAFOOD SUPPLY
Volume (millions of tons)
Wild capture: Limited and stable
Aquaculture, with growth potential
Limited
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Production in Mill. metric tonnes
Source: FAO
7
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
8,7
9,0
9,9
11,2
13,1
15,0
16,9
17,9
18,5
19,9
20,8
22,2
23,5
24,2
26,3
28,0
29,9
31,6
34,3
36,1
38,3
41,6
45,0
40,0
Production
% growth
35,0
200
30,0
150
0,0
100
50
0
% ten year growth rate
3. THE GROWTH RATE OF
AQUACULTURE IS SLOWING DOWN
250
4. DISEASE IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR
LIMITING THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8
Disease
Feed
Environment
Financing
Market
TOPICS
1. Our Challenge
2. Disease Case Studies
3. Shrimp Health Management
– The Past
– The Present – Early Mortality Syndrome
– The Future
4. Conclusions
5. Panel Discussion
HOW CAN WE REDUCE
DISEASE RISK?
• Lessons Learned in Responsible
Aquaculture
– Initiated in 2011 by the World Bank, the
Responsible Aquaculture Foundation, and
GAA.
• Objectives
• To conduct case studies on selected epidemics
• To identify common causes and solutions
• To improve preventative management, policy, and
regulation.
10
“REDUCING DISEASE RISK IN AQUACULTURE”
• Three Case Studies:
– 2011: ISA in Chile
– 2012: EMS in Vietnam
– 2013: WSSV in Mozambique
and Madagascar
• Report can be downloaded
from the GAA website:
– www.gaalliance.org/newsroo
m/whitepapers.php
2011 CASE STUDY IN CHILE: INFECTIOUS
SALMON ANEMIA VIRUS
• Producers captivated
by rapid growth of
the sector.
• Inadequate
biosecurity,
surveillance, zone
management
• Fast response by
industry, banks, and
regulators
2012 CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM:
EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME OF SHRIMP
• EMS started in China and
spread to Vietnam, Malaysia,
Thailand, and Mexico
• Study began before cause of
disease was known, but
members of the team
identified the pathogen a few
months later.
• Inadequate biosecurity,
sanitation, quarantine, and
surveillance.
2013 CASE STUDY IN MOZ AND MAD: WHITE SPOT
VIRUS OF SHRIMP
• Strain identification of the WSSV
pathogen indicated that it originated
from the Middle East.
• Limited surveillance and biosecurity
• Need for cooperation between
Mozambique and Madagascar
TOPICS
1. Our Dilemma
2. Disease Case Studies
3. Shrimp Health Management
– The Past
– The Present – Early Mortality Syndrome
– The Future
4. Conclusions
5. Panel Discussion
THE PAST:
BEGINNING WITH PRIMITIVE SYSTEMS, LOW
YIELDS
• For centuries, shrimp farming was conducted in a very
primitive manner
– Crude, tidal ponds
– Wild postlarvae
– Minimal control of
stocking density,
predators,
environment,
nutrition, or health
The Past:
Learning the fundamentals to increase control
• Dr. Fujinaga (1938-1968)
– Developed techniques for
spawning, larval rearing, and
growout of P. japonicus
• Dr. Liao (1968-1985)
– Transferred Fujinaga’s
technology to P. monodon in
Taiwan
– Intensive farming systems of
Taiwan became the model for
Asia
TAIWAN IN 1980’S:
INTENSIFICATION AND FRAGMENTATION
RAPID INDUSTRY EXPANSION,
BUT HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO DISEASE
Million Mt
1,0
0,8
0,5
0,3
0,0
REPEATED DISEASE OUTBREAKS
Year
1982
1988
1992
1994
2002
2004
2006
2010
Countries
Ecuador
Taiwan
China, pandemic
Ecuador, pandemic
Thailand, Indonesia
Brazil, Indonesia
Belize, Mexico
China, Vietnam, Malaysia,
Thailand, Mexico
Disease
BP
YHV
WSSV
TSV
MSGV
IMNV
PvNv
EMS
WSSV EPIDEMIC TRIGGERED ENVIRONMENTAL
ATTACKS.
• WSSV began in China and spread throughout
Asia and Americas.
• Global shrimp production was flat for a decade.
• Critics asserted that shrimp farming is
inherently unsustainable (mangrove
destruction, pollution, banned
chemicals, social issues)
• Supreme Court of India ruled against
shrimp farming in 1996.
FORMATION OF GAA
• Founded in 1997
• Gathered facts to refute exaggerations
• Developed Codes of Practice for Responsible
Shrimp Farming in 1999
• Developed BAP standards for certification of
farms, hatcheries, feed mills, and processing
plants
• Great improvements in mangrove conservation,
pollution, etc.
• 1.4 mlllion MT now BAP certified.
WSSV EPIDEMIC LED TO
IMPROVED HEALTH MANAGEMENT
• Biosecurity
– Widespread use of PCR testing
– Tightening regulations on movement of
animals
• Farm management
– Reduced water exchange which led to
development of biofloc systems
– Control of disease carriers with disinfectants,
crustacides, and bird netting
THE BREAKTHROUGH:
SPF L. VANNAMEI
• Breeding of Specifc Pathogen Free stocks
by Oceanic Institute in Hawaii
• Initial trials successful in Texas, but failed
in Ecuador due to Taura Syndrome Virus
• Bred SPF stocks for
resistance to TSV
• Rapidly replaced infected
P. monodon.
• Led to development of
private breeding
companies (e.g., CP,
SIS, Kona Bay).
WSSV EPIDEMIC LED TO INDUSTRY
TRANSFORMATION
AND
4,5 QUADRUPLING OF PRODUCTION
Million MT
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
WSSV epidemic
1,0
0,5
0,0
1991
1993
1995
P. vannamei
1997
1999
P. monodon
2001
2003
M. rosenbergii
Sources: FAO (2013) for 1991-2011; GOAL (2013) for 2012-2015.
2005
Other
2007
2009
THE PRESENT
ANOTHER EPIDEMIC – EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME
26
SHRIMP PRODUCTION IS DOWN,
BUT THE TIDE IS TURNING
Million MT
EMS epidemic
4.8
4.2
3.6
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.2
0.6
0.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
P. vannamei
P. monodon
M. rosenbergii
Other
SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN ASIA: 2009 – 2016
MAJOR PRODUCERS
Million MT
1.8
China is expected to recover slightly in 2014; recovery in Thailand
will begin in 2015.
1.5
Production increases are expected in all countries in the region by
2016. Thailand will be displaced from second to fifth position .
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
China
Thailand
2009
2010
2011
Vietnam
2012
Sources: FAO (2014) for 2009-2012; GOAL (2014) for 2013-2016.
M. rosenbergii is not included.
Indonesia
2013
2014
2015
India
2016
SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN ASIA:
2009-2012 VS. 2012-2016
Average Annual Growth
Rate
40%
37.40%
2009-2012
2012-2016
32%
24%
16%
10.00%
6.00%
8%
1.60%
4.90%
1.40%
6.90%
5.30%
5.20%
3.00%
0%
-1.80%
-8%
-16%
-14.00%
China
Thailand
Vietnam
Sources: FAO (2014) for 2009-2012; GOAL (2014) for 2013-2016.
M. rosenbergii is not included.
Indonesia
India
Bangladesh
SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA: 2009 – 2016
MAJOR PRODUCERS
nd MT
0
0
Ecuador is ramping up production as output from other
countries falters. Production in 2016 is expected to be 28%
higher than in 2013.
0
0
0
Brazil expects to reach 100,000 tons by 2016.
0
Mexico heavily impacted by EMS in 2013:
0
production down by 50%, with partial recovery afterwards.
0
0
0
0
Ecuador
2009
Mexico
2010
2011
2012
2013
Sources: FAO (2014) for 2009-2012; GOAL (2014) for 2013-2016.
M. rosenbergii is not included.
Brazil
2014
2015
2016
SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN LATIN AMERICA:
2009-2012 VS. 2012-2016
Average Annual Growth
Rate
25%
2009-2012
23.20%
22.70%
2012-2015
20%
16.20%
15%
11.90%
9.90%
9.30%
10%
9.70%
6.00%
6.10%
4.40%
5%
4.00%
3.60%
0.50%
0%
-5%
-3.40%
-3.80%
-7.30%
-10%
Ecuador
Mexico
Brazil
Honduras
Sources: FAO (2014) for 2009-2012; GOAL (2014) for 2013-2016.
M. rosenbergii is not included.
31
Peru
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Venezuela
2014 SURVEY ON EMS
IN AFFECTED COUNTRIES
• Expert Committee
– Patrick Sorgeloos, Don Lightner, Victoria Alday, Noriaki
Akazawa, Stephen Newman, Loc Tran, James Brock, Bruno
Gil, Indrani Karunasagar, Randall Brummett, Huang Jie,
Angus Cameron, CV Mojan, Peter van Wyk, George
Chamberlain
• Online survey of farms in each affected country
– Identify practices associated with successful EMS
management
– Dr. Brendan Cowlan will summarize during the panel
• Followup case studies of selected farms
– In-depth audits to validate trends seen in survey
THE EMS EXPERT COMMITTEE TESTED THE
SURVEY BY INTERVIEWING VIETNAMESE FARMERS
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
• Early mortality syndrome
(EMS), or acute
hepatopancreatic necrosis
syndrome (AHPNS), is a
bacterial disease caused
by a strain of Vibrio
parahaemolyticus
• It does not affect humans
34
EMS COLONIZES THE STOMACH AND PRODUCES A
TOXIN THAT DAMAGES THE HEPATOPANCREAS
Lumen of Stomach
Microcolony of bacteria growing
on epicuticle of gastric wall
35
HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED?
• Vertically
– Can be carried in
broodstock and larvae
– Live feeds for shrimp
reproduction, esp.
polychaete worms are a
major concern
Bacterial plaque on egg
• Horizontally
– Cannibalism,
consumption of carriers,
fecal/oral, and water.
36
Cannibalism
WHY IS THE EMS PATHOGEN DIFFERENT THAN A
VIRUS?
• Unlike viruses, it
does not require a
host organism to
replicate
• Once established in
the environment. It
colonizes quickly
• It can be displaced
by a mature microbial
community
37
A LUCKY, UNEXPECTED BREAK:
GENETICALLY-RESISTANT L. VANNAMEI
• Survey revealed a promising trend with EMSresistant L. vannamei in Mexico
• Preliminary followup data supports this trend:
Shrimp Production in EMS-Affected Areas in Sonora, Mexico
EMS-resistant
Non-resistant
Production (kg/ha)
Survival (%)
Pre-harvest
Final harvest
1,800-2,000
45-90
18
150-300
20-30
--
28
32-36
38
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
• Diagnostics
– Improved PCR tests
• Breeding
– Genetic resistance to EMS
• Hatchery
– Avoid infected foods
– Improve sanitation
• Farm
– Manage microbial
community
• Feed
– Additives to improve EMS
resistance
WHAT’S NEXT?
• We are learning to manage EMS, but already
other new diseases are emerging
– Microsporidean parasite
– Covert Nodavirus
40
STUDY OF 200 SHRIMP PONDS IN THAILAND
AHPND
03, 07, 11, 12,
16, 20, 32,
34,40, 45, 47,
50, 52, 54, 55,
58, 73, 74, 82,
83, 84, 87,
90,91, 92, 93,
105, 110, 112,
116, 119, 122,
126, 131, 144,
150
36/148
(24%)
No AHPND
but
bacterial
lesions
04, 05, 21, 24,
44, 51, 69, 75,
79, 86, 88, 96,
99, 101, 117,
130, 133, 136,
139, 143
20/148
(14%)
Early
mortality
but No HP
lesions
57, 70, 98, 100,
111
5/148
(3%)
Collapsed HP
epithelium
Normal HP
02, 15, 17, 25, 26,
29, 30, 37, 38, 46,
48, 49, 53, 64, 65,
76, 80, 81, 95, 97,
104, 109, 113, 114,
115, 123, 125, 127,
128, 134, 135
01, 06, 08, 09, 10, 13, 14,
18, 19, 22, 23, 27, 28, 31,
33, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43,
56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66,
67, 68, 71, 72, 77, 78, 85,
89, 94, 102, 103, 106, 107,
108, 118, 120, 121, 124,
129, 132, 137, 138, 140,
141, 142, 145, 148, 149
31/148
(21%)
56/148
(38%)
Infected with the microsproidian E. hepatopenaei (EHP) 72/148 = 49%
Mortality <35 days (study definition of EMS = 21/148 = 14%)
Infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) = 8/148 = 5%
Covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) = 64/148 = 43%
41
Specimens 146 and 147 un-readable (poor fixation)
THE FUTURE
• Our journey
– As shrimp farming matures, it must
continue to develop improved controls that
help reduce disease risk, increase
production, and improve sustainability.
42
BRAZIL SHOULD CONSIDER SPF/SPR L. VANNAMEI
S
u
r
v
%
i
v
a
l
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TSV
IMNV
2011
2012
2013
0
10-Jan
3-Jan
27-Dec
20-Dec
13-Dec
6-Dec
29-Nov
22-Nov
15-Nov
8-Nov
1-Nov
25-Oct
18-Oct
11-Oct
4-Oct
27-Sep
20-Sep
MBW (g) and Harvest (tons)
INDONESIA IS ACHIEVING FAST GROWTH AND HIGH
YIELDS DESPITE IMNV (MAKASAR, INDONESIA 114 DAYS)
30
25
20
15
10
MBW
Harvest
5
SPF STOCKS WITH RESISTANCE TO WSSV ARE
ALSO AVAILABLE
MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING
• Molecular Markers (SNPs)
used for trait identification
in mainstream agriculture.
• In Hawaii, soy farmers are
funding research on
markers for dietary soy
tolerance in shrimp
20
Weight
15
10
5
0
Fishmeal
Soybean meal
DEEP INTENSIVE PONDS
• Deep ponds (3-5 m) used in
Vietnam for Pangasius now
being built for shrimp in China
• Can achieve yields of 30-50
mt/ha/cycle.
Pangasius
MORE EFFICIENT FEEDING
• Salmon farms achieve the
lowest FCRs in aquaculture
• Centralized computer controlled
feeding systems being used in
shrimp ponds in Brunei to drive
down FCR
Salmon farming
INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE
• Mussels feed on algae and
organic waste from salmon
farms in Chile
• Clams feed on algae and
organic waste in shrimp ponds
in Hawaii and produce a
valuable secondary crop.
Salmon/mussel/kelp farming
ZONE MANAGEMENT STANDARD
• Zone management standards are
under development as BAP 5th star
• Proximity among farms
• Veterinary services
• Quarantine
• Management practices
• Information sharing
OUR EXPECTION: SHRIMP FARMING WILL
DOUBLE IN THE NEXT DECADE
9
Million Metric Tonnes
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
51
*
CONCLUSIONS
• Seafood demand is strong due to rising middle
class in Asia and aquaculture is the only way to
meet this increasing demand
• Disease is a key factor limiting industry growth, but
the industry is recovering from EMS.
• Brazil is in a strong position to implement
improving technology and expand production to
meet the growing global shrimp demand.
• Major opportunities:
– Utilize SPF L. vannamei lines that are genetically
resistant to IMNV and WSSV
– Implement biosecure intensive systems