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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp
Volume 9, Number 2, December 2014
Contents
VIROLOGY
100. Sanitary selection of virus-tested fig (Ficus carica) cultivars in Tunisia. M. Elair, N.
Mahfoudhi, C. Bayoudh, I. Selmi, M. Mars, and M.H. Dhouibi. (Tunisia)
111. Prevalence of viruses infecting autochthonous grapevines in Tunisia. N. Mahfoudhi,
M. Harbi-Ben Slimane, M. Elair, I. Selmi, and H. Ben Hamda. (Tunisia)
MYCOLOGY
119. Identification of Alternaria species recovered from stored durum wheat kernels in
Tunisia. L. Gargouri-Kammoun, F. Bensassi, M. Mnari-Hattab, A. Rhouma, H. Bacha,
and M.R. Hajlaoui. (Tunisia)
ENTOMOLOGY
131. Observations on the biology and the ecology of Oryctes agamemnon arabicus, a pest
of date palm tree in Southwest Tunisia. R. Soltani. (Tunisia)
143. Influences of cold storage period and rearing temperature on the biological traits
of Trichogramma oleae. N. Gharbi (Tunisia)
155. Resistance to methyl bromide of wild population strains of the Indian meal moth
Plodia interpunctella from different southern Tunisian localities. E. Ayet Limam and
J. Mediouni-Ben Jemâa. (Tunisia)
163. The gum tree thrips, Thrips australis: Description, geographical distribution and
host plants in Tunisia. M. Elimem and B. Chermiti. (Tunisia)
171. Distribution and hosts of Monochamus galloprovincialis in Tunisia. M. Mejri, P.
Naves, E. Sousa, and M.L. Ben Jamâa. (Tunisia/Portugal)
Photo of the cover page: Monochamus galloprovincialis (Courtesy Manel Mejri)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Acknowledgement of Reviewers
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection gratefully appreciates the volunteer help of
reviewers which evaluate, with care and competence, papers proposed for publication in the
9th Volume, 2014. They are listed below in recognition of their contribution.
Abdellaoui, Khemais, ISAChM, Tunisia
Allagui, Mohamed Béchir, INRAT, Tunisia
Benazoun, Abdessalam, IAVHassenII-CHA, Morocco
Ben Halima-Kamel, Monia, ISAChM, Tunisia
Ben Hammouda, Moncef, ESAK, Tunisia
Ben Jamâa, Mohamed Lahbib, INRGERF, Tunisia
Ben Khedher, Mohamed, ISAChM, Tunisia
Benzarti, Saoussen, ESAMo, Tunisia
Besri, Mohamed, IAVHassenII, Morocco
Braham, Mohamed, CRRHABChM, Tunisia
Bouaziz, Mohamed, ISBS, Tunisia
Boukhris-Bouhachem, Sonia, INRAT, Tunisia
Chaabane-Boujnah, Hanène, INAT, Tunisia
Chaieb, Ikbal, CRRHABChM, Tunisia
Chakali, Gahdhab, INA, Algeria
Chermiti, Brahim, ISAChM, Tunisia
Digiaro, Michele, IAMB, Italy
Dridi-El Mohandes, Boutheina, ISAChM, Tunisia
Elbeaino, Toufic, IAMB, Italy
Gargouri, Samia, INRAT, Tunisia
Ghannem-Boughanmi, Naziha, FSB, Tunisia
Hamada, Walid, ESAK, Tunisia
Hannachi, Chérif, ISAChM, Tunisia
Haouala, Rabiaa, ISAChM, Tunisia
Haouas, Dalila, ESAK, Tunisia
Hibar, Khaled, CRRASB, Tunisia
Laarif, Asma, CRRHABChM, Tunisia
Marouani, Ahmed, ESAK, Tunisia
Mediouni-Ben Jamâa, Jouda, INRAT, Tunisia
Mekki, Mounir, ISAChM, Tunisia
Nahdi, Sabrine, ESAK, Tunisia
Namsi, Ahmed, CRRAO, Tunisia
Nasraoui, Bouzid, INAT, Tunisia
Ozder, Nihal, NKU, Turkey
Russo, Agatino, UC, Italy
Souissi, Rachid, EPO, Netherlands
Triki, Mohamed Ali, IO, Tunisia
Zouba, Ali, ISAChM, Tunisia
Special thanks go to Dr. Ibrahim S. Alsaadawi, (Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq)
and Dr. Abdessalam Benazoun (IAVHassenII-CHAgadir, Morocco) for writing for Tunisian
Journal of Plant Protection the Guest Editorial in Issues No. 1 and No. 2 of Vol. 9 (2014),
respectively.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Guest Editorial
Scolytids in Morocco
Scolytids are considered to be the
most economically important insect pests in
fruit, olive and forest trees. In Morocco,
during the years of drought, several species
caused important loss and damage due to
their rapid multiplication. For example Ips
sexdentatus destroyed with Dendroctonus
micans more than 2.000.000 m3 of wood in
forest planting of Picea orientalis in the
north of Turkey. Phloeotribus scarabeoides
was responsible for uprooting more than
140.000 trees in the south of Morocco
(region of Taroudant) in 1985.
The majority of them develop on the
twigs, branches and truck of weakened
trees, but some of them may, nevertheless,
attack vigorous trees, especially when
environmental conditions are favorable.
What is even worrying, the bark
beetles are pests which no one care about,
because they are deemed secondary, but at
the time of their demographic population
explosion, they create surprises. The
proverb says : the bark beetle is the
undertaker which come to give the first bite
to the corpse and to dust it. When it
happens, there is nothing to do, the tree is
lost or at least it is very damaged.
More than 300 000 species of
scolytids are well known in the fruit
orchards or forests through the world.
During the surveys carried out in Morocco
since 1981, several species were
inventoried:
- The "Neiroun" (or Barrenillo in spanish),
Phloetribus scarabeoides on weakened olive
trees especially in the regions of
Marrakech, Taroudant, Tiznit and in some
northern regions;
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
- Hylesinus oleiperda on vigorous olive
trees in the regions of Saiss, Haouz,...;
- The shot hole borer, Anisandrus dispar
encountred on apple trees in the Rich
area (Midelt) and on peach trees in the
regions of Fes and Meknes;
Scolytus
(Ruguloscolytus)
mediterraneus on apple, pear and peach
trees in the Saiss area;
- Estonoborus perrissi on pistachio trees
in Ain Taoujtate (40 km south of Fes);
- Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) amygdali on
almond, peach, apricot, nectarine and
plum trees in the regions of Tafraout,
Taroudant,
Amizmiz,
Imin-Tanout,
Marrakech, Beni Mellal, Warzazate,
Errachidia and others…;
- Hypoborus ficus on fig trees in several
regions of Morocco as Chefchaouen,
Ouezzane, Taroudant, Tiznit, Errachidia,…;
- Orthotomicus erosus and Tomicus
(Blastophagus) piniperda on pine trees
(Alep pine, maritime pine and stone pine)
in the north of Morocco;
Cryphalus
piceae
numidicus,
Phloeosinus
cedri,
and
Scolytus
numidicus on cedar in the Middle Atlas.
Regarding
this
deteriorating
situation particularly for almond, peach,
olive and pine, basic biological
knowledge is necessary for establishing
control methods. Thus, some study
programs in collaboration with several
involved services, were created (Center
for
Plant
Protection,
Agronomic
Research Institute (INRA of Beni Mellal),
Center of Agricultural Works in Tafraout,
University of Caddi Ayad…). Those
programs aimed to define the bioecology
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
of the species involved in order to
organize their control.
Prospections undertaken since
1980, allowed observing some species of
Scolytids:
- Three species : Tomicus piniperda, Ips
acuminatus, and Ips sexdentatus, on Scots
pine in the forest of Orleans in France (in
collaboration with the forest Research
Institute of Orléans - Olivet);
- Tomicus piniperda on pine in the forest
of Mamora in Morocco (in collaboration
with the forest Research Station of Rabat);
- Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) amygdali was
studied mainly on almond trees in the
Tafraout region (in the south of Agadir
from 1981 to 1988) and partially in the
Beni mellal region (in the north of the
country from 1983 to 1985) to assess the
effect of the climate on the biology and
population dynamic of this insect. Other
observations were performed on almond
and peach trees in Taroudant from 2003
to 2011 to test the effect of aggregation
pheromone as a preventive technique to
reduce the level of adult populations;
- Phloetribus scarabeoides on olive trees in
Had Igli near the Taroudant region (1985 1997).
The bioecological study of those
Scolytids was the first work done in North
Africa for R. amygdali and in Morocco
for P. scarabeoides. It was a part of a
national research program on the control
of the decline of fruit and olive trees in
the south of Morocco. The biological
cycle of these bark beetles was studied by
two main methods: by analyzing the
demographic
composition
of
the
populations and by following the
imaginal activity (emergence) through
permanent trapping.
Results show in Tafraout area that
R. amygdali develops in 3 generations
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
with a summer overlapping depending of
years and situations:
- Flight 1 issue from winter generation
(mid February to mid April - early May),
- Flight 2 issue from spring generation
(mid/late May - mid/late July),
- Flight 3 issue from summer generation
(mid/late July - early/mid November),
- Somme years, a 4th flight at late autumn,
but its effect on the population dynamics
is low.
In Taroudant regions, P.
scarabeoides develops in 4 overlapping
generations per year:
- Flight 1 issue from winter generation
(February - May),
- Flight 2 issue from spring generation
(April - June/July)
- Flight 3 issue from summer generation
(June - September/October)
- Flight 4 at issue from autumnal
generation (November - December).
Currently, the control of those
bark beetles in the south of Morocco is
possible via the following actions.
1 - Prophylactic measures:
- Maintenance of good general health, as
far as certain concerned diseases and
insects (mites, aphids, tingids, Plystigma,
Monilia,…),
- Immediate removal and incineration (or
at least good “heating”) of all damaged
wood, before emergence, thus before the
late February against the winter
generation,
- To prescribe anarchic lumbering of
almond or olive trees and not leave cut
wood outside, whether damaged or not, to
avoid the constitution of a source of bark
beetle,
- To remove the attacked and dying trees,
- To practice the thinning at the right
time,
- To fight against fire,
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
- To increase the tree resistance by
genetic selection and other methods.
2 - Control by natural trapping: The idea
is to make deficient a series of trees
chosen by an adequate sampling method,
to be used as traps of adults to limit their
proliferation and extension. At first sight,
the method looks simple, but in reality to
make it effective it is necessary to
consider the following conditions:
- The preparation of the traps must be
staggered according to the number of
generations of each species,
- The installation of trap trees must take
into account the bio-ecology of the
species of beetle, especially the periods of
its emergence,
- The use of lopped trees is desirable in
the case of felled trap trees,
- The number of traps must be defined
according to the fruit and forest species,
the area it occupies, its density, species of
scolytids and its population dynamics,
- The periodic and continuous monitoring
of traps is required, otherwise the
situation can turn into a dangerous
outbreak of bark beetles extension.
3 - The chemical control: Current control
measures are based on the application of
non-selective insecticides with uncertain
results. In this part, we present an attempt
of chemical control against adults of the
winter generation on traps, on branches
and on plantations in the south of
Morocco. The product used was
“Deltamethrin” at three concentrations
(0.75, 1.25 and 1.75 g/hl). Treatments
applied shortly before the beginning of
the first flight of adults (February - late
Mars), can give the trees a good
protection for at least 40 days.
Experiments of general treatments should
be tried on a large scale before the
beginning of each flight.
4 - Traps and aggregation pheromones
for monitoring: The attractiveness of the
almond bark beetle Scolytus amygdali, to
the synthetic blend of the major
aggregation pheromone components, 4methyl 3-heptanol and 4-methyl-3hexanol, at a ratio of 2:1 was tested in
almond orchards in the Tafraout region,
west of Agadir, south Morocco. The effect
of trap design, the longevity of
pheromone dispenser, and the range of
the pheromone effectiveness were studied.
Ethyl alcohol was added in all case as a
pheromone synergistic plant volatile.
LCR and ECO type traps baited with 5.6
ml of the ethyl alcohol and 0.4 ml of the
pheromone blend dispensed from 20 ml
flacons with a ceramic filter attracted
sufficient number of S. amygdali adults,
53% of the total 6.283 beetles captured
was females. Catches in LCR traps were
slightly higher than those in ECO traps.
Trap catches decline with time and
pheromone dispensers should be replaced
every 2 months. Trap placed near infested
almond trees attracted significantly more
adults than traps placed in healthy trees.
Pheromone traps placed 100 apart,
attracted beetles, however the high
proportion of the trapped beetles
occurred in traps placed 30 to 50 meters
from the released point. Our results
suggested that traps baited with the
binary blend of the major pheromone
components provide a cost-effective
monitoring tool in timing the control
measures. Further studies are in progress
for the development of a mass-trapping
system for this pest.
Prof. Abdeslam Benazoun,
IAVHassen II, CHAgadir,
Morocco
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2014
Plant Protection News
Announcement
of
The First National Symposium on Integrated Pest
Management (SYNPIP)
Sousse, Tunisia, April 20 - 21, 2015
General information.
The First National Symposium on
Integrated Pest Management will be held
on April 20-21, 2015 at the Hotel
Marhaba Palace in ElKantaoui Port,
Sousse (Tunisia). The Symposium will be
organized by the Regional Research
Center on Horticulture and Organic
Agriculture (Centre Régional des
Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture
Biologique) and the Tunisian Society for
Sustainable Agriculture (Association
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Tunisienne pour une Agriculture Durable,
ATAD).
Integrated Pest Management, or
IPM, is a long-standing science-based
decision-making process that identifies
and reduces risks from pests. It reduces
the dependence on pesticides and
contributes to a reduction of risks to the
human health and the environment. In
Tunisia, the implementation of IPM
concept is low in spite of large amount of
research results.
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014
Objective of the Symposium.
The overall objective of the
symposium is to give the opportunities to
researchers, students, technicians and
professionals to share recent findings and
new developments on integrated pest
management. The symposium welcomes
all who are involved in plant protection
issues. All disciplines related to IPM
including
entomology,
acarology,
phytopathology,
nematology,
weed
science, etc… are encouraged to
participate. The symposium will include
sessions for invited speakers, oral
communications and posters.
Abstract submission.
Abstract not exceeding one page
will be send to the Email Address of the
Symposium: <[email protected]>.
Language of the Symposium.
The language of the Symposium
will be French.
Registration.
All registration will be made via
the Association Tunisienne pour une
Agriculture Durable,
Visa: 2013S00855APSF1 - Matricule
Fiscale : 000NN1303188/V
RIB: 10 609 089.106769.3 788 06 - STB
Bank, Agence Sousse République (089)
Accommodation and participation fees.
Two options are offered:
1 - All inclusive, two nights: Sunday 19
and Monday 20, April 2015: 280
Tunisian Dinars, or
2 - Passenger fare per day: 100 Tunisian
Dinars.
Organizing committee.
Dr. Messaoud Mars (CRRHAB ChottMariem)
Dr. Mohamed Braham (CRRHAB ChottMariem)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Dr. Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB
Chott-Mariem / ATAD)
Dr. Asma Laarif (CRRHAB ChottMariem)
Dr. Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB ChottMariem / ATAD)
Dr.
Hayfa
Jabnoun-Khiareddine
(CRRHAB Chott-Mariem)
Dr. Raoudha Khanfir-Ben Jenana (ISA
Chott-Mariem / ATAD)
Dr. Rabiaa Haouala (ISA Chott-Mariem /
ATAD)
Mr. Chokri Bayoudh (CRRHAB ChottMariem)
Mr. Fakher Ayed (CTAB Chott-Mariem)
Scientific committee.
Dr. Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB
Chott-Mariem)
Dr. Mohamed Braham (CRRHAB ChottMariem)
Dr. Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB ChottMariem)
Pr. Brahim Chermiti (ISA Chott-Mariem)
Pr. Najet Horrigue-Raouani (ISA ChottMariem)
Pr. Mounir Mekki (ISA Chott-Mariem)
Dr. Monia Kamel-Ben Halima (ISA
Chott-Mariem)
Dr. Naima Boughalleb-M’hamdi (ISA
Chott-Mariem)
Dr. Mohieddine Ksantini (IO)
Dr. Ali Rhouma (IO / IRESA)
Dr. Mohamed Habib Ben Jamaa
(INGREF)
Dr. Habiba Glida (ESAK)
Dr. Mohamed Rabeh Hajlaoui (INRAT)
Dr. Monia Mnari-Hattab (INRAT)
Dr. Naima Mahfoudhi (INRAT)
Pr. Bouzid Nasraoui (INAT)
Dr. Sadreddine Kallel (INAT)
Dr. Thouraya Souissi (INAT / IRESA)
Deadline of abstract
February 20, 2015.
submission:
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014
Important note.
Participants who wish to publish
whole articles (mandatory in English
language) are invited to submit their
work for the special issue of Tunisian
Journal of Plant Protection devoted to
this Symposium.
The Organizing Committee of SYNPIP-2015
----------------------
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014
Quality Control of Old Pesticides Used Against Desert Locust
During the Last Campaign 2004/05: Two Years Later?
At the last invasion by the Desert
Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) during the
campaign 2003-2005, Tunisia had been
affected by the invasion in 2004/05. About
280.000 ha of areas had been treated
with pesticides in Tataouine (90.000 ha),
Gabès (40.000 ha), Médenine (39.000
ha), Gafsa (34.000 ha), Kébili (28.000
ha), Tozeur (21.000 ha), Kasserine
(11.500 ha), Sidi Bouzid (7.500 ha),
Kairouan (4.250 ha), Sfax (115 ha), Kef
(16 ha) and Siliana (14 ha). Malathion
and Chlorpyriphos, both EC and ULV,
were the main pesticides used in that
campaign. After the accomplishment of
the campaign, remaining pesticides had
been registered and kept in storage depot
pesticides of CRDAs until 2012.
Quality Control of pesticides.
Pesticides Stock Management
System (PSMS). PSMS is an application
that has been developed by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) to be used by countries to
record and monitor their inventories of
pesticides and their usage, in order to
assist them in managing the most efficient
usage. The application aims to help
reducing the accumulation of obsolete
pesticides and enable countries to plan
strategies for responding more effectively
to pest outbreaks.
In February 2012, FAO/CLCPRO
(Commission for Controlling the Desert
Locust in the Western Region) sent an
international expert in PSMS (Mr
Amadou Diallo) in Tunisia to train
professionals in the use of this system; 10
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Tunisians from the DGPCQPA, Ministry
of Agriculture, had attended this training
during one week and became able to use
the system after the course.
Inventory and Quality Control. In
summer 2012, this expert returned in
Tunisia to supervise the Tunisian
technicians during one week to do the
inventory and the quality control of the
pesticides mentioned above and stocked
in CRDAs. This mission contributed to:
- Inventory of pesticides: 8875 L of
Chlorpyriphos EC, 71200 L of
Chlorpyriphos
ULV,
800
L
of
Deltamethrin and 725 L of Fenithrotion.
- Quality control of pesticides: two
samples of each bunch number in the
drum containing the pesticides had been
sent to a specialized laboratory abroad,
Walloon Agricultural Research Center in
Gembloux, Belgium, to be analyzed. The
results of those analyses were 39725 L of
obsolete pesticides and 41875 L of
effective pesticides until November 2013.
- Update of the PSMS by the new data
collected in this mission.
During the period between
November 2012 and November 2013,
many quantities of effective pesticides had
been used to control other pests in one
hand and to avoid the accumulation of a
new stock of obsolete pesticides in the
other. After November 2013, the stock of
obsolete pesticides becomes: 71200 L of
Chlorpyriphos ULV, 4725 L of
Chlorpyriphos EC and 725 L of
Fenithrotion.
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014
Taking samples from the drums
Assignment of a new bar code
Cleaning samples
Package Sample for shipping
As an indication, FAO has a
strategy to avoid accumulation of
obsolete
pesticides
called
« Triangulation » which is the use of
pesticides immediately available in some
countries, and whose effectiveness is
regularly verified, in another country
infected by desert locust. This process
allow reducing of the overall production
of chemical pesticides and thus reduces
the risk environmental issues related to
prolonged pesticides (leaks, etc.) storage
and disposal possible for non-use before
the expiration date. In this case, FAO
supports the costs of transport (by sea or
air) of pesticides from one country to
another.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Steps after two years.
After two years of quality control
and in order to collect and store the
obsolete pesticides in a single depositary
i.e the depositary of Bouzouita belonging
to DGPCQPA, proficient services in
DGPCQPA proceeded by changing the
deteriorate drums by new ones,
transferring the pesticides in them and
crushing the older ones.
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014
With the financial and technical
support CLCPRO, in which Tunisia is a
member, DGPCQPA started:
- Buying new empty metallic drums and
wooden pallet,
- Inventorying of deteriorated drums.
The CLCPRO program sent the
international expert in Tunisia in
September-October 2014 to train
regional plant protection technicians in:
- The transfer of pesticides from
deteriorated drums to new ones,
- The flushing and the compaction of
deteriorated drums using the pressdrums.
After this training, each CRDA
holder of those pesticides would apply the
two steps mentioned above and move the
full drums to the depositary of Bouzouita
to be stocked and crush the empty
deteriorated drums using the pressdrums.
Normally, the next and the last
step is to remove obsolete pesticides and
crushed drums abroad to be destroyed, an
action that would be financed by FAO,
USAID/OFDA.
Mouna Mhafdhi
Tunisian focal point of PSMS
DG/PCQPA
------------------
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
Vol. 9, No. 2, 2014