Global 9 – The Muslim World
•MAP/Worksheet due
tomorrow (3/11).
•DBQ 6 – Spread of
Islamic Civilization
DUE Wednesday (3/12)
Geography 101 – Review BASICS
1)
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5)
Islam – Basic beliefs & practices
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Islam, which when translated from Arabic, means "to submit to
the will of Allah,“ is the youngest of the world’s religions.
Islam was founded by the prophet Mohammed
Developed on the Arabian Peninsula in the year 622 CE, and
quickly spread to other regions.
Significant Writings-The teachings of Islam are collected in the
Qur'an (KORAN)
• Five Pillars of Islam. Every Muslim is expected to
follow these rules in order to lead an ethical life:
1. Confession of Faith: "there is no God but Allah, and Mohammed
is His prophet."
2. Prayer: Muslims must pray five times per day, facing towards
Mecca.
3. Charity: Muslims must give alms to the poor, and support the local
Mosque by donating a portion of their income.
4. Fasting: During the Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim
calendar, all Muslims must fast during daylight hours, except the
very young or sick.
5. Pilgrimage: If possible financially, each Muslim must make a hajj,
or holy pilgrimage, to the city of Mecca.
• The Qu’ran is the sacred text of Islam
– Final authority on all matters
– Written in Arabic
• Sharia
– Body of law
– Applies the Qu’ran to all legal situations
– Regulates moral conduct, family life, business
practices
• Jihad
– Struggle in God’s service to overcome immorality
and to spread Islam
– Not always synonymous with crusade
The Hajj in Mecca
This is the
Kaaba.
It is considered to
be a temple built
by Abraham.
The Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock is not a mosque,
but a Muslim shrine. Like the Ka'ba in
Mecca, it is built over a sacred stone.
This stone is believed to be the place from
which the Prophet Muhammad ascended
into heaven during his Night Journey to
heaven.
The Western Wall (below) is the most
holy place accessible to the Jewish
people because of Muslim control of the
Temple Mount. Known in recent
centuries as the "Wailing Wall," this was
built by Herod the Great as the retaining
wall of the Temple Mount complex. The
plaza was created as an area for prayer
when Israel captured the Old City in
1967. At times tens of thousands of
people gather here for prayer.
Above - Eastern view of the Dome of the
Rock and its platform, from the Mount of
Olives.
In the background are the blue domes of
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the
holiest Christian site in Jerusalem.
The Spread of Islam
(600’s – 1200’s)
• Arab armies, inspired by Muhammad’s teaching,
spread Islam through parts of three continents
(Asia, Africa and Europe).
• In many areas, people welcomed Islamic
teachings and the benefits of Muslim rule.
• After Muhammad’s death, a split over leadership
arose between the Sunnis and the Shi’ites.
• By the 1200’s, the Arab Empire began to
decline due to civil wars and foreign invasions.
2
How were the Muslims able to
conquer so many lands?
•The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak
from years of fighting each other.
•People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab
conquerors as liberators because their own rulers
were mean and ruthless.
•The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods,
which overwhelmed traditional armies. [War & Civilization video]
•The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of
tribes into a determined, unified state.
Spread of Islam:
Causes and Effects
Immediate
Effects
Islam spreads from the
Atlantic coast to the Indus
Valley
Centers of learning
flourish in Cairo,
Córdoba, and
elsewhere
Long-Term
Effects
Muslim civilization emerges
Linking of Europe, Asia,
and Africa through
Muslim trade network
Arabic becomes shared
language of Muslims
Split between Sunni and
Shiites
War & Civilization (Muslims @ 12:10)
Camel caravans allowed trade into West Africa
DBQ 6 – Spread of Islamic Civilization –
Doc. 1
Doc. 2
Doc. 3
Doc. 4
Doc. 5
Doc. 6.
Doc. 7
Doc. 8.
DBQ 7 – Islamic Civilization –
Its contributions to World Culture
Doc. 1 – What is it?
Doc. 2
Doc. 3
Doc. 4
Doc. 5
Doc. 6.
Doc. 7
Doc. 8.
Doc. 9
Significance (so what?)
Doc. 10
DBQ 7 – Islamic Civilization – Its contributions to World Culture
Doc. 1
Practical reasons – illness,
prayer
Deep curiosity (Muhammad)
Doc. 2
Cordoba = libraries,
bookstores, schools, paved
streets
Doc. 4
Muslims adopted Arabic
numerals from INDIA.
Easier than Roman numerals
(place values)
Doc. 5
Doc. 6.
Accurate maps and calendars Koran forbade depiction of living
beings. Calligraphy (beautiful
for TRADE and TRAVEL
writing) used in decorative arts in
Doc. 7 –
Gold DOME and ARCHES,
mosaic art and calligraphy
Doc. 8. –
The Koran contains praise
of God and Islam
Doc. 10 –
Textile products like gauze,
cotton and satin. Produce.
Traffic (trafiz) means
distribution
Doc. 3
Muslims preserved
important medical texts.
“foremost” textbook =
advanced
mosques, glass/ceramic, woodwork
& books
Doc. 9
Muslims traded on sea AND
land – along Med. Sea, across
Sahara with camel caravans –
created a TRADE NETWORK
TOP 3 Achievements (you rank)
**Use DBQ 7 for Muslims to start
Muslims
Chinese
Indians
Romans
Greeks
DBQ 7 - Essay
• Will be assigned on MONDAY
3/17
• DUE WEDNESDAY 3/19
• Must be word-processed OR
SHARED with me using Google
Docs
Islamic civilization - contributions
1. What were the most important Islamic achievements?
2. WHY were the Muslims able to make such great contirbutions?
3. How did these contributions IMPACT the world?
Muslim Society
Muslim rulers united people from diverse cultures. As a
result, Muslim civilization absorbed (like sponges!) and
blended many traditions.
The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs faded
over time.
People enjoyed a certain degree of social mobility, the
ability to move up in social class.
Slavery was a common institution.
Muslim Achievements
The vast Muslim Empire included people of many different lands and cultures.
Muslims blended Arabic culture with these other traditions to create a new
culture of great achievement.
This new culture arose in the major cities of the Muslim world:
Damascus, Syria – metals and fine cloth
Cordoba, Spain and Cairo, Egypt – centers of political rule
Baghdad (Iraq) – capital of Abbasid Emperor (caliph)
**Caravans and Trade – merchants developed new ways of doing
business such as partnerships, credit, banking practices like checks.
**Muslim art and architecture – mosaics in tile and textiles (rugs),
calligraphy, mosques
**Literature – the Koran (Qu’ran) was the centerpiece. Poems and
tales like Ali Babba and Aladdin came from this.
**Learning – philosophy, math (algebra), astronomy (paved way
for the likes of Columbus), and medicine (anesthesia)
The Umayyads and the Abbassids
These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded
the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim
civilization.
UMAYYADS
Dynasty that ruled until
750
Conquered lands from
Atlantic to the Indus
Valley
Relied on local officials to
govern the empire
ABBASSIDS
Overthrew the Umayyads in 750
Ended Arab dominance and
helped make Islam a universal
religion
Empire of the caliphs reached its
greatest wealth and power
Muslim civilization
enjoyed a golden age
3
Influences on Art and Literature
Islamic
religion
Traditions of the
many people
living under
Muslim rule
MUSLIM
ART
and
LITERATURE
Skills and styles of
Greeks, Romans,
Persians, Indians,
and other peoples
with whom they
came in contact
Muslim Advances in Learning
PHILOSOPHY
Scholars tried to
harmonize Greek
ideas of reason
with religious
teachings of
Islam.
Ibn Khaldun set
standards for
scientific study
of history.
MATHEMATICS
ASTRONOMY
MEDICINE
Scholars studied
Indian and Greek
mathematics.
Al-Khwarizmi
developed
astronomical
tables.
Government set up
hospitals with
emergency rooms.
Al-Khwarizmi
pioneered the
study of algebra
and wrote
mathematics
textbook that
became standard
in Europe.
Astronomers
calculated
circumference of
the Earth.
Muhammad al-Razi
studied measles and
smallpox.
Ibn Sina wrote a
medical
encyclopedia.
Surgeons developed
treatment for
cataracts.
The Dome of the Rock
Taj Mahal
minarets
muezzin
Mosque in Cairo, Egypt
• The mosque of Amr Ibn alAas, built in 642 (21 H) is the
oldest existing mosque, not
just in Cairo, but the entire
African Continent. Located
north of the Roman Fortress
of Babylon, and was an
Islamic learning center. It
could hold up to 5,000
students. The mosque
incorporates elements of
Greek and Roman buildings,
and has 150 white marble
columns and three minarets.
The Great Mosque of Cordoba
The Great Mosque of Cordoba
• The Great Mosque of Cordoba, one
of the most magnificent buildings in
the whole of Islamic Architecture,
was founded by Abed Al-Rahman I
in 784.
• It followed the customary Arab
Architectural plan, a large courtyard
with a prayer hall on the south side.
• Dome of the Suleiman Mosque, Istanbul, 1550-1557, It was in
Ottoman Turkey that calligraphy attained the highest
development once the early creative flowering had faded
elsewhere in the Middle East.
• So renowned were Ottoman calligraphers, in fact, that a popular
saying was that "The Quran was revealed in Mecca, recited in
Egypt, and written in Istanbul."
Mosque in Afghanistan
Courtyard of a mosque in Iran
Calligraphy
• Illuminated double page from a
Koran manuscript
• Only a few Koran manuscripts of
this quality have survived from
the Mughals era (1526 – 1857).
A page of a 12th
century Qur'an
written in the
Andalusi script
a certificate used primarily by Sunni Muslims to indicate that one
has been authorized by a higher authority to transmit a certain
subject or text of Islamic knowledge
Passages from the Qur’an are everywhere.
Divided into 114 suras, or chapters, the
Qur’an (Koran) is meant to be recited or
chanted as part of Islamic worship.
Young Boys studying the Qur’an
Wednesday March 19, 2014
1. Complete WORKSHEET: Section 4 –
“Muslims in India”. Complete sentences!
2. Complete VENN diagram for Section 5 –
“The Ottoman and the Safavid Empires”
for Thursday 3/20
3. Vocabulary = BONUS due FRIDAY 3/21
– Basic List = +5
– Creative narrative (story) = +10
The Umayyads and the Abbassids
These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded
the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim
civilization.
UMAYYADS
Dynasty that ruled until
750
ABBASSIDS
Overthrew the Umayyads in 750
(captured Damascus & killed all Umayyad
family members)
Conquered lands from
Atlantic to the Indus
Valley
Ended Arab dominance and
helped make Islam a universal
religion
Empire of the caliphs reached its
greatest wealth and power
Relied on local officials to
govern the empire
Muslim civilization
enjoyed a golden age
Lasted until 1258
The Muslim Economy
Between 750 and 1360, merchants
built a vast trading network across
the Muslim world and beyond.
New business practices were established, such as
partnerships, credit, banks, and bank checks.
Handicraft manufacturing in cities was organized by
guilds.
Outside the cities, agriculture flourished.
Decline of the Muslim Empire
Despite the decline of the empire, Islam continued to link
diverse people across an enormous area.
• Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain
centralized control, and the empire fragmented
(meaning independent dynasties arose to rule
separate Muslim states).
• In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and
built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent.
• In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders
dominated the Middle East.
• After 5 centuries of relative UNITY, the
Muslim world was as politically divided as
Christian Europe
The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire
4
The Delhi Sultanate
In the 1100s, Muslim invaders entered northern India
and organized a sultanate, or land ruled by a sultan.
• Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of
government to India.
• Many Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to
India to serve as soldiers or officials.
• Trade between India and the Muslim world
increased.
• During the Mongol raids, many scholars fled
from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and
Greek learning. **cultural diffusion
• Muslims entered India
through the Khyber &
Bolan Passes
Khyber Pass
Bolan Pass
• Many Hindus
converted to Islam…
especially the
Untouchables
• All are equal before
Allah
– That seemed more
attractive than the
rigid caste system
Hinduism and Islam Clash and Blend
4
Akbar the Great
During his long reign (1556-1605),
Akbar strengthened Mughal India.
Akbar accomplished the following:
• Implemented policy of religious
toleration
• Employed paid officials, instead of
hereditary officeholders
• Modernized the army
• Encouraged international trade
• Standardized weights and measures
• Introduced land reforms
Akbar greeting Rajput rulers
and other nobles at court
Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 1453–1629
During the 1400s and 1500s, while the Mughals ruled in India, these 2 other Muslim
dynasties arose. Both used new weapons and military strategies to win lands
“Gunpowder Empires”
Ottoman and Safavid Empires
*Compare & contrast the two (Sect. 5)
Ottoman
Safavid
Travels of Ibn Battuta
National Geographic- Hajj of Ibn Battuta
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati
Al Tanji Ibn Battuta …Ibn to his friends
Arabic:
• Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a
Muslim Berber, scholar and traveler who is
known for the account of his travels and
excursions called the Rihla.
• His journeys lasted for a period of nearly thirty years
and covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic
world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West
Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West,
to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance readily
surpassing that of his predecessors and his nearcontemporary Marco Polo.
Ibn Battuta was a guest of the
Jaffna King ( Arya Chakravarty)
circa 1344.
Ibn Battutah reached Delhi via
Kabul and Multan in 1334 and
remained there for 7 years.
War & Civilization (Muslims @ 12:10)