Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Water for All
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
Kevin Young June Choi
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
Contents
1
Waterworks System in Korea
2
Waterworks Systems in Seoul
3
Issues and Challenges
4
Water Operators Partnership
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
1
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Waterworks works!!
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks works!!
Only waterworks can do it!
5.4 mil. tons/day (Total capacity of Seoul)
3.5 mil. tons produced and distributed daily
433,750 trucks required distributed without
waterworks systems (i.e., pipe lines)
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Waterworks in the US
1907: 1st filtration facility
1914: disinfection by chlorination
Waterworks works!!
• 1900: 30 out of 100,000 died of typhoid fever
• 1928: 5 out of 100,000 died of water-born disease
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
2
Waterworks in History
Ancient time
Groundwater or surface water
Roman Empire, BC 312 ~ BC 305
578 km of aqueduct
• Fountains, public bathhouse, other public buildings
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Europe
6th century
• Population growth in Paris and London
• Waterworks systems to use the Thames and the Seine
1830: Cholera outbreak (from contaminated
drinking water)
1852: Law of waterworks announced (London)
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
Waterworks in Korea
Unified Shilla dynasty (7th~10th century)
Clay pipe network for water use
Pusan, 1895
First treated water supply
Seoul, September 1, 1908
First modern style waterworks system
Dduksum WTP
Pyungyang, Pusan, and Daegu
1947 after WWII
40,000 tons/day
66 lpcd
1954 after Korean War
Rebuilding waterworks system with foreign funds
Economic development plan (1962~1992)
The percentage of population served in 2004: 90.1%
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
3
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Supply
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Service in Korea
• US 85%, Japan 96%
Nation wide
Production
Supplied Qty Supplied Qty per
Percentage
capacity [1,000
[1,000
capita per day
served [%]
tons/day]
tons/day]
[lcpd]
49,053
44,187
90.1%
23,156
Special and Wide
area cities
23,068
22,793
98.8%
14,930
8,153
358
Cities
16,618
16,166
97.3%
6,146
6,071
376
Eup
4,076
3,364
82.5%
1,347
1,255
373
Myun
5,291
1,864
35.2%
16,145
365
733
666
357
100%
90%
Percent served [%]
Population served
49 million people (90.1%)
Total
Population
Population
served
[thousand] [thousand]
80%
70%
60%
50%
Unbalanced service ratio
High service ratio in cities: Enhanced social
infra-structure for urbanization
84 cities (97.3%; Special city and large area
city 98.9%) and 212 Eups (82.5%)
719 Myuns (35.2%)
Need to extend waterworks service in rural
and island areas
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
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Nation
wide
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Special
and Wide
area cities
Cities
Eup
Myun
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
4
Current Trends in Supply
420
90%
410
Supply per capita per day [lcpd]
91%
Served Ratio [%]
89%
88%
87%
86%
85%
84%
83%
82%
400
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
81%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1997
2004
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
60
Population [million]
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50
40
30
20
Total Population [million]
10
Population served [million]
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Supply by Area
100%
83.2%
91.2%
97.0%
78.3%
61.5%
76.1%
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98.4%
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
91.5%
80.8%
99.4%
81.4%
97.8%
99.1%
64.7%
100%
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
5
WTP Capacities by Area
Seoul
Pusan
Daegu
Incheon
Kwangjoo
Daejeon
Woolsan
5.4
2.7
1.8
2.6
0.8
1.1
0.6
Kyungki
2.8
30.5%
15.3%
10.2%
14.6%
4.7%
5.9%
3.1%
15.7%
Kangwon Choongbook Choongnam Chunbook Chunnam Kyungbook Kyungnam
Jeju
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.8
1.3
1.2
0.5
4.3%
2.0%
1.4%
1.7%
4.3%
7.4%
7.0%
2.6%
30.5%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
4.3%
15.7%
14.6%
2.0%
1.4%
84.3%
7.4%
5.9%
60.8%
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Big Cities
Metropolis
Capacity
[M ton/day]
Capa. %
Population
[Mil.]
Pop. %
Big sities
Metropolis
area
14.9
10.8
64.5%
46.5%
23.1
23.5
47.0%
48.0%
3.1%
1.7%
10.2%
7.0%
4.7%
15.3%
4.3%
2.6%
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Distribution System
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
6
Length of Pipe Line
Length of pipe line for drinking water distribution:
Total length: 127,027 km
Intake~WTP: 1,439 km (1.1%)
WTP~Distribution point: 5,973 km (4.7%)
Reservoir~Pumping station: 59,406 km (46.8%)
Pumping station~Tap: 60,209 km (47.4%)
70,000
59,406
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Total length [km]
60,000
60,209
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
5,973
1,439
-
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Old Pipe Line
Length of old pipe line
Over 21 years: 17,953 km (14.1%)
16~20 years: 23,918 km (18.8%)
11~15 years: 30,988 km (24.4%)
6~10 years: 27,255 km (21.5%)
Less than 5 years: 26,912 km (21.2%)
35,000
24.4%
Total length [km]
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30,000
21.5%
20,000
21.2%
18.8%
25,000
14.1%
15,000
> 21 years
16~20 years
11~15 years
6~10 years
<5 years
10,000
5,000
> 21
years
16~20
years
11~15
years
6~10
years
Length [km] Ratio [%]
17,953
14.1%
23,918
18.8%
30,988
24.4%
27,255
21.5%
26,912
21.2%
<5 years
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
7
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Source Water and Treatment
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Source Water and Treatment
Source Water
Surface water
Underflow water
Lake water
Groundwater
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Lake water
23%
Q'ty [1,000 m^3] Percent [%]
13,133
65.3%
1,889
9.4%
22.5%
4,527
554
2.8%
Groundwater
3%
Underflow
water
9%
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Surface water
65%
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
8
Source Water and Treatment
Treatment Technology
Q'ty [1,000
ton/day]
4,913
16,478
636
1,129
Advanced treatment
Rapid filtration
Slow filtration
Simple treatment
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Simple
treatment
5%
Slow filtration
3%
Percent
[%]
21.2%
71.2%
2.7%
4.9%
Advanced
treatment
21%
Rapid
filtration
71%
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Production
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
9
Production
1997
6,039
4,344
71.9%
1,695
1,145
19.0%
Produced [Mil. Ton]
Supplied [Mil. Ton]
Effective Ratio [%]
UFW [Mil. Ton]
Leaked [Mil. Ton]
Leakage [%]
1998
5,840
4,129
70.7%
1,711
1,056
18.1%
1999
5,798
4,258
73.4%
1,540
934
16.1%
2000
5,812
4,342
74.7%
1,470
859
14.8%
2001
5,791
4,367
75.4%
1,424
804
13.9%
2002
5,696
4,395
77.2%
1,301
700
12.3%
2003
5,723
4,489
78.4%
1,234
781
13.6%
2004
5,909
4,633
78.4%
1,276
839
14.2%
20%
80%
18%
16%
14%
76%
Leakage
Effective Ratio
78%
74%
72%
12%
10%
8%
6%
70%
4%
68%
2%
0%
66%
1998
1999
2000
2001 2002
1,800
2003
2004
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1,600
1,400
UFW [Mil. Ton]
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
1997
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
1997
1998
1999 2000
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system,
or transmitted,
in any 2001
form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Price & Personnel
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
10
Price
Supplied price
[U$/ton]
Production cost
[U$/ton]
Realization rate
[%]
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
0.33
0.37
0.42
0.47
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.48
0.53
0.56
0.62
0.60
0.63
0.63
0.67
69.4%
69.8%
74.1%
75.2%
85.9%
86.5%
89.3%
86.2%
Supplied price [U$/ton]
Production cost [U$/ton]
0.8
100%
0.7
90%
80%
Rate [U$/ton]
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0.6
70%
0.5
60%
0.4
50%
0.3
40%
30%
0.2
20%
0.1
Realization rate [%]
Realization rate [%]
10%
0.0
0%
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Price by Area
Local self-governing bodies
Young-wol, Kangwon-Do: 1.12 U$/m3
• Mountainous area
Kwa-chun, Kyungki-Do: 0.29 U$/m3
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• Suburb area of Seoul
• Government offices, Green city
Cities and Provinces
Daegu Large-area city: 0.46 U$/m3
Woolsan Large-area city: 0.81 U$/m3
Seoul Metropolis: 0.54 U$/m3
Difference in price
Supply by large area drinking water distribution system
Source water development
Distance between source water and consumers
Size of WTP
Cost to produce drinking water
Administrative and financial conditions of water authority
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
11
Personnel
As of December 2004
Total 15,365 officers
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
•
•
•
•
Administrative officer: 1,887 (12.3%)
Technical officer: 3,440 (22.4%)
Operator: 6,107 (39.7%)
Part-time staff: 3,931 (25.6%)
20,000
10,000
18,000
9,000
16,000
8,000
14,000
7,000
12,000
6,000
10,000
5,000
8,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
Administrative officer
Technical officer
Operator
Part-time staff
1,000
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1997
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Cooperation
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12
Cooperation with Regulator and
Operator
Regular communication with the regulator
Ministry of Environments
• Regulations related with drinking water quality
Ministry of Construction and Transportation
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• Regulations related with construction of water
utilities and facilities
Having no regular meeting but discussing on
the issues through many channels
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Utility Specific Issues
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
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13
Arisu: Drinking Water for Seoulites
‘Ari’ means ‘Big’ or ‘Large’.
‘Su’ stands for ‘Water’ or ‘River’.
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Arisu was the name of the Han River in
ancient time, flowing through the very
middle of Seoul.
The Waterworks Office of Seoul Metropolitan
Government have been providing the citizens
with the bottled tap water with the brand
name of “Arisu” since April 2004.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Unaccounted-for Water (UFW)
(Unit: Thousand tons)
Total supply
Effective supply
UFW
1997
1,785,452
1,170,863
614,589
1998
1,673,817
1,073,865
599,952
1999
1,579,119
1,077,055
502,064
2000
1,523,246
1,097,402
425,844
2001
1,470,516
1,106,127
364,389
2002
1,379,340
1,092,993
286,347
2003
1,334,913
1,104,368
230,545
2004
1,310,538
1,117,554
192,984
2,000,000
1,800,000
(Unit: Thousand tons)
Total supply
UFW
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
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600,000
400,000
200,000
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
14
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Future Development Plan
Water Quality Improvement
Water quality monitoring – 145 items recommended by WHO
Source water with the best quality
Application of advanced water treatment technologies
AOP, BAC, GAC, Ozone, Membrane filtration
Stabilization of Production/Supply System
Increasing reservoirs to distribute treated water
Supply system without suspension in any case
Improving Administrative Conditions
Effective supply system (metered water ratio: 90%)
Effective administrative system (EIS and dataware house)
Customer Satisfaction
One-stop solution for customer complaint
Arisu quality control system
Improving PR for Arisu
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
Summary of Standards
Treated Water Quality Standards
Turbidity: <0.3 NTU
N-NO3: <10 mg/L
Fe: <0.3 mg/L
Hardness: <300 mg/L as CaCO3
THM: <0.1 μg/L
pH: 5.8~8.5
Source Water with the Best Quality
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
15
Overview of Water Demand
Management
Upgrading WTP Facilities
To replace and repair old facilities
• Inefficient, high cost WTP → Application of
Advanced Treatment Technologies
• Continuous maintenance of facilities
• Youngdeunpo WTP (600,000 m3/day)
– Old facility of 300,000 m3/day → Ozone and GAC
• Kangbook WTP (1,700,000 m3/day)
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– Extending capacity of 700,000 m3/day
Expanding Service Reservoirs
Pressure stabilization/equalization
Control the quantity for distribution
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Overview of Water Demand
Management
Supply System without Suspension
Maintenance of WTP’s (U$ 24.4 Mil.)
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
• From 5.4 Mil. m3/day in 2005 to 5.1 Mil. m3/day in 2008
• Optimization of WTP’s facilities
Improving Revenue Water Ratio
From 85.3% in 2004 to 90.5% in 2007
Application of IT on Waterworks Administration
Seoul Water Now system
Real time water quality monitoring system
Will be integrated with the other databases of
pressure and quantity of delivered drinking water
Integrating GIS, MIS, and Water quality and quantity
monitoring system
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
16
Current Issues
Tap water
1.7%
Spring water
7.7%
Bottled water
8.6%
Ground water
0.7%
Boiled tap water
42.3%
Purified tap water
38.9%
C hemical addition
0.2%
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Taste
50.1%
5.1%
Materials other than
water
6.0%
Mass media
6.2%
12.2%
Rust
26.3%
Smell
43.9%
No special reason
0%
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Key Recommendations
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Education of kids, parents and teachers
Open administration and management
Share information on water quality and
supply with the citizens or the customers
Emphasize that “Water for All”
Increasing governance with citizens
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
17
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Water Operators Partnership
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
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International Solidarity
Exchanging technical information, data, knowledge,
and experience
The first stage by Seoul Metropolitan Government
America: US, Canada, Mexico
Asia: China, Japan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan,
Vietnam, and so on
Europe: Netherlands, Denmark and so on.
UN’s support
Role as an organizer and mediator for the solidarity
Keep the connection not in uni- or bi-directional
relationship but in systematic networks
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
18
Domestic Partnership
Council of Waterworks Research Institutes of Korea
Leaded by WRI of Seoul Metropolitan Government
Have regular meeting every six months
Reporting progresses in technical aspects
• Improving existing technologies
• Applying new technologies
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Discuss hot issues related with water industry
• Regulations on standards, tariff, application of new
technologies
• Organizing nation-wide conferences
No private sector allowed to participate
Current issues
• Uni-directional flow of information and experience
• Different financial structure and condition
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Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
More To Go
Council of Waterworks Research Institutes of
Korea
KOWACO (public corporation for water
service)
technical partnership with Vietnam, Peru,
Iraq, and Pakistan through KOICA
in some countries, they had difficulties to
get what they wanted through the
partnership
Contacting Washington DC and Philadelphia
for technical level partnership
Attending Capacity building workshop
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
19
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Hyper-linked Information
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
20
Waterworks Service in Korea
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
Total
Population
Population
served
[thousand] [thousand]
Production
Supplied Qty Supplied Qty per
Percentage
capacity [1,000
[1,000
capita per day
served [%]
tons/day]
tons/day]
[lcpd]
Nation wide
49,053
44,187
90.1%
23,156
16,145
365
Special and Wide
area cities
23,068
22,793
98.8%
14,930
8,153
358
Cities
376
16,618
16,166
97.3%
6,146
6,071
Eup
4,076
3,364
82.5%
1,347
1,255
373
Myun
5,291
1,864
35.2%
733
666
357
Special city: Seoul
Wide-area cities: Self-governing large cities with direct relationship with the central government.
6 cities (Pusan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Woolsan)
Cities: Administrative unit. Population over 50,000.
Eup: Population over 20,000
Myun: Population less than 20,000
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
All rights reserved. No part of this file may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Waterworks Service in Korea
100%
90%
Percent served [%]
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
20%
10%
0%
Nation
wide
Special
and Wide
area cities
Cities
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form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Eup
Myun
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
21
Revenue Water Ratio
80%
Effective Ratio
78%
76%
74%
72%
70%
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
68%
66%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
All rights reserved. No part of this file may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
Percent Leakage
20%
18%
16%
Leakage
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
4%
2%
0%
1997
1998
1999
2000
All rights reserved. No part of this file may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
2001
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
22
UFW
1,800
1,600
http://arisu.seoul.go.kr
UFW [Mil. Ton]
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
1997
1998
1999
2000
All rights reserved. No part of this file may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means without the prior written permission of Young-june Choi, when used commercially.
2001
2002
2003
2004
Waterworks Office
Seoul Metropolitan Government
23