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CHAPTER 51—REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A sperm cell consists of a tail used for locomotion, a midpiece containing mitochondria, and a head
that contains
a. semen.
c. DNA.
b. RNA.
d. mucus.
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.3
2. Refer to the illustration above. Sperm are produced in the structure labeled
a. “1.”
c. “5.”
b. “3.”
d. “6.”
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.2
3. Refer to the illustration above. The structure that connects the epididymis to the urethra is labeled
a. “1.”
c. “7.”
b. “6.”
d. “2.”
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.1
4. Refer to the illustration above. The tube that carries urine during excretion and semen during
ejaculation is labeled
a. “1.”
c. “2.”
b. “6.”
d. “4.”
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.4
5. Which of the following structures of the male reproductive system is located within the pelvic cavity?
a. testis
c. seminal vesicle
b. epididymis
d. urethra
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.1
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6. The testes
a. produce sperm.
b. produce male hormones.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
c.
d.
are suspended in the scrotum.
All of the above
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7. Production of sperm is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
which are produced by
a. the testes.
c. the bulbourethral gland.
b. the hypothalamus.
d. the pituitary gland.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.2
8. ovary : egg production ::
a. seminal vesicle : sperm production
b. female reproductive system : sperm production
c. testes : sperm production
d. ovary : fertilization
ANS: C
DIF: 2
OBJ: 51-1.2
9. The process by which sperm leave the male’s body is called
a. secretion.
c. diffusion.
b. ejaculation.
d. locomotion.
ANS: B
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.4
10. The muscular structure in which the fetus develops is the
a. vagina.
c. cervix.
b. fallopian tube.
d. uterus.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.2
11. The fallopian tubes
a. secrete estrogen.
b. produce eggs.
c. extend from the ovaries to each side of the uterus.
d. All of the above
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.2
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12. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “3” is
a. a fallopian tube.
c. the uterus.
b. the urethra.
d. a ureter.
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.1
13. Refer to the illustration above. Eggs mature in the structure labeled
a. “1.”
c. “4.”
b. “6.”
d. “5.”
ANS: A
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.1
14. Refer to the illustration above. Fertilization usually occurs in the structure labeled
a. “1.”
c. “3.”
b. “6.”
d. “2.”
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.1
15. The entrance to the uterus is called the
a. vagina.
b. vulva.
ANS: C
DIF: 1
c.
d.
cervix.
diaphragm.
OBJ: 51-2.1
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16. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “2” is
a. a sperm cell.
c. an egg cell.
b. a follicle.
d. the cervix.
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.3
17. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “1” is
a. a follicle.
c. the uterus.
b. a corpus luteum.
d. an ovary.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.1
18. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled “3” is
a. an immature follicle.
c. a blastocyst.
b. a corpus luteum.
d. an immature egg.
ANS: B
DIF: 1
OBJ: 52-2.3
19. Sperm and eggs are both
a. haploid.
b. diploid.
ANS: A
DIF: 1
c.
d.
tetraploid.
None of the above
OBJ: 51-2.3
20. In which of the following ways are mature human sperm and eggs similar?
a. They have the same number of chromosomes in their nuclei.
b. They are the same size.
c. They are both equipped with a flagellum to allow movement.
d. They are both produced after ovulation.
ANS: A
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.3
21. The gamete produced by the female reproductive system is called a(n)
a. sperm.
c. ovary.
b. ovum.
d. follicle.
ANS: B
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.1
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22. Eggs are produced in the
a. ovaries.
b. fallopian tubes.
ANS: A
DIF: 1
c.
d.
uterus.
vagina.
OBJ: 51-2.3
23. The ruptured follicle left in the ovary after ovulation develops into a
a. corpus luteum.
c. chorion.
b. zygote.
d. cervix.
ANS: A
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
24. If no embryo arrives after the uterus has prepared to receive it,
a. birth will occur later than the usual nine months.
b. the lining of the uterus stays intact in preparation for another embryo.
c. the lining of the uterus is expelled from the body.
d. None of the above
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
25. Menopause is when
a. adult sex characteristics first appear.
b. eggs are produced.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
c.
d.
menstruation begins.
the ovaries stop releasing eggs.
OBJ: 51-2.4
26. During implantation,
a. the follicle matures.
b. the embryo attaches itself to the uterine wall.
c. the sperm reaches the egg.
d. menstruation occurs.
ANS: B
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.1
27. A fertilized egg becomes an embryo
a. in the ovary.
b. during the third trimester of pregnancy.
c. when fertilization occurs.
d. when the fertilized egg divides.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.1
28. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause
a. birth defects.
b. fetal alcohol syndrome.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
c.
d.
mental retardation.
All of the above
OBJ: 51-3.4
29. The structure that exchanges substances between the mother and the fetus is called the
a. yolk sac.
c. placenta.
b. fallopian tube.
d. mature follicle.
ANS: C
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
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30. During the fetal period,
a. the mother’s blood flows into the fetus through the umbilical cord.
b. the infant’s lungs absorb oxygen from the amniotic fluid.
c. the fetus digests food independently of the mother.
d. nutrients, gases, and other substances pass from the mother to the fetus through the
placenta.
ANS: D
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
31. Embryonic cells are organized into the major organ systems
a. during the sixth month of pregnancy.
b. by the end of the first trimester.
c. during the second trimester.
d. just before birth.
ANS: B
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.3
COMPLETION
1. The testes are suspended in the ____________________.
ANS: scrotum
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.1
2. In the testes, sperm are produced in tubes called _________________________.
ANS: seminiferous tubules
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.2
3. The muscular opening at the lower end of the uterus is called the ____________________.
ANS: cervix
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.1
4. The release of an egg from an ovary is called ____________________.
ANS: ovulation
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
5. At birth, a female’s ovaries contain immature eggs that are in the ____________________ stage of the
first meiotic division.
ANS: prophase
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.3
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6. Clusters of cells that surround an immature egg are called ____________________.
ANS: follicles
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
7. The ____________________ cycle of the female is usually about 28 days long.
ANS: menstrual
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
8. Menstrual flow consists of the lining of the ____________________.
ANS: uterus
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
9. The attachment of an embryo into the uterine wall is called ____________________.
ANS: implantation
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.1
10. The structure joining the ovary and the uterus is the ____________________, where fertilization takes
place.
ANS: fallopian tube
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.1
11. Cleavage produces a ball of cells called a(n) ____________________.
ANS: blastocyst
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.1
12. The period of rapid division of an egg immediately after fertilization is called
____________________.
ANS: cleavage
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.1
13. Following implantation, a membrane called the ____________________ encloses the embryo.
ANS:
amnion
amniotic sac
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
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14. Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes including carbon dioxide are transferred between the mother and
embryo through the ____________________.
ANS: placenta
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
15. Pregnancy is often divided into three 3-month periods called ____________________.
ANS: trimesters
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
16. The process that involves muscular contractions of the uterus is called ____________________.
ANS: labor
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.5
ESSAY
1. Describe the structure of a sperm cell and explain how its structure relates to its function. Write your
answer in the space below.
ANS:
A sperm cell consists of a head with very little cytoplasm and a long tail. Digestive enzymes in the
head enable a sperm cell to penetrate an egg. Located between the head and tail is the midpiece that
contains mitochondria, which supply the tail with the energy that the sperm cell needs to swim through
a female’s reproductive system to an egg. Swimming is accomplished by rapid movement of the tail,
while the head contains genetic information.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.3
2. Why must many sperm be ejaculated for fertilization to take place? Write your answer in the space
below.
ANS:
Although millions of sperm may be ejaculated, sperm are very small and must travel a long distance to
reach the egg. Most sperm never travel past the vagina, but in order to be fertilized, the sperm must
enter the uterus through the opening of the cervix and travel to the fallopian tubes. Usually only one of
the fallopian tubes contains an egg.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-1.3
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3. Describe the path of an unfertilized egg from the place where it is produced to the site where it leaves
the body with menstrual flow. Write your answer in the space below.
ANS:
An egg is produced and stored in the ovaries. When the egg matures, the follicle that has formed
around the egg moves to the wall of the ovary, ruptures, and releases the egg. Tiny fingerlike
projections draw the egg from the ovary to the fallopian tube. The egg moves through the fallopian
tube to the uterus and then enters the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, it disintegrates in the uterus
and, along with the thickened lining of the uterus, is shed as menstrual flow.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
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4.
Refer to the illustration above. (Note: These drawings are not to scale.) Write your answers to the
following in the spaces below.
a. Describe two ways in which these two cells differ from each other.
b. Relate the differences you noted in part a of this question to the activities carried out by these two
cells.
c. Identify one difference between these two cells that cannot be seen using a microscope.
d. Identify one thing that these two cells have in common that cannot be seen using a microscope.
e. Which part(s) of the sperm cell will enter the egg cell and become part of the zygote?
ANS:
a.
Possible answers: (1) The egg cell is much larger than the sperm cell. (2) The sperm cell has a
flagellum while the egg cell does not. (3) The sperm cell has much less cytoplasm in it than the egg
cell does. (4) The sperm cell has a distinct head and tail while the egg cell does not.
b.
Possible answers: (1) The egg cell contains the organelles and food reserves that the zygote
will need in order to divide and develop into an embryo. The sperm cell carries only a few
mitochondria that enable it to move, and no food reserves (these are supplied in the semen). (2) The
sperm cell has a flagellum because sperm are deposited in the vagina of the human female and must
swim up into a fallopian tube in order to reach a ripe egg. The egg cell does not have to move itself; it
is propelled down the fallopian tube to the uterus by cilia. (3) The sperm cell must swim a long
distance inside the female reproductive tract. If it carried much cytoplasm, it would not be able to
swim as far or as fast. (4) The head end of the sperm cell contains the nucleus, which will enter the egg
cell. The tail end of the sperm cell propels it through the female reproductive tract.
c.
Possible answers: (1) The sperm cell has completed meiosis, while the egg cell has not. (2)
The sperm cell has existed only a few months, while the egg cell has existed since the woman carrying
it was born.
d.
Possible answers: (1) Both are haploid cells. (2) Both have 23 chromosomes.
e.
only the nucleus
DIF: 3
OBJ: 51-2.3
5. Describe the effect of estrogen on the uterine lining and on the pituitary gland. Write your answer in
the space below.
ANS:
Estrogen causes the uterine lining to thicken and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing
hormone (LH), which in turn causes the ovum to mature.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-2.4
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6. Julie was about six weeks pregnant. She was very excited about having a baby, as was her husband.
However, her husband, Jim, was very concerned about Julie’s habit of drinking some kind of alcoholic
drink every day. Jim told her that she should stop drinking because the alcohol could affect the health
of their baby. Julie replied, “The alcohol can’t possibly hurt the baby. The baby has a completely
separate circulatory system from mine, so alcohol in my blood can’t even get into the baby.” What
error has Julie made in her reasoning? Write your answer in the space below.
ANS:
Julie has made an error in stating that her circulatory system is completely separate from her baby’s.
While it is true that the mother’s blood does not flow directly into the baby, many substances are
transferred from the mother’s blood into the baby’s through the placenta. Substances such as alcohol
can cause great harm to the developing baby.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.4
7. What is the function of the placenta? Write your answer in the space below.
ANS:
The placenta works to exchange substances between the mother and the developing fetus. Oxygen and
nutrients pass from the mother to the fetus and waste products pass from the fetus to the mother
through the placenta.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
8. Explain why the first trimester of pregnancy is such a critical time for development. Write your answer
in the space below.
ANS:
Most of the major developmental events (for example, organ formation) occur during the first
trimester. Most miscarriages occur during this period. Exposure to mutagens or drugs at this stage can
cause serious damage to the embryo. Fetal alcohol syndrome is the result of alcohol consumption by
pregnant women, especially during early pregnancy.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.2
9. Describe the development that occurs in a fetus from the end of the first trimester to the end of the
third trimester. Write your answer in the space below.
ANS:
By the end of the first trimester, embryonic cells have been organized into the major organ systems,
and the sex of the fetus has been established. During the second and third trimesters, the fetus grows
rapidly as its organs finish developing and become functional. By the end of the third trimester, the
fetus is able to exist outside its mother’s body.
DIF: 1
OBJ: 51-3.3
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