FACTS & FIGURES
Nutritional Status of Filipino Children
and Selected Population Groups: 2005 Update
INTRODUCTION
Anthropometry
Since the First National Nutrition Survey (NNS) of FNRI-DOST in 1978
and the 1989/90 Update of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children, the survey
results are vital components in the formulation of national and sub-national policies,
plans and programs for the nutrition and related development sectors. These plans
and programs include the Medium-Term Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition
(MTPPAN), Medium-Term Philippine Plan of Action for Children (MTPPAC),
Poverty Alleviation Programs, among others. It is also being used as gauge to the
country’s progress on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the
country being a signatory to the UN Millennium Declaration of 2000.
This Facts and Figures 2005 covers the anthropometric data generated from
the 2005 Survey of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Selected Population
Groups which is a follow-up to the 2001 Update of the Nutritional Status of Filipino
Children and the 2003 National Nutrition Survey. It provides reliable national estimates
on the nutritional status of zero to 10 year-old children and 11 to 19 year-old
adolescents, pregnant women and lactating mothers.
The 2005 Updating Survey covered all the 17 regions and 79 provinces,
excluding Batanes. The sample totaled to 12,560 individuals, which may be broken
down into 3,560 preschool-age children (zero to five years), 3,264 school-age children
(six to 10 years), 1,273 pre-adolescents (11 to 12 years), 3,114 adolescents (13 to 19
years), 360 pregnant women and 989 lactating mothers. A total of 5,774 males and
6,786 females participated in the survey.
body_june20.pmd
1
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
1
FACTS & FIGURES
2
Using the standard techniques of anthropometric measurements, the height,
weight and recumbent length (for children less than two years old) were measured
for each subject by locally trained professionals in the region.
The weight and height measurements of the children zero to 10 years of
age were assessed to determine nutritional status, using the International Reference
Standards or the anthropometric references established by the NCHS/WHO (IRSNCHS, 1997) as shown in Table A.
The study did not have index of thinness among the nine to 10 year old
children primarily because of the limitation of the weight-for-height table of the
NCHS-WHO where heights of children beyond eight years old were not available.
The weight and height measurement of the pre-adolescents and adolescents
11 to 19 years of age were assessed using Body Mass Index-for-Age (Must, 1991)
as presented in Table B.
Table A. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children
based on NCHS/WHO Reference Standards for Growth
Classification
body_june20.pmd
Cut-off Points
•
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
<-2SD
-2SD to +2SD
>+2SD
•
Height-for-Age
Underheight or short
Normal
Above Average/Tall
<-2SD
-2SD to +2SD
>+2SD
•
Weight-for-Height
Thin
Normal
Overweight
NEC (Not Elsewhere Classified – those
whose heights are beyond the limits of the
weight-for-height tables)
2
<-2SD
-2SD to +2SD
>+2SD
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Table B. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of subjects
11 to 19 years based on BMI-for-Age (Must, 1991)
Classification
Underweight
Mild
Normal
Overweight
Cut-off Points
<P5
P5 to <P15
P15 to <P85
>P85
The weight and height of pregnant women were assessed using the criteria
established for pregnant women by Magbitang et al., (1988) (Table C). Using the
cut-off points, pregnant women whose weights fell below the 95th percentile of the
reference were considered to have a high risk of delivering low birthweight (LBW)
babies.
For the lactating mothers, 20 years old and over, the Body Mass Index
(BMI) for adults was used (NCHS/WHO, 1978). The BMI-for-Age was used for
adolescent lactating mothers (Table D).
Table C. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of pregnant
women based on weight-for-height (Magbitang, 1988)
Classification
body_june20.pmd
Cut-off Points
Nutritionally at-risk
< P95
Not Nutritionally at-risk
> P95
3
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
3
FACTS & FIGURES
4
Table D. Cut-off points used in classifying lactating mothers using body
mass index for adults (NCHS/WHO, 1978) and BMI-for-age
for adolescents (Must, 1991)
Lactating
Classification
Adolescent
Underweight/CED
Mild
Normal
Overweight
Obese
<P5
P5 to <P15
P15 to <P85
>P85
Adult
<18.5
18.5 to <25.0
25.0 to <30
>30.0
Iodized Salt Survey
The 2003 NNS results also showed general improvements in household
utilization of iodized salt, but the rate of utilization at the national level (47.9%) is still
short of the country’s Universal Salt Iodization (USI) target. There was also a
dramatic improvement in median UIE among six to 12 years old children, from 71
µg/L in 1998 to 201 µg/L in 2003, and correspondingly, a dramatic shift in distribution
of UIE values among the children such that a significant proportion has high UIE
levels that may be indicative of very high iodine intake. There is, therefore, valid
concern to ascertain the level of iodine in iodized salt at the household level, which
will provide the scientific basis for any warranted review of the iodization level now
prescribed under the ASIN Law.
The iodized salt survey has two components. The first component is the
survey on awareness and usage of iodized salt. The other component is the testing
of iodized salt using rapid test kit and WYD iodine checker machine.
1. Awareness and Usage of Iodized Salt
A face-to-face interview with the mothers or responsible adults of the
household regarding the usage and awareness of iodized salt was conducted by
the locally trained professionals. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire
body_june20.pmd
4
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
was used in gathering the information. A total of 5, 345 households were covered in
the survey.
2. Iodine Testing
Using Rapid Test Kit
In additon, on-site testing for the presence of iodine in household salt using
the Rapid Test Kit was also simultaneously done with the interview. Respondents
were requested to bring a small quantity of their household salt in the assembly
area for the testing.
Using WYD Iodine Checker Machine
Quantitative measurement of iodine in household salt was also conducted
to check whether the desired levels of 40-50 ppm, set by ASIN Law, was met.
Only a sub-sample of 3,050 households, representing 25 percent of the full sample
of the MS, was included. The mothers or responsible adults of the households were
requested to bring about 100 grams household salt to be placed in the polyethylene
containers that were provided a day before the interview. Collected samples were
placed in black plastic bags and transported to the FNRI in Manila for laboratory
analysis. Iodine in salt was analyzed using the WYD Iodine Checker machine
under laboratory conditions.
body_june20.pmd
5
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
5
FACTS & FIGURES
6
RESULTS
Anthropometry
1. AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
1.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)
•
•
•
74 in every 100 pre-school children have normal weight for their age, about
25 are underweight and two are overweight
73 in every 100 children have normal height for their age, 26 are short or
underheight, and one in every 100 children is considered tall for his/her age
93 out of every 100 children have normal weight for their height, five are
thin and two are overweight for their height
Table 1. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by NCHS/
WHO weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height
classifications: Philippines, 2005
Classification / Nutritional Status
Number
Percent
Distribution
895
2,601
64
24.6
73.5
2.0
964
2,557
39
26.3
72.5
1.2
175
3,316
63
6
4.8
93.0
2.0
0.2
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Height-for-Age
Underheight
Normal
Tall
Weight-for-Height
Thin
Normal
Overweight-for-Height
NEC
body_june20.pmd
6
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Based on the 2005 Projected Population, the estimated count of zero to
five-year old children who are underweight is 3.7 M, underheight is 3.9 M, 717,643
are thin and 299,000 are overweight.
By single age group
•
•
•
Twenty-nine in every 100 children ages one and five years have high
prevalence rates of underweight.
The three to five year-old children, on the other hand, have high proportion
of short or underheight with 30, 35 and 36, respectively, out of every 100
children.
The one-year-old children have the highest prevalence of thinness with 12
children out of every 100.
Table 2. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by single age
group by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age and height-for-age
classification: Philippines, 2005
Age
(Years)
0
1
2
3
4
5
All
Age
(Years)
0
1
2
3
4
5
All
body_june20.pmd
Percent Distribution by Weight-for-Age
Number
551
570
598
601
594
646
3,560
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
10.2
28.9
24.7
25.6
27.7
28.7
24.6
85.9
69.8
73.4
72.5
71.2
69.4
73.5
3.9
1.3
2.0
1.9
1.1
1.8
2.0
Percent Distribution by Height-for-Age
Number
551
570
598
601
594
646
3,560
7
Underheight
Normal
Tall
5.4
23.5
25.5
30.0
34.6
36.2
26.3
91.3
75.6
72.6
69.4
65.3
63.6
72.5
3.4
0.9
1.9
0.6
0.2
0.2
1.2
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
7
FACTS & FIGURES
8
Table 3. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by single age
group by NCHS/ WHO weight-for-height classification:
Philippines, 2005
Age
(Years)
Percent Distribution by Weight-for-Height
Number
Thin
0
1
2
3
4
5
All
Normal
Overweight
for their
Height
NEC
551
570
598
601
594
646
4.5
12.0
4.0
4.2
2.7
2.1
91.9
86.2
94.8
93.9
95.7
95.1
2.5
1.9
1.2
2.0
1.6
2.8
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3,560
4.8
93.0
2.0
0.2
By gender
•
There are 25 and 24 boys and girls, respectively, in every 100, who are
underweight; 27 and 26 respectively, are underheight and six and four
respectively, are thin.
•
About two children among the boys and girls are overweight relative to his/
her age and height.
•
body_june20.pmd
There is one boy and one girl out of 100 who are tall for their age.
8
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Table 4. Percentage distribution of 0 to 5 year-old children by NCHS/
WHO weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height
classifications and by gender: Philippines, 2005
Classification /
Nutritional Status
Boys
Girls
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
475
1,347
32
25.0
73.1
1.9
420
1,256
32
24.1
73.9
2.0
512
1,320
20
26.8
72.1
1.1
452
1,237
19
25.8
73.1
1.2
103
1,712
36
1
5.5
92.2
2.2
0.1
72
1,604
27
5
4.2
93.8
1.7
0.3
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Height-for-Age
Underheight
Normal
Tall
Weight-for-Height
Thin
Normal
Overweight-for-Height
NEC
1.2 School-age Children (6 to 10 Years)
•
76 in every 100 have normal weight-for-age, 23 are underweight and two
are overweight
•
32 out of every 100 Filipino children are underheight
•
Three in every 100 children, six to eight years old are thin, 94 are normal
and three are overweight for their height
body_june20.pmd
9
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
9
FACTS & FIGURES
10
Table 5.Percentage distribution of 6 to 10 year-old children by NCHS/WHO
weight-for-age and height-for-age classification: Philippines, 2005
Classification
Number
Percent
Distribution
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Height-for-Age
752
2,466
46
22.8
75.6
1.6
Underheight
Normal
Tall
1,086
2,162
16
32.0
67.5
0.5
Table 6.Percentage distribution of 6 to 8 year-old children by single age
group by NCHS/WHO weight-for-height classification: Philippines,
2005
Age
(Years)
Number
Thin
Normal
Overweight
NEC
Percent
6
659
2.9
94.1
3.0
0.0
7
646
3.8
93.0
2.8
0.4
8
643
2.9
94.1
2.4
0.5
1,948
3.2
93.7
2.8
0.3
All
By single age group
•
•
•
•
body_june20.pmd
The six year-old children have high prevalence rate of underweight, 25 in
every 100, as well as the seven and eight year-old with 24 in every 100.
The prevalence rate of underweight-for-age for the older children, nine
and 10 years of age is 21 out of every 100 children.
The prevalence rates of underheight or short relative to their age are even
higher for every single age group with 31 to as high as 35 children in every
100.
Translating these percentages into actual counts, there are 2.4 M and 3.4M
underweight and underheight children aged six to 10 years, respectively.
10
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Table 7.Percentage distribution of 6 to 10 year-old children by single age
group by NCHS/WHO weight-for-age and height-for-age
classification: Philippines, 2005
Age
(Years)
Number
Percent Distribution by Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
6
659
24.6
73.7
1.6
7
646
23.8
74.0
2.2
8
643
24.0
74.1
1.9
9
640
20.6
77.7
1.7
10
676
20.7
78.6
0.8
All
3,264
22.8
75.6
1.6
Age
(Years)
Number
Percent Distribution by Height-for-Age
Underheight
Normal
Tall
6
659
30.6
69.1
0.3
7
646
31.4
67.9
0.7
8
643
31.6
67.9
0.5
9
640
31.3
68.2
0.4
10
676
35.0
64.2
0.8
All
3,264
32.0
67.5
0.5
By gender
•
There are 26 boys and 20 girls out of every 100 who have low weight
relative to their age and about two boys and one girl in every 100 who are
overweight for their age.
•
There are 37 boys and 27 girls in every 100 who are short for their age.
There is hardly one boy or girl recorded tall for his/her age.
body_june20.pmd
11
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
11
FACTS & FIGURES
12
Table 8. Percentage distribution of 6 to 10 year-old children by NCHS/
WHO weight-for-age and height-for-age classification and by
gender: Philippines, 2005
Classification /
Nutritional Status
Boys
Girls
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
438
1,201
33
25.9
71.9
2.2
314
1,265
13
19.5
79.5
1.0
641
1,024
7
36.7
62.8
0.5
445
1,138
9
27.1
72.3
0.6
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Height-for-Age
Underheight
Normal
Tall
1.3 Comparison with past surveys in the New Millennium:
2001, 2003 and 2005
1.3.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)
•
There are reductions of 6.0, 5.1 and 1.5 percentage points in the
prevalence of underweight, underheight and thinness, respectively
for the zero to five year-old children, between 2001 and 2005.
•
For this period, the average yearly reduction in the prevalence of
underweight and underheight translate to about 1.5 and 1.3
percentage points per year, respectively.
•
The prevalence of overweight for age and overweight for height
increased by 1.0 and 0.6 percentage points, respectively. The
prevalence of overweight for age increased two times in four years.
body_june20.pmd
12
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Table 9. Comparison in the prevalence of underweight, underheight,
thin and overweight among 0 to 5 year-old children:
Philippines, 2001, 2003 and 2005
Classification / Nutritional Status
2001
2003
2005
30.6
68.4
1.0
26.9
71.7
1.4
24.6
73.5
2.0
31.4
68.0
0.5
29.9
69.5
0.6
26.3
72.5
1.2
6.3
92.1
1.4
0.1
5.3
92.4
2.1
0.3
4.8
93.0
2.0
0.2
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Height-for-Age
Underheight
Normal
Tall
Weight-for-Height
Thin
Normal
Overweight-for-Height
NEC
1.3.2 School-age Children (6 to 10 Years)
•
There are 10.1 and 9.1 percentage points reduction in the prevalence
rates of underweight and underheight for the six to 10 year-old
children from 2001 to 2005.
•
These translates to 2.53 percentage points average reduction per
year for underweight and 2.28 average percentage points reduction
for underheight per year among the six to10 year-old children.
•
The prevalence rate of overweight for age doubled from 0.8 rate in
2001 to 1.6 prevalence rate in 2005.
body_june20.pmd
13
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
13
FACTS & FIGURES
14
Table 10. Comparison in the prevalence of underweight, underheight and
overweight among 6 to 10 year-old children: Philippines, 2001,
2003 and 2005
Classification / Nutritional Status
2001
2003
2005
32.9
66.2
0.8
25.6
73.1
1.3
22.8
75.6
1.6
41.1
58.7
0.2
35.8
63.7
0.4
32.0
67.5
0.5
Weight-for-Age
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Height-for-Age
Underheight
Normal
Tall
1.4 Trends in the Nutritional Status of Children, 1989-90 to 2005
1.4.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)
•
In the span of 15 years, from 1989/90 to 2005, there has been a
reduction of 9.9 (from 34.5 percent to 24.6 percent) and 13.6
percentage points (from 39.9 percent to 26.3 percent) in the
prevalence of underweight and underheight among zero to five yearold children, respectively.
•
These translate to average yearly reductions of 0.66 percentage
point for underweight and 0.91 percentage point for underheight
among these children. Within the same time frame, overweight
prevalence increased by 1.4 percentage points.
body_june20.pmd
14
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
1.4.2 School-age Children (6 to 10 Years)
•
•
•
Among the six to 10 years old children, the prevalence of
underweight and underheight decreased by 11.4 and 12.8
percentage points, respectively, between 1989 to 90 and 2005.
This averages to a yearly reduction of 0.76 percentage points for
the underweight and 0.85 percentage points for underheight
prevalence.
The prevalence of overweight increased by 1.5 percentage points
during the 15-year period.
Table 11. Trends in the prevalence of underweight, underheight, thin,
and overweight among 0 to 5 and 6 to 10 year-old children:
Philippines, 1989-90 to 2005
Nutritional Status
1989-90
1992
1993
1996
1998
2001
2003
2005
Percent Prevalence
0 to 5 Years Old
Underweight
34.5
34.0
29.9
30.8
32.0
30.6
26.9
24.6
Underheight
39.9
36.8
34.3
34.5
34.0
31.4
29.9
26.3
Thinness
5.0
6.6
6.7
5.2
6.0
6.3
5.3
4.8
Overweight-for-age
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.4
1.0
1.4
2.0
Underweight
34.2
32.5
30.5
28.3
30.2
32.9
25.6
22.8
Underheight
44.8
42.8
42.2
39.1
40.8
41.1
35.8
32.0
Overweight-for-age
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.4
n
0.8
1.3
1.6
6 to 10 Years Old
•
•
body_june20.pmd
The overall trend indicate that undernutrition remains to be the
overriding problem among the zero to five year-old and six to 10
year-old children and still need to be the priority concern.
The increasing magnitude of overweight among the age group need
not be ignored due to associated risks such as cardiovascular
diseases and other health-related diseases during childhood.
15
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
15
FACTS & FIGURES
16
1.5 Adolescents (11 to 19 Years)
•
•
The mean weight and mean height of Filipino pre-adolescents, 11–12
years old, and adolescents, 13–19 years old, are 32.7 kg and 45.7 kg,
and 139.4 cm and 154.0 cm, respectively.
For both age groups, the mean weight of males is 43.0 kg while that of
the females is 40.9 kg. Their mean height is 152.1 cm and 147.4 cm,
respectively.
Table 12. Mean weight and height of adolescents, 11 to 19 years old by age
group and by gender: Philippines, 2005
Age Group
(years)
Male
Female
Both Gender
M ean
Weight
(kg)
M ean
Height
(cm)
M ean
Weight
(kg)
M ean
Height
(cm)
M ean
Weight
(kg)
M ean
Height
(cm)
11-12
31.66
137.93
33.79
140.85
32.74
139.41
13-19
47.34
157.50
43.90
150.21
45.70
154.02
All
43.00
152.08
40.86
147.39
41.96
149.80
By age group
•
•
•
There are proportionally more pre-adolescents compared to adolescents
who are underweight (23 vs. 13 out of 100).
There are more adolescents (65.6 percent) than the pre-adolescents
(50.0 percent), who have normal BMI-for-age.
Six and four out of 100 of the pre-adolescents and adolescents,
respectively, are overweight.
By gender
•
body_june20.pmd
In terms of gender differences, there are more females (69 out of every
100) than males (53 out of 100) who have normal BMI-for-age, and
more males (21 in every 100) than females (11 in every 100) who are
underweight among the 11 to 12 year-olds and 13 to 19 year-olds.
16
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Table 13. Percentage distribution of adolescents, 11 to 19 years old by
BMI classification, by age and by gender: Philippines, 2005
Gender &
Age Group
Sample
size
Underweight
< P5th
Male
11-12
13-19
All
622
1,628
2,250
27.8
17.8
20.5
Female
11-12
13-19
All
651
1,486
2,137
Both Sexes
11-12
13-19
All
1,273
3,114
4,387
•
Mild
P5th to < P15th
Normal
P15th to P85 th
Overweight
> P85 th
23.0
20.7
21.3
42.9
57.2
53.3
6.3
4.3
4.9
18.0
8.2
11.1
19.9
12.6
14.8
56.9
74.7
69.3
5.2
4.6
4.8
22.8
13.2
16.0
21.4
16.8
18.1
50.0
65.6
61.1
5.8
4.4
4.8
In both sexes, 16 in every 100 adolescents 11 to 19 years are
underweight.
•
While for overweight, there are the same number of male and female
adolescents who are overweight at five in every 100 adolescents.
•
Adequate nutritional status is an important concern to adolescents
because of the increased nutritional need to support growth and
development during this period. In addition, adequate nutrition
especially among the female adolescents is an essential condition in
preparation for pregnancy in later years.
body_june20.pmd
17
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
17
FACTS & FIGURES
18
1.6 Trends in the Nutritional Status of Adolescents, 1993 to 2005
•
Looking at the trends in the nutritional status of the 11 to 19 year-old
children from 1993 to 2005, the prevalence of underweight practically
did not change (15.8 vs 16.0) during these periods.
•
Overweight, on the other hand, had increased twice from 2.4 in 1993
to 4.8 in 2005.
•
Considering the gender differences, underweight among the 11 to 19
year-old males decreased between 1993 and 2005 from 21.6 to 20.5
percent (1.1 percentage points). However, among the females,
underweight increased by 1.6 percentage points from 9.5 percent in
1993 to 11.1 percent in 2005.
Table 14. Trends in the prevalence of underweight and overweight among
adolescents, 11 to 19 years old: Philippines, 1993-2005
Underweight
Overweight
Gender/Age
1993
1998
2003
2005
1993
1998
2003
2005
Male
11-12
13-19
All
27.1
19.1
21.6
34.0
19.3
23.0
31.0
17.0
20.5
27.8
17.8
20.5
2.6
2.5
2.6
1.8
1.0
1.2
4.9
2.9
3.4
6.3
4.3
4.9
Female
11-12
13-19
All
19.2
5.9
9.5
27.2
12.9
16.4
20.6
6.4
10.1
18.0
8.2
11.1
1.5
2.5
2.2
3.2
5.2
4.7
3.4
3.9
3.8
5.2
4.6
4.8
23.5
12.6
15.8
30.6
16.2
19.8
25.9
12.0
15.5
22.8
13.2
16.0
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.1
2.9
4.2
3.4
3.6
5.8
4.4
4.8
Both
11-12
13-19
All
body_june20.pmd
18
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
19
1.7 Pregnant and Lactating Women
1.7.1 Pregnant Women
•
•
Among the pregnant women, 72 in every 100 are considered not
nutritionally at-risk and 28 are nutritionally-at-risk.
Between 2003 and 2005, there was 1.8 percentage points increase
in the proportion of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women from 26.6
to 28.4.
Table 15. Percentage distribution of pregnant women by weight-for-height
classification: Philippines, 1998, 2003 and 2005
Year
Total
Subjects
1998
Percentage Distribution
Nutritionally at-risk
< P 95
Not Nutritionally at-risk
> P 95
2,880
30.7
69.3
2003
594
26.6
73.4
2005
360
28.4
71.6
•
•
Underweight pregnant women are more likely to deliver low birth weight
babies, who in turn become vulnerable to undernutrition, poor health and
delayed psychosocial development.
The results, therefore, present a challenge to nutrition planners and program
implementers to strengthen programs for pregnant women to sustain the
reduction of undernutrition among young children.
1.7.2 Lactating Mothers
•
•
body_june20.pmd
Among the lactating mothers, 66 in every 100 have normal weight, 14 are
underweight and 20 are overweight for their height.
Between 1998 and 2005, overweight prevalence had increased by 6.2
percentage points from 13.6 to 19.8 or a yearly increase of 0.89 percentage
point.
19
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
20
Table 16. Percentage distribution of lactating mothers by nutritional
status: Philippines, 1998, 2003 and 2005
Year
Nutritional Status
Total
Subjects
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
1998
2,990
13.2
73.3
13.6
2003
1,201
11.7
70.7
17.6
2005
989
13.9
66.3
19.8
2. AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL
2.1 Preschool-age Children (0 to 5 Years)
•
NCR is the only region that has much lower prevalence of underweight
zero to five year-old children as compared to the national estimate (16.2 vs.
24.6).
•
ARMM, on the other hand, has the highest underweight prevalence with
38.0 percent compared to the national estimate. Prevalence rates of the
other regions ranged from 19.7 percent (Central Luzon) to 35.8 percent
(MIMAROPA).
•
Based on the cut-off used by NSO, those regions with coefficient of variation
(CV) less than 15 percent are reliable estimates for the region.
•
For underweight prevalence, almost all regions except CAR (23.0), Cagayan
Valley (17.2) and SOCCKSARGEN (15.0) have CVs less than 15 percent,
which indicate that the estimates are reliable for these regions.
body_june20.pmd
20
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Table 17. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among 0 to 5 yearold children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of error
and coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005
Sample
Size
Standard
Error
• NCR
3,560
391
24.6
16.2
0.8
2.3
• CAR
125
17.5
4.0
9.6
25.5
7.9
23.0
• Ilocos
226
28.5
3.4
21.8
35.1
6.6
11.8
• Cagayan Valley
139
17.9
3.1
11.9
24.0
6.1
17.2
• Central Luzon
295
19.7
2.3
15.2
24.2
4.5
11.6
• CALABARZON
335
20.5
2.5
15.6
25.5
4.9
12.2
• MIMAROPA
151
35.8
5.2
25.6
46.1
10.3
14.6
• Bicol
248
26.4
3.0
20.4
32.4
6.0
11.5
• Western Visayas
237
28.3
3.0
22.4
34.2
5.9
10.6
• Central Visayas
229
27.0
3.9
19.4
34.6
7.6
14.3
• Eastern Visayas
240
32.1
3.4
25.4
38.8
6.7
10.6
• Zamboanga Peninsula
149
33.9
5.0
24.1
43.6
9.7
14.6
• Northern Mindanao
146
25.4
3.0
19.6
31.2
5.8
11.6
• Davao
181
23.1
3.3
16.6
29.7
6.6
14.5
• SOCCSKSARGEN
184
27.8
4.2
19.6
36.0
8.2
15.0
• Caraga
168
24.3
3.1
18.3
30.4
6.1
12.7
• ARMM
116
38.0
5.2
27.7
48.2
10.3
13.8
Region
Philippines
•
•
body_june20.pmd
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
LL
UL
Percent
Underweight
22.9
11.6
26.2
20.7
Margin Percent
of Error
CV
1.6
4.6
3.4
14.3
For the estimates of the prevalence of underheight among zero to five yearold children, all regions except CAR and Davao region have CVs less than
15 percent (17.4 and 16.7, respectively), hence, considered reliable.
Central Luzon has the estimate of underheight that is much below the national
estimate (19.3 vs. 26.3) while Zamboanga Peninsula (37.4 vs. 26.3) and
SOCCSKSARGEN (40.5 vs. 26.3) have estimates that are way above the
national prevalence.
21
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
21
FACTS & FIGURES
22
Table 18. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among 0 to 5 year-old
children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of error and
coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005
Sample
Size
Region
Philippines
body_june20.pmd
Percent
Underheight
Standard
Error
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
LL
UL
Margin
of Error
Percent
CV
3,560
26.3
0.8
24.7
27.9
1.6
3.0
•
NCR
391
21.4
2.3
16.9
25.9
4.5
10.7
•
CAR
125
27.6
4.8
18.2
37.0
9.4
17.4
•
Ilocos
226
21.4
3.0
15.5
27.3
5.9
14.1
•
Cagayan Valley
139
23.0
2.8
17.5
28.5
5.5
12.2
•
Central Luzon
295
19.3
2.4
14.5
24.0
4.8
12.6
•
CALABARZON
335
21.0
2.4
16.2
25.7
4.7
11.5
•
MIMAROPA
151
33.6
4.2
25.3
41.9
8.3
12.6
•
Bicol
248
22.7
3.1
16.6
28.7
6.1
13.6
•
Western Visayas
237
29.0
3.2
22.7
35.4
6.4
11.2
•
Central Visayas
229
29.9
2.6
24.8
35.1
5.2
8.8
•
Eastern Visayas
240
34.4
3.3
27.9
40.9
6.5
9.6
•
Zamboanga Peninsula
149
37.4
3.2
31.0
43.8
6.4
8.7
•
Northern Mindanao
146
29.2
4.3
20.8
37.7
8.4
14.7
•
Davao
181
27.4
4.6
18.4
36.4
9.0
16.7
•
SOCCSKSARGEN
184
40.5
3.6
33.5
47.5
7.0
8.8
•
CARAGA
168
27.0
4.0
19.1
34.8
7.8
14.8
•
ARMM
116
36.1
5.0
26.3
46.0
9.8
13.8
22
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
2.2 School-age children (6 to 10 Years)
• For the prevalence of underweight among school-age children six to 10
years old, the regions with reliable estimates (CVs less than 15 percent) are
Ilocos (26.4 percent), Central Luzon (22.6 percent), CALABARZON (21.2
percent), MIMAROPA (30.1 percent), Bicol (22.0 percent), Western Visayas
(30 percent), Central Visayas (23.7 percent), Eastern Visayas (32.2 percent,
SOCCSKSARGEN (31.1 percent) and CARAGA (20.4 percent).
• For the underweight prevalence, NCR, Cagayan Valley and Northern
Mindanao have estimates that are much below the national figure (14.1 to
14.7 vs. 22.8).
• On the other hand, Eastern Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN have higher
estimates (32.2 and 31.1, respectively vs. 22.8) than that of the national
figure.
Table 19. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among 6 to 10 yearold children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of error
and coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005
body_june20.pmd
Region
Sample
Size
Percent
Underweight
Standard
Error
Philippines
• NCR
• CAR
• Ilocos
• Cagayan Valley
• Central Luzon
• CALABARZON
• MIMAROPA
• Bicol
• Western Visayas
• Central Visayas
• Eastern Visayas
• Zamboanga Peninsula
• Northern Mindanao
• Davao
• SOCCSKSARGEN
• CARAGA
• ARMM
3,264
316
113
182
148
261
304
158
223
220
255
227
125
151
164
166
155
96
22.8
14.1
16.2
26.4
14.1
22.6
21.2
30.1
22.0
30.0
23.7
32.2
35.2
14.7
17.2
31.1
20.4
23.5
0.8
2.5
3.9
3.4
3.0
2.6
2.4
3.8
3.1
3.4
3.0
3.8
5.9
2.2
3.8
3.2
3.0
5.0
23
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
LL
UL
21.2
9.2
8.5
19.6
8.3
17.4
16.5
22.6
15.8
23.2
17.8
24.8
23.7
10.4
9.8
24.7
14.5
13.6
24.4
18.9
23.9
33.1
19.9
27.7
26.0
37.7
28.1
36.8
29.6
39.7
46.7
19.1
24.7
37.5
26.3
33.3
Margin
of
Error
Percent
CV
1.6
4.8
7.7
6.8
5.8
5.1
4.7
7.6
6.2
6.8
5.9
7.4
11.5
4.3
7.4
6.4
5.9
9.8
3.6
17.5
24.0
13.0
20.9
11.5
11.4
12.8
14.3
11.5
12.7
11.7
16.7
15.0
22.0
10.4
14.7
21.3
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
23
FACTS & FIGURES
24
•
Underheight prevalence rates indicate that the regions of Eastern Visayas,
Zamboanga Peninsula and SOCCSKSARGEN have higher prevalence rates
as compared with the national estimate (44.6, 50.1 and 45.6, respectively
vs. 32.1).
•
NCR, on the other hand, has an estimate that is much below the national
figure (20.7 vs. 32.1).
Table 20. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among 6 to 10 yearold children, standard error, confidence interval, margin of error
and coefficient of variation by region: Philippines, 2005
Region
Philippines
body_june20.pmd
95 Percent
Confidence
Interval
Sample
Size
Percent
Underheight
Standard
Error
Margin
of Error
Percent
CV
LL
UL
32.1
20.7
1.0
2.5
30.1
15.8
34.1
25.5
2.0
4.9
3.1
12.0
16.2
•
NCR
3,264
316
•
CAR
113
35.8
5.8
24.4
47.3
11.4
•
Ilocos
182
27.5
2.7
22.1
32.9
5.4
9.9
•
Cagayan Valley
148
24.3
4.0
16.4
32.2
7.9
16.6
•
Central Luzon
261
24.1
3.5
17.2
30.9
6.8
14.5
•
CALABARZON
304
24.5
3.1
18.5
30.6
6.0
12.5
•
MIMAROPA
158
42.1
4.4
33.4
50.8
8.7
10.5
•
Bicol
223
33.4
4.3
24.9
41.9
8.5
13.0
•
Western Visayas
220
36.9
4.0
29.1
44.6
7.8
10.7
•
Central Visayas
255
36.9
3.7
29.7
44.1
7.2
10.0
•
Eastern Visayas
227
44.6
3.9
36.9
52.2
7.7
8.7
•
Zamboanga Peninsula
125
50.1
6.5
37.3
62.9
12.8
13.0
•
Northern Mindanao
151
30.9
3.8
23.5
38.4
7.5
12.3
•
Davao
164
33.8
4.0
25.9
41.6
7.8
11.8
•
SOCCSKSARGEN
166
45.6
3.9
38.0
53.2
7.6
8.5
•
CARAGA
155
41.2
5.6
30.1
52.3
11.1
13.7
•
ARMM
96
40.0
6.1
28.1
51.9
11.9
15.2
24
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
Iodized Salt Survey
1. AWARENESS AND USAGE OF IODIZED SALT
•
83.4 percent of sample households (5,344) are aware of iodized salt
•
49.2 percent of all survey households claimed to be users of iodized salt
during the survey
•
Among those who are aware of iodized salt (or from the 83.4 percent who
are aware), more than one-half or 59.0 percent claimed to be users of
iodized salt.
Other results revealed that:
•
The most common sources of information on iodized salt are from health
personnel and the television
•
Grocery/supermarket/drugstore and market/’talipapa’ are the common
market source of iodized salt
•
According to households, iodized salt is usually used as table salt and for
cooking
•
Households’ perception on the cost of iodized salt is just right and the most
common packaging is in package with label
body_june20.pmd
25
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
25
FACTS & FIGURES
26
Table 21.Results of iodized salt survey: Philippines, 2003 and 2005
Information /Data
Percent of Households
2003
2005
79.5
83.4
Aware of iodized salt
Reported users of iodized salt during survey
• All survey households
• All households aware of iodized salt
Sources of information on iodized salt*
• TV
• Radio
• Print media
• IEC materials / billboards / posters / food labels
• Health personnel / LGU
• Relatives / friends / neighbors
• School / seminar / meeting
• Others
Market source of iodized salt
• Sari-sari store
• Market / ‘Talipapa’
• Grocery / supermarket / drugstore
• Health center / hospital / school
• Other sources (ambulant vendors, salt plant)
• Given / free
• No data
How iodized salt is used
• Table salt as ‘sawsawan’
• Cooking
• Both table salt and cooking
• Others
• No data
Perception on the cost of iodized salt
• Cheap
• Just right
• Expensive
• Others (given / free / no idea)
• No data
Type of iodized salt packaging bought by /given to households
• ‘Takal’
• In package with label
• In package without label
• No data
38.1
47.9
49.2
59.0
-
41.5
13.7
4.1
8.4
54.1
14.5
4.2
1.3
19.2
28.8
38.6
9.1
4.2
19.0
32.5
35.6
10.1
1.2
1.5
0.1
-
1.8
39.2
58.8
0.1
0.1
18.9
65.6
15.2
10.6
64.9
23.0
1.3
0.2
-
22.1
50.1
27.7
0.1
* multiple response
body_june20.pmd
26
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
2. IODINE TESTING
2.1 Using Rapid Test Kit
•
•
•
•
Using the rapid test kit, results revealed that 75.4 percent (as compared to
56.4 in 2003) of the total household salts tested had positive reaction to
potassium iodate.
The 24.1 percent of the total households have salt negative to the test, i.e
the salt either had no detectable iodine as potassium iodate, or had iodine
but in potassium iodide form, or was confirmed to be ordinary non-iodized
salt.
Among households who claimed using iodized salt, only 88.7 percent had
positive reaction indicating that iodine in salt is in the form of potassium
iodate.
The remaining 11.0 percent, probably had iodine but in iodide form or even
with iodine but in very low undetectable level.
Table 22. Household salt testing results using the Rapid Test Kit (RTK):
Philippines, 2005
Data/Information
Number
Positive
Negative
No
available
salt
No
data
Percent of all sampled household salts
by reaction to potassium iodate
solution
5,345
75.4
24.1
0.3
0.3
Percent of households who claimed to
be using iodized salt by reaction to
potassium iodate solution
2,598
88.7
11.0
0.1
0.2
2.2. Using the WYD Iodine Checker Machine
•
•
•
•
body_june20.pmd
Majority of the household salts (65.1 percent) was iodized, that is, five and
above ppm.
Only 44.5 percent of salt samples were found to have iodine at > 15ppm.
About 20.6 percent of salt samples were found to have 5-14.9 ppm of
iodine at the household level.
In addition, 35 percent of household salts have no iodine content at all in
their salt (0-4.9 ppm).
27
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
27
FACTS & FIGURES
28
Table 23. Percentage distribution of households by iodine levels in salt
using the WYD Iodine checker: Philippines, 2005
Iodine Levels (ppm)
Number
0 to 4.9
5.0 to 9.9
10.0 to 14.9
15.0 to 29.9
30.0 to 39.9
40.0 to 59.9
> 60.0
Total
•
Percent
1,009
328
329
675
220
213
261
34.9
10.3
10.3
21.0
7.2
7.1
9.2
3,035
100.0
The minimum and maximum iodine level content in sample salts analyzed
are zero and 445 ppm, respectively.
•
Median value of iodine in salt is 12.00 ppm.
Table 24.Mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum iodine
content of salt using the WYD Iodine checker: Philippines, 2005
Iodine Levels Number Minimum Maximum
(ppm)
body_june20.pmd
Mean
Median
Standard
Deviation
0 to 4.9
1,009
0.00
4.00
1.16
0.80
1.10
5.0 to 9.9
328
5.00
9.00
7.00
7.00
1.50
10.0 to 14.9
329
10.00
14.00
12.02
12.00
1.43
15.0 to 29.9
675
15.00
29.00
21.13
21.00
4.13
30.0 to 39.9
220
30.00
39.00
34.31
34.00
2.83
40.0 to 59.9
213
40.00
59.00
48.11
48.00
5.56
> 60.0
261
60.00
445.00
89.95
89.00
30.21
Total
3,035
0.00
445.00
20.95
12.00
27.53
28
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM
FACTS & FIGURES
•
•
29
There were 18.3 percent of the household salts that positively reacted to
RTK but has no iodine content when analyzed by the WYD Iodine Checker
machine.
On the other hand, there were 81.8 percent of household salts that were
correctly identified by RTK test to have iodine, the levels of which ranged
from 5.0 to >60 ppm.
•
In addition, those 56.2 percent, which tested positive from RTK, had sufficient
to high iodine content.
Table 25. Percentage distribution of households by iodine levels and by
RTK: Philippines, 2005
Iodine Levels (ppm)
Number
Positive to RTK
1,006
18.3
5.0 to 9.9
326
12.6
10.0 to 14.9
329
13.0
15.0 to 29.9
674
26.5
30.0 to 39.9
220
9.4
40.0 to 59.9
210
8.8
> 60.0
258
11.5
3,023
100.0
0 to 4.9
TOTAL
body_june20.pmd
29
2/20/2008, 9:00 AM