التماكب وأنواعه
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎ ﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ C4H9Brﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ: Br ; CH3CH2CHCH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2Br 1 2 CH3 CH3 CCH3 CH3 ; CH3 CHCH2 Br Br 4 ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ 3 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌـﻰ ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ .C6H12 CH3 ; Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexane ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ C5H10O2 ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ . CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH pentanoic acid (CH3)2CHCH2COOH ; acid 3 - Methylbutanoic CH3 CH3CCOOH acid CH3 2,2 - Dimethylpropanoic ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻘﻂ ﲟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓـﻨﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ CH3 CH3 H3C H3C CH3 CH3 2 -Methylhexene -3 3 -Methylhexene -2 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ C4H10Oﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻛﺤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﺜﲑﻳﺔ . (CH3)2CHCH2OH Isobutanole ; CH3OCH2CH2CH3 ; ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Diethylether Methylpropylether C4H8O CH3CH2CH2CH2OH n-Butanole ﻓﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ CH3CH2CH2CHO Butanal CH3CHCHCH3 o , 2 3 - Epoxybutane CH3COCH2CH3 ; ; Butanone -2 CH3OCH2CH = CH2 Allylmethylether ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻃﻮﻣﲑﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗـﻊ ﺃﻟﻔـﺎα- ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ O OH CH3CH = CCH3 Enoforme OH CH3C = CHCOOC2H5 O H H CH3CH2CCH3 Ketoforme O CH3CCH2COOC2H5 OH ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ C = C ; C = N ; N = Nﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ. CH2CH3 CI CI C=C CI _ N=N :.. C=C ; CH3 CH3 Ph OH Trans Ph _ Cis ; .:. CI _ Cis CH3 H C=N .. _ Trans Ph ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﺘﲔ ﺣـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﻴﺲ cisﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺟﻬـﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ .trans H CH2CH3 CH2CH3 C=C -3 CH2CH2Br ethylhexene -3 - ; C=C CH3CH2 Trans - 1 - Bromo Br H H Cis _ pentene - 2 H C=C Br CH2CH3 , Trans - 1 2 - Dibromobutene -1 CH3 CH3 ; CH3 C=C NO2 H Cis _ 2 - nitrobutene - 2 ﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺘﲔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ. CH2CH3 H CH3 C=C CH3 C=C ; H CH2CH3 CH3 3 - Ethyl- 2 -methylpentene - 2 H Propene ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺎﻛﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ. CI CI H CI H H CI H ; H Trans -1,2 -dichlorocyclopropane H H H Cis -1,2 -dichlorocyclopropane CH3 CH3 H CI H H ; CI H Trans -1 -chloro-3 -methylcyclopentane Cis-1 -chloro-3 -methylcyclopentane H CH3 CH3 CH3 H CH3 Trans -1,4 - dimethylcyclohexane ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑـﺬﺭﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌـﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ -ﺍﻧﻘﻮﻟﺪ ) ( E, Zﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ ,ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑـﺬﺭﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺘﲔ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻛـﱪ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ ) (1ﰒ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ) (2ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ) ,(Zﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﻓﺘﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ).(E 1 1 2 C = C C = C ; 2 2 1 ) CH2CH3 ( 2 (1 ) CI ) CI(1 ) COOH (1 ) CH3 2 ( ) F (2 ( Z )-3-Chlorohexene -2 ( E )-2-Bromo-3 -nitrohexene -2 ( 1 ) CH3 C=C (1 ) Br ) CH2CH2CH3 ( 2 (Z )-1 - Bromo-1-chloro-2 - floro-2-iodoethene (2 )H 3 C=C (1 ) Br H ( 2 )CH ) NO2( 1 ; C=C (2 ) H ) CH2CH2CH3 ( 2 ( 2 ) CI C=C 3 C=C (E) -3 - Chloro -2 - ethyl-2 -butenoic acid I (1 )CH ; C=C ) CH2CH3( 1 2 _ )(E _(Z) - ) (1 1 H H C=C ) CH2CH3( 1 CH3 C=C ) H(2 (E , Z) - Heptadiene- 2,4 H ) (2 ) (1 ) H(2 (Z , Z) - Heptadiene - 2,4 H ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣـﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻄﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣـﻊ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻉ. ﻓﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻛﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻣﺘـﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻛـﺴﺠﲔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺘﲔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺘﲔ ,ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺘﲔ ﺃﺣـﺎﺩﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﺘـﺼﻠﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ,ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ: C C C =C =C C ; C C N C N C C N =C =N CH = CH CH CH C C C=O C O ; O C ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ - 3ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻞ -1,3-ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ: )H (2 H (2) C C C C C = C )CH3 (1 H CH2 =CH C = C CH3 (1) C C (CH3)3C C (Z)-3 -tert Butyl -1,3-pentadiene H H )C = CH2 (1 (2) CH )C = CH2 (1 3 C=C )CH2CH3 (2 (2) H C=C ; )CH3 (2 (1) OHC (1) CH3 (E) -3 - Methyl -1,3 - pentadiene (E) -3 - Ethyl -2 - methyl -2,4-pentadienal H )(1 (2) CH =C =N 3 C=C )CH =CH2(2 )C = CH2 (2 ; (1) CH3CH2 (E) -2 -Venyl -3 - methyl-2 -pentenenitrile (2) H C=C )= CH (1 =C (1) CH3 (Z) -3 -Venyl -3 - penten-1 -yne ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ C = Nﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﻛﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﺍﺯﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﲔ synﻣﺴﺎﻳﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ antiﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ. H ... O H CH3 COCH3 ; N N=C C=O N N=C CH3 _ Syn Anti _ CH3O .. (1) Ph )OH (1 C=N ; )OH (1 (2) CH3 (1) Ph .. C=N _ Syn Anti (2) CH3 ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺗﺲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: CH2Ph Ar N C CH3 CH3 ; S Ar C N CH2Ph S Trans Cis ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ. CH2Ph .. N Ar C CH3 CH2Ph Ar N CH3 .. N S + CH3 CH2Ph CH3 C S C S Ar + N - Ar CH2Ph C - S ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﺍﺯﻭﻥ Yﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﰎ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺨﺼﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ) (UVﻭﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ) (IRﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ).(NMR CH3 CH3 NHN=C C=NHN X =y COOC2H5 g H5C2OOC g H...O COC2H5 O...H N N X H5C2OC N=C C=N g CH3 g CH3 Syn - Syn O...H H CH3 N N X H5C2OC N=C C=N g C=O g H5C 2O CH3 Syn - Anti H CH3 H N N X N=C C=N g C=O H5C 2O CH3 g Anti - Anti O=C OC 2H5
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