1. No category

FKZGBK\F \B FHF O[C \GRMN Z[VB[
OKSIK N[ OPGKYC \EEXPF \K\ZCIF
Q K C N E K I K Q K C O K K J SK P G B O K R D Z G B
3
.FPGB
\JZVP \ZCIPF[ LMN \GCK[I [K
.\GKPGBNN SIKC \GRG[F \GKZGBK\F \B
[PP N[ FPGZ\C ZCGEP GH FRKICP
OKJREGJSN OD GPM ,FTVG\C OKRKKRT\PN
OKZVSF QM[ ,FRKEPF TEPNG FKZGJSKFN
ORKB \KPGBNF FKDGSC OKYSGTF \KZCTC
-KRGBF N[ FBZYPF \B QKKXN [K) OKCZ
NBGP[ 'VGZV LZT[ FIG\VF FJKSZC
'VGZV N[ KXGNIF GZVS \B QMG ZNERS
.(OKPGBNG \GRKEP QKXYB
BNB \GKZGBK\N JGZKVC SIKK\B BN
.NBZ[KG \GRGKXF Z[YFC YZG ,QPG[KKN
Z V S F N [ K [ K [F Z T [ C [ YZ Q K K XB
NT YZVC ,OGKF \GKPGBNF ZYI BZYRF
NBZ[K QC FRE ,\GKPGBNF N[ FTCJ
=GR\BG FPGB=KGRKC :\GBCF \GNGMSBC
FZKTP BKF L[PFC .\GKPGBN
F RG \ R \ G KP GB N F Z Y IC FZ G MC F
FH\F ,OHKRZEGPF KEKC OGKM
QGZYTG OGBNF \GRKEP[ \ZPGBF
QKKRTC .\G[EI \GTVG\ QF \GKPGBNF
N[ \GNGMSBF OT ZGRGY OKMSP FH
YNI QFKNT[ ,QZKKRG |...~ ZRND ,[JKGE
FNMNMF N[ F\GKHMZP QKKRTC
4
.QFP \MN YKIZP UBG ,\GKPGBNC
JKN[F IK[F \[NGI
NBZ[KC \GKPGBNF OGI\C
,NBZ[K QC N[ FZVS \GCK[I \GZP
UKYP KZCT ZVS G\GK F OXTP
FKDGSC \GKZGBK\F \RKICP
FP GEC ,ZS IC FY GN BG F ,\ KP GB NF
\ D XG P \ GR GK XF :Z JK KZ LZ T[ ZVS N
FTGR\ N[ DXKKP UBG KCKJPZGR NEGPM
\KZGJSKFF \GK\ZGYKCF BNN ,\KPGBN
.LMN \[ZERF
QP ZZI\[FN FIKNXP FRKB NBZ[K QC
N[ KR\BF BXGPF \GEIB NT SG\KPF
.F\[KDC FVZG\F \EGYR QBMG OKEGFKF
\ G R G K X F \ G C B "[ \ RK K X P B K F ,E IP
-GPGFN GB KTHD ZFGJN GRTJ BN ONGTP
IKMGFN KEM ,OKEGFKF N[ \K\GCZ\ \GKRD
BKF ,LEKBP 5."FPGB OF OKEGFKF[ LMC
QGZYKTF N[ ON[GP BJCP NXZFC FBGZ
,\KRZEGPF \GKPGBNF N[ KRKTZDF
N
.33 'PT ,O[
.487 'PT ,O[
.112 'PT ,O[
61
OKZVS \ZGYKC
3
4
5
N[ (OKEGPT 504) SZMF CT FZVS
OZG\ NBZ[K QC FGEI \KRGKZGJSKFF
QKKRTNG KZGJSKFF IK[N [PP N[ FPGZ\
\GRKIC TCZBP \BHG ,\KPGBNF FKDGSC
:\GKZYKT
\KPGBNF FKDGSC KJZGBK\ QGKE .1
.\GKZKVPB \GTVG\ IG\KR O[N
OGI\C \GKZGBK\ QGGDP \DXF .2
.\GKPGBNF
OKRG[ OKKPGBN OKNEGP \RCF .3
.\GRKEP ZVSPC
\GKZGBK\ KV NT \GRGKXF IG\KR .4
.\GRG[
ZCM[ OKZPBP N[ FVGSB BGF ZVSF
QMNG \IB F[YPM LGZT BGF QKB .GPSZGV
O KRGTKJ N T \GZ\GKP \GZH I GC [ K
.\GBPDGEG
SIKK\FN NMGB BN GH \ZGYKC \ZDSPC
OK Y S GT F FN B G P M ,OK ZP B P F NM N
NE\[B .FYKZVB OGZEC GB ERNZKBC
-IKK\F LG\ ,NBZ[KCG \GRGKXC EYP\FN
-K\N EIGKPC ,\GKPGBNF \GKZGBK\N \GS
.OKJSKRZEGPF N[ \GKZGB
OZ\ Z[B) ZJKKZ YIXK \MKZTC ZVSF
OKN[P (FXPPG ZKFCP BGCP ZPBP GN
FZVSC F[ZVR[ \KPGBNF FKDGSF \B
\YSGT NBZ[K QC EGTC .NBZ[K QC N[
\RKEP \B FENKK[ KPM \KRGKXF FTGR\C
NT ZGB LVG[ ZJKKZ N[ GZVS ,NBZ[K
NEG P Q KC N NB Z[ K Q KC O KK Y F Z TVF
FBZPG \KJZYGPEF \KJKNGVF \GCZ\F
OKRGKZJKZYC \EPGT NBZ[K QKB FPM ET
\KJZYGPE FRKEP N[ FZEDFN OKNCGYPF
.\KRZEGP
NNM LZEC \SV\R \GKPGBNF \TVG\
,JZVF \GKGMHN \EDGRPM (NBP[C ZYKTC)
NXB"[ NBZ[K QC \ZTF FCG[I QMNG
QKC FZK\S QKB ,GSGZ NXB GPM ,KRKXP
FRKICP 2."OGBNF \GKGMHG JZVF \GKGMH
FH OKCXKRF OKNEGP KR[ JJZ[N Q\KR GH
\RKEP N[ KCZTPF NEGPF ,EIP :FH NGP
-NF[ ,\KNZCKN=\KJZYGPEF OGBNF
.\KIZHB=\GKPGBN \BZYR OD GC \GKPGB
-HKJZYGPEF \B GZCT[ \GRKEPC ZCGEP
-PBFG \K\VZXF FMVFPC FPNGD[ FKX
N [ O GBN F \ GRK EP , LEK BP . \K BYK Z
,\BH GZCT BN[ FVGZKB IZHPG HMZP
-KJYNGYM \ZEDGP QFC[ \GKPGBNF QMNG
NBZ[K QC \ZTF QBMP .\KRDZGB GB \KC
OKZYIPG \GSP ,FPGBF O[C ,NBZ[K QC FGGEI
N[ OKZVSF \BXGF ,\GRGKXG \GKPGBN NT
FJKSZCKRGBF ,CDRC[ QGKZGD QC \JKSZCKRGB
.18 'PT ,2004 ,OKN[GZKC \KZCTF
2
OKZVS \ZGYKC
NBZ[K \RKEP
{ \KJZYGPEF
FTGR\F JYKGZV
FTGR\M \KRGKXF
\KRZEGP \KPGBN
,\ZGYKCG SGHRXRGY
\ZGYKCF NT \ZGYKCG
TRZC USGK
NT
\GSP ,FPGBF O[C
\GKPGBN NT OKZPBPG
N[ OKZVSF \BXGF ,\GRGKXG
2004 ,QGKZGD QC \JKSZCKRGB
NBZ[K QC FGEI
:\BP
KSIKC \GPNKE
,NBZ[KC OKCZT=OKEGFK
2005 QYG[ \BXGF
(LZGT) ZJKKZ YIXK :\BP
C
BGCP
\B DKXFN OKDFGR KZGJSKFF ZYIP
,\KPGBN FTGR\M \KRGKXF FTGR\F
\GKPGBNF \GTGR\N FPGEC
OGBN \GRKEP GPKYF[ \GKBVGZKBF
.\GKJZYGPE
-Y"[ SZD ZDP[ ZKBP QGKNTF JVG[F
OTF N[ G\RKEPM NBZ[K \RKEP N[ FPGK
,KJZYGPEF FKKVGB \B NNG[ GRKB KEGFKF
\NNG[ FRKB \VZX N[ F\GK\VZX[ KVM
1
."KJZYGPEF FKKVGB \B
TEP OGI\C FXZPG ZYGI BGF TRZC USGK
.FRKEPF
,OKRKJSNV :\ZIPN[ ZYGCF ,SBP[ QGJRB
FYKJKNGVF :LG\P CN KZGFZF ZB[G OKNBZ[K
KNB :OKMZGT ,OKMZE \[ZV NT NBZ[KC \KCZTF
.21 'PT ,1995 ,B"\ \JKSZCKRGB ,SRDK ZP\ ,SMZ
1
GKIGSKR \B \EEIP NBZ[K QC FGEI
LB ,QGSZERB JYKERC N[ OKKJZGBK\F
KV=NT NBZ[KC \GKPGBNF \RCFC FTGJ
,YEXCG ,\RKKXP ORPGB BKF .GN[ NEGPF
\B NNG[ GRKB NNM GPXT QGSZERB"[
\GKPGBNF N[ \KZGJSKFF F\GZXGGKF
FKXHKRZEGP KMKNF\ N[ UGZKXF \GCYTC
-NT\P BKF LB 14,"\GKRZ&CGSF QGKTZ OT
N X B \ RK KP GE PF F N K F Y F [ LM P \P
FKZCEP .\KRGCKZG \NCDGP BKF QGSZERB
C[IKFN FNGMK \K\E FNKFY OD[ FNGT
:\RKKPGEP FNKFYM
BKF QGSZERB N[ \KZYKTF FH\F
GNMK SGVEF \BXPF KZIB[
TKDFN \V\G[PF FV[C OKJSYJ
G N MK O \ ZH T C G , \ G IE K R \ G N K F Y N
\B QKKPEN OKJG[V OK[RB
OEGY[ FCIZ FPGBN O\GMKK\[F
NTGVC [GPK[F . FKNT GTEK BN
N[ FZMFF LZEN HPZP "QKKPEN"
GTCJN BNG ,EKIKF KEK NT FPGBF
G R K B Q G S Z E R B . F P G B F OG K Y N [
YZ \PKKY FPGBF[ BGVB ZPGB
KVM ,\GBKXPC BNG QGKPEC
BNB ,OKPTVN G\GB OK[ZVP[
\B SGV\N OKNGMK OK[RB[
CIZG NGED UGDN O\GMKK\[F
[GPK[F \GTXPBC YZ FPGBM
[P\[FN OBG . QGKPEF IGMC
KZF ,OKZIB OKZYGI N[ OKIRGPC
\GRGM\F \B OXTC [KDEP QGSZERB
FPGBN \GMKK\[FC \GKCKJYKKCGSF
\GRGM\F \B Z[BP Z\GK {
15
.\GKCKJYKKCGBF
YZVC NBZ[K QC FNTP[ \GH\F \IBC
B K F , \K BV G Z K BF \G K P G B N F G \G R G K X F
-SPF OKEDGRP OKZYGI KR[ QKC \Z[GY
ZYGI ,\KPS KRG\RB :\GRGKXF \B OKZKC
\GI\ V\ FC \ EEXPF FXGCY C JNGC
-ZERB JYKERCG \GPGB N[ \KZGJSKFF
OKC[GI OKCZ KM FZKTP NBZ[K QC .QGS
\GPGB N[ QPGKYN QTGJ QGSZERB[ \GTJC
FZGBMNF FH\F .QGKPEF N[ FZ&VSC YZ
-F"[ \RTGJ ,FTKXP BKF[ \KNSYGEZV
QF[ { FNB OKZYGI KR[ N[ \GKZGBK\
\GPKB\P BYGGE { \GEDGRP FZGBMN
16
."\GRGKXF N[ FZYPN
GPG[KK \B \[J[JP NBZ[K QC ONGB
KRGSZERBF NEGPF N[ KZ[VB K\NCF
.137 'PT ,NBZ[K QC FGEI 14
.475 'PTG ,O[ O[ 15
.35 'PT ,O[ 16
FBEGF FTGCJ FRKEPF N[ FBKEKBC
\GZJP N[ OGXKTF BKF ,\KCGKI
=ZJRKB) \GKNBGEKCKERKB=QKC
FJNIFF ,(C.K { \GKCKJYKKCGS
\K[VGI FZKIC LG\P \KKXN
NPSF Z[B ,KBPXTG KYGI ZJ[PN
[BZ BGF (ECNC BGF YZG) GN[
QGKTZN ZH BGF KEGFKF |...~ FRKEPF
|...~ OG[N[ NGP\P BN FRKEPF
,KEGFK K\NC GF[P FXGZ \GRGKXF
\B NM OEGY [GCMN OKEGFKF NT
G[TK HB YZ KM ,OMG\C \GEFKF
9
.\GRGKXN OKZ[MGP
\NN[R NBZ[KC \KJKNGVF \GBKXPF
C\M[ ZCE \KZIBC FZB[KC KPHT K"T
QGSZERB N[ GZVSN
,FRM NT FZ\GR[ FNGEDF FNB[F
EI FCG[\ \\N F[Y QKKET FKNT[G
FKFK Z[VB OBF BKF ,\KTP[P
\KIZHBF \GV\G[F \B LGVFN
FKZCI[ ,\RKKPGEP FKKNKFY QKTPN
OD OBF ?FKNB \GMKK[ OK[KDZP
ZGXKN NMG\ \KJZYGPEF \GIZHBF
10
?FN[P OHKJGKZJV
-YNJRKB N[ GH \ZGYKC[ QKKXN QKKRTP
K D G N G B K E K B OZ H O G K M B J C P F , N B G J
-\P ,NBZ[K KKCZT CZYC KNZCKN=KPGBN
ENV KRC (NKP) UGNBF N[ G\ZGYKCN \Z[Y
\B ZKEDPF 11,QGC[I N[ OKPK GZVSC N"H
KEGFKF C[GPF OGI\M NBZ[K \RKEP
G\RTJN 12.("KB) FRK\[NVC
\GKXJGP ZGXKN HTGRF QGKSKRF
N[M R OKNBZ[K N GR \G B G MVF K[
\B GZCT[ FNB NM .JNIGP QGN[M
CG[KKF N[ ZVSF K\CC LKNF\F
OKN[GCP GZ\GR ,1949 ET KZCTF
OKRGEGFK YGKEC BN |...~ FXIPN
.|...~ OKNBZ[K BN QKKETG
QKKET GRKB[ ENV TCGY ZIB OGYPC
FXGZ KRB[ FRKEPF"[ OG[P "KNBZ[K"
13
."FPY BN JG[V ,IZHB FC \GKFN
FRKB BKF ,OGBN \RKEP FRKB NBZ[K
,FN[ OGBNF OF FKIZHB NM[ FYKNCGVZ
KPHTN \V\G[P GH FKNPGRB NT \ZGYKCFG
.ENV KRCNG FZB[KC
\BXGF ,KRGZYT ZYIP ,KVGBG QKP ZDRKRKKG GJGB 9
.375 ,369 ,370 'PT ,1953 ,OKC\M
.261 'PT ,QGSZERB JYKERC 10
QGKNKD "CK\R"C K\ZGYKC 'Z ,2004 ,QEGP \BXGF 11
.2005 ZBGRK ,(102) 1 'SP
.124 'PT ,ENV KRC 12
.550 ,167 'PT ,O[ 13
QKC F[T[ ZG[KDC FKF G\INXF EGS
E IB F CJ G Y C . O KK C J G Y O K E GD K R
OT FKF BN[ FECGTF F\KKF
N G NS P P O K E G F K FP Z \ G K Y G I Z F
CJ GY CG , F R KE PN N KCG PF KJ KN GV
EGT FKF BN[ FZMFF F\KKF KEDRF
ONGTF N[ G\TEG\C [CD\F[ OT
OT N[ KSBNYF NEGPM KRGXKIF
6
.GEGIKK IGMC EZ[[ KEGIKKG YK\T
NBZ[K QC N[ \KJZGBK\F F\[NGI
JS KRZEGPF N[ G \GD F IG\ KRP FNGT
-Z[KN SIKK\P ORPB[ ,QGSZERB JYKERC
FRKB G\ZGYKC LB ,CDB LZECM YZ NB
C\GM BGF LMG .OKRV K\[N \TP\[P
:OKKNG[ \ZTFC GZVSC
N[G \GRGKXF \TVGF N[ Q\GTP[P
,BKF NBZ[K \RKEP \EKN
Q GK PE F \B \R KK XP FRG [BZF[
\K\E FKKNKFY N[ |... ~ [EIP
\GCZ KRP \IB ,FPGB ZG\C FYK\T
\ B \ JJ Z [ P F K K R [ F G N K BG {
\B FMVF[ ,\KPKMNBF FZGP\F
JGKZJVN EEGRF FRGPBF NTC
7
.KPGYP
KRGZKBF EPPF \B FXKPIP NBZ[K QC
YNIG EI \TCGYG \ZGYKCC
C [I RF QGSZ ERB JYKE RC GN KVB
FNGMSBN LKK[ ,ZPGNM) JSKRZEGPM
FTVG\ BKF \GKPGBNF[ F[KDEPF
FMVF \GRGKXF[ ZPGB ,(F[EI
FPGBN FYK\T \K\E FNKFY
8
.\KRZEGP \KJKNGV
FZGP\ FRKB KZF ,\KPKMNBF FZGP\F
Z C TP[ \K [G R B F VK B [ BN B ,N TG V C
OKZCE ZG[YN Q\KR .\KZ[VBF \GBKXPN
-KKG GJGB N[ \PEYGPF G\ZGYKCN FNB
,\KRBKNXZF=\KRKEPF \GRGKXF NT ZDRKR
Z[BC KGMKS \ZSIM GKRKTC \SV\RF
,\GEFKF N[ FNKN[F TP[P \GRGKXF
FMKZX BKF FN[ FBKEKBF KVN Z[B
D[GP .ONGTF KCIZ NMC J[V\FN
KJRERXSRZJ D[GP BGF IZHBF
QCGPC \KEGFK FRKEP QMN ,KEGFKN
\PKKY F\KKF BN FNKPF N[ KPXTF
.GHM BF\ BN ONGTN OD QMG ONGTP
.124 'PT ,O[
NT OKDKDF :\GRKKPGEP \GNKFY QGSZERB JYKERC
,F\GJ[V\F NTG \GKPGBNF \GZGYP
.184 'PT ,1999 ,FIG\VF FJKSZCKRGBF
.132=131 'PT ,O[
6
7
8
62
63
BGF[ NEGPN \SIKK\P BKF ZPGNM
Q\KR OBF LB .CZTPF \GRKEPC KCKJPZGR
BKF[ ,FPGB NTM GH \G[K NT ZCEN
?\KJKNGVG \KPGBN \ZDSP
F\BZ BN[ \KPGBN FTGR\ JTPM QKB"
QC \C\GM "\K\KPBF NBZ[KM FPXT
\K\E FRKICP QGMR FH ONGB ,NBZ[K
,\RTGJ BKF KR[F EXF QP .\KPGBN BNG
\KRGKXF FTGR\F N[ \GRDZB\FF
, NX Z F C B H Q K P K R C N[ G \ D F R F C
F\KKF ,19=F FBPF UGS \BZYN
FCB[[ \KRZEGP \GI\V\F
GIGGZ[ OKKRZEGP OKMKNF\P
\GRDZB\F ,QPHF G\GBC FVGZKBC
NBZ[K OT \B NDSN TEGPC FVB[ GH
OTN G\GB LGVFNG KRZEGPF QEKTN
BGVB LGZM SYGEZVF .OKPTF NMM
\B 'FBKXPF'[ FPGBF[ LMC
FH QGKTZ NCYN FYYHR \GKPGBNF
19
.ZHF FRGKCXC \KVGZKBF FCKCSFP
-NN KVKJKMZB NEGPN \GRGKXF \MKVF
N[ OIGM NT OD FEKTP \KCZTPF \GKPGB
-DGCN KRGKXF LGRKIF NKIRF[ OKSG\KPF
SIKC QF \GK\ZGYKC ZSGI \ZMKR .GKZ
\KRZEGPF \TN SIKC QFG ,FYK\TF \TN
GPM OKZYGI KZYIPP FNGT[ FP \PGTN
GZVSPG QKJ[NYRKV NBZ[KG QPBR CER
,KPGBNF QGC[IF QGZCT HTGC N[ CG[IF
,[GJZ Q\RGK QGDM OKKRTRM OKDGFP QFG
OKCZGYPP GB QRZGB KHGTG ZKPB QZFB
FPN[ QGKZGJSKFFG ,YGY NNF GPM OFN
OTF[ SZGDF QGTKJ NCYN Q\KR BN .ERH
OF" KRPZBFG KSZVF ,KRGGKF ,KEGFKF
FYK\TF FVGY\C ZCM[ OKYK\T OKPT
'\GK\PGB' GB \GKPGBN N[ OKRPKS GBZF
\KJSKRGZMRB FRTJ KFGH 20".\KRZEGP
.\KRZEGPF \GKPGBNF \RKICP
N[ CG[IF GZVSN \YYHR NBZ[K QC
21
,\KRGKXF FKDGNGBKEKBF KRGTP[ QGTED
\K \GT P[ P \ GSI KK\ F N F M GH Y E XC [
ZSGIC FYGN FH ZVS OD LB ,F\RKICP
,"\GKR\B" GPM OKIRGPC NGVKJC \GEI
ZKEDP KRGTP[ ."\GKPGBN"G "OHKXKR\B"
-\[P BGF[ OKIRGP F[GN[ QKC QKICPG
:OFC [P
\GRGM\ N[ QPGKY OXT :\GKR\B .1
U\G[P BXGPC FZMF QGDM ,\GKR\B
BG F[ QK CG SG\KP BGF[ QKC)
FKZGJKZJG \E ,FV[ ,(K[PP
ZCEC FSKV\F \B OMG\C GNVKY
FPGBF N[ \KR\BF F\GEIB
QP BXGPF \RKICP \KEGFKF
FSKV\F \BG \GFPBFG \GCBF
\RKICP \K\GCZ\F F\GEIB ZCEC
GZXK FNB NM ,\V\G[PF \EF
KRV NT FEKP\F[ \KPGBN \GTEGP
.FMGZB FVGY\
N[PN ?OKKRGPFF OKZGKDF KCDN FPG
FRYC FNGT FH EXKM ?ZHGM \MNPP N[
?BXGPF \GEIB OT EIB
OKZCEF \B \C\GM BKF FKRGTKJ UGSC
:OKBCF OKMZVGPF
BN QGSZERB \H\[ BKF KN[ FEGYRF
ZCSFF \B \[[BPG \YHIP YZ
OTF N[ GK\GENG\ ZYIC NCGYPF
ZG\C G\GZP\[F LZE NT NBZ[K
FKZGBK\F { QM NT Z\K BNB ,FPGB
\ZHTC \RKKPGEPM FPGBF NT GN[
BKF GNKBM \KBZR "SGVEF \V["
BKF GNKBM ,KEGFKF OTF NT \SSGCP
\GKZGJSKFF \GKGGIF QP FJ[VF
17
.KEGFKF OTF N[ \GKNBKZF
GKZCE \B BKCFN KGBZ GH FEGYRC
:SZGDF OGCSCGF N[ OKZKFCPF
\GVKB[ OG[ ZCTC GKF BN OKEGFKN
KPKJKD N FH QKB QMNG \GKJKN GV
OT QGKXN O FKT GDT D \B Z G[YN
BGF ,FCZEB .\KRZEGPF \GRGKXF
GFGPM FHM ZG[KY[ UKSGP
O KP N S GP F N D Z F KN G T [ F Z KP B M
CZTC IZHB\FN OKRGGM\P
18
.\KEGTSF
.GPKT YEXF GH FEGYRC[ FPGE
Q C G K , OG C S CG F N[ G \ Z G Y K C Z G B N
-ZVF NT NBZ[K QC \RTJC WGTRF N[MF
ODEF EGBP JNGC EIB EXP" Z[BC SYGE
TKVGP BGF[ KVM \KEGFKF FPGBF N[
,"\KEGFKF FKZGJSKFF LNFPCG BZYPC
ZETF N[ \GVGY\CG FYK\TF \TC ZPGNM
F\RTJN .\KJKNGV \KPGBN \GRGCKZ
\TEGPF FPGB N[ YFCGP ODE GFH
FEGEKCN ,KR\BFG K\GCZ\F FEGIKKN
{ FN[ EK\TF \GPGNING FEGTKKNG
KGYKIG FBZ[FN EYGP LVF[ ODE
ONGTC \GKPGBNF \GTGR\F NM CZYC
.KZXGRF
.121 'PT ,O[ 19
.407 'PT ,O[ 20
.2001 ,SRDBP .N.K \BXGF 21
.185 'PT , O[ 17
.473=472 'PT ,O[ 18
OKZVS \ZGYKC
\GKZGBK\ QKKRTPF YZVC \C\GM BKF[M
\GRGKXF NT Q\GNI \EKPG \GKPGBNF NT
:OKBCF OKZCEF \B
N[ FH\C KSKSC QGKTZ G\GB
\ B X P F K M Q G K TZ F { Q GS Z E RB
OKJSYJ N[ O\XGV\G SGVEF
F B XP F F \ G B P F T C R [ O K E I BP
QKKPEN \GEEGCP \GNKFYN GZ[VB[
FNKFYP YNI QF[ QPXT \B
YHIP F QGKTZ BGF { \KPGBN
\GKPGBNF[ FH\F \B BYGGE
,'FBXPF' F\KKF BN \KRZEGPF
KM FH\F \B YHIP BGF QM[
\GKPGBNF N[ F\GI\V\F
OEGY ZCM[ \GXGCY NT FSSC\F
\G XGCY ZG\C \GPKK Y GKF QMN
LN F PC \GV \ G[ P \ GRG M\ \ GN T C
EKP\ BN OB OD ,FKZGJSKFF
GB \GV\G[N \GTEGP F\KKF
KC\M OGDZ\ ,GH \KPKRV \GEKMNN
FTEG\ [CKD \KRPZDN [EGYF
OEGY FKF[ ZGCKX CZYC \V\G[P
,GRRKKRTN |...~ \IB FV[N U\G[ QMN
EIGKPC OKB\P QGSZERB N[ QGKTZF
.KEGFKF OTF NT FNIFN
FH Z[YFC \[P\[P NBZ[K QC Z[BM
\B [BZP FIKRP BKF "KEGFK OT" IRGPC
\C\GM BKF EGT .FHM OT N[ GPGKY OXT
KM
\GKPGBNF \GTGR\F QGSZERB KVN
O K J S Y J N T G R T [R , \ G \ E F G P M
OB ,QM NT .Q\GB GEIKB[ OK[GEY
, Q G SZ E R B N[ G K D[ G PC [P \[F N
KEGFKF OTF QKKRTC[ ZPGN Z[VB
\BXPFN \GMIN OKMKZX GKF BN
EXKM C\MF QP EGPNN KEM SGVEF
FPGBP YNI OF[ OPXTN QKKPEN
\GZGHVF \GZPN ,\KEGIKKG \EIGBP
GC\MR [EGYF KZVS KZF[ \GXGV\FG
.O"\S KZVGS N[ OEK C\MC
OKEGFKF NT NBZ[K QC FMKN[P LMC
F[TPN[ EGTC \KRZEGP \KPGBN FSKV\
OBF .ECNC \K\E \GFH \SKV\C ZCGEP
\K PG BN \ G FH NT Z C E N Q \K R \ PBC
B T R X K E G F K \ NK FY N N[ P N \ V\ G [ P
OKEGFKF ZPGNM ?QKNZC KEGFK \NKFYNG
N[ NEGPF \B GDZEK[ UB GB GPKEYF
.QGSZERB
KDGNG\KP GRKF[ ,FH QGTKJC FDKNVFC
-GYKC=K\NC OKIGSKRN FTKDP BKF ,NKNTC
BKF FZG\F KZVSN FSIKK\FC .OKK\Z
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FRKB FRKEPF[ N MM . KR[ EXP
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OKNEC\PG OKYIZ\P OKCZTF
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\KJKNGVF \GRDZB\FFG KGJKCF
FVETF OEYNP TRPRG OFN[
EXP \GZMR\FF QM[ ,\RY\P
CGZF NT OGKBM \SV\R OKCZTF
,\KPKRVF \GCKXKF NTG KEGFKF
25
.FNKNI ZHGIG
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\EPGT NBZ[K \RKEP N[ F\GFH EGS
OKEGFKF EPTP QKC FRKICPF FSKV\
NMG OKCZTF EPTP QKCN JKN[F OGBNM
QBMP .OKEGFK ORKB[ OKIZHBF ZB[
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NBZ[K \B ZKEDP ZKPB QZFB G\PGTN
\NTC FRKEP ZPGNM ,"FKJZYGBKEKB"M
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\GKF KB OXTP[ ZGZC FZYP NMC
NM ,FKIZHB NM N[ OGBN \RKEP NBZ[K
WGIP NB YIER IZMFC KEGFK GRKB[ KP
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N[ FRKB FKTCF"[ YEXC SZGD ,KPGBN
N[ KBCX=KRGIJKCF QCGPC KPGBN QGIJKC
\GEKMNF OGKY N[ QCGPC BNB ,FNKPF
\ KP GB N \ GF H N [ F PG KY G \K \Z CI F
FPK[R F\GBC LEKBP LB ,"\V\G[P
FEKIKF LZEF[ QKPBP KRB" :QTGJ BGF
QKCN GRKRKC OGKY=GE N[ \GBKXP ZGXKKN
BKF ,\KZGHB \GCKXK OT EIK ,OKRKJSNVF
EXN \KRKJSNV OGBN \RKEP N[ FPGKY
26
".\KJZYGPE=\KEGFK OGBN \RKEP
N"MJPZF QDS FKF[ KP N[ G\SKV\N
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YZ BNG \GKHMZP \GTZMF \NCY K\PXC
NEDP"P OKMKNF\ I\RPF FKPEYB [KBC
."Q[F
KP ,QGNKKB KPT NXB OD ZHGI FH N[M
,M"C[F [BZG OKF NKI EYVP FKF[
,O[ 25
26
.11 'PT
.47 'PT ,O[
\ G K P GB N N N E G P F G G F P F \ V Z X
.\K\GCZ\ OD GPM \KJKNGV
I RG P F N [ M F Z G Z C \ B H N M Z G B N
-GTP[ NT LPSRF NBZ[K QC N[ FRGTKJC
:KR
\ G KM [ P F N T \ KP S O [ [ [ D E F
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FNKI\ ,\KRZEGP \GKPGBNN
,\KJKNGV LM ZIBG \K\GCZ\
NT KRGTP[ N[ FKZGBK\N FPKB\P
KZV GKRKTC BKF[ ,\GRGKXF \GZGYP
FKXRDKNJRKB N[ \GCN\[FF
FKXRDKNJRKB OT \KJSKXKR\B
N[ LKNF\P FC \ZHGIF \KCZTP
NT FRGT GRKB[ \GNNGC\F
23
.\GKVKXF
ZKCSP EXKM :NGB[N [K \BH ZGBN
OHKPGRGJGBF \GTVG\ \B FHF QGTKJF
F\KKF \PBC OGNM ?OHKNBKZGJKZJFG
-GBNF \GFHN FEKIKF FZEDFF \GRGKXF
?OKEGFKF N[ \KP
OKKY\F QNKB=ZC \JKSZCKRGBC ,CDB
-\GMF \I\ KPGBNRKC SRM ZCPCGR UGSC
\GKJKNGV \GZGSPG OGBNF \RKEP" \Z
."KEGFKF OTC \GZIB
N
\GPNKEF N[ Q[ZG[N
\RKICP NBZ[K N[ FKNPGRBF ZGB
\RKEPM \GRGKXF N[ JYKGZV F\GKF
FRKEP) KCZTPF ODEF KV=NT OGBN
Q C G K , ( F Y K N C G V Z , \ K R Z E G P \ K JZ YG P E
EGSKC IRGPF KJZGBK\F N[MF
FVGSBC OKC\GMF N[ OFK\GIRF
\YSGTF FCG[IFG \RKKRTPF ,\RGGDPF
OXT[ 24,NBZ[KC OKCZT=OKEGFK KSIKC
.\GPNKE :F\[KD NT EKTP FP[
,ZPBPC NKM[F ZJKKZ YIXK LZGTF
,OKZIBF OKZPBPN \KSIK LGZB BGF[
EGSKC \GEPGTF \GPNKEF \B JJZ[N
F\GFH \B \CXTPF ,GHF OKSIKF \MZTP
BGF GZPBP I\VC .NBZ[K N[ \KPGBNF
IG\KR BNN LB ,\KHMZP FKTC NT TKCXP
:ZGPBN ,N[MF KPZGD N[ YPGT
OKRG\R NBZ[KC OKCZT=OKEGFK KSIK
FPDKEZVC ZCGEP .OKPSY NDTPC
N[ \IVYP \GKRKEP QKC \KJYNBKE
LKNF\ QKCN ,EIB EXP FN[PPF
OKCZTF NT ZCGTF FKXHKRKJSNVF
.391 'PT ,NBZ[K QC FGEI 23
,OKN[GZKG B"\ ,QYG[ \BXGF ,ZJKKZ YIXK LZGT 24
.2005
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: O H K X K R \ B .2 ; ( F K Z G J K Z J N
\GKR \BF KC KMZP N[ O\M KVF
"\GKR\B" IRGPF) OKNTR OKMZTN
GNKBG ,OKZIB KEKC FZEDFN Q\KR
ZEDGP \GKFN CKKI "OHKXKR\B"
N[ [VR LNF FH ,\KPXT FZEDFC
;(\KCGKI \KPXT \GTEGP
FKFR OHKXKR\BF :\GKPGBN .3
QGZYKTF \GTXPBC \GKPGBNN
N [ F VK VI C L Z G X [K [ T C G Y F
\ T M F KG Z Y F , \ K R \ B F F E KI K F
\KRKEP \ZDSP OT ,"OGBN"
N[ FBNPF G\P[DF O[N .KF[NM
\GBPXTC LZGX [K FHF QGZYKTF
N[ FKZGJ KZJF LG\C \ KJ KNGV
OGYPC . \KR\BF FEKIKF
\NCDGP \KPGBNF FVKB[F[
FRKB[ FKPGRGJGB N[ FZGXN
=\KR\B FVKVI \GMKZXP
IRGPF ,BYGGE \KNBKZGJKZJ
\GKPGBN" BGF OKB\PF
22
.\K\GCZ\
\G K \K K T C Q F K R G T P[ N [ G K \ G Z E D F
:\GBCF \GCKSFP
FR\[P "\GKR\B" IRGPF \GTP[P .1
FRKICP FKZGJSKFF LNFPC
\GFHFG KJKNGVF ZJ[PF
.\KCKJYNGYF
OKJC[F N[ \KPXTF FZEDFF .2
.\GKJC[ \GKGFH N[ QGGDP FZXK
OFP FH Z[YFC ZGZC BN
N[ "OKNTRF OKMZTF"
."OHKXKR\B"F
IZMFC QKB \KRZEGPF \GKPGBNC .3
OT \KR\BF FEKIKF N[ FVKVI
FEKIK[ OG[P ,\KRKEPF \ZDSPF
FRKB[ JTPM FZGFJ \KR\B
FH Z[YFC TKCXFN DGFR) \PKKY
\GEEGCF \GRKEPF \IBM QVK NT
,("\KR\B BXGP \GEIB" [K QFC[
\GKPGBNN NEGP BKF[ \VZX ODG
OKJC[P FCMZGF ,\KRZEGPF
O KY RZ V F W Z B C [ O DF ) . O K RG[
EGPKNF KZVSC OKEPNP BN ZCM
(..."OKNBDF GRK\GCB" NT
\PKKY\P \K\GCZ\F \GKPGBNF .4
NT ZCEN Q\KR QFC[ \GRKEPC OD
QGMR FH QKBG \KJKNGV \GKPGBN
N[ OKZYPN YZ FSIKN
BKF LMN BPDGE . FKPGRGJGB
.5 'PT O[ 22
64
\RKICP KJKZCFG KBYKZPBF
OFN[ OHKNZCKNFG OHKNZGNVF
F\GFPC . \GKGCZ\ CZF QGGKMN
O GB N ZGX KN G HF F[ KD F \ Z\ GI
\EFP Y\GRP FKFK[ [EI KNBZ[K
,\GXGV\C KEGFKF OTFPG \KEGFKF
WZBC OKEGFK BNF NM \B FTKPJPG
32
.KZCTF CGZF LG\C
?F HM [ OG BN ZXG R BN ZC M OBF
\KCKJYKKCGB QKICFN Q\KR BN ORPGBF
N[ QGTKJF ?"KNBZ[K"N "KEGFK"F QKC
-MGBF CGZ[ OG[P ,KEP UZGD FIGPS
-PFN NGMK KNBZ[KM GPXT FBGZF FKKSGN
\K\E FRKICP OD GPXT \B ZKEDFN LK[
.KEGFKM
NEGPF BYGGE KM LMN ZT GRKB FIGPS
.\KCZTPF \GKCKJPZGRF \B BJCP FHF
NEGPF KVNM \ZGYKC BNN G\GB NNG[ BGF
YG\KRN OZGD GRKB GEKEN[ ,KGXPF KPGBNF
-GV\C OTF"G \KEGFKF \EN OGBNF QKC
OD BJC\P GN[ \GK\ZGYKCF ZSGI ."\GX
F[KDC ZCGEP F\GFPC" :GKZCE L[PFC
-GEIBC \ZVGM BKF[ QGGKM ,\KRGKX=KJRB
FZKP[ N[ FZJPCG KEGFKF OTF N[ G\
33
."\KEGFK FRKEPM NBZ[K NT
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K P S , Q P Z C K N U H G ' D Q K C U \ G [P F F P
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N[ GKZCEC OKGSP YEX FBZRM [K
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Z\GK GB ,FRKEPC O\JKN[ N[ K\DZEF QE
EXF QP .OFN[ Z\KF \GKGMH QECGB QGMR
,OKCZTF EXP \GEDR\F \PKKY ,KR[F
ORKBG KEGFKF CGZC \GTPJKF OKNNG[F
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\GVGY\ GKF[ UB NT ,\KCZTF FPGB
.OKNBZ[KM NM OEGY OPXT GZKEDF[
.(195 'PT ,KCNI IBCZ N[ GZPBP FBZ)
-KJF \B FIGPS FNTP GKRGTKJ OGKSC
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OEGTG K[PP QGN KI N[ LKN F\
O T F N [ F Y H I F T V [ F N O KR G\ R
KPNSGP=KCZTF CIZPFG KRKJSNVF
34
.KRGNKI BNF
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.O[ ,O[ 33
.O[ ,O[ 34
65
OKZVS \ZGYKC
N[ FK\GCGI [BZC .\GCGI QGKGG[G
\EPGT \KJZYGPE \KCZTP FRKEP
FCGI GH .FRKEPF NT QDFN FCGIF
29
.OKDKZI BNN \KNBSZCKRGB
NM" :[KDEP UB BGF GZPBP UGSC
-ZHB NM \RKEP BKF \KJZYGPE FRKEP
30
."FKI
\B UKNIF KGXZF[ FPGE SRZB NXB
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OXTP FNGT OD ZCEF .\KCZTP \KJZY
ZMKR YNI N[ OKK\ZGYKCF OKRGTKJF
-P\ OKZPBP WCGYN SRZB N[ GKV\G[P
[K ORPGB[ \ZIB FKDGS .FH KRKKRTG K\KX
NNGM ,\GCGIF KGNKP \NB[ BKF FC QGEN
K GB Z[ I K RF N Z KC S . K BC X F \G ZK [ F
OKGG[ GKFK OKIZHBF NM ZCE N[ GVGSC[
LB .OFK\GCGIC OD GPM OFK\GKGMHC
BGNP \B NCYP[ KPP [GZEN [K \GCGI
31
.GK\GKGMH
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-ZCKN=\KJZYGPE FRKEP NBZ[K \GKF=KB
NT \GRGZIBF OKR[C CG\MN FCZP ,\KN
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UYG\ BGF \KJZYGPEG \KEGFK FRKEPC
ZKPB QZFBG QRZGB KHGT ,\ZGV T[GFK \B
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OKXGZ OF" :"\KPGBN=EI FRKEP"C \E
C\GM ,"FRKEPG \E ,OGBN QKC EKZVFN
QKC FEZVFN SIKK\P BGF[M FIGPS
LB ,FRKEPN \EF QKCG \EF QKCN OGBNF
BGF L[PFC !FRKEPFG OGBNF QKC BN
OKXGZ OF[ QTGJ
GKNB[ ,[EI KNBZ[K OGBN ZGXKN
BNN FRKEPF KIZHB NM GMKK\[K
. O\ENG KR\BF OBXGPN Z[Y
NDS\ \KRGNKIF \KNBZ[KF FRKEPF
K\VZXF NEGPF \B FPXTN
GC[ ,KIZHB OGBN N[ KRYKNCGVZF
OKEKIKM OKIZHBF NMN QGKGG[ Q\KR
\GK\XGCY \GKGMH \GR\KR BN LB {
FZMF \YRTGP BNG QF[NM
NEGPF F[TPN GFH . OKJGTKPC
FH NEGP OD .KCZTPF KCKJPZGRF
NEGPF OD GPM OKGRK[ ZCT
.152=151 'PT ,O[ 29
.156 'PT ,O[ 30
ECT TKCXP OGKM Y[RF \BK[R \CGI \GK\KTC NT 31
\GCGIG \GKGMH GZPBPC F[GBZE CBFG NB
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\NB[ NGP NBZ[K KKCZT GZPBPC C\GMF
FKJZYGPEFG QGIJKCF
BKF[ KVM ,OGKBFG QGIJKCF \SKV\
\GZK[ \B \CKKIP ,GRCZYC \PKKY
FTGR\ NMC YGSTN KNNMF QGIJKCF
FZJPN QFN \GP[F FKDGNGBKEKB GB
NBZ[K \RKEP N[ FKKVGB KGRK[ \B
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,QGKEF N[ GHMZPC EGPTN M"C[F
Q G K E C Z C G E P \K JZ Y G PE F Z C I C G
27
.EGBP K\KTC
\TEF[ ,EZGSCB FNGT FNB OKZCEP
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\KNBZ[K FPGB N[ \KNBZ[K OGBN \R
\ SV \ R , O F Z[ B C OK EG F K N [ B N G
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\NNG[F ,("ZVMF KRC" FRGMPF) "WZBF
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\KCZT FRKEP QKJSNV NMC OKYFN FX
-SKFF FSKV\F KVN ,\KJZYGPE \KRGNKI
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NKM[P QGNKKB N[ GZPBP ,\BH OT
:FBCF EGSKF \ECGT NT EGPTN
BGF EIGKPF KNBZ[KF K[GYF
ZXGR ,\GCN\[F NT OKZCEP GRB[M
OG[P ,QGKGG[N \GCN\[F QKC I\P
CN\[P[ KP KEGFK OGBN \RKEPC[
ET FGG[ \GKFN NGMK BN KEGFK GRRKBG
28
.FRKIC NMP OG\
\KPGBNF \GFHF \KDGSN \VSGR F[KD
F [ K D F B K F N B Z [K N [ \ K J Z Y G P E F G
F[P N[ GZPBPP FNGTF \KDGNG\KPF
OZVSC OD KGJKC KEKN FBC[) SRZB
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QKC QGKPE FBZRM BXGP ,C"FZB EKNKM
G\MZTF FFGP\ .\GRKEPF K\[
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\ G P Z G R F \ B Z G M H N [K , F R K E P C
\GPZGRF .CIZF QCGPC FC \GDFGRF
FRKEP N[ \GPZGR QF NBZ[K \RKEPC
NM KVNM ,\KCZTP \KJZYGPE
,FKNVB GB NECF BNN ,FKKSGNMGBF
\GKGMH QGKGG[ N[ QGZYKT DGFR
.83 'PT ,O[ 27
.86 'PT ,O[ 28
NBZ[K \RKEP N[ KEGFKF FKKVGB
40
.LMP TCGRFG
FNG TF \ GK\ KK TCN [ ZER ZVG S QKB
-ZYGPE=\KRGKX=\KEGFK" BKF[ FRKEPP
FNGMK FRKB F\ZEDF UYG\P[ ,"\KJ
\K E G F K =B N \K I Z H B F K S G N M G B N K M F N
\GKGMH \GG[ ,FRPP KNBZDJRKB YNIM
-\\ ,EEXP BGF FC[ FRKEPF .\GCGIG
\ K P K R V \ G CK X K Z S G I C IZ M F C Q K K V B
QGZ\VP ZGCTN FZPGKF \GZPN F[TPNG
OKXTFN G\[KD FEK\T ,GNGFKRN LGSMSF
.NBZ[K LG\C KPKRVF CGJKYF \B
OT \CN\[P ZVGS N[ \KPKSVF G\[KD
QJVK[ QE QIZHPF N[ \KPKSVF G\[KD
\GKN[BP :NBZ[KC OKCZT=OKEGFK KSIK)
\GXT FTKXPF ,(OKYHR \ZYCN "QGZ\V"
.OKYHR \ZYC N[ \GKJYZV
N[ O\GTP[P NT EPGT BN NNM QJVK[
41
"\KEGFK OGBN \RKEP" GPM EGSK KIRGP
Z \ K \ G K GM H Q\ P N [ \ G T P [ P F NT G
B G F [ ( \ GC [ K K \ F C G F KK N T C ) O KE G F K N
SIKK\P GRKB[ KVM 42,GZPBPC TKXP
FKETKG FKRKKVBP QGDKT" N[ \GTP[PN
YGIC NBZ[K \RKEP N[ OKEGFKF
43
".EGSK
F
OGMKS
FIGPS ,ZVGS ,QJVK[ N[ IK[
JCP \EGYRP K\KKTC BGF QGHKCDG
SSCPF KCZTP NZCKN=JZYGPE N[
\RKEP :GPM EGSK KD[GP NT G\[KD \B
\K JZYGP E FRKEPG FYK NCG VZ , O GBN
.\KRZEGP
-KKZ[ FECGTF EKT\ OKD[GPF LCS NT
OKCZTF EPTP KGRK[N \GTKC\C GRGEC ,ZJ
-XPBC OCN[N \GZ[VB FNTP NBZ[KC
\RKEP \B ZKEDK[ LM YGIF KGRK[" \GT
N[G \KJZYGPE ,\KEGFK FRKEPM NBZ[K
44
."FKIZHB NM
\GRTJC OD \ZMKR OKD[GPF \GK\KTC
N[ JCPF \EGYR GZPBPC CKJ'I KYG[
CXPF"[ SZGD BGF GC ,\KCZTF \GDKFRPF
FKNVBF NT ,GC KI KCZTF ZGCKXF[ OGDTF
FZK[K FBXG\ BKF ,OKPKKYF OKZTVFG
F R K E P M N B Z [ K \ R K E P N [ F \Z E D F P
45
".\KJZYGPE \KEGFK
.116 'PT O[ 40
.200 'PT ,O[ 41
.216 'PT ,O[ 42
.217 'PT ,O[ 43
.35 'PT ,O[ 44
.53 'PT ,O[ 45
FPSKSF BKF FKIZHB NM \RKEP
FJKZVPF ,\KNZCKN FRKEPN \KCZTF
N[ \GKIZHB BNF \G KGFHF \B
FP GRN[ Z[YFC . FC ZGCKXF
"FKIZHB NM \RKEP" \B EIKKP[
OD Q\KRF ,KIZHBF QGKGG[F GRRKB
,\KJZYGPEFG \KEGFKF FRKEPC
KEGIKKF KEGFKF KVGBF NGJKC BNB
38
.FRKEPF N[
?KIZHB QGKGG[ QBM Q\KR \PBC OBF
KKCZT N[ OFKDKFRP \B \VYG\ QGHKCD
-SKFF OKZ[YFFP OKPNT\PF NBZ[K
-[PG NBZ[K WZBN OKEGFK N[ OKKZGJ
FTKCYC OK[P\
QMNG OGBN FRRKBG \E YZ BKF \GEFK
,\KPXT FZEDFN \GMH OKEGFKN QKB
KM FZKPBF NT FZHI KEP Z\GK
\RKEP OD \GKFN FNGMK FRRKB FRKEP
KMG ,FKJZYGPE ODG \KEGFK OGBN
YZ YGCEN NBZ[K \CKKI QMN
ZTR\FNG FN[ FKJZYGPEC
39
.KEGFKF FEGIKKP
\RKEP OD \GKFN FNGMK QMB NBZ[K
YZ LB ,\KJZYGPE FRKEP ODG OGBN
\KNBZ[K OGBN \RKEP FKF\[ KBR\C
QKB LMCG ,FKIZHB NM N[ \KNBKZGJKZJ
OKIGSKRC \[P\[P BKF .\EEXP QGHKCD
OT \GEEGP\FP OKYPI\PF OKKJV[P
FRGMR BN .NBZ[K N[ EGSKF \KNPGRB
B K F [ , F K J Z Y G P E C F Z G B M N [ F R TJ F
\GCK[I QKB BNKPP ,"FKIZHB NM \RKEP"
OG[P OKIZHBF N[ \KPGBNF O\GFHN
\ GF H BN N \ GK JZ YG PE \G RK EP QK B[
.\KPGBN
LM .OKVSGR OKC\GMN U\G[P FH N[M
JKZS\ ZVGS QGRZB UZDGBKDF JJZ[P
-Z[KC \GMZTP \SKZY N[ KZ[VB KPKSV
IYGN GRKB LB ,OKVZDGPE OKGRK[ N[C NB
NBZ[K N[ EGSKF \KNPGRB \B QGC[IC
ONGTFG OBNSBF KRKKVBP \B YZ BNB
NT GKZCE \B SSCN NGMK BGF LM .KCZTF
:EGSK \GIRF K\[
YZ OKKY\FN NMG\ NBZ[K \RKEP .B
,\K EGFK FRK EP FKF\ BK F OB
. (FH ZESC) \KJZYGPEG \KRGKX
EIGKPCG ,KPNSGP=KCZTF ONGTF .C
GRKB KNGBG ,\GXZIR CZSP KRKJSNVF
N[ \GKPKJKDNF OT OKN[FN ,NGMK
IKNX\ BN F[KDF[ TGCYN FBZRM Q\KR
LKNF\ GZCT BN[ OKEGFKF CGZ \RKICP
\K[PP FKXHKJZYGPE N[G QGNKI N[
OT N[ GKRC OF[ FSKV\N OKRG\R OEGTG
.YK\T KZGJSKF KEGFK
\PINP \KHI\ \B NNG[ FIG PS
K\NCF (OKCZTN OKEGFK QKC) OKIZHBF
ZGCSG NBZ[K LG\C \TRPR
\GKFN GMK[PKG OKIG\P OKSIKF
, \ G E K Z K G \ G K N T F R K K F \ , OK I G \ P
KBEGGC \GPKNB \GKGXZV\F
OPXT OKSIKF NCB { G[IZ\K
QKMSFN [K ,\BH OT EIK .GSZYK BN
N[ FKTCN QGZ\V QKB[ FECGTF OT
FRKEPC KRKJSNV=KCZT JGTKP
35
.\KEGFK
OXTP BKF \KEGFKF FRKEPF ONGB
-\G[P \GFH N[ SKSC \NNG[P F\GFP
QBKNT N[ GZPBPP OD FNGT[ KVM ,\V
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NT TKCXP YEXC[ ,(NBZ[K \RKEPC OKC
FKK[TFP YNI FKFR OB[" \GZ[VBF
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FEKPC OTPGTK LMG ,KRGKX \GIVG KNBZ[K
OKKNBZ[KF OKKIC KRGKXF QVF \PKGSP
36
."OKV\G[PF
\KNBZ[K \GFHC FBGZ FIGPS EGTC
FC FBGZ ,CGZF \TE NTG GKD[GP NT OGKB
,ZCT[N M"IF ,F[GBZE CBFGNB ECT
GZPBPC .FZEDGF OZJ[ \KRGKI \GFH
:C\GM BGF
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NBZ[KC QKB[ ZGCS KRB .K\KKTC
GPM BN[ .\V\G[P ,\NNGM \GFH
QEZKC ,FKNDRBC GB \VZXC
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\GFHN OKYGYH GRB .KRPK\ KNBZ[K
37
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NT IK[N OKV\G[FP YNI N[ OFKRGT
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39
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.113 'PT ,O[ 36
.161 'PT ,O[ 37
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KZGHB ,OK[KCM N[ FZKCS \K\[\
OKKYG |... ~ OKP \GMZEP ,FKRI
OKKRGKI EGSK K\GZ[C KRGZM ZGSIP
54
.EGPKN \G\KMCG
\ GN B[ F \ B F N T P GH F D XF L Z E
B G F F K SG N M G BC N G E K D O B F : \G B C F
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FKMZXN FRTP NCYN FMKZX FRKB FNED[
BN OB ,LM NT KBZIB KP ?OKNEDF
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OKNKPC ?CDRC OKEEGC \GGI ?NKNDC OKV
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50
.WZBFP
N Y[ PF \B OK J K N C P G N B O K R G \ R
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51
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46
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47
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49
.KRZEGPF QEKTF
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.231 'PT ,O[ 50
.142=141 'PT ,O[ 51
.142 'PT ,O[ 52
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.143 'PT ,O[ 46
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67
OKZVS \ZGYKC
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The Case for Peace
(Wiley and Sons, NYC, 2005)
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69
OKZVS \ZGYKC
QGC[IC BKCFN KNCP ,FHT NCI QKCN
OT FPINP CXPC ZB[KK V"[BG ZIBP[
NMGK GRPP CIZP GN QPHK FH [KCM ,NBZ[K
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70