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BN .GK[MT \TF C\MC 1973 \R[C ZCM ZGB GBZ GJT KZV OKZK[ ;FZK[ OSZVNG CG\MN
BN ODG .OKZK[ JTP [KEYF FPXT FPINPN ;G\ZK[ EYGPC FEPT GH FPINP[ QGGKMP
OKIJ[C \Z[N GCGZKS[ FPGE ;OKKJKNGVF GKKI N[ QRGMPF TGZKBF F\KKF[ QGGKMP
G\CK\M SKSCC OKKGXP[ OF ,OKTC[F \GR[ \NKI\C ZCM ,6 BNMC G\CK[KG OK[GCMF
NGB[ GBZG ,LPSGP ZBG\N ZPD \EGCTC YZV NT SSGCP ,2008-C OGSZVN [DGF[ ,FH ZPBP
,CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGB ,'\KNYKEZ \KZCT FZK[C OKMNFP F[GN[ :\KJKNGVF QG[NF' ,Z\S
FRVENG QKKJ[YNGG EEGTN ,NCZB NMKPN QMG ,QPHGND NBMKP ,FEGCTF FIRPN \GEG\ .2006
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,FPINPF \GCYTC ZXGR[ KJKNGVF ZC[F \TC BYGGE .KRGKXF NBP[N \KZCTF \GZVSF
G\N[PP \GKRKEP KVNM KNBZ[KF NBP[F TKCF[ UZGDF QGPBF ZSGI N[ GPGXKTCG
= K\GZVSF OBK[G FNK\[G FZCSC ICJF ZIBN OKRGPFF \RDVFC FKF KZGCKXF OBK[[)
,\K[KB = \GNECKF N[ [YKT LNFP ZGBN NKCGF
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\GCZYN FNMK\ QKBG
FKDGNG\RBC
CG[KKF KPKP ,OKKZCTF OKZVGSF KCG[I[ ,KNBZ[KF NBP[FP = \KJKNGVG \KJBGV
OSZV 1983=1982 UZGIC .OKK\GCZ\F GKDKXR GKF ,GRB-GRKPK ETG FRKEPF \PYF KRVN[
FPK[Z OFKZIBG ,FPINPC OKYSGTF OKVKZI OKZK[ F[GN[ 3 'SP
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:LM \I\VRF ,"K[KN[F TGC[F" O[C ,\CYGRG \K[KB ,FZXY
\B .IXR\FN \RP-NT BNG IGM[N ZGSB FPINPF N[ OKRG[BZF OKKTGC[F \B
GPM ETX ,OKZGVS OKRIGGXP ECN ,ON[ OT[ QGGKM IGM[N ZGSB GNNF OKKTGC[F
."NKNDF OGN[" EIB FV JTPM FN BZYG FPINPF NB CJKF \RPG[P FRGMP
3
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NBP[F[ ZIBN ZXY QPH ,1982 ZCGJYGB BGF FPK[ZF UGSC TKVGPF LKZB\F
IGZF K[RB ,OKZZG[PF ,OKZVGSF = OKK\GCZ\F GKZCGE NTG OKRG[F GKRGGD NT KNBZ[KF
EDR ,FPINPF EDR GKZIBN ZGHI[ ZSIG GKRVN OKEY\ ZSI QVGBC BXK = FKPEYBF K[RBG
CG[N ZGBN [ZGE HB BYGGE ,FRFG .FN \ECT\[PF FRKEPF EDRG F\GB \NFRPF FN[PPF
\GP[ \B[ ,FRJYF OKNKTVF \XGCY QKC QKICFNG FPINPF N[ OKRG[BZF OKKTGC[F NB
LZTPF QKCN ,FN FGGNRF OGNX\C TKVGP BGF ODKXRMG FPK[ZF UGSC FRGP BGF FKZCI
OD" ,GK[MT OGN[ = KRGKXF NBP[F KDKFRP OD ,F\NKI\C ,GRPR GPT[ ,FPINPC LPG\F
FKI BKF .OTV UB \GP\ BNG F\P BN|[~ FENGD" F\GB ,QCGPMG ,"U[Z OD |...~ SZV
4
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FPMC OD \HIGB = "\KJBGV BN" ,\KJKNGV FPK[Z = FPK[ZF N[ GH FIK\V
,OKKYF \IM[
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G\NGMKNG \KZCTF FV[C KRGJN[F QGRDRPF N[ G\HKIBN \GEDR\FF ;QKTN FBZRF ,KGG[MTF
FXYC \GCXKRF \GKRG[N \GNGTVN \GTEGG\FF ;OKD[GPF QG[N \B TGCJN \ZTZGTP K\NCF
\GCB[ FYKZK) FYKZKFG FIGGXF ,\GIXR\FF :\GTP[PF KB[GR FV[F KNPS N[ OPGI\
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EGT NM FZK[ K\C\M" ,QGZG[K \KNF) "OKKIF UGS ET K\B ZB[KK BNMF N[ QGZMKHF |...~
.(192 'PT ,2002 ,14 ,OKZEI ,"|ZGBN YIXK OT QGKBZ~ TGDTDC K\RPBF
\BXGF ,QGRCN
\PINPC \KJKNGV FZK[ :DZFNG \GCZYN FNMK\ QKBG
,(OKMZGT) QGZ F[PG ZCI QRI
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.15 'PT ,1983 ,3 ,OKZEI ,"K[KN[F TGC[C" ,ZGBN YIXK
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FEZVF \GP\GIG \GTCGY QRKB[ \GNECFF KGCKZ ,UGSCNG
5
;(\K\GZVS \eZB[ \N[G[
EKIB FV ,FKZCEG FRKEPF N[ ,YYGIPF ,KP[ZF FVF = "EIB FV" EDRM .\JNIGPG FEKIK
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.G\ZK[ N[ F[TPNG ,ZZG[PF N[ EIK OD QGPKSF SGPTG KNPS-OGZJF
\VETFC ,KGJKCF \GKGZ[VB OGXPXC ,KZK[F TCPF NGENEC \KJKNGVF FZK[F FP[BGF
G\ZK[ .\KJBGVF \GCMZGPF N[ QG\NYTF LZE KRV NT ,FSDF ,FIGJ[F ,FZK[KF FZKPBF
,\GRGZIBF OKR[F \GZ[TC \KZCTF \KJKNGVF FZK[F N[ OKK[BZF FKISRPP ,ZGBN N[
FBKZY ZPGNM = ZGBN N[ \KJKNGVF FZK[C FBKZY ONGB ,GH IGZC \GZGYKC OTV BN FDVS
\GJ[VF \B \GXIN FMKZX = FZK[F N[ \GKJKNGVN FGG\PM ZGBN N[ G\ZK[ NGNMPC
FV" G\GB NGP NB \CXKRF GHMM FZK[F N[ \KJKNGVF QG[NC QRGC\FNG FPGEPF \KRG[NF
LG\C \GEDR\FF \EPT \C\MR EXKM .FKDGNGBKEKBF N[ EKIBFG EKIKF ,EIBF FVF ,"EIB
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QP FPM NKMP BGFG ,QGRCN \PINP ZIBN TKVGF[ QG[BZF GZVS FKF ,1985 \R[C ZGB
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,ZVSC QG[BZF ZK[F ,"ZMGH UGDF YZ" .QGRCN \VGY\ KZK[P EGBP OKYGIZ \GKJBGVF
FH /GN[ Y` PT KMF ZGac
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N[ TGEKF GZK[N FHKPZ ZGBN N\[ ,"FGGNBS" ,3
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\GZVSF FTEK[ Z\GKC OKKNYKEZF OKKJKNGVF OKZK[FP ,"OKMGM NT ISV" ,QGZG[K \GCB
N[ G\PI \B ZZGT ZCEF .KGRK[N QG\R ZPGIM OD LB \GMPS ZGYPM GC FN\RG ,\KZCTF
.(1985)
UZDGPGF GKZK[ ZVSC OSZGV[ ,"FMM OKZCE FPM" ZK[C \GVKZIC CKDF BGFG ,QGZG[K
ZMGH UGDF YZ GZVSC ,"GVJ ,LN ZPGB KRB ,GVJ" ZK[C GN CK[F ZGBN
.191=190 'PT ,1995 CKCB-N\ ,EIGBPF WGCKYF ,NKXBF BZVF \ZK[ ,\KZGX FEKB
FBKZY QPKS \ZCGIC GMG\P BKXGF[ BGF ,KBZIB BN ,QSZ ING[P ,UEDP FV G\GB
NXB LM NT GBZ .(1985)
,17=16
FEDF KNIR\P OKZBG\P GCG ,"[GDN QGRPF" ZK[F \B ,1983 \R[C BKF OD ZGB F\BZ[
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OGEY JY[ N[ GKPGI\CG ,(QG[BZ \KC) I\VR ZK[F GKNB[ ONGTF BNG ZK[F LNFPC FRCRF
\KC) \GTEGG\FF CXY BNG FZKXKF CXY ,"\GC\MRF OKNPF CXY BGF KEKIKF CXYF" ,FH
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10
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EIB OGK" = EK\TF ZCT NB F[TPN QGGMP ZK[C JZVR[ \GSRM\FF LNFP ONGB
,\KPXT FTKC\ GB FVKB[ ,FGGY\ QKTPM = "CZ YGKEC ZB\N NMGB O[G FKPGEN DGSB
ZCGEF N[ WGXZF GPGKY \B BYGGE [KDEP QG[BZF \KCF N[ GVGS .\KCKJNGDZ FBKEKBM
\B = \TM = CK\MP QKKET ,JY[F KEK NT [EIP C\MGK[ ,"ONGTF CXY" :KZK[F FGGFC
L[P\P EIB JV[PC CG\M GNGM \KCF .FGGFC ZCGEF N[ FIGRPF \GZSI GK\GNGTV
[NGDG FN \EDGRPF GHP \IB OGKY \GZ[VB Z[Z[P[ ,\GECTG[P \GKYGSV KGGZ ,I\PRG
K\GB OK]
YP[ ONGTF CXY \B [EIP KN CK\MK /OKRVCP JY[FG" :OKRG[ FNGTV KRPH QKC
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QP EIB NM .TGEK OKENK ZK[ NT FKEGZBV OD OF[ NTGV \GP[G OKNTV N[ WCYPC
QKPC ,(WGZN=\C[N=OGYN=\C[N) G\GB NJCPG GPEGYN LGVF ,GPXT KRVC EPGT OKNTVF
EK\TF QPH .\GSRM\FF N[ NSZTPFG L[PRF CXYN \GRTKFN IKNXP GRKB[ K\KHH\ GJYJS
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ZGHDN Q\KR FETCP YZ[ ,OKKYF \NKN[ \B QPSP = "FDKSR ,\KJKNGV FZK[ BN" = ZK[F
:OXT O[M) [EIF CXPF \TKCY BKF ZK[F O[C[ "FDKSR"F .\GSRM\FF LNFP \B
O[M) OEGYF CXPF N[ \M[GPPF FKKIEF \NGTVG (ONGTF KRVC \GZD\SFF TDZM FDKSRF
\PTJGP ZK[F LZGBN OD .\IB FRGTCG \TC (ONGTF \CKHT LKNF\M FDKSRF :FNGTV
EKPG ("TGRM BN ,ZKZP BN ,KRGZKB BN") ONGTF OT \GCMZ\FF \NKN[ LZE NT \GSRM\FF
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BN" :OKYFCGP OKKJKNGV OKD[GPC [GPK[ F[GT BKF OKKCGKIF FKKeGKIC GNKVB ;OKN[M
Clement Greenberg, ``Modernist Painting'' (1960), in: Charles Harrison and Paul
Wood (eds), Art in Theory 1900-2000, Blackwell, Malden, MA 2004, p. 778
167
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KJKNGVF ,FH EDRM FH ,OKCXGP OKZK[F KR[C .EKZJFNG TK\VFN \GMK[PP = "FVGZX
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N[ OKJVXZ GRN \\N YKSVK ZCT[N ZKKX-QNMZ G\GB[G" OTHC 1982 \R[C C\M[ KP
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ZGBN QPKS[ \GKGZ[VBF K\[ N[ TGXKP \RKICC FRRKB BKF ,\KNDTPG \K\ZHI ,\KRGGKM-GE
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24
.KPXTF NB GSGMKR QKCN
FMK[RF ,WGIF NB OKRVF QP FBXGF BKF FNTZFF :FBXYFG FTPJF N[ OK[TP QNGM
QGHKBFG FBGG[FF \NGTV BKF FYCEFF ,FPKRV WGIF QP GF[P CK[FN QGKSKR QF FXKXPFG
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25
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26
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FZK[ ,ZGBN N[ G\ZKXKP FNGT[ OK[RN K\KKTCF SIKF NT ,ZPBR FHP Z\GK EGTG ,C\MR \GCZ
.24
ZK[C \GIVN[ KN FPER ONGB ,FH QKKRTC ZGBN NT \GMH EPNN BC KRRKB .\IBM FHGZVG
QGKSKR GB ,FVGD N[G F[KBF N[ FKXYKVKJYKKCGB O\S Z[BP Z\GK [K "\R\[GP FCFB"
EGTC ,K[RF JYKKCGBC TGDVN OK[YCP FNB QKTP OK[TP .FSMRNG F\GB [GCMN JG[V
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F\GBC K[RF UGDN ZHMB\P BGF ,Z\GKF NMN .G\GB \GBNPPG \GRYGZP ,GC \GTDGV ,GPXT
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G\IKD \B FPEP ZCM ZCGEF ,G\KCN C[ GEGTC .KGRK[ FCGIC \NVYPF FZHI BNB BXGPF
LVGF = ZK\SPG ZD\SP ,WGIF KRVP ZDSR[ NNI = ZK[F \NKI\P "BGCIPF" .FBCF
FH OKNNCR OKNNIF ,QMBG .DGHKPG FVK[I ,OKZ\B QKC FMNGF N[ NNI ,"FZTP"N GPGKSC
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34
.GCZY NB BC BN LB GK[GI NMC GKNB
Z\GGN TE+
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NHZCF YPTC
K\TP[ BN[ KN FKF FPERG FBKZY CZTC FHF ZK[F \B FR[M KRVN K\TP[
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BN BGF NCB
35
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ONGT N[ G\[IMF \B \NJCP \BHF FEPTF NCB ;\GJCN\FF LG\C EIB IGMM
36
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QKB ZCM
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:ZGBN N[ G\ZK[C NI[ KGRK[F NT LZCP ENV[ZKF
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OGKSF KZGJ .KBPXTG YYG[ K[DZ TGCP BNB \GNKTV N[ KJYNV OGKEP GRRKB "KRB"F .OKZH
QP ZGBN N[ G\GYN\SF \B OFC BZY BGF[ QGGKMP FPFE\C ENV[ZKF \B GMF
] ZK[F N[
O\GI ,"JMZC GRKB ZGBN" ;NGCDF \DSF NT ZG\KGGF OXTC ,ONGTF KMCRC JGJKIF
OBF NCB ,IZMFC FRGMR BKF QM NTG \KDGNGJGBJ BKF GH FTKCY
37
VF \B ENV[ZKF
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.34
/KN F\KF BN[ FHF K]
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.35
,ZGBN YIXK GBZG ,W"DC N[ \KPKEY\ FJNIF \GCYTC
.1987
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.36
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.37
JMZC N[ FYKJKNGVFG FYKJBGVF \TV[F \B LMC QPSPG JMZC JNGJZC \B ZGBN JJXP
.1990 CKCB-N\ ,ECGT OT ,NHZCF
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176
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BN[) QG[NG ONGT ,ZCGE QKC OKSIKF ZGZKC N[ L[P\P LNFPP YNI BGF "LKPS L[GIC
NGMK GRRKB "FHF ONGTC \GTCXB UIGE KRB"[ KVMG ,(ONGTN ZCGE QKC KZBRKCF EGDKRM
GRRKB NGCDF \DSF NT ZG\KGGF OD LM ,ZGBN \ZK[ N[ ZTZGTP K\NCF JSVKRPM BZYKFN
QVGBCG ,LMN ZCTP LB ."ON[ ONGT N[ G\[IMF" NGJKC ,FTK\VPG FEI \KRV\ \RKICC
.ZCGEF N[ G\EPT \GCMZGP NT TKCXFN KEM FH ZK[ OKPKKSPF OKZGJM QKB ,Z\GK EYGPP
NT /ZG\]
GN TDTD\FN |...~ NMGB KNGB" :Z\GK CIZ JTPF KZK[F OZ[YFC ,CG[ OF FRF
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GRRKB ZCGEF .F\GB Z\GV GRKB[ KBEG ,NGCDF \DSF N[ FYKJPNCGZVF LG\C YGPT CXKR
,("NMeB") \NGMKF N[ F\GZ[VBC ,("KNGB") \GZ[VBC JCI\P BNB ZCE YFCGPC TCGY
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N[ GCGMKT OXTC QFG CGMKT \GNKPM QRCGPC QF ,ZK[C \GRPSPG KGGKIF \B \GI\GP[
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TCGP Z\GKC CG[IF NCB .FK\GVGNI \B NVZTC ZK\GP GEGTC \GIEN [K[ \GZ[VBF
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38
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42
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58
."LPXT LN[
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FNGTVF YVGB \B FCKXP
59
,"?LN[-L\V[ LG\C KRTGXNG ZDFPNG EGGRN \G[TKFN
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60
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61
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187
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GNNF OKZGKXF \[GN[ .QGJN[F N[ GKZ\KPP OKNGB[ ORKB[ \GEDR\F KNM FZK[F QG[NN
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189
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190