1. No category

38
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\KZCTF QG[NN FKPEYBF SZV
UZSB N[KPG JZCGZ O[ NT
SZV \B FRGZIBC FRRGM FKPEYBF
JZCGZ O[ NT \KZCT F QG[NN FKPEYBF
. UZ SB N[KPG
UZSB JZCG Z
KPK QG[N ZYI OGI\C SZVF YRTGF FR[F
KR[N FEGFK ZCEP \GNKDP QG[N ZYIG OKKRKCF
FJKSZCKRGBF QP QPP QZFB 'VGZV ,OKZ YGI
QGZ PKY T [KNB 'VG ZVG ,OKN[G ZKC \KZC TF
. CDRC QGKZGD-QC \JKSZCKRGBP
J"S[\ Q GG [I ZPC C "KC LZ TR[ SYJC
\TCDC[ FKKDNC \KC C (2008 ZCPCGRC 10 )
N[KP 'CDG JZCGZ ZP SZVF KPZG\ GIMR ,OZ
. OKIZGBG FKPEYBF KZCI ,UZ SB
\GBXZ F G ZG\C [KB G XZ F SZVF K R\I
:OZYI P KPGI \C \GZXY
FZG[YF FKDGS DKXF QPP QZFB 'VGZ V
. 'DG KI FEG FK 'Z N[ K RG [NF G NTVP ZYIN
BN GKZIB GBC [ OKYEYEPF [ FBZF BGF
N[ OKRGZIBF GKZGCKIP EIB \B GZKMF
. U \RNB CB\M ,'DGKI
OKIM GRF \B U \K[ QG ZPKY T[KNB 'VGZ V
QGNKPF NTVPC ZKTX ZYGIM GK\GKGGIC
FZE FFF \GKTC \B DKXF BGF . KZGJSKF F
\CG\MF \ISGR \RY\F \TC GKRVN GEPT[
QKTC YK\TF \SRMF \KC N[ SVKSVF \VXZC
. LM LG\C FNT[ [EI IGRTV NT EPTG ,KED
3 EGPTC L[PF
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"FP@Y@ FV@s@" ZVSF \BXGF NDZN QGKT CZT
'VG ZV Q G[BZF C [G PF Z"G K
\B ZYS Z [B -ZC F[P
GNTGV \BG \KXGNI F G\GPE
FEGFK N[ KRG[NFG KMGRKIF
WZBC OKZGPF KRG[BZP = ZGD
\KZCT" \JK[ KXGNIP ,NBZ[K
N[ ODZ\PG ZCIPG "\KZCTC
OK ENK N FB KZYG EGPKN KZVS
FEGF Z[B-ZC 'VGZV . ZTGRNG
O\PGZ\ NT F IV[PF KR CN
. ZVSF \BXG FN
"KZC T" IRGPC QE NJZC NBZ[K 'VGZV
"KEGFK" IRGPF \B U KNIF Z[B
CG[KKF N[ OKR[F OKK\BP \XGZ PC
. [EI\PF KZCTF
OG NKXF \ ZY GIG \ ZXGB ,TNS F RG Z Z"E
,OK Z[TF FBPF \K [BZC KNBZ[KF
KEGTK\-K\GHIF QVC JCPF \B FCKIZF
F\BXZFC . WZBC CG [K KF \K[BZ N[
,FVGY\N OKK RK KVGB OKPGNK X FDK XF
'[EIF KEGFKF' OFC OKTKVGP[
OXZB NT OKR DPF ,'F[EI F FK KEG FKF' G
. FPEBF \EG CTC F\GB OK KIPG
\K ZCT NT ZCKE KZ GD OKKI ZVG SF
LM LG\CG ,FKZZG[P KBZ C F VGY\F
ZGE F QC ZTRM GJCP \EGYR \B BKCF
:\KZCTF KMZ C NT NE D Z[B QG [BZF
FV[ OG[ K\TEK BNG ,\KZ CTN K\E NGR"
BN UB \KCC K\TP[[ ZMGH KRRKB . \Z IB
FZH FV[C GB [K EKK C K GJKC \I B OTV
KC\MP K \BXP K CB \ZKJV Z IBN . \Z IB
\KZCTC BRYP KRBG KPBN IN[[ FC FB
FRG [F ,OKYPTPFG OK ECZF \CZ ,G N[
,OK ZIG BPF \G ZGE F N[ \KZCTF Q P
FECKB NCB ZGCKEC FKI F\KKF[
Z[YFG KC KJBK XG SBF K VGBF Q P G F[P
. "\GZ GYPN
3 EGPTC L[PF
FK PE YBF FRK KX FMGR I N[ K [K N[ Z RN ZGB
FPY FV[ ZVSF N[ Z GBN G\BX \B
Z GEPF LG\P OKZI CR OKTJY \VGSB
"WZ BF" QG\KTC ZGB FBZ[ "OTN GRRG[N"
. I"[\=D"XZ\ OKR[C
K RC OD G MG\CG ,ONGBF \B [E D CZ NFY
Q G[NF ETG ZCIG KBRG NKPF N[ G \I V[P
. ZVSF [EYGF GZMHN Z[B ,ZGD FEGFK
,OKN[GZKC OKRRB[ \GRM[PC LZTR QGKTF CZT
FEGFK-QC ZHTKNB N[ G\ZKJV OGK KBXGPC
BK[RF E PTPC (ZCPXE C 23 ,GNSM C G"M)
\KZCTN EIGKG ,QGCR YIXK ZP K[KPIF
. FRKEPF OGY KRVN \KZC TF \GCZ\NG
=
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OD F\GB FXPKB F\T . \eR^Rfa NT F@R@Cfv FZCD OKZC GEF KVC
= OKK RY\ \G P[ N[ FECM R F XG CYN F\GB FVZK XG FK PE YBF
. NKDZ F [Z G[F QP O\ZGXC OKJGSF = OK [E IM OKYK\G
KVKXVSG YKGEP IRGPP FMVF F@R@Cfv FNKPF :Z PGB CDB \Z TFC
FYK\GGF F\GTZ \B Z\GKG Z\GK \[ZGK BKF G ,FRVB \NKPN
QKC ,Z[Y&F NMC F \GB BGXPN Z[VB . F@R@CzF FRPP FJG[VF G
NT \G[EI \GRC G\" QGDM ,BN[ QKCG GC [P[N FPKB\P BKF[
. "\GK [VR \G TZVF NT \G RCG \" ,"FK XG NGCBF
NeN^M]\G Nek]j
FE[C NIF ,OK RGG DPG OKC Z OKZ [YFC \[P[P FKXZ DJRKB FNKPF
FVGNIF ZCM P F H \[P[P BCXC . C G[IPF ONGTC FN MG L GRKIF
N+N^M#\^P QMG ,G"K\ \VSG\C N"NM [ZG[F QP ,NeN^M]v \KZCTF
:[ZG[N G"K\ \VSG\C GZXGR F[EIF \KZCTC OKCZ \GP[ .(ZGJZDJRKB)
,EeY^V]v=EKYV\ QGDM = LGG\P OXT O[ LZE FVSGR G"K\F [ OFC
BNN OFC FVSGR G"K\F[ OKZIBG ,Zea^D]v=\ZGCD\ ,NebZ^]v=NKDZ\
. Cev^M]v ,NeB^r]v GPM LGG\P OXT O[
OF ODG ,FKPEYBC OKIRGPF KIKRP \B OD FYKSTF FKXZDJRKBF
QK KR CC [ZG[F \B NXRN Q GMR N GBXP LB ,N"NM [Z G[F NB G RV
Nek]j IRGPF F"M[\ \R[C TCYR LM . NTKV QKKRC = "KGRV" Z\GR[
(integrated ) N@kAM^PG K]Nek]j \GZHDRF GK\GCYTCG ,(LGRKI KIRGPC)
. Z \GK OKZIGBP OKRGNKPC
[GEK IF \B TG XYPF K[RB GVK ETF FZG CI\F KIR GPN FETGG C
FKPEYBF F\RTR NeS^o GH FNKPC QKB[ QGGKMP . NeN^M]v KBCXF
BXPRF \K\[CKF FZ GCI\F KIRG PN QGNKPC NNMK K IR GPFG ,F[YCN
OKRGNKPC[ FK\GZ HDRG Nek]j FZ GXF F NJGC BN \BH OT . FRMFC \TM
. OKZIBF OKKTGXYPF
***
KM OKEKTP NeN^M]\G Q@aZ^c@ ,F@R@Cfv GZ[GB[ OKIRGPF \[GN[
\GIG GZ Z[BG Z GCK XF [EKI [ OKNK P ZK[MF N FR GMR FK PE YBF
. Q XPBNG [GPK[C
:GR N[P GNG M[ [G EKI OD GR \I\PBC UG SC NG
,GPS OKKHTGNF
GPS- C [ K N G SV
QJ@^G#R
\GC K\F K[BZC OKC Z KVC KGZ YF JGGKRF ZK[MP
FP NB[R \K [BZ . QJ
@^G#R :KRY\ KZCT O[N F\T FMH
Global OTP [P GNNF \ GC K\ F K[B Z : \TEN \B H . L M NM ZGD[F
ZCGEP ;\KPNGT QGMKB \MZ TP \KZCTC ,Positioning System
OG[KK . OFP E IB YZ BGF Q JG GR F[ ,OK PG [KK \ZK \T FK DGNG RMJC
= (GPS locator BG F \K N D RB C BN P F GP [ ) Q@j#BF BG F ZIB ZMGP
OKZGHD ,Qe j]B ,Q@j#B) YIGZ P JNY#PN GPGYP \B ZE[N E TGR[ ZK[MP
. (Q@MK+F ¡ QB@M¨K+B :QP
GPGYP \B ZGSPN ETGR [ ZK [M PF N[ KZ CTF G P[ NT FTZM FF \TC
GPS B GF \ KN D RB C B N P F G P[ Z [B G) G\ GB B [ GR[ [P \ [P N
= \ IBF :\ GK GZ[ V B K\ [ FK PEY B F KZ CI K RV N G EP T ( navigator
[EIN = FKKR[FG ,J@e#R \PKKYF F NKPF NB [EIF QCGPF \B UZXN
QJ@^G#R = ZK[MP QGKXN \GVK OKNKPF K\[ . QJ@^G#R FNKPF \B FH LZGXN
,(#Ifj Y#o#S U GZKXC ) Y@o#S NY[PC = J@e#R GNKBG ,Q@D^H#P NY[PC NGY[
QKICFN LZGX QKB[ GZ CS 'JGGR'C OKEEXPF . Ec@#P ,\@n#G ,N@aY#
3 EGPTC L[PF
FKPEYBF FNCKY J"S[\ QGG[IZPC FKPEYBF N[ FBKNPF \CK[KC
ZCM [ OKI RGP N[ ZG[KB QF QCGZG ,IGRKP KRKKRTC \GJNIF FPM
:GNCY\F[ \GJNIFC QKKTN FRVR . ZGCKXC OKMNFP
Q@aZ^c@
GP[ FKF QGZIBF QPHF E T KM OKTEGK \KZC T KZ CGE FPM QKKRTP
I\VC) Q@aZ^c# = QCN-ZGI[C OKXG YF ZGJT OKKIF NTC N[ KRY\F
G\GBZN Z[VB OK\TN[ ,GF [P KZG \SPF OKK IF NTC . (\"NEF \I\
GR CGZ KVC TGEK ,OKK RGZ KT Z YVF KIJ[C \G [N[C GB \GDG HC LNFP
FZ[KB F\TG . (dorban GRKKFE ,\"NEF \I\ QJY WPYC) Q@aZ^c@ O[C
. Q@aZ^c@ :\BHF FZGXF \B FKPE YBF
FKDGNGBGHF KZYGI WGNI (1923 ) D"VZ\ \R[C TC Y Q@aZ^c# O[F \B
NTC N[ KCZTF GP[ \GCYTC ,(1946 =1882 ) KRGZFB NBZ[K ,WZBC
,Q@a Z^c@ F RGM PF KNMN KRGZHKD Z[Y QKB KCZTF O[N .
= OKKIF
ZGXKTF [P[P KCZTF O[C KZ F[ ,\fRfCZ^c@ \KBZ YPF FZGXN GB
. E BNG X FDFF BG F KZCTF G NKCYP[ , K XIR F
BNG \"NEC -F \B Y\T\N KRGZ FB ZIC TGEP :FNB[F \NB[R
(EN FCGZY \TP[R ) \KCZTF FNKPF NKNX ZIB LNF KNGB ?K"EXC
ZK[M P QTP[P[) BZ YPC[ \fRfCZ^E@G Q@aZ^c@ GKRHGBC GNXNX[ OG[P
KR [ N[ O\GF EHFN LZ EF FZXY QBMP KM ZG ZC OG YP NMP . (EI
. EIB O[N = EEG IPF KNMF N[G OK XG YF \NTC FK IF N[ = \GP[F
\GKPKRGPGF" GZ PBPC F NKNGJ-QC CYTK FKNT EPT[ FTVG\ GRKRVN
'T G FYNGY-OGNC '[ ,E NGXZG[ 'B \MKZTC ,ZKR NBVZ ZVS) "\KPPT
\GRG[ OKNKP K\[ :(358 =350 'PT ,S"[\ OKN[GZK ,QKKJ[NGB
,\GTP[PC Q GK PE UB OK\TNG K NKNX QG KPE Q FKR KC [K [ ,QEG SK C
KV NT \K[TR \GKGTP[PF QKC FRIC FFG ,\IB FNKPN \GEIB\P
GRN [K = Q@aZ^c@G Q@aZ^c# \GNE CR OKNKP K\[ OGYPC QM OB . Z[YFF
. OK [G ZKV K R[ \NTC \IB FNK P F\T
GH FZGX N[ F\GJKN[C FKPEYBF KZCI GC[I\F Qa@Z^c@ FZGXF ZG[KBC
. [Z\[FN FIKNXF BN[ ,Q@aZ^c# NT GZ \KGe ,OKZ CGEF KVC
T GRRG[N ,"QC ZEFG E GV]YF" ,Z K[NJ EGE N[ GZPBP \B E GT GBZ
.511 =489 'PT ,(I"S[\)
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FNKPF :OKNKP K\[ GZI\F insight-N \KZCTF F VGNIF EKYV\ NT
,FKDGNGMKSVF KIRGPN QGNKP) \eR^Rfa F \KKF FKPEYBF FTC Y[
ZG [YF NY[PC (K "GT \ZHDP) Q"KC [Z G[P FZGHD G H FNKP . (E"R [\
\eP^PfZ ,(Q+Rfj^\]F QP) \eR^Rfj :FC BXGKM . Q+Rf a^\]F GPM NTGV \GZGXN
. (ZZ+fT) \eZ Z^fT ,(C+C fv^r]F) \eC^C fr ,(J+Jfr) \eJ^Jfr ,(O+PfZ)
\ZIB FNKP \BZ[FC F BZRF NMM F ZXGR F@R@Cfv FZI\PF FNKPF
'FTEG\' FNKPF N[ NY[PF[ BNB . F@TE@fv :KJRPS FE[ G\GBP
,E"NK QP FE@@Nfv FGPMG) T"EK GPM ,O[BZ C E "GK[ OK[ZG[N FBK
ONGB . Q"KC GPM ,OTXPBC E"GK[ OK[ZG[N BNG ,(B"XK QP F@B@Xfv
\ B ONGF GR KB [ NY [P C GZH DR \ GP [G ONGTP OK ZCE GK F Z CM
O"GY [ZG[F QP ZGHDF = OeY^K KBZYPF O[F BGF LM . [Z G[F
TKXF TGE KM . (E"GKC NKI\P G[ZG[[) NeC^K O[F \KRC\M KG[TG
(B"GC F[ZG[[) BeC^K \B YKE X]FG = BeC^K ,Be X^K E PXF \B YKNBKC
\B \PNGF G\KRC \ :F@NeV^v NY[P OD BGF LM . KBZYPF OKE Y\C
[P[P BGF NCB ,(Z"GB) FZ@eB^\G (C"G[) F@Cer^v QGDM ,G"T K[ZG[
F@VeY^v ,(D"XK) F@DeX^v ,(T"[K) F@Te[^v :\GZIB \GZ HDP OK[ZG[ OD
. (H"HT) F@HeT^v ,(K"RB) F@ReB^v ,(B"VZ) F@VeZ^\ ,(U"YR)
2
1 EG PTP L[ PF
"FP
@ Y@ FV@s
@ " ZVSF \BXGF NDZN QGKT CZT
B[R [ OKZCE C . FMG RI N[ K [K N[ ZR \YNEFC EC M\F QGCR YIXK ZP
KPKC \KZC TF K ZCGE G BNK P QFC[ OK MZE F NT ZVKS Q MP ZIBN
. \GRG[ \GV[P OKKGJKC WGPKB KE K NT ,O\V[C ZSIF \B G\GE NK
FN[PPF KZ[ C ZYC \KZCTC YGSKTF N[ G\GKH MZP NT EKTF BGF
\IB BN ET FKF QGKZGD-QC E GE N[ GZKM HPM ;FRKE PF KPK \K[BZC
OKRKKRTC BN = FN[PPF QING[ C KCS \GKGIXR\FNG OKIGMKGGN
. \KZ CT KRKKRTC BNB = OKKRKEP GB OKKNMNM
NT Z CKE ,NBYHIK ECGT ZP FN[PPF ZKMH P ,KR[F C [GPF Z"GK
QKKX BGF .FKPEYBF \PDGEM ,ZYIPG \GCZ\ \GESGPN TKKSN L ZGXF
. OFN F KGBZF FMKP\N FRKEPF QP OKM GH ORKB FNBF \GESGPF KM
FBZF ,'YKNBKC N[ KZCTF GXGXKR' NT GKZ CEC ,QPYKE CERKPT Z"E
QK CN QG [NF N[ ZK PIP QG YK \ QK C OKK RKC L ZE ZZG [PF NNS E XK M
\ZCGE PF \KZ CTF EGTK\ NT F\XZF U[Z NTK Z"E . F\IRHF
. F \GGF\F \VGY\C
OKZK[C CZTF \B GGKN NT-NB QZKN QZ\RSVFG KB\ NTK \ZPHF
OKR[ F PC KCD NT GTXGC BN KM FPER[ FPM OFP ,CG[KKF KPKP
. C GRCGE QZY Z"E F\IRF CZ TF \B . \GCZ
O\TVGF \GCKSR ZGBK\C ,[KED \KRGZ 'CDF G\GB FP\I
GJYGN OFP Z [B ,"OTN GRR G[N" KZ GJ N[ ZG CKXC O\GNCY\F G
&
. "FPY F V[" ZVSC G NNMR[ OK TJYF
2 E GPTP L[ PF
Q@J^G#R , N e k]j , F@R@C f v , Q@a Z^c@
OFKR [ K ZF[ ,(N [P N ,SG JP C JG GR F) J GG RP F OE BN ZK [M PF QK C
BN KM QM \K K U B OK PK F Q P OG KCG ,FPXT FMBNPF F\GB \B OK [GT
GZ CS 'Q JG GR 'C OK EEXPF . OEG Z[C OK JG GRC LZ GX EG T FKF K
BN [P[PF 'GPS JGGR' U GZKXF IKMGKG ,E GBP FXGIR FRICFF[
OKN[P GN OK VZXP BNB 'JGGR 'C OKYV\SP OK ZCG EF QK B GCG ,\IB
ZBG\F O[ GC [ZE R[ ,KJPGJGB SKKJ UGZKXF LMN F PGE . (KHTGN)
. [GRBF QC SKKJF QP GNECN KEM 'KJPGJGB'
ZK [M P N[ K P[ZF G P[ BGVB FHG CGZF \MK P\N F\MH QJ
@^G#R FZGXF
. \KPNGTF QGMKBF \M ZTP \KKDGNGRMJ NT SSGCPF JGGKRF
[KED \KRGZ
F\EGCT \B FNIF \ZG[Y\F KIRGPN FETGGF
?SYKPG CNGSKE ,YKP-UGB ,JSKNK+N^o :\KZCTC OKZPGB E XKM
KIRGPN FETGGF NVJN FEK\T EGTG GNNF OKNKPF NMC
GNSM [E GIC FRG [BZF F\C K[KN FSR M\F[ ,\Z G[Y\
. (2008 ZCPXE ) J"S[\
,FKH KGGNJF ,GKEZ F \B NNGM[ ,Z \GKC CIZ FE [ = \ZG[Y\F
\SVEGPF \GRG\KTF ,FKDGSN ZGBN FBXGFF ,OGNKXF ,TGRNGYF
. F N[P [EGIP KZC T Q GNK PN F\MH OZJ = \\[ZPF G
,CFN KE D ,OGJXKG EGE :OF \Z G[Y\F OGI\P FETGGF KZ CI
N]K#b \ZVGSF . ZDRKPZV ZRT Z"E G QP KHKB ,DZ GP FKTZ Z"E
OKC[GKF FKPEYBF KZC I OF YRC ERH QGTP[ 'VGZ VG QCBZF
\ZKMH P . NJRHGZ YKCGZG ZKR NBVZ 'VGZV OF FK[BZG ,FETGGC
. KZ KPH FKCX BKF FETGGF
3
\KZCTF QG[NN FKPEYBF SZV
1 E GPTP L[ PF
Q PP QZFB ' V GZV
QGZPKY T[ KNB 'V GZV
TKKSK SZVF KM QKKX QGZ PKY 'VGZV
F[EI \KZ CT FZGEFP \BXGFC GN
ZCEP \GNKDP N[ \RMEGTPG FVGRP
BGF OD E PGT QPP 'VGZV . FEGF K
'Z N[ ZM HRF GZGCKI \B NGBDN
KVM \ECGTPF G\SZDC ,'DGKI FEGFK
.FHKRDF KNT GKC FRGZIBN FBXPR[
UZSB JZCGZ ZP GMZKC OKMGHF \B
BK[R . Z[B-ZC F[P 'VGZ VG
T[GFK 'VGZVF ZCT[N FKPE YBF
KR[N SZVF \B YKRTF G BNC
. OKZYGIF
KZ CEP OK TJY BZ Y WKCZ GD OYKPT
FBPF ,GYGZP) QRE QC B FKETS 'Z
OKMGCRF FZGP IC[C (FZ[T-[PIF
. O"CPZN
FRKDRCG ZPH C GGKN C ZTF \B
OKEG CKTC OKZ KKRGSR[F \K K[KN[
KI KPT FE GFK KZ K[N OK KZG YP
FMZTR GPGKSCG ,DKZ[ USGKG
&
. \KDKDI OKRV \NCY
FKPEYBC OK[EI OKKGRKP
QBKZCZC QZFB
OKKRKCF KPK \ZK[ ZGEP [BZN FRGP
ZZN \KZGE
KZGJSKFF QGNKPF NTVP \HMZPN F\RGP
FKPEYBF KZ\B IG\KV \KBZIBNG
FINXF \MZC OFN FIGN[
. [EIF OEKYV\ KGNKPC
Y'HKZ NBMKP Z"EN
\GMZC
GZVS \BXGF NDZN
FKNJKBC OKPMI QG[N \GZGSP"
"OKKRKCF KPKP OKZGHIP KV NT
QE YZC Z"EN
\GMZC
ZGJYGE ZBG\F \NCY NDZN
FKPEYBF ZCI N[ GRING[P
F[EIF \KZCTF N[ F\ZGX NT KNCCF EGPN\F \TV[F
ZBKGZC QRIGK
. \GNKDZ OK NKP N[ QC K\MC OD ZMK R \KNC CF \KPZBF N[ FP[G Z
QGDM ,\KVGS a \TGR\ \KZCTC \RKKXP B"F FBKZ YF O+B ,FPDGEN
DFRP N[ GEGSK ?\KVGS U"NBC CG\M B CKYT O[F BGVB TGEP . F@BZ@
OD LM) NNM FBKZY OB FRKB B"F FCG ,\KNCC F \KPZBC BGF FH
YZG LB F C \RPGSP \KVGS a \TGR\ . (\GKP[ \GRG[N E GTCG \KC ZTC
LMKVN . \KNCC \KPZBC B@HzI BXPR \KZ CTC F@BZ@ EDRM QM NG ,U"NBC
KNC CF EGPN\C GNKBG ,KGVXM ,FCKYT CK\MF NBZ[K WZB \GZGYPC
. \KNC CF \KPZBF DFRPM ,BCKYT
\KVGS e \TGR\ OD ,FBKZ Y OB FRRKB B"F \KNCCF \KPZBC [ QGGKM
BGF \KZC TC F&B fZ ,N[PN L MKVN ;E"GKC BNB B"FC \RPGSP F RKB
O[ . KSGK WGVRF O[F N[ GBXGP \RC FC TKKSK FH ZCE . \KPZBC K+H@I
GH . yose FKKDFF FNCY\R B"VF JGPK[ ZIBNG ,USGKP ZXY\R FH
,\GRPBR FKKDF \GZGSPCG OKYK\T OKEGYKRC \VY\[PF FKKDFF
. FSG K = GH FKK DF NT EK TP NBZ[K WZB \GZVSC DGFR F CK\MF ODG
CK \MF QMNG ,FBK ZY OB FR RKB B"F ZGPBM \KNCCF \K PZBC LB
QM ,KZCTF F&Bf Z E DRM EPGT KNCC F K+H@I[ O[M . KSGK KNCCF EGPN\C
GE TX QBM[ BNB . KNBZ[K-WZ BF F+SfK EDRM EPGT KNCC F K+SfK
FTK CP BKF GNK BM OFN F[ZV\R \K VGSF E "GK F : ETX EG T OK ZCG EF
BNG B"FC \K ZCTC \TCG P ,ZG PBM ,\KVGS e \TG R\ KZF [) YKZK I
. K]SfK O[F \B GBZ Y QM NG ,(E"GKC
FTK V[F K NCCF EG PN\F N[ \K PZ BF OD ,\K NCCF \KZC TF YZ BN
N[ OE PTP ZTZT\R \K NCCF \KPZBC ,N[PN . \K ZCTF NT CZ TV[
Q"K T ,FHC F H GVNI\R OK \TNG GJP[R OK\TN :OKK RG ZDF OKZG XK TF
TYZF \R CF BNN . FHC BXG KMG B"F FMVF \"KI ,U"NB FMVF
. FNBM OKNKP N[ QTYZ OD QC GK BN \KNCCF \KPZBF N[ EIGKPF
NTGVF OD F [E IF \KZCTC FRPP G ZHDR [ ,Z \NBN F NKPF ,FPDG EN
\TKEK BNN FBXGP \B QKCFN QKB ,Zev^N]B FNGTVF O[G Z+v^N]B
\KZCTC UBG NBZ[K WZB N[ \KPZBC F\ZG X[ ,\KZ GYPF FNKPF
,'OGYP' G[GZ KV Z \B \KPZBC[ QGGKM . Z#\zB N#T BKF FR[PF N[
G\BZGFG ,'OGYPF NT' BGF FH UGZ KX N[ KNGNKPF GPGDZ\[ BXPR
. (EK P ¡ OGYPF NT \ZCG EPF \KZCTC [P[PF UGZ KXM YGK EC) EKP
U"NBF ,U"NBN Q "KTF FM VF NCCC OKK RGZ DF OK ZGXK TF Z GTZT CYT
KGJKC . Z\NBN GB Z\NB FZXGR LMG FPNTR FKKR[F FNKPF [BZC[
ZCM . OK RGPEY OK PK C BNB GR KPKC BN ,\KZ CTC JNYR FH K PZB
CG ZN WG VR BG FG ,G \Z GX F\KK F G H NCC K BZG PB N[ O\R[P ISGR C
. KNCCF EGPN\C[ \KZCTC OD
\[P[PF ,(\I\¡) \\ \B \KNC CF \K PZ BC FZ XK \"K I N[ FNK [R
FNK [R . KPKP-\\ ,UGNB-\\ QG DM ,F[EIF \KZCTC FXGVR \PG EKY
FPDGEG . (Z [T OKR [¡) Z[T KZ\ OG YPC ZSKZ\ \B FCKR F Q"KT N[
. F[EIF \K ZCTF \GZXG GKF C KR KK VGB LKNF\ OD OKDEFN FKG [T G H
OD . Z[T OKR[ :\IB LZ EC YZ TCGP 12 Z VSPF FPGE YF \KZ CTC
YZ . ZSKZ\ :\IB LZEC YZ TCGP FH ZVSP \KNCCF \KPZBC
KZ CTF Z[T OKR[ = G\TCFN OKMZE K\[ [K F[EIF \KZ CTC
BN LB ,Z GZC OPXT OK KGJK CF N[ OZ GYP . K NCC-KPZBF ZSKZ\G
ZXGR FH L ZGX . EIB ZCE N OKKGJKC KR[C LZ GXF ZGYP FP ZGZC
FH ZVSP \TCFN OK IRGP KR [ Q FC [K[ ,FVG ZKB \G RG [N \TV[FC
F\GCK[I OG[P \BHG ,(dozen ODG twelve ,\KNDRBC GPM) BYGGE
FTCF LZE BGVB F XPKB \KZCTF . FVGZKBC GH FKK]RP \E KIK N[
:OK YK \T \G EGS K K R[ DG HKP LG\ P FZY KT C F ZXG R GR KP K N[ \ KZ CTF
FNKPF ,FPDGEN ,LM . N"H I \GZVS N[ \KZCTFG BZ YPF N[ \KZ CTF
QF K\[ GRKPK QG[NCG ,GRB N"HI \GZVSC ,BZYPC FDGFR GRIRB
\IB QG[N FRR KB BKF U B FPXT N"H I QG [N LB . G H EXN G H \G[P[P
KRVN ZCM KNGBG ,(FZKVSN 500 =200 ) OKBZGPBF \VGY\C . FEKIBG
KVG BG ,KNBZ[K-WZB DNVG K NCC DNV ,OKDNV KR [N \KZ CTF FDNVR ,Q M
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\GZGYPF \B GEPN OFKR[C . O\GCZ\CG OIGZ C EGBP OKC GZY GKF
,QBM KNCC F EG PN\F = F[EI \GZ VS GZXK OFKR [CG OK KBR\F
GNE CR OF ,\BH OTG . QBM FEDBF K[ZEPG KPN[GZ KF EGPN\F
BN OKZG PB OK ZCEFG . Q G[NC ODG \GTEG \GRG PBC ,DFRPC ,FM NFC
,\KZCTC UB BNB ,FVG Y\ F \G BC \Z CGE PF QG [NF ,\KPZBC YZ
\KZCTF K ZF BN . G ZXK [ \GZ VSCG GEPN[ \GZ GYPC O\GB F [PK[[
SGVKJ F HKB BKF FNB[F F\TP . NBZ[K WZB N[ \KZC TM NC C N[
GB KNC CF SG VKJF = F[E IF \K ZCTC [P[N ZICR N"H I QG[N N[
[BZ C \SSG CP GR N[ \KZC TF[ BKF FCG [\F . KNBZ[K-WZBF
FIM[R G F [JKR NBZ[K W ZB QG[N GNKBG ,NCC QG[N NT FRG [BZC G
N"HI \GZG YP QG [N TYZ N T F[E IF \KZCTF \B QIG CF . NKNM JTPM
. FRGKNTF NT KNC CF EGPN\F E K JZ V NM C JTPM[ BXPK
?U"NBC CK\MF I PX QKKRP . KBRV FNKPF CK\M \B F PDGE N NGJ
\GPKK\SPF \GKBZYP OKNKP ;GNB \GCKSRC U "NB QKB BZ YPC
QGDMG ,K#NeBG K#\@P QGDM ,ECNC E"GKC GRKPKC OD \GC G\M ay \PGKSC
BZYPCG . KZ#@Cc^ :KGCKZ C \GP[N UZJXPF ZCE#PN QKKRYF KGRKM QZGX
KNC CF EGPN\C NCB . LM CG\M K#l#r O[F OD BNB ,K#b#I O[F YZ BN
TCY \R G \K ZCTC J [V\ F GRP P G ,KB EG ,KB P[ ,KBRV :U"NB C C K\ MF
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ZG XK TFG ,K"N \ZHDN \GM KK[ FBRF GB FBZG F ,FB EGF Q GDM OKNKP
N[ OK YK \T \GZG YPC Q MBG . E"GK FK FK[ KG VX [ZG [F N[ Q GZIBF
,KPN[GZKF EGPN\F GB FR[PF N[ OKRPKFP EK KC\M QGDM ,NBZ[K WZB
\KNCCF \KZCTC[ BNB .F@K@RFz ,F@KZ@fF ,F@KE@fF :E"GKC \GCG\M GNB OKNKP
E G P N \ C G N C Y \ F L M G , B< K Y \ T P \ G P K G S P \ G K J R G V \ G C K S R C N I
. FBRF ,FBZ GF ,FBEGF :OGK F OD \GDGFR F \G ZGXF KNC CF
K\[ ,\G B FNKPF N[PN . GH \KZCTC G[EI\R \GEI GKP \GZGX OD
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NCCC . \G \GB EKP\ KGCKZF \ZGX NBZ[K WZ B \GZVSC . 'FDF
QKICFN Q\KR L MG ,FKKR[F FBZ GFN \E IGKP KGCKZ \ZGX F[EI\R
CXP F FH . \ GK\G B E DR M \G\ GB :K GCK ZF \Z GX K V NT \G BZ GFF QK C
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FVGY\P E GT OK[Z@eP OYNI ,OKCZ EGIKK KGGY [K \KNCCF \KZ CTC
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KB+ ,FPDGEN .N"HI \VGY\C NCC KEGFK N[ \ZCGEPF ORG[N ,\KNCCF
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OD . F` VKB=F` o ,GHKB=G H FPGE CG ,FHKB F NB[F KGRKM ZXGR FH NB KB
,Q@MK+B :FH CKM Z UGZKX KEK NT FNB[ \NKPN \MVGF QBM FNKPF
WZB \GZGYPC FPKKY\R LMG FNKPF N[ \KZGYPF F\ZGX GH \PBC G
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6
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. \ZMGP FXG CY LG\C OKE DB\P OR KBG OPXTN OKEPGTF OK JK ZV
GKEZ KZF ,xKZ]E^]F ,xZ#c@ ,xZ&c& NB EKP \Z[Y\PF F@MZ@E^]PN EGDKRC
FV[P OKNK P \NK B[N QG Z\K [K GH FR KICP . OG NMN \Z[Y\P F RKB
. \ZMGP \MZ TP LG\C Q\DKZB NT NYP \KZCTN QRGKPE QM[ ,\KP[
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. EIB FJ G[VF FNKP N FZG[Y KEEF [G ,Z[T -OKR[N
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BN F[EIF \KZCTF[ KVN ,QGRM\CG FJNIFC KGN\ FKF BN FH
FCK\M N[ \ZGSP FMK[PP BKF BNB ,QKBP [K ,\I B \CC FZXGR
SV\ FZ KVSN KR [F UNBF \NK I\ HBP . TDZN FYSV BN[ \KZ CTC
GF ZI\PG ,\KE GFKF \K\GCZ\F FZKHF HMZP \B KNCCF EGPN\F
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[BZ C FCXT\R OKKRKCF KPK N[ \KZCTF[ BGVB BNV QKB . GF GZKMF
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. N"HI QG[N N[ KNCCF SGVKJF FKF ZGD[ OFKVC OD QMNG
OKR G[BZ F OKJV[PF [M G ,C \MK FN F NIF F[EIF \GZVSF[M
FK KI\N G PY[ BYG GE OK KNC CF OKN KNXF G NB GKF ,TP[K FN G NIF
FBGCR F Q P \XYP OGK Y OG[P LM C [K K NGBG . \[EI\PF \KZ CTC
\G[ZEP K\CG \GKSRM K\C QKEK\T" :KNCCF EGPN\C YZ \ZMHRF
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http://www.astronomia2009.org.il/info/sib/methodoloy.pdf
7
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8