FSA/Regular Sets/Grammars
Equivalence of Regular Language
Representations
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Regular Languages: Grand Unification
L( NFA s ) L( NFAs)
L( DFAs )
(Collapsing graphs;
Structural Induction)
(S. Kleene’s work)
L( FA) L( RE )
L( FA) L( RE )
(Construction)
(Solving linear
equations)
L( FA) L( RG )
L( RG ) L( RE )
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(Parallel Simulation)
(Rabin and Scott’s work)
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Role of various representations
for Regular Languages
• Closure under complemention. (DFAs)
• Closure under union, concatenation, and Kleene
star. (NFA-s, Regular expression.)
• Consequence:
Closure under intersection by De Morgan’s Laws.
• Relationship to context-free languages. (Regular
Grammars.)
• Ease of specification. (Regular expression.)
• Building tokenizers/lexical analyzers. (DFAs)
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Application to Scanner (Lexer, Tokenizer)
• High-level view
NFA
Regular
expressions
DFA
Lexical
Specification
Table-driven
Implementation of a minimal DFA
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Construction of Finite Automata from Regular
Expressions
L( RE ) L( FA)
Show that there are FA for basis elements and
there exist constructions on FA for capturing
union, concatenation, and Kleene star operations.
M(a)
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Basis Case
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Constructions on NFA-s
M(R1)
M(R1)
M(R2)
M(R*)
M(R1 U R2)
M(R)
M(R2)
M(R1 R2)
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Construction of Regular Expression from
Finite Automaton
• Expression Graph is a labeled directed
graph in which the arcs are labeled by
regular expressions. An expression graph,
like a state diagram, contains a
distinguished start node and a set of
accepting nodes.
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Examples
ab
L(M) = (ab)*
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Examples
b+ a
ba
aub
L(M) = (b+ a)* (a u b) (ba)*
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Examples
ba
bb
b*
a+
L(M) = (b a)* b*( bb u (a+(ba)*b*) )*
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Main Idea
• To associate an RE with an FA,
– reduce an arbitrary expression graph to one
containing at most two nodes,
– by repeatedly removing nodes from the graph
and relabeling the arcs to preserve the language.
• Without loss of generality, we can assume
one accepting state (because of the presence
of the union operation).
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Example
qj
qi
qk
Wi,k
Wj,i
qj
qk
Wj,i Wi,k
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Wi,i
qj
qk
Wi,k
Wj,i
qi
qj
qk
Wj,i (Wi,i)* Wi,k
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Final Graph : Alternative 1
u
L(M) = (u)*
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Final Graph : Alternative 2
u
w
v
x
L(M) = (u)* v( w u (x (u)* v) )*
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Detailed Example
b
q0
q1
a
b
a
b
a
q2
q3
b
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Delete node q1
b
q0
b
ab a
q1
bb a
b
a
q2
q3
b
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Delete node q2
ab*ab
q0
ab
b u bb
a
a
q2
q3
b
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Finally
ab*ab
q0
b u bb
a
q3
(ab*ab)*a ((bubb) (ab*ab)*a)*
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• For precise details, see Algorithm 6.2.2 on
Page 194 in Sudkamp’s Languages and
Machines, 3rd Edition.
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From Regular Expression to NFA to DFA to
Regular Grammars
Via Examples
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Exercise
• Construct a DFA for a+b+
q0
a
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a
q1
b
q2
b
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Equivalent DFA
a
a
b
{q0,q1}
b
{q0}
a
b
{q1,q2}
{}
a,b
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Two Equivalent (Right-linear) Regular Grammars
<q0> ->
|
<q1> ->
|
<q2> ->
a <q0>
a <q1>
b <q1>
b <q2>
λ
<{q0}> -> a <{q0,q1}>
<{q0,q1}> ->
a <{q0,q1}>
| b <{q1,q2}>
<{q1,q2}> -> λ
| b <{q1,q2}>
• All productions involving <{}>
can be deleted, as <{}> does
not derive any terminal strings.
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Two Equivalent (Left-linear) Regular Grammars
<q0> -> λ
| <q0> a
<q1> -> <q1> b
| <q0> a
<q2> -> <q1> b
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<{q0}> -> λ
<{q0,q1}> ->
<{q0,q1}> a
| <{q0}> a
<{q1,q2}> ->
| <{q0,q1}> b
| <{q1,q2}> b
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From Grammars to Finite Automata
S
A
B
F
S -> aA | c
A -> bB | bA
B -> λ
b
a
S
c
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A
->
->
->
->
aA | cF
bB | bA
λ
λ
b
B
F
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From Grammars to Finite Automata
S
A
B
F
Z
S -> aA | c
A -> bB | bA
B -> λ
b
a
S
c
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A
->
->
->
->
->
λ
Sa | Ab
Ab
Sc
B | F
b
B
F
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