EOC Review
EOC Review What to Review Genetics Cell Cycle DNA Cell Structure & Function Ecology & Pollution Cell Transport Ecology & Behavior Organic Molecules Cellular Respiration Classification Red = 5 or less got correct Orange = 6-10 got correct Yellow = 11-15 got correct Cell Structure and Function • • • • Differentiation Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Cell Structure Cell Organelles • Differentiation (# , # ) – Process in which the cells of a multicellular individual become specialized during development Nerve Cells Blood Cells Stem Cells Brain Cells – Occurs because different genes in the cells are activated (or not activated) during development • Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (# ,# ,# ) Eukaryote: HAS membrane bound organelles HAS a nucleus Prokaryote: NO membrane bound organelles NO nucleus bacteria are an example plant and animal cells; found in most organisms Nucleoid Few internal structures Single cell Cell wall Flagella, cilia Ribosomes Cell membrane Chloroplasts Nucleus Nucleolus Vacuole Lysosome Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Centrioles Cytoskeleton Cell Cycle • Stages of the Cell Cycle • Mitosis vs Meiosis • Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction • Stages of the Cell Cycle (# ) • Mitosis vs Meiosis (# • ,# ) • Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction (# , # ) Meiosis allows for genetic variation within organisms gametes (sex cells) to have half the number of chromosomes as the parent In asexual reproduction the offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism In sexual reproduction the offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms DNA • • • • DNA coding for proteins Cell, protein and DNA relationship DNA structure and function DNA fingerprinting • DNA Structure and Function (# ) • Store important information for cell function • Create proteins within a cell • DNA Coding for Proteins (# ) – Replication • DNA to DNA – Transcription • DNA to mRNA – Translation • mRNA to protein • Cell, protein and DNA relationship (# ,# ) – DNA contains the code to make the required proteins to support a cell’s function • Think about the instruction book for putting together a complicated piece of furniture or electronics – Proteins are made of amino acids • The order of amino acids (and the protein that is made) is ultimately determined by the DNA in the cell’s nucleus • DNA Fingerprinting (# ) Genetics • Transgenic Organisms • Genetic crosses • Mutations • Transgenic Organisms (# , # ) • A host organism that receives recombinant DNA This type of genetic engineering can be used for many purposes - treating or curing certain diseases - treating genetic disorders - improve food crops • Mutations (# ) • “any change in an organism’s DNA” • Change DNA Change RNA change protein • Somatic Cell Mutations 1. cannot be passed to offspring 2. ex) Cancer (human skin cancer, leukemia) • Germ-Cell Mutations 1. occur in organism’s germ cell (gametes) 2. can be passed on to offspring • Genetic Crosses (# ) • “traits who genes are found on the X chromosome” • Genotypes example 1. XHXH – normal female 2. XHXh – normal female who is a carrier 3. XhXh – abnormal female 4. XHY – normal male 5. XhY – abnormal male • Ecology and Pollution (# ,# ,# ,# ) • Burning fossil fuels – Chemicals combine with water vapor in the air to form acid rain – CO2 emissions retain heat near Earth’s surface contributing to global warming • Use of CFCs – Deplete the Earth’s ozone layer decreasing protection from the Sun’s UV radiation • Deforestation – Reduced ability to absorb CO2 contributing to global warming as well as increased erosion • Nuclear Power – Potential release of radiation Ecology • Natural Selection • Animal Locomotion • Animal Behavior Natural Selection (# ,# ) “organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms” 1. Adaptation 2. Competition *selection conditions change as the demands of the environment change *if change is too extreme and organism can’t change, they become extinct or die • Animal Locomotion (# ) Paramecium - cilia Amoeba - pseudopod Euglena - flagellum • Animal Behavior (# ) • LEARNED – Learning how to respond to a stimuli, usually by observation or trial and error • Imprinting • Habituation • INATE – Instinctive response to a stimuli; genetic • Circadian rhythms • Annual rhythms • Hibernation and migration Cellular Transport • Active vs Passive Transport • Homeostasis • Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic • Homeostasis (# ) – “biological balance between a cell or organism and it’s external environment” – maintained by the cell controlling what enters and exits (plasma cell membrane) – cells use active and passive transport mechanisms to maintain homeostasis • Active vs Passive Transport (# ) • Types of Active Transport • Endocytosis, exocytosis, NA-K Pump • USES energy (ATP) • Moves molecules from areas of LOW concentration to areas of HIGH concentration • Types of Passive Transport • Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis • DOES NOT use energy • Moves molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration • Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic (# ) HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC LESS solute outside the cell than inside. SAME solute amount both inside and outside the cell. MORE solute outside the cell than inside. MORE water outside the cell than inside SAME water amount both inside and outside the cell. LESS water outside the cell than inside. CELL SWELLS HOMEOSTASIS CELL SHRINKS Organic Molecules (# CARBOHYDRATES Contain: CHO Building Blocks: monosaccharides disaccharides Polysaccharides Used: to provide energy to living organisms Examples: Mono- glucose, fructose, galactose Di- sucrose Poly- glycogen, chitin, starch, cellulose LIPIDS Contain: CHO Building Blocks: fatty acids arranged as triglycerides, phospholipids, wax; includes steriods Used: to provide protection, insulation and energy storage Examples: trilauroylglycerol; lecithin; cholesterol, testosterone ,# PROTEINS Contain: CHON Building Blocks: amino acids – there are 20 different ones Used: to provide shape and support Examples: hormones, hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes ) NUCLEIC ACIDS Contain: CHON Building Blocks: nucleotides – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil Used: stores important information in the cell, codes for proteins Examples: DNA, RNA Cellular Respiration (# Aerobic – uses oxygen Makes the most ATP (32-38) ,# ) Anaerobic – does NOT use oxygen Makes only 2 ATP Includes lactic acid fermentation (muscles) and alcohol fermentation Classification (# HUMAN Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species CHIMP ) PORTUGUESE MAN O’ WAR Animalia Animalia Animalia Chordata Chordata Cnidaria Mammalia Mammalia Hydrozoa Primates Primates Siphonophorae Hominidae Hominidae Physaliidae Homo Pan Physalia sapiens troglodytes physalis Cladograms • “uses derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships” • Cladograms – diagram showing relationship among animals • Derived characteristic * ex) Jaws, Lungs, Nails - everything to the right have jaws - everything to the left does not • Phylogenetic tree *evolutionary past * base of tree = common ancestor Biotic Relationships • Competition – when two organisms compete for the same thing • Predation – when one organism uses another organism for food • Symbiosis – when two organisms or different species live in close association with one another – parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, mimicry • Parasitism – one organism gets nutrients from a host organism – One benefits, one suffers • Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed – One benefits, one neutral • Mutualism – both organisms benefit – Both benefit • Mimicry – when a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful one – Ex. Monarch and Viceroy butterflies; eastern coral snake and scarlet king snake DNA to Proteins • STEP 1: REPLICATION (make a copy) DNA to DNA • STEP 2: TRANSCRIPTION (convert to mRNA) DNA to mRNA • STEP 3: TRANSLATION (figure out the amino acid) mRNA to amino acid DNA Replication -process where DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA DNA) CCT TAC CCG AAA TAC GCA ACT TAC CTA TTA CGA TAG Transcription • mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus • Pairing Rules Replicated DNA Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine mRNA Uracil Adenine Guanine Cytosine Practice DNA TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT Comp. DNA mRNA DNA Comp. DNA mRNA GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT TRANSLATION Making proteins from mRNA Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome Practice DNA: AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG mRNA: Translate: PMAT
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