Short History of DoD Space-based Weather Know the ground, know the weather; your victory will then be total. - Sun Tzu, The Art of War It’s More Than the Satellite  Ground System  Sensors • Camera, Line Scanner, IR, Space Weather  Math • ENIAC was used to create the first forecasts via computer in 1950 • (MOS) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s for individual forecast points (locations).  Satellites/orbits  Weather Enterprise • Civil/Military/Academic/Hierarchical mix How Long Have We Asked About Weather?  Cavemen had their eyes and a wet finger • What did they talk about during awkward silences?  Around 650 B.C., Babylonians used clouds and optical phenomena such as haloes.  ~ 525 B.C. Sun Tzu  Around 340 B.C., Aristotle wrote Meteorologica, theories about the formation of rain, clouds, hail, wind, thunder, lightning, and hurricanes.  By 300 B.C., Chinese astronomers had a calendar that divided the year into 24 festivals, each festival associated with a different type of weather. The word “meteorology" is from the Greek: "lofty; high (in the sky)" First Image from Orbit Explorer VI -Aug 1959 -Crossing Mexico (That’s the Pacific. Yes, really……) - Later first ASAT target Timeline  1920s - invention of the radiosonde. Small lightweight boxes equipped with weather instruments and a radio transmitter  <1950 – Talk of photo recon w/cloud info • 1951 RAND study on feasibility of weather recon • 1956 TIROS Program begins  1960 – TIROS-1 NASA experimental TV weather Timeline  4/1961 – NASA gets WX mission/NRO has doubts  7/1961 – NRO gets military mission  9/1962 – Pictures coming back • Support to Cuban Missile Crisis • Gen LeMay & SAC agreed to support & launch • Scouts (62-64), Thors (64-80s)  1963 Infrared pictures • First discussion of Civil/Military weather split  1964 Tactical and Strategic data  1965 Program shift to Gen Schriever’s portfolio  1972 Dual Redundancy Timeline            1973 Program becomes unclassified 1973 Second conversation Civil/Military mix 1974 NUDET mission (now GPS, among others) 1980-1983 No working DMSP – Greatly affects NOAA discussions Mid-1980s Current 5D-3 Satellite 1993 OMB looks again at Civil/Military mix 1994 Pres Clinton creates NPOESS program 2010 NPOESS ‘disaggregated’ 2012 DWSS canceled 2014 ‘Resistance is Futile’; move to SBIRS What Now? Weather Modeling  1955 -- Operational numerical weather prediction; statistics based (WDD 1954) • Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU) • Joint project by the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Weather Bureau • Modeled the atmosphere in the Northern Hemisphere  1956 -- Monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere • First successful climate model  1966 -- Forecasts based on primitive-equation models • West Germany and the United States • United Kingdom 1972 and Australia 1977  Gravity waves, mid-1980s  1986 -- Initialize and model soil and vegetation types • Led to more realistic forecasts  January 1994 -- Climate System Model (CSM) was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research Notable Military Weather Pioneers MG (ret) Jack Kulpa, 2nd DMSP PM Group Captain James Martin Stagg 6 Jun 1944 Lt Col Tom Haig, 1st DMSP PM Col Scott Larrimore, Last DMSP SPO Director DMSP ‘Save’ AN/SMQ-10; USS America A Very Successful Mission by Most Measures