Understanding the Role of the Maritime Continent in the Global Weather‐Climate Continuum: Year of the Maritime Continent (YMC) K. Yoneyama (JAMSTEC), C. Zhang (U. Miami), C. Long (PNNL), J.‐P. Duvel (LMD), and Nurhayati (BMKG) < Outline > 1) Motivation 2) Characteristics of Maritime Continent 3) Current Status 4) Upcoming Schedule Motivation (1) ‐ Systematic Errors of Precipitation in Climate Models Overestimate/Underestimate for Land/Ocean region TRMM (2008/09) UKMet UM 40km UKMet UM 12km From Love et al. (2011) Motivation (2) – CINDY/DYNAMO Period : Oct. 2011‐ January 2012 (Intensive Observing Period) ‐ March 2012 (Extended Observing Period) OCT MJO‐1 NOV MJO‐2 DEC MJO‐3 JAN TBB & Rainfall Source of Westward cloud system over Indian Ocean? (1) TC over South China Sea on Dec 11 (2) MJO‐2 Time‐Height Diagram of RH (1) Moist air associated with TC over SCS arrived at Sumatra on Dec 11 (2) Convection with diurnal cycle became active over Sumatra from Dec 11 MJO‐3 (3) Cloud cluster developed over Sumatra moved westward with 2‐day cycle. (4) After several cloud clusters arrived over the central Indian Ocean, MJO convection developed in late December. From Kubota et al. (2014) (3) Relationship with MC Countries through CINDY/DYNAMO No. of hi‐res data; 13,000 in total, including 4600 from Indonesia BMKG sites Dew Point Based on the survey at observatory, we identified the reason of erroneous surface data, and corrected data are now available from DYNAMO data archive center. https://www.eol.ucar.edu/field_projects/dynamo Temp. Purpose of YMC The goal of the “Year of the Maritime Continent (YMC)” is to understand the role of the Maritime Continent in the global weather‐climate continuum by providing a framework for the international collaboration on field observations and modeling based on the establishment of support from agencies of participating countries. For this purpose, 1) We set (identify) key processes, which should be studied, and then coordinate “several” intensive observations. 2) We must establish the tight relationship among “YMC Family”, so that continuous data provision to scientific community can be made even after the 1.5‐years campaign. … This will be another purpose of this campaign … Diurnal Cycle [ Evening Rain ] – [ Morning Rain ] Rainfall Intensity B Land A Coastal Sea 12LT Off Shore 12LT A B 0 24LT From Mori et al. (2004) Diurnal Cycle over off Sumatra vs. MJO 16 LT Surface wind associated with MJO + 22 LT Land breeze Gust flow Fujita et al. (2011) 04 LT Diurnal Cycle over off Sumatra vs. IOD TBB during Positive IOD (184d in 1997 and 2006) TBB during Negative IOD (154d in 1996, 1998, 2005, and 2010) Fujita et al. (2013) Topographic Effect (1) Locality Index (LI) = ((Normalized Coastal Rain) – (Normalized Inland Rain) ) / STD Coastal Inland LI Zonal Wind Hamada et al. (2008) Topographic Effect (2) Time‐longitude Diagram of MSLPA Without Orography Simulated 950‐hPa Wind Without Orography With Orography With Orography With Big Flat MC Innes & Slingo (2006) Key Processes : What characterize the MC weather & Climate? 1) Diurnal Cycle: Source of local circulation 2) Large‐scale Disturbances: MJO, Monsoon, etc. vs. Local Circulation 3) SST: ENSO, IOD, ITF, SCSTF 4) Upwelling: Relation to Eddies & Biogeochemical response 5) Aerosols: (Biomass burning) Aerosol‐cloud interaction 6) TTL: Interactions btwn the Troposphere & Stratosphere Routine Radiosonde Sounding Network by BMKG 13 (2013),5 (2014),2 (2015)Stations Banda Ache BMKG Ranai Tarakan Medan Manado Sorong Pontianak Pangkal Pinang Biak Pangkalan Bun Palu Padang Cengkareng Makassar Ambon Bengkulu Cilacap Surabaya Merauke Kupang Current Sounding Observations & Buoy Arrays Radar Radiosonde RAMA, TAO/TRITON cf. Wind Profiler Scanning Radar Equatorial Atmospheric Radar by Kyoto Univ. measures turbulence (~ 20km) & ionospheric irregularity (> 90km). Operated during HARIMAU (& follow‐on) Project (2006‐2013) Monthly Mean Rainfall : Climatology (1998‐2012) NOV DEC JAN An Example of Proposed Intensive Observation (under discussion) [ Objective ] To study precipitation mechanism over the EIO & MC with focus on the relationship to 1) Diurnal cycle (Land/Sea breeze) 2) MJO 3) IOD (SST over Upwelling region) [ Observations ] 1) Ships R/V Mirai (EIO off Sumatra), R/V Investigator (in Java Sea or south of Java) 2) Land sites South‐west coast of Sumatra, Kalimantan, etc. 3) Enhanced Radiosonde sounding network, etc. [ Period ] 1) Ship 2) Land Nov 2017 – Jan 2018 Oct 2017 – Mar 2018 AMF2 Potential Participants (as of July 2014) Australia : Canada : China : France : Germany : India : Indonesia : Italy : Japan : Malaysia : Philippines : Singapore : Switzerland : Taiwan : UK : USA : Vietnam : Others: CAWCR, Monash U., U. Melbourne, UNSW McGill U. FIO, SCSIO LMD, LEGOS, CNES KIT, AWI, Max‐Planck Geselleschaft NIO BMKG, BPPT, LAPAN ISAC/CNR JAMSTEC, Kyoto U., Hokkaido U., U. Tokyo, U. Toyama, etc. National U. of Malaysia PAGASA NEA ETH Zurich NTU, NCU, Academia Sinica UK Met Office, U. East Anglia, U. Reading U‐Miami, PNNL, ANL, LLNL, NRL, NASA, NOAA/GFDL, SIO, UH/IPRC, UW, CSU, TAMU, SUNY, CU, U. Notre Dame, etc. NHMS ECMWF * Above indicates those who have expressed their interest for participation, sorry for that we may miss to include your name in spite of your will. For the Success of the Campaign Governance * Scientific Steering Committee consists of PIs of “Key processes” & Intensive observation * Operation Steering Committee consists of PIs of participating MC countries & SSC members * Advisory Board consists of experts of “Key processes” Collaboration with Relevant Projects 1) IIOE‐2 (2015 ‐ 2020) (International Indian Ocean Expedition ‐ 50th Anniversary Initiative) ex. Eastern India Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative 2) Numerical Model Projects ex. S2S (Subseasonal‐to‐seasonal Prediction Project) MJO Task Force 3) Others ex. SOWER (Tropical Tropopause Layer project) Stratéole‐2 (Balloon in the UT/lower Stratosphere) 7SEAS (NASA & NRL, Main target: Aerosol) Upcoming Schedule 2014 Sept. 2 Sept. 5 Dec. 15 ‐ 19 2015 Jan. 27‐30 ASEAN Sub‐committee for Met & Geophysics First Formal Announcement to All ASEAN countries Kick‐off Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia Inter‐agencies consortium in Indonesia and International relationship AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, USA MC session First International Science & Planning Workshop in Singapore Drafting Science Plan (ver.1) Science Organizing Committee (C. Zhang, Nurhayati, J. McBride, C. Jacob, K. Yoneyama) Year of the Maritime Continent (YMC) < Purpose > The goal of the “Year of the Maritime Continent (YMC)” is to understand the role of the Maritime Continent (MC) in the global weather‐climate continuum by providing a framework for the international collaboration on field observations and modeling based on the establishment of support from agencies of participating countries. During the YMC, several coordinated intensive observations will be carried out to study key processes over and around the MC. < Proposed Period > April 2017 – October 2018 < Key Processes > 1) Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land interactions over the coastal upwelling & inland regions 2) Modulation of MJO propagation 3) Effect of ITF and mixing onto SST distribution 4) Diurnal cycle of convective activity 5) Aerosol and their interaction with clouds 6) Monsoons 7) Troposphere‐stratosphere interaction and dehydration process in the TTL < Potential Participants > Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, USA, Vietnam, and more. < Governance > Science Planning and Operation Committee and Advisory Board (to be formed). Currently, JAMSTEC (Japan), Univ. of Miami (USA), and BMKG (Indonesia) are leading the discussion as advocators. < Upcoming Schedule > 2014 Sept. 5 Dec. 15‐19 2015 Jan. 27‐30 Kick‐off Meeting in Jakarta (organized by a consortium in Indonesia) AGU Fall Meeting (MC session) First International Science and Planning Workshop of YMC in Singapore Extra Slides Proposed R/V Mirai Observations < Current Status > We proposed R/V Mirai cruise (Nov 2017 – Feb 2018), which consists of 2 missions (Coastal upwelling study & YMC stationary observation), to the Ship Operation Steering Committee. Science plan itself has been approved. But, shiptime has not been secured yet. Its final decision depends on how much JAMSTEC can get fund for JFY2017. Leg‐1 2017 Oct Nov Leg‐2 2017 Leg‐3 2018 2018 Japan ‐> Eastern Indian Ocean Buoy maintenance CTD obs along several lines call at Bali Dec Stationary obs at (100E, 5S) Jan Feb Stationaru obs at (100E, 5S) Return to Japan Proposed R/V Mirai Observations < Atmospheric Measurements > 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Polarized Doppler Radar Radiosonde Videosonde Surface Met Skin SST (Radiometer, Seasnake) GPS water vapor Raman Lidar Ceilometer Polarized C-band Doppler radar Antenna Diameter = 4m Radome Diameter = 7m ZDR < 0 ~ 0 > 0 dB < Oceanographic Measurements > 1) CTD + water sampling (Nutrients, DO, Chl-a) + LADCP 2) Underway CTD 3) Ocean surface turbulence 4) Shioboard ADCP 5) Sea Surface Monitoring (T, S, DO, Chl-a, etc.) First shot of ZDR At (2014.06.06, 139-30E, 32-30N) Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon Study Hisayuki Kubota (JAMSTEC) • To understand the seasonal march of Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon and its predictability • Mechanisms: the role of westerly wind flow, cross equatorial flow and those air‐sea interaction through observational study • Influences: teleconnection to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and US Nitta (1987) Kubota et al. (2011) Mass Divergence SST Variability Contribution of intraseasonal variability to total SST variances OLR SST Apr Oct Courtesy: Arnold Gordon Diurnal Cycle over off Sumatra vs. IOD Simulated Rain during Positive IOD (184d in 1997 and 2006) Simulated Rain during Negative IOD (154d in 1996, 1998, 2005, and 2010) Fujita et al. (2013) BMKG Radar Network Malinau Palu Sintang Manokwari Luwuk Mukomuko Pkl.Bun Majene Kaimana Timika Bandung Maumere Cilacap Saumlaki Waingapu Obs.Radius150km (C‐bandDopplerradars) Planned(2014) Planned(2016) Existing(2007‐2013) Planned(2015) Planned(2017‐2019) BMKG AWS Network (176 locations) NAD (2) Sumut (2) Sulbar (2) Sulteng (2) Grtlo (1) Sulut (5) Malut (4) Papua Barat (2) Kepri (1) Kaltim (3) Kalbar (10) Babel (1) Riau (2) Sumbar (1) Jambi (4) Kalteng (7) Kalsel (3) Sumsel (2) Sulsel (7) Sultra (3) Maluku (3) Bali (3) NTB (3) NTT (7) Lampung (12) Banten (8) DKI (6) Jabar (18) Jateng (21) DIY (3) Jatim (18) Papua (10)
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