LOD Standards - 닥치고 Linked Data
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://genfringe.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/image22.jpg
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://cfile24.uf.tistory.com/image/274F0F4151CA334934964E
How tall are you?
What?
5.4 ft
for communication
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://cdn-media-2.lifehack.org/wp-content/files/2012/12/improve-communications.jpg
LOD 표준은 왜
HTML
to create visible
and audible web
pages for human
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
<
한가?
Linked Data
a way that can be
read automatically
by computers
http://melissaagnes.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Important-Stamp.jpg
http://fadyart.com/en/images/stories/rdf.png
http://onlinehtmltools.com/images/html-decode.png
어떤 표준들이 있나요?
강한 표준
Linked Data를
구축하고 활용하기 위해
기본적으로 지켜야 하는
W3C의 표준들
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
약한 표준
용어집과 같이
필수적으로 지켜야 하는
것들은 아니지만
활용성을 높이기 위해
지켜야 하는 표준들
http://cfile22.uf.tistory.com/image/27149F3451DF573C067D01
http://cfile24.uf.tistory.com/image/267DAE34521420D40281C0
W3C의 LOD 관련 표준
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
Category
Date
Recommendation
2014-02-25
RDF Schema 1.1
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 XML Syntax
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 Turtle
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 N-Quads
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 N-Triples
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 Semantics
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 TriG
2014-01-16
JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API
2014-01-16
JSON-LD 1.0
2013-10-29
Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 2.0
2012-12-11
rdf:PlainLiteral: A Datatype for RDF Plain Literals (Second Edition)
2004-02-10
RDF Semantics
2004-02-10
RDF Test Cases
2004-02-10
Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax
2004-02-10
RDF Primer
2013-08-22
RDFa Core 1.1 - Second Edition
2013-08-22
XHTML+RDFa 1.1 - Second Edition
2013-08-22
HTML+RDFa 1.1
2012-06-07
RDFa Lite 1.1
2008-10-14
RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing
RDF
RDFa
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Category
Date
Recommendation
2007-09-11
Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages (GRDDL)
2007-09-11
GRDDL Test Cases
2009-09-01
Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Grouping of Resources
2009-09-01
Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Description Resources
2009-09-01
Protocol for Web Description Resources (POWDER): Formal Semantics
2007-08-28
Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema
2013-04-30
PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model
2013-04-30
PROV-O: The PROV Ontology
2013-04-30
Constraints of the PROV Data Model
2013-04-30
PROV-N: The Provenance Notation
2012-09-27
R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language
2012-09-27
A Direct Mapping of Relational Data to RDF
2014-02-25
RDF 1.1 Turtle
2014-01-16
JSON-LD 1.0 Processing Algorithms and API
2014-01-16
The RDF Data Cube Vocabulary
2014-01-16
Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT)
2014-01-16
The Organization Ontology
2014-01-16
JSON-LD 1.0
2013-10-29
Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 2.0
GRDDL
POWDER
Semantic Annotation for WS
DL and XML Schema
Provenance
RDB2RDF
Linked Data
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Category
OWL
Web Ontology Language
Date
Recommendation
2013-02-05
RIF RDF and OWL Compatibility (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language New Features and Rationale (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Primer (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Profiles (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Quick Reference Guide (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language RDF-Based Semantics (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax
(Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language XML Serialization (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Conformance (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Direct Semantics (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
rdf:PlainLiteral: A Datatype for RDF Plain Literals (Second Edition)
2012-12-11
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition)
2004-02-10
OWL Web Ontology Language Overview
2004-02-10
OWL Web Ontology Language Guide
2004-02-10
OWL Web Ontology Language Reference
2004-02-10
OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax
2004-02-10
OWL Web Ontology Language Test Cases
2004-02-10
OWL Web Ontology Language Use Cases and Requirements
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
Category
Date
Recommendation
SKOS
2009-08-18
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference
2013-03-21
SPARQL Query Results XML Format (Second Edition)
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Graph Store HTTP Protocol
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Protocol
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Query Language
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Service Description
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Update
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Federated Query
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Overview
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats
2013-03-21
SPARQL 1.1 Query Results JSON Format
2008-01-15
SPARQL Query Language for RDF
2008-01-15
SPARQL Protocol for RDF
2013-02-05
RIF Basic Logic Dialect (Second Edition)
2013-02-05
RIF Core Dialect (Second Edition)
2013-02-05
RIF RDF and OWL Compatibility (Second Edition)
2013-02-05
RIF Datatypes and Built-Ins 1.0 (Second Edition)
2013-02-05
RIF Framework for Logic Dialects (Second Edition)
2013-02-05
RIF Production Rule Dialect (Second Edition)
SPARQL
RIF
Rule Interchange Format
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
기술적 아키텍쳐 관점에서의 표준
more vocabulary
for describing properties and classes
a vocabulary for describing
properties and classes
of RDF-based resources
to exchange rules
between many
"rules languages"
a protocol and query
language
for semantic web data
sources
a simple language
for expressing data models,
which refer to objects ("resources")
and their relationships
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
an elemental syntax
for content structure
within documents
a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource
http://ai.ia.agh.edu.pl/wiki/_media/hekate:semweb:sw_layer_cakes.png
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
Myungjin Lee
name
resident registration number
881002-1045617
identifier
identifier in the web
http://www.semantics.kr/person/mjLee
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
• 사람 뿐만 아니라 기계가 읽을 수 있는 형태로 데이터의 구조를
기술하기 위한 마크업 언어(markup language)
XML representation of “Myungjin Lee is Suji’s husband.”
<conjugalrelation>
<husband>Myungjin Lee</husband>
<wife>Suji</wife>
</conjugalrelation>
<conjugalrelation husband=“Myungjin Lee”>
<wife>Suji</wife>
</conjugalrelation>
<conjugalrelation husband=“Myungjin Lee” wife=“Suji” />
same contents, but different representation
We need a general method for conceptual description.
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDF (Resource Description Framework)
• 웹에 존재하는 개체(자원)에 대한 정보를 개념적으로 기술하기
위한 방법
has wife
http://semantics.kr/rel/hasWife
http://semantics.kr/myungjinlee
http://semantics.kr/suji
Subject
Predicate
Object
URI reference
URI reference
URI reference or Literal
Triple
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://www.vaio.or.kr/files/attach/images/9979/195/792/5d296375f2a6b1096cb062f22ee7e046.jpg
RDF Serialization
•
N-Triples
– RDF Test Cases, W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014
– a line-based, plain text serialization format for storing and transmitting RDF data
•
Notation 3 (N3)
– a shorthand non-XML serialization of RDF models, designed with human-readability
in mind
– much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation
•
Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)
– W3C Candidate Recommendation, 25 February 2014
– a format for expressing data in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data
model
– a subset of Notation3 (N3) language, and a superset of the minimal N-Triples format
•
RDF/XML
– W3C Recommendation, 25 February 2014
– an XML syntax for writing down and exchanging RDF graphs
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
N-Triple
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title> "Tony Benn" .
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn> <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher> "Wikipedia" .
N3
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn>
dc:title "Tony Benn";
dc:publisher "Wikipedia".
RDF/XML
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn">
<dc:title>Tony Benn</dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Wikipedia</dc:publisher>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Turtle
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/stuff/1.0/> .
<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar>
dc:title "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)" ;
ex:editor [ ex:fullname "Dave Beckett";
ex:homePage <http://purl.org/net/dajobe/>
] .
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDFS (RDF Schema)
• 자원에 대한 정보를 기술할 수 있는 클래스(class)와 속성
(property) 같은 구조를 정의하기 위한 방법
subset of
Male
♂
Person
is a
subset of
♀
Female
is a
has wife
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://www.vaio.or.kr/files/attach/images/9979/195/792/5d296375f2a6b1096cb062f22ee7e046.jpg
OWL (Web Ontology Language)
• 온톨로지를 만들기 위해 지식을 기술하기 위한 언어
• RDFS에 비해 더 많은 표현력을 필요로 할 경우,
– 예를 들어,
Man
∩
Woman
descendant
Person
descendant
Person
descendant
1:1
Husband
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
=Ø
Wife
Person
SPARQL
• RDF를 위한 질의 언어가 왜 필요한가?
– RDF 형태로 구축된 데이터로부터 원하는 지식을 획득하기 위한 방법을
제공
• SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language
– RDF 형태로 저장된 데이터를 검색하고 처리하기 위한 방법을 제공
– HTTP를 통해 질의를 처리할 수 있는 방법을 제공
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?name ?email
WHERE {
?person a foaf:Person.
?person foaf:name ?name.
?person foaf:mbox ?email.
}
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
?name
?email
Myungjin Lee
[email protected]
Gildong Hong
[email protected]
Grace Byun
[email protected]
RDF
Knowledge
Base
R2RML
• RDB to RDF Mapping Language
• W3C Recommendation 27 September 2012
• 관계형 데이터베이스에 저장된 데이터를 RDF 형태로 변환하기
위한 목적의 맵핑 규칙 언어
RDB
R2RML
@prefix rr: <http://www.w3.org/ns/r2rml#>.
@prefix ex: <http://example.com/ns#>.
<#TriplesMap1>
rr:logicalTable [ rr:tableName "EMP" ];
rr:subjectMap [
rr:template "http://data.example.com/employee/{EMPNO}";
rr:class ex:Employee;
];
rr:predicateObjectMap [
rr:predicate ex:name;
rr:objectMap [ rr:column "ENAME" ];
].
Result
<http://data.example.com/employee/7369> rdf:type ex:Employee.
<http://data.example.com/employee/7369> ex:name "SMITH".
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
RDFa (the Resource Description Framework in attributes)
• W3C Recommendation, 07 June 2012
• HTML, SVG, and XML과 같은 웹 문서에서 기계가 읽고 처리
할 수 있는 형태로 데이터를 기술하기 위한 방법을 제공
Example<p vocab="http://schema.org/" resource="#manu" typeof="Person">
My name is
<span property="name">Manu Sporny</span>
and you can give me a ring via
<span property="telephone">1-800-555-0199</span>.
<img property="image" src="http://manu.sporny.org/images/manu.png" />
</p>
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
GRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages)
• XHTML을 포함하여 XML 문서 형태로 RDF 트리플을 수집 및
생성하기 위한 마크업 형식
HTML
<html xmlns:grddl='http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#'
grddl:transformation="glean_title.xsl getAuthor.xsl">
<head>
<title>Are You Experienced?</title>
</head>
glean_title.xsl
...
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0">
<xsl:template match="/">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="{$subject}">
<dc:title>
<xsl:value-of select="/html:html/html:head/html:title"/>
</dc:title>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
RDF
<rdf:RDF>
<rdf:Description rdf:about="">
<dc:title>Are You Experienced?</dc:title>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
LOD 프로세스 관점에서의 표준
⑥ 활용
SPARQL
데이터베이스
RDB2RDF
⑤ 발행
서비스 개발자
③ 변환
LOD 프레임워크
④ 저장
① 온톨로지 모델링
RDFS, OWL
트리플 저장소
RDF
② 인스턴스 구축
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://www.w3.org/Submission/OWL-S/Profile-Ontology-1.1ai.gif
http://assets.okfn.org/images/data-types.png
http://www.iconsdb.com/gray-icons/database-icon.html
http://icons.iconarchive.com/icons/hopstarter/sleek-xp-basic/256/User-Group-icon.png
LOD에서의 역할들
데이터
구축
LOD서비스
구축
응용서비스
개발
데이터 접근
모델링
사용자
서비스 접근
발행
데이터 조회
저장
변환
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://findicons.com/icon/24571/user_group
http://findicons.com/icon/102535/user
http://findicons.com/icon/102523/administrator
http://findicons.com/icon/102561/client_2
http://download.topquadrant.com/composer/images/blog/TopBraid-FOAF.png
http://db.cse.ohio-state.edu/images/db.png
http://lod.nl.go.kr/home/about/dataset.jsp
http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/pubby/images/pubby-architecture.png
데이터 구축자 관점에서의 표준
RDF
RDF Serialization
모델링 도구
RDF 변환
온톨로지 모델링
RDFS & OWL
데이터베이스
변환 규칙 작성
데이터 구축자
R2RML
URI & RDF
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
https://s3.amazonaws.com/uploads.startups.fm/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/rule-fm-logo.png
LOD 서비스 구축자 관점에서의 표준
Linked Data Platform
데이터 연계
발행
LOD 서비스 프레임워크
트리플 저장소
LOD 서비스
RDF 적재
개발? 도입?
RDF Serialization
SPARQL
RDF
LOD 서비스 제공자
URI & RDF
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://fc09.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2013/170/3/e/cute_speech_bubble_render_by_klleiachan-d69rv96.png
서비스 제공자 관점에서의 표준
• URI 관련 표준은 기본
• RDF 관련 표준 역시 기본
• RDFS는 기본, OWL은 그 만큼의 표현력이 필
요하다면
• RDB2RDF는 필요에 따라
• SPARQL은 필수
• 추가적으로 LDP에 대한 표준도 거의 필수
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
서비스 제공자들이 흔히 놓치는 표준
• Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID
Vocabulary
– 데이터 셋을 만들었으면 기본적인 설명은 필수!
• Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
– 단순한 URI 표준이라고 우습게 보지 마라.
– Content Negotiation 등 꼭 알아야 할 정보들이 많다.
• Protocol로써의 SPARQL
– HTTP를 활용한 SPARQL의 지원
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
응용서비스 개발자 관점에서의 표준
URI
응용서비스 개발자
RDF
SPARQL
URI & RDF
SPARQL
LOD 서비스
Query Result
SPARQL Query Result Format
응용서비스 개발자
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
응용서비스 개발자 관점에서의 표준
• 역시 기본적인 RDF에 대한 이해는 필수
• 더 잘 쓰려면 SPARQL 정도는
• 데이터답게 쓰려면 구조를 이해해야 하니
RDFS와 OWL에 대한 이해도 있다면
• 그 외에는 필요에 따라
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
알아야 할 표준이 너무 많아요.
개인적인
에 의하면,
기본적인
내용의
표준
RDF 1.1 Semantics
RDF Test Cases
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
그외
표준들
RDF Primer
문법적인
내용의
표준
RDF 1.1 Concepts
and Abstract Syntax
RDF 1.1 XML Syntax
RDF 1.1 Turtle
RDF 1.1 N-Triples
RDF 1.1 Turtle
http://bentleymasterminds.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Work-Experience-alexwhite.jpg
약한 표준
데이터의 웹에서 반드시 따라야 하는 규약은 아니지만,
보다 데이터를 잘 활용할 수 있도록 지원하기 위해
통상적으로 활용되는 용어집들
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://sioc-project.org/files/sioc_foaf_skos_small.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sioc-logo.svg/2000px-Sioc-logo.svg.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FoafLogo.svg/2000px-FoafLogo.svg.png
http://www.ecured.cu/images/a/a1/Dublin_Core.png
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-REQ3wEST4I/S8vR5fRG0kI/AAAAAAAAAXE/Oz9DRiw8rq4/s320/bibliontology170.png
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/infostudies/research/knowledgeorganization/events/SKOS.jpg
http://www.dataversity.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/11/schema-org1.jpg
http://www.isophonics.net/hotttabs/img/logos/Mo-logo-big.jpg
http://www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/common/images/logos/new/OCLC/OCLC_Logo_H_Color_NoTag.png
약한 표준까지 지켜야 하나?
김하늘
foaf:name
이하은
foaf:name
foaf:name
홍길동
사람들의 이름을 얻
기 위해서는?
이명진
moniker
서비스 개발자
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
http://img2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20130208151201/clubpenguin/images/d/d9/Bunch_of_5_Carrots.png
http://thecontentwrangler.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/User.png
http://icons.iconarchive.com/icons/hopstarter/sleek-xp-basic/256/User-Group-icon.png
약한 표준의 적용 방법
• 온톨로지 모델링 및 데이터 구축 시 범용 어휘집의 적극적인
도입 검토
• 인터링킹(interlinking)을 통한 용어들 사이의 관계 정의
foaf:Person
owl:equivalentClass
사람
owl:equivalentClass
어떤 용어집을
재사용할 수 있을까?
Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
schema:Person
W3C의 표준은 필수
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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
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Dr. Myungjin Lee
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Linked Data & Semantic Web Technology
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