COURSE SYLLABUS ANTHROPOLOGY 455: Human Biology of the Pacific Instructor: Professor Michael Pietrusewsky e-mail: [email protected] This course focuses on the biological/physical anthropology of the Pacific and surrounding regions. In addition to examining the biological diversity of Pacific peoples, past and present, this course provides background on evolutionary biology, human ecology, and human adaptability. After reviewing the geography, prehistory, and languages of the Pacific, the course examines several broad themes in Pacific biological anthropological research. The topics that will be explored in this course include: early paradigms; human ecology/adaptability and the “cold adaptation hypothesis”; Polynesian phenotype; evidence for the initial peopling of the Pacific: dental, skeletal and genetic evidence; Lapita skeletal record; ancient DNA; early inhabitants of Australia and Indonesia; health and disease; migration and modernization in the Pacific. More specialized topics will include malaria, kuru in New Guinea, ALS-PD in the Mariana Is, etc. This is a writing-intensive course with Focus Designation-W, which also fulfills the Biological Science (DB) Diversification Requirement at UHM. Pre-requisite: Anth 215, or consent of Instructor. Readings: A syllabus (list of readings) will be distributed at the beginning of the course and posted on the web site for this course at: http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Pietrusewsky/anth455/ PDF files of all readings will be available throughout the semester. Other texts: Although there are no assigned texts for this course, several books provide context for the course: Howells WW. 1973. The Pacific Islanders. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson Houghton P. 1996. People of the great ocean. Cambridge University Press Hill, AVS, S.W. Serjeantson SW, editors. 1989. The colonization of the Pacific: A genetic trail. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications. Friedlaender JS, editor 2007. Genes, language, and culture history in the Southwest Pacific. New York: Oxford University Press. It is expected that everyone has read all the assigned reading prior to attending the lectures. Weekly Written Assignments and Discussion (20 pts.) The normal format of this course will consist of lectures and discussions based on the assigned readings. Each student is encouraged to read ALL of the assigned readings and be prepared to participate in class discussions. To facilitate these discussions, each student will prepare a written summary (one-half to one page in length) of a specific article assigned to them each week. The structure and content of these summaries should follow the Annotated Bibliography Assignment. All written summaries should be sent to the Instructor prior to the day the reading is assigned. Each summary will be worth 1 pt. Map Quiz Value: 5% Date: February 11, 2015 1 To facilitate the learning of the geography (including the names of the major island groups) students should obtain a copy of a relatively new edition of a map of the Pacific similar to the one published by the Hawaii Geographic Society. [Usually available at the UH Bookstore] A short quiz that will test your knowledge of the geography of the Pacific will be given during class time. Smaller (8.5 X 11) versions of theses maps will be distributed during class. Mid-Term Exam: Value: 20% Due Date: March 4, 2015 The mid-term will cover readings and lecture material presented in approximately the first half of the course. The format will be a mixture of short definition and short essay questions. A study guide will be issued prior to this exam. Assignment One: Annotated Bibliography Value: 10% Due Date: March 11, 2015 After consulting with the instructor, students will develop an annotated bibliography on a research topic that is relevant to the biological anthropology of the Pacific. A list of possible topics will be distributed early in the course. A minimum of 8-10 references (journal articles, book chapters, books etc.) is required for this assignment; the works selected should include both important theoretical works as well as case studies. Provide comments and notes on how each work listed in the bibliography pertains to your topic and the reason for its selection. In addition to the individual annotations (250-300 words each), a 1-2 page (500 words max.) general review that includes what you found in the literature and how this relates to your chosen topic must be included. Consult the guidelines on referencing styles and how to prepare an annotated bibliography that will be distributed. Assignment Two: Research Paper Value: 25% Word limit: 2500 [5000 words for graduate students] Due date: April 29, 2015 The research paper will be based on the annotated bibliography assignment (the grade you receive will reflect this). The research paper will be an extension of what you learned in reviewing the literature pertinent to your chosen topic in physical/biological anthropology in the Pacific. Begin your research paper with a general question or set of related questions that you want to address. Refer to the distributed guidelines on research paper writing and referencing styles and be consistent in your use of these guidelines. Include a full bibliography. Final Exam Value: 20% Due date: May 11, 2015 [12-2 PM] The final written exam will cover readings and lecture material since the mid-term exam. The format will be a mixture of short definition and short essay questions. A study guide will be issued prior to this exam. Final Grade for Course: Weekly Writing Assignment & Discussion (20%); Map quiz (5%); Annotated Bibliography (10%); Mid-term (20%); Research Paper (25%); and Final Exam (20%). 2 Anth 455 Wed. 12:30-3 Human Biology of the Pacific Reading Assignments: Spring 2015 Jan 14. Introduction and organization, Pietrusewsky’s research in Pacific Jan. 21 The Pacific World: geography, geology, European explorers, colonialism, and challenges Chappel DA. 1999. The Postcontact Period. In: Rapaport M, editor. The Pacific Islands environment and society. Honolulu: The Bess Press. p 134-143. Howells WW. 1973. Ch. 2. The Pacific Islanders. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed. p 10-29. Kirch PV. 2000. Ch. 2. On the road of the winds. An archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. p 42-62. Map of The Pacific Islands 1999. Honolulu: Hawaii Geographic Society, or its equivalent. Jan. 28. Peopling of the Pacific: prehistory, language, and models Kirch PV. 2010. Peopling of the Pacific: A holistic anthropological perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology39: 131-148 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104936 Pawley A. 1999. Language. In M. Rapaport , editor. The Pacific Islands environment and society. Honolulu: The Bess Press. p 181-194. Gibbons A. 2001. The peopling of the Pacific. Science 2891:1735-1737. Hurles ME, Matisoo-Smith E, Gray RD , Penny D. 2003. Untangling Oceanic settlement: The edge of the knowable. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 531-540. Oppenheimer S. 2004. The ‘Express Train from Taiwan to Polynesia: on the congruence of proxy lines of evidence. World Archaeology 36:591-600. Feb. 4. Pacific peoples: race concept, studies of human variation/biology, Polynesian phenotype Houghton P. 1996. Chapter 2: Physique. In: People of the great ocean. Cambridge University Press. p 2255. Howells WW. 1979. Physical anthropology. In: Jennings JD, editor. The Prehistory of Polynesia, Canberra: Australian National University Press. p 271-285. Mielke JH, Konigsberg LW, Relethford JH. 2011. Ch 1: Comprehending human biological diversity Human biological variation. New York: Oxford University Press. p 3-22. Pietrusewsky, M. 2012. Physical anthropology of the Pacific, In: Physical (Biological) Anthropology, [Eds. UNESCO-EOLSS Joint Committee], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, [http://www.eolss.net] [Retrieved June 29, 2012]. Feb. 11. Principles of human ecology, human adaptability, Houghton’s cold adaptation hypothesis [Map Quiz] 3 Kormondy, EJ and Brown DE. 1998. Ch. 7. Human adaptability to cold and heat. In: Fundamentals of human ecology. Prentice-Hall, p 131-161. Bindon JR. 2004. Box 11.7 Opinion: Thrifty genes in Polynesia? In: Jobling MA, Hurles ME, TylerSmith C, editors. Human evolutionary genetics: origins, peoples and disease. New York: Garland Science, p. 362. Bindon JR, Baker PT. 1997. Bergmann’s rule and the thrifty genotype. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104:201–210. Houghton P. 1990. The adaptive significance of Polynesian body form. Annals of Human Biology 17:1932. van Dijk N. 1991. The Hansel and Gretel Syndrome: A critique of Houghton's cold adaptation hypothesis and an alternative model. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 13:65-89. Feb 18 Craniology: metric and nonmetric variation, biodistance studies. Chapman PM, Gill GW. 1997. Easter Island origins: non-metric cranial trait comparison between Easter Island and Peru. Rapa Nui Journal 11:58-63. Pietrusewsky M. 2014. Biological distance in bioarchaeology and human osteology. In Smith C., editor. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2, New York: ©Springer Science+Business Media. Pietrusewsky M, Douglas MT. Review of Polynesian and Pacific skeletal biology. In Stefan, V, Gill, G, editors. Skeletal biology of the ancient Rapa Nui (Easter Islanders). Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. In press. Stefan V, Chapman PM. 2003 Cranial variation in the Marquesas Islands. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121:319-331. Feb. 25 Peopling of the Pacific: dental studies Brace CL, Hinton RJ. 1981. Oceanic tooth-size variation as a reflection of biological and cultural mixing. Current Anthropology 22:549-569. Hanihara T. 1993. Dental affinities among Polynesian and circum-Polynesian populations. Japan Review 4: 59-82. Nelson GC, Fitzpatrick SM. 2013. A first look at dental morphometrics of early Palauans. In: Scott GR, Irish JD, editors, Anthropological perspectives on tooth morphology: genetics, evolution, variation. p 319-339. Turner CG II. 1990. Major features of Sundadonty and Sinodonty, including suggestions about East Asian Microevolution, population history, and late Pleistocene relationships with Australian aboriginals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82: 295-317. Mar. 4. Mid-term Exam Mar 11. Microevolution, small islands, and genetic evidence for peopling of the Pacific 4 Chambers, Geoffrey K (January 2013) Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2 Friedlaender JS, Friedlaender FR, Reed FA, Kidd KK, Kidd JR, et al. 2008. The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders. PLoS Genet 4(1): e19. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen. 0040019 Matisoo-Smith E. 2012. The great blue highway: human migration in the Pacific. In: Crawford MH and Campbell BC, editors. Causes and consequences of human migration. Cambridge University Press. pp. 388-416. Soares P, Rito T , Jrejaut J, Mormina M, Hill C , Tinkler-Hundal E, Braid M, Clarke DJ, Jun-Hun Loo JH, Thomson N. et al. 2011. Ancient Voyaging and Polynesian Origins. American Journal of Human Genetics, Feb 3, 2011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.009 Mar. 18. Australia and Tasmania and Homo floresiensis Aiello, LC. 2010. "Five years of Homo floresiensis". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142(2): 167–179. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21255. PMID 20229502. Brown, P. 1997. Australian palaeoanthropology. In: Spencer F, editor. History of physical anthropology: an encyclopedia, 2 volumes. New York: Garland Publishing, p 138-145. Henneberg, M., Eckhardt, R., Chavanaves, S., & Hsu, K. 2014. Evolved developmental homeostasis disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, denotes Down syndrome and not diagnostic traits of the invalid species Homo floresiensis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (33), 11967-11972 Pugach I, Frederick Delfin F, Gunnarsdóttir E, Kayser M , Stoneking M. 2013. Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences 110 (5): 1803–1808. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1211927110 March 23-27: Spring Recess Apr. 1. Lapita skeletons and Polynesian ancestors, aDNA Buckley HR, Tayles N, Spriggs MJT, Bedford S. 2008. A preliminary report on health and disease in early Lapita skeletons, Vanuatu: possible biological costs of island colonization. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 3:87-114 Katayama K, Nunn PD. Kumar R, RD, Matararaba S. Minagawa M, Oda H. 2007. Osteological description of the Lapita-associated human skeleton discovered on Moturiki Island, Fiji. People and Culture in Oceania, 23: 73-98. Matisoo-Smith E. 2015. Ancient DNA and the human settlement of the Pacific: A review. Journal of Human Evolution. Pietrusewsky. M, Buckley H, Anson D, Douglas, MT. 2014. Polynesian origins: a biodistance study of mandibles from the Late Lapita site of Reber-Rakival (SAC), Watom Island, Bismarck Archipelago. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 5(1):1-20. Apr 8. Commensal species, Polynesians in America Matisoo-Smith E. 2009. The commensal model for human settlement of the Pacific 10 years on: what can we say and where to now? Journal of Coastal and Island Archaeology, Special Issue 4:151-163 5 Matisoo-Smith E., Ramirez J-M. 2010. Human skeletal evidence of Polynesian presence in South America? Metric analyses of six crania from Mocha Island, Chile. Journal of Pacific Archaeology, 1 (1), 76-88. Thorsby E. 2012. The Polynesian gene pool: an early contribution by Amerindians to Easter Island. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 367:812-219. J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Simon Rasmussen, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Morten Rasmussen, Mason Liang, Siri Tennebø Flåm, Benedicte Alexandra Lie, Gregor Duncan Gilfillan, Rasmus Nielsen, Erik Thorsby, Eske Willerslev, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas. 2014. Genome-wide ancestry patterns in Rapanui suggest preEuropean admixture with Native Americans. Current Biology 24(21): 2518–2525. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.057 Apr. 15. Prehistoric health and disease in the Pacific Buckley HR. 2007. Possible gouty arthritis in Lapita‐associated skeletons from Teouma, Efate Island, Central Vanuatu. Current Anthropology 48(5):741-749. DOI: 10.1086/520967 Pietrusewsky M, Douglas MT. 1994. An osteological assessment of health and disease in precontact and historic (1778) Hawai`i. In: Larsen CS, Milner GR , editor. In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest. pp. 179-196. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc. Heathcote GM, Diego VP, Ishida H, Sava VJ. 2012. Legendary Chamorro strength. In Stodder ALW, Palkovich AM , editors. The bioarchaeology of individuals. University of Florida Press, pp. 44-67. Pietrusewsky M, Douglas M, Swift MK, Harper RA, Fleming MA. 2014. Health in ancient Mariana Islanders: a bioarchaeological perspective. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 9:319-340. DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2013.848959 Apr 22 Post-contact health and disease in the Pacific: migration and modernization studies Bindon JR. 1995. Polynesian responses to modernization: Overweight and obesity in the South Pacific. In: I. de Garine and NJ Pollock (editors). Social Aspects of Obesity. London: Gordon and Breach. Pp. 227-251. Keighley ED, McGarvey ST, Quested C, McCuddin C, Viali S, Maga U. 2007. Nutrition and health in modernizing Samoans: temporal trends and adaptive perspectives. In: Ohtsuka R, Ulijaszek SL, editors. Health change in the Asia-Pacific region: biocultural and epidemiological approaches. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p 147–91. Neel JV. 1962. Diabetes mellitus: A thrifty genotype rendered detrimental by progress? American Journal of Human Genetics 14: 353-362. Ulijaszek SL, Ohtsuka R. 2007. Health change in the Asia-Pacific region: disparate end-points? In Ulijaszek SL, Ohtsuka R, editors. Health change in the Asia-Pacific region: biocultural and epidemiological approaches. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p 1-19. Apr. 29. Malaria, Kuru and ALS-PD in the Mariana Islands Gadjusek DC. 1977. Unconventional viruses and the origin and disappearance of Kuru. Science 197:943960. 6 Lindenbaum S. 2008. Understanding kuru: the contribution of anthropology and medicine. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363:3715-3720. Lum JK. 2007. Contributions of population origins and gene flow to the diversity of neutral and malaria selected autosomal genetic loci of Pacific Island populations. In: Friedlaender JS, editor. Genes, language, and culture history in the Southwest Pacific. New York: Oxford University Press. p 219-230. Plato CC, Garruto RM, Galasko D, Craig UK, Plato M, Gamst A, Torres JM, Wiederholt W. 2003. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam: changing incidence rates during the past 60 years. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157(2): 149-157 doi:10.1093/aje/kwf175 May 6 Review [Research papers are due] May 11. Exam period [12-2 PM] 7 Anthropology 455 Human Biology of the Pacific--Spring 2015 Week Jan. 14. Jan. 21 Topic Reading Introduction; organization; instructor’s Pacific research The Pacific World: geography, early European explorers Jan. 28 Peopling of the Pacific: prehistory, languages, and linguistic models Feb. 4 Pacific peoples; race concept, studies of human variation/biology Feb. 11 Principles of human ecology, human adaptability: physique and Houghton’s cold hypothesis Map Quiz Craniology: metric and non-metric; biodistance studies Feb. 18 Feb. 25 Dental studies: morphology: dental pathology Mar. 4 Mar. 11 Mid-term exam Microevolution: genetic evidence for peopling of Pacific Assignment # 1 due Mar 18 Australia, Tasmania, Homo floresiensis Apr. 1 SPRING RECESS Mar 23-27 Lapita skeletons: Polynesian ancestors Apr. 8 aDNA, & commensal species, Polynesians in America Apr. 15 Health & disease in the Pacific: prehistoric Apr. 22 Health & disease in the Pacific: contemporary, post-contact, modernization studies Malaria, Kuru, ALS-PD Assignment # 2 due Apr. 29 May 6 May 11 Review Final exam 12-2 PM 8 Kirch (2000: Ch. 2); Howells (1973:Ch. 2); Chappel (1999) & Map Kirch (2010); Pawley (1999); Gibbon (2001); Hurles et al. (2003); Oppenhieimer (2004). Houghton (1996:Ch. 2); Howells (1979); Mielke et al. (2011); Pietrusewsky (2012) Kormondy & (1998:Ch. 7); Bindon (2004); Bindon & Baker (1997); Houghton (1990); van Dijk (1991) Chapman & Gill (1997); Pietrusewsky (2014); Pietrusewsky & Douglas (n.d.); Stefan and Chapman (2003) Brace & Hinton (1981); Hanihara (1993); Nelson & Fitzpatrick (2013); Turner (1990) Chambers (2013); Giles (1973); Relethford (2010); Friedlaender et al. (2008); Matisoo-Smith (2102); Soares et al. (2010) Aiello (2010); Brown (1997); Henneberg et al (2014); Pugach et al. (2013) Buckley et al. (2008); Katayama et al. (2007); Pietrusewsky et al. (2014); Matisoo-Smith (2015) Malaspinas et al. (2014); Matisoo-Smith (2009); Matisoo-Smith & Ramirez (2010); Thorsby (2012) Buckley (2007); Pietrusewsky M, Douglas (1994); Heathcote (2012); Pietrusewsky (2014) Bindon (1995); Keighley et al. (2007); Neel ( 1962); Ulijaszek & Ohtsuka (2007) Gadjusek(1977); Lindenbaum (2008); Plato et al. (2003); Garruto et al. (2003); Lum (2007)
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