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Abbots Wood
Abbots Wood
Management Plan
2013-2018
Abbots Wood
MANAGEMENT PLAN - CONTENTS PAGE
ITEM
Page No.
Introduction
Plan review and updating
Woodland Management Approach
Summary
1.0
Site details
2.0
Site description
2.1 Summary Description
2.2 Extended Description
3.0
Public access information
3.1 Getting there
3.2 Access / Walks
4.0
Long term policy
5.0
Key Features
5.1 Local Woodland Habitat
5.2 Informal Public Access
6.0
Work Programme
Appendix 1: Compartment descriptions
Appendix 2: Harvesting operations (20 years)
Glossary
MAPS
Access
Conservation Features
Management
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Abbots Wood
THE WOODLAND TRUST
INTRODUCTION
PLAN REVIEW AND UPDATING
The Trust’s corporate aims and management
approach guide the management of all the
Trust’s properties, and are described on Page 4.
These determine basic management policies
and methods, which apply to all sites unless
specifically stated otherwise. Such policies
include free public access; keeping local people
informed of major proposed work; the retention
of old trees and dead wood; and a desire for
management to be as unobtrusive as possible.
The Trust also has available Policy Statements
covering a variety of woodland management
issues.
The information presented in this Management
plan is held in a database which is continuously
being amended and updated on our website.
Consequently this printed version may quickly
become out of date, particularly in relation to the
planned work programme and on-going
monitoring observations.
Please either consult The Woodland Trust
website www.woodlandtrust.org.uk or contact the
Woodland Trust
([email protected]) to confirm
details of the current management programme.
There is a formal review of this plan every 5
years and a summary of monitoring results can
be obtained on request.
The Trust’s management plans are based on the
identification of Key Features for the site and
setting objectives for their management. A
monitoring programme (not included in this plan)
ensures that these objectives are met and any
necessary management works are carried out.
Any legally confidential or sensitive species
information about this site is not included in this
version of the plan.
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Abbots Wood
WOODLAND MANAGEMENT APPROACH
The management of our woods is based on our charitable purposes, and is therefore focused on
improving woodland biodiversity and increasing peoples’ understanding and enjoyment of woodland.
Our strategic aims are to:
• Protect native woods, trees and their wildlife for the future
• Work with others to create more native woodlands and places rich in trees
• Inspire everyone to enjoy and value woods and trees
All our sites have a management plan which is freely accessible via our website
www.woodlandtrust.org.uk. Our woods are managed to the UK Woodland Assurance Standard
(UKWAS) and are certified with the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) through independent audit.
In addition to the guidelines below we have specific guidance and policies on issues of woodland
management which we review and update from time to time.
We recognise that all woods are different and that the management of our sites should also reflect
their local landscape and where appropriate support local projects and initiatives. Guidelines like
these provide a necessary overarching framework to guide the management of our sites but such
management also requires decisions based on local circumstances and our Site Manager’s intimate
knowledge of each site.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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The following guidelines help to direct our woodland management:
Our woods are managed to maintain their intrinsic key features of value and to reflect those of the
surrounding landscape. We intervene when there is evidence that it is necessary to maintain or improve
biodiversity and to further the development of more resilient woods and landscapes.
We establish new native woodland using both natural regeneration and tree planting, but largely the
latter, particularly when there are opportunities for involving people.
We provide free public access to woods for quiet, informal recreation and our woods are managed to
make them accessible, welcoming and safe.
The long term vision for our non-native plantations on ancient woodland sites is to restore them to
predominantly native species composition and semi-natural structure, a vision that equally applies to our
secondary woods.
Existing semi-natural open-ground and freshwater habitats are restored and maintained wherever their
management can be sustained and new open ground habitats created where appropriate.
The heritage and cultural value of sites is taken into account in our management and, in particular, our
ancient trees are retained for as long as possible.
Woods can offer the potential to generate income both from the sustainable harvesting of wood products
and the delivery of other services. We will therefore consider the potential to generate income from our
estate to help support our aims.
We work with neighbours, local people, organisations and other stakeholders in developing the
management of our woods. We recognise the benefits of local community woodland ownership and
management. Where appropriate we allow our woods to be used to support local woodland,
conservation, education and access initiatives.
We use and offer the estate where appropriate, for the purpose of demonstration, evidence gathering
and research associated with the conservation, recreational and sustainable management of woodlands.
In particular we will develop and maintain a network of long-term monitoring sites across the estate.
Any activities we undertake will conform to sustainable forest management principles, be appropriate for
the site and will be balanced with our primary objectives of enhancing the biodiversity and recreational
value of our woods and the wider landscapes.
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Abbots Wood
SUMMARY
This public management plan briefly describes the site, specifically mentions information on public
access, sets out the long term policy and lists the Key Features which drive management actions.
The Key Features are specific to this site – their significance is outlined together with their long (50
year+) and short (5 year) term objectives. The short term objectives are complemented by a
detailed Work Programme for the period of this management plan. Detailed compartment
descriptions are listed in the appendices which include any major management constraints and
designations. A short glossary of technical terms is at the end. The Key Features and general
woodland condition of this site are subject to a formal monitoring programme which is maintained in
a central database. A summary of monitoring results is available on request.
1.0 SITE DETAILS
Site name:
Abbots Wood
Location:
Grid reference:
Keynsham
ST645672, OS 1:50,000 Sheet No. 172
Area:
Designations:
8.14 hectares (20.11 acres)
Community Forest, Woods on your Doorstep
2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION
2.1 Summary Description
Abbots Wood lies within the Forest of Avon. It has an extensive network of rides and glades to
facilitate public access and take account of views. Look out for the large sculpture of an ammonite,
created by a local artist as a Millennium feature.
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Abbots Wood
2.2 Extended Description
Abbots wood lies within the Forest of Avon on the southern edge of Keynsham on level ground
bound by a large housing estate to the north, fields to the south and east and open access ground,
owned by the Local Authority, to the west. The boundary to the west is unmarked but follows the
edge of the tree line. More development is due to take place during the life of this plan period and at
the time of writing is actively underway in the fields to the east, with more due at a later date to the
west and south.
The site is generally flat with a very slight slope east to west. The soil is heavy clay which causes
most rain to flow as surface run-off rather than percolating into the ground. This means the site holds
water much longer after rain than may be expected.
The wood was planted as part of the Woods on your Doorstep project in 1994-6 with mixed native
broadleaves, part funded by the community forest and part under Forestry Commission grant on
former fields dominated by rank grassland. A small area of unimproved grassland separated from
the rest of the field by a low earth bank was left unplanted.
The site was developed in consultation with the local community and an extensive network of rides
and glades were created to facilitate public access and take account of views. There is a large
concrete sculpture of an ammonite, created by a local artist as the Millennium feature.
3.0 PUBLIC ACCESS INFORMATION
3.1 Getting there
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Abbots Wood
From Keynsham public access (kissing gate) is available from a public footpath off The Brambles,
this entrance is not clearly marked and is accessed via a narrow passage between a house and
associated garages.
Also available via the public footpath which enters the property from Parkhouse Lane on the south
boundary and runs north east, exiting the property at the east boundary. Also a right of access to the
public exists over adjoining land to the west from either the public highway, Charlton Road or via a
footpath from Holmoak Road which passes through a wide kissing gate.
Paths:
There are a number of permissive paths throughout the wood, which are all relatively flat and even
underfoot. The grass is cut regularly to maintain a low sward height for easier movement around the
site. There are no surfaced paths through the woodland, which is also prone to seasonal flooding in
many areas. Boardwalks have been constructed over wetter areas to facilitate access to more of the
site when wet.
Parking: There is no car park at the woodland. However there are local parking opportunities in the
housing estate on the northern boundary of the woodland.
Public Transport:
Train: The Train station (Keynsham) is located on Station Road which is at least a 20 minute walk
from the entrance to the wood. The entire route is paved with less able drop curbs throughout.
Bus: The area is serviced regularly by either ‘Abus’ or 'First' transport (every 30mins) on a circular
route terminating at either Bristol or Bath. The route number is 338 or 349 and detailed timetables
can be obtained from www.abus.co.uk (correct as of 21/1/2010). The nearest bus stop is located on
Cedar Walk approximately 200m from the northern entrance at the Brambles estate through the
housing estate.
Public amenities
The nearest toilets are located at the Ashton Way Public Car Park on Ashton Way road about
1.5miles from the site. Disabled toilet facilities are also available and operate on a RADAR key
basis. (BANES Area 01225 477534)
3.2 Access / Walks
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Abbots Wood
4.0 LONG TERM POLICY
The long term aim is to manage Abbots Wood as open access native broadleaved woodland with an
increasing diversity of structure as natural processes develop the woodland. The existing hedgerows
will be incorporated into the woodland with large trees maintained to their maximum lifespan and the
species of ground flora spreading across the site once conditions are suitable.
The site will be managed for high level, local public access with the network of paths and entrances
maintained. Rides and glades will be kept open for public enjoyment and for landscape reasons also
adding to the diversity of habitat.
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Abbots Wood
5.0 KEY FEATURES
The Key Features of the site are identified and described below. They encapsulate what is important
about the site. The short and long-term objectives are stated and any management necessary to
maintain and improve the Key Feature.
5.1 Local Woodland Habitat
Description
Native broadleaved woodland predominantly oak, ash, field maple and hazel with minor species and
shrubs, planted 1994-6. Willow and alder were planted in wet flushes. There are old hedges around
and within the site.Several particularly noticeable veteran oaks line the eastern boundary.
Significance
The Woodland Trust believes there should be a doubling of native woodland cover and the creation
of Abbots Wood helped to further this.
It is the only woodland in the locality. Together with the existing hedgerows, rides glades and
grassland the site provides a diverse habitat for more robust species.
Opportunities & Constraints
There is a high level of public access throughout the site which brings opportunities for public
engagement
Factors Causing Change
Long term Objective (50 years+)
An established mixed native broadleaved woodland with a network of rides and gladescombining to
form a site rich in wildlife.
Short term management Objectives for the plan period (5 years)
The short term objective is to continue the establishment of the trees toward the eventual goal of
mature woodland that is successfully integrating into, and complementing, existing habitats and
landscape.
Annually monitor the health of the trees taking action to remedy any threats found including invasive
non-native species. It is hoped that the local volunteers will be willing and able to undertake these
checks.
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Abbots Wood
5.2 Informal Public Access
Description
The whole site is open for public access and there is a network of paths and rides throughout the
site. Access is gained directly from the housing estate to the north, open access land to the west and
links to a public footpath to the south. The site is flat and easy to walk but becomes waterlogged and
muddy after rain which will deter some visitors.
The local residents have arranged numerous activities at the wood in recent years such as
Christmas Creations and Yarn Bombing. These have been popular and have captured the
imagination of others. School groups have also been involved mostly the nearby primary school who
regularly visit the site.
Significance
The Woodland Trust believes that everyone should have accessible woodland within walking
distance of their home and the creation of Abbots Wood help to achieve this aim.
The site is within the Forest of Avon boundary. It was incorporated into the Woods on Your Doorstep
(WOYD) project, where public access is a commitment and as such is important in achieving the
Trusts corporate aim of increasing public enjoyment.
Opportunities & Constraints
The local residents have shown interest in becoming more involved with the wood. Local school
groups have also been involved and the opportunity exists to further engage local residents in
projects at the wood.
The housing development on neighbouring land is likely to bring increased demand for recreation at
the woodland and brings opportunities to engage the new residents, but also risks from the pressure
of increased usage.
Factors Causing Change
The development of the surrounding land will bring increased pressure for public usage of the site
and existing infrastructure may be inadequate to cope with the demand
Long term Objective (50 years+)
The site is open for quiet informal recreation principally for the residents of the surrounding area,
with a network of paths appropriate to the level of use that link into the wider network of public rights
of way
Short term management Objectives for the plan period (5 years)
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Abbots Wood
Objective:
Easily accessible, attractive, safe and well-maintained woodland that a wide range of public
frequently enjoys. Entrances, facilities, boardwalks and the path network are maintained and
appropriate for the level and type of use.
Work Programme:
It is acknowledged that at the start of the plan an active group of volunteers help with site
maintenance with monthly visits to trim back overgrowing vegetation and conduct litter picks. The
Trust will support these volunteers as required.
In addition to this the Trust will also:
• Cut paths 3 times/year
• Annually check maintenance is suitable for level of use and if not devise a way to bring the
woodland paths up to a suitable condition. Also check annually the access pinch points and take
action to improve these as required. It is anticipated that this will include the stoning of gateways and
coppicing back ride edges.
• Regular litter picks are required due to the high levels of litter dropped by site users – this is despite
installation of council emptied bins.
• Cut back internal hedgerows where encroaching onto defined permissive paths every two years
If the housing development reaches the boundary of the wood in the plan period then the boundary
will need to be reworked including improved access points that are more user-friendly and
welcoming than the existing narrow kissing gate. Better signage to the woodland should be
considered at this time to help direct people to the woodland.
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Abbots Wood
6.0 WORK PROGRAMME
Year
Type of Work
2013 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
2013 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2013 WMM - Ride Management
2013 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2013 WMM - General Site Management
2014 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2014 WMM - General Site Management
2014 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
Description
Due By
To remove elements of damaged
boardwalk to retain visitor safety, stone
surface to provide suitable surface
along this section of path instead.
Thorough litter clearance throughout
site
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Cut all open grassland areas after the
16th of July
Thorough litter clearance throughout
site
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Trim top of boundary entire northern
boundary hedge cutting back to height
of 2m except remaining individual trees.
Trim woodland side as well at this time.
routine litter pick of site
30/04/13
Trim top of boundary entire northern
boundary hedge cutting back to height
of 2m except where indicated. Finish
reduction of hedge started in 2013 by
completing section behind houses. At
this time also strim blackthorn suckers
and regrowth coming out from hedge
Provisional sum for path cutting if the
council cease their path cutting of our
site. This sum will cover three cuts
across the year
31/01/14
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30/06/13
30/09/13
08/11/13
30/11/13
31/01/14
31/05/14
Abbots Wood
2014 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
2014 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2014 WMM - Ride Management
2014 WMM - General Site Management
Cut back all overhanging and
encroaching vegetation along the path
network that reduces access to under
3m. Remove all cut material from path
and leave neatly inside woodland area.
Volunteers have undertaken this work
through 2013 and it is hoped will still
deliver in 2014
Thorough litter clearance throughout
site
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Cut all open grassland areas after the
16th of July
Cutting back of all hedges along
boundary behind Holly Walk and Oak
Tree Walk.
Details as per Matt Peaster's quotation
below. Picture numbers relate to those
attached to the email of 30/9/14.
30/06/14
30/06/14
16/08/14
17/10/14
A-B generally low (some cutting here
earlier in the year). A couple of small
bushes over hedge height, one at left
end quite big, suggest leaving. See Pic
1
C-D mature hedge with Ash and elm
trees. See Pic 2, 3. Also very wide,
suggest just cutting 'hedge' species and
leaving trees
E-F Thick and wide, mainly blackthorn.
Suggest cutting to hedge height. Pic 4
G-H maintained at 7ft, mature ash tree
to leave.
2014 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
2015 AW - Visitor Access Infrastructure
2015 LC - Routine Litter Picks
Method: tractor and flail first then use a
team with chainsaws and polesaw with
chipper to reduce 'hedge' (leaving
trees) to 6ft.
Repair kissing gate post and rail
31/10/14
Install new kissing gate in NE corner of 27/02/15
site (public footpath entrance)
routine litter pick of site
28/02/15
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Abbots Wood
2015 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
2015 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
2015 AW - Visitor Access Maintenance
2015 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2015 WMM - Ride Management
2016 WMM - General Site Management
2016 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2016 LC - Routine Litter Picks
Provisional sum for path cutting if the
council cease their path cutting of our
site. This sum will cover three cuts
across the year
Cut back all overhanging and
encroaching vegetation along the path
network that reduces access to under
3m. Remove all cut material from path
and leave neatly inside woodland area.
Volunteers have undertaken this work
through 2013 and it is hoped will still
deliver in 2014
Cut back all overhanging and
encroaching vegetation along the path
network that reduces access to under
3m. Remove all cut material from path
and leave neatly inside woodland area.
Volunteers have undertaken this work
through 2013 and it is hoped will still
deliver in 2014
Thorough litter clearance throughout
site
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Cut all open grassland areas after the
16th of July
Trim top of boundary entire northern
boundary hedge cutting back to height
of 2m except where indicated. At this
time also strim blackthorn suckers and
regrowth coming out from hedge
Thorough litter clearance throughout
before trees come into leaf and obscure
some areas.
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Thorough litter clearance throughout
site
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
14
31/05/15
30/06/15
30/06/15
30/06/15
16/08/15
31/01/16
31/03/16
30/06/16
Abbots Wood
2016 WMM - Ride Management
2017 WMM - General Site Management
2017 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2017 LC - Routine Litter Picks
2017 WMM - Ride Management
2018 WMM - General Site Management
2018 LC - Routine Litter Picks
Cut all open grassland areas after the
16th of July
Trim top of boundary entire northern
boundary hedge cutting back to height
of 2m except where indicated. At this
time also strim blackthorn suckers and
regrowth coming out from hedge
Thorough litter clearance throughout
before trees come into leaf and obscure
some areas.
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Thorough litter clearance throughout
site
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
Cut all open grassland areas after the
16th of July
Trim top of boundary entire northern
boundary hedge cutting back to height
of 2m except where indicated. At this
time also strim blackthorn suckers and
regrowth coming out from hedge
Thorough litter clearance throughout
before trees come into leaf and obscure
some areas.
Remove any signs of misuse including
fire sites or camps.
Include any dumped garden waste at
the Bramble entrance.
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16/08/16
31/01/17
31/03/17
30/06/17
16/08/17
31/01/18
31/03/18
Abbots Wood
APPENDIX 1: COMPARTMENT DESCRIPTIONS
Cpt
No.
Area
(ha)
Main
Year
Species
Management
Regime
Major
Management
Constraints
Key Features
Present
Designations
1a
7.90 Mixed
1995 High forest
Informal Public Community
native
Access, Local Forest
broadlea
Woodland
ves
Habitat
Young mixed broadleaved woodland planted 1994-6. Oak and ash with wild cherry, birch,
hornbeam, field maple, willow, hazel and wild fruit trees planted in irregular sized and shaped
groups, with woody shrubs planted around the edges. The trees are now established with a closed
canopy and natural processes are beginning to thin out weaker trees. Some vandalism has occured
to the trees but overall the woodland is healthy. Approx 0.8 ha is open space associated with a
network of grassy rides and glades throughout. Bluebells were planted by volunteers in 2008 which
are slowly spreading under the tree canopy. Other plants establishing under the tree canopy include
wild chives and celandines. There are two small ephemeral ponds, one in the NW corner which
does not hold water and slowly drains; the other in the trees to the north-east of the wood which is
supplied by run off from the field.
1b
0.20
1995 Non-wood
habitat
Informal Public Community
Access, Local Forest
Woodland
Habitat
A small strip of unimproved damp neutral grassland which at the time of acquisition supported hard
rush, false fox sedge, bird's foot trefoil, black knapweed, devil's bit Scabious and creeping jenny.
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Abbots Wood
Appendix 2: Harvesting operations (20 years)
Forecast
Year
Cpt
2015
1a
Operation Type
Thin
17
Work Area
(ha)
Estimated
vol/ha
Estimated total
vol.
4.00
0
0
Abbots Wood
GLOSSARY
Ancient Woodland
Ancient woods are defined as those where there has been continuous woodland cover since at least
1600 AD. In Scotland ancient woods are defined strictly as sites shown as semi-natural woodland
on the ‘Roy’ maps (a military survey carried out in 1750 AD, which is the best source of historical
map evidence) and as woodland all subsequent maps. However, they have been combined with
long-established woods of semi-natural origin (originating from between 1750 and 1860) into a
single category of Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland to take account of uncertainties in their
identification. Ancient woods include Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland and plantations on Ancient
Woodland Sites (see below). May support many species that are only found in ancient woodland.
Ancient Semi - Natural Woodland
Stands in ancient woods defined as those consisting predominantly of native trees and shrubs that
have not obviously been planted, which have arisen from natural regeneration or coppice regrowth.
Ancient Woodland Site
Stands in ancient woods that have been converted to plantations, of coniferous, broadleaved or
mixed species, usually for timber production, including plantations of native species planted so
closely together that any semi-natural elements of the understorey have been suppressed.
Beating Up
Replacing any newly planted trees that have died in the first few years after planting.
Broadleaf
A tree having broad leaves (such as oak) rather than needles found on conifers (such as Scots
pine).
Canopy
The uppermost layer of vegetation in a woodland, or the upper foliage and branches of an individual
tree.
Clearfell
Felling of all trees within a defined area.
Compartment
Permanent management division of a woodland, usually defined on site by permanent features such
as roads. See Sub-compartments.
Conifer
A tree having needles, rather than broadleaves, and typically bearing cones.
Continuous Cover forestry
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Abbots Wood
A term used for managing woods to ensure that there are groups or individual trees of different
ages scattered over the whole wood and that some mature tree cover is always maintained.
Management is by repeated thinning and no large areas are ever completely felled all at once.
Coppice
Trees which are cut back to ground levels at regular intervals (3-25 years).
Exotic (non-native) Species
Species originating from other countries (or other parts of the UK) that have been introduced by
humans, deliberately or accidentally.
Field Layer
Layer of small, non-woody herbaceous plants such as bluebells.
Group Fell
The felling of a small group of trees, often to promote natural regeneration or allow planting.
Long Term Retention
Discrete groups of trees (or in some cases single trees) that are retained significantly past their
economic felling age. Operations may still be carried out within them and thinning is often necessary
to maintain stability.
Minimum Intervention
Areas where no operations (such as thinning) will take place other than to protect public safety or
possibly to control invasive exotic species.
Mixed Woodland
Woodland made up of broadleaved and coniferous trees.
National vegetation classification (NVC)
A classification scheme that allows an area of vegetation to be assigned to the standardised type
that best matches the combination of plant species that it contains. All woodlands in the UK can be
described as being one of 18 main woodland types (W1 - W18), which principally reflect soil and
climatic conditions. For example, Upland Oakwoods are type W11, and normally occur on well
drained infertile soils in the cooler and wetter north and west of Britain. Each main type can be
subdivided into numerous subtypes. Most real woods contain more than one type or sub-type and
inevitably some woods are intermediate in character and can't be properly described by any sub
type.
Native Species
Species that arrived in Britain without human assistance.
Natural Regeneration
Naturally grown trees from seeds falling from mature trees. Also regeneration from coppicing and
suckering.
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Abbots Wood
Origin & Provenance
The provenance of a tree or seed is the place where seed was collected to grow the tree or plant.
The origin is the geographical location within the natural range of a species from where seeds/tree
originally derives. Thus an acorn collected from a Turkey oak in Edinburgh would have an Edinburgh
provenance and a southern European origin.
Re-Stocking
Re-planting an area of woodland, after it has been felled.
Shrub Layer
Formed by woody plants 1-10m tall.
Silviculture
The growing and care of trees in woodlands.
Stand
Trees of one type or species, grouped together within a woodland.
Sub-Compartment
Temporary management division of a compartment, which may change between management plan
periods.
Thinning
The felling of a proportion of individual trees within a given area. The remaining trees grow to fill in
the space created.
Tubex or Grow or Tuley Tubes
Tubes placed over newly planted trees or natural regeneration that promote growth and provide
protection from animals such as rabbits and deer.
Weeding
The control of vegetation immediately around newly planted trees or natural regeneration to promote
tree growth until they become established. Either by hand cutting or with carefully selected weed
killers such as glyphosate.
Windblow/Windthrow
Trees or groups of trees blown over (usually uprooted) by strong winds and gales.
The Woodland Trust, Kempton Way, Grantham, Lincolnshire NG31 6LL.
The Woodland Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales no. 294344 and in Scotland no. SC038885.
A non-profit making company limited by guarantee. Registered in England no. 1982873. The Woodland Trust logo is a
registered trademark.
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