AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION
2015 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty ltd Inspection, Corrosion, Materials, Failure Analysis, RBI, NDT and Integrity. Vessel Equipment & Piping Life-cycle Specialists, Inspectors and Certification Engineers. John fletcher RPEQ MSc CPEng IntPE Managing Director AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION 3/3/2015 1 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Main Office AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 Head of Engineering John Fletcher on 0413969776 [email protected] Hello from myself (John Fletcher) and the whole team. Dear Reader, May I firstly say hello from our team to you, and secondly thankyou, as I do appreciate you taking the time out of your busy day to read our brochure. Please send comments / questions to my email on [email protected] or ring on 0413 969 776. or use the contact message system at the bottom of every page on the website. www.auzpec.com Anyway what do we do? In straight forward terms I would explain what we do as: We care for your Pressure Equipment from cradle to grave We work safely, efficiently and at the right price. What we are We are plain and simple to use and do business with. We can work fixed price projects. We are polite and genuine at all times. An agile, flexible customer focussed company. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 2 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Services to Industry 1st Year Vessel inspections Advanced NDT Aerial Inspection (UAV) Asset Management Corrosion Engineering Corrosion Monitoring Destructive testing Failure analysis Fitness for Service Hardness testing Inspection Engineering Inspection Planning Inspectors and Engineers Integrity Engineering Laboratory Immersion / Corrosion Testing Materials Engineering Mechanical testing Lab Non Destructive testing (NDT) Non-Intrusive Inspection Phased Array Pre Commissioning Pressure Equipment PSV testing & Overhaul QA/QC Radiography RBI Failure Modes analysis Risk based inspection (RBI) Tensile testing 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 3 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Contents HSSE tenets of operation ............................................................................................................... 4 Our Team ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Business Ethics & Morals ............................................................................................................. 13 What is Risk Based Inspection, Introduction: .......................................................................... 14 Failure Modes and Damage Mechanisms in RBI analysis ..................................................... 15 Probability or likelihood of failure RBI ........................................................................................ 17 The Consequence of failure ......................................................................................................... 19 RBI Inspection Confidence ........................................................................................................... 21 What is Corrosion ........................................................................................................................... 22 Rotating............................................................................................................................................. 23 Fitness for service FFS.................................................................................................................. 25 Materials Engineering and testing ............................................................................................... 28 Mobile PSV testing & Overhaul .................................................................................................... 29 Failure Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 30 What is Physical Asset Management? ....................................................................................... 33 Pressure Vessel and AS3788 ....................................................................................................... 34 Pressure Piping ............................................................................................................................... 35 1st In Service Inspection............................................................................................................... 37 Aerial inspection ............................................................................................................................. 38 Non-intrusive Inspection .............................................................................................................. 39 Non Destructive Testing ................................................................................................................ 40 Advance NDT techniques ............................................................................................................. 41 Mechanical Testing ........................................................................................................................ 42 ASTM G31-72 Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. ................................... 49 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 4 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd HSSE tenets of operation Are as follows: All safety incidents are preventable We believe that the safety of our workforce takes precedence over all other business objectives. Fundamental to our business success is a safe and secure working environment. We seek to protect from harm our personnel, physical assets, community and the environment. Auzpec is committed to protecting and maintaining the Health and wellbeing of its workforce. Safety is our priority our goal is zero injuries. While our workforce takes every precaution practicable to prevent incidents in our workplaces, we have Security and Emergency Management processes in place to minimise harm if they do occur. We are committed to minimising the Environmental impact of our activities. We believe in going beyond compliance to meet, or exceed, international best practice. We are visible leaders and always demonstrate a genuine commitment to HSSE. We keep our team safe and prevent pollution of the environment by identifying, assessing and controlling risks. We set clear HSSE goals, objectives, expectations and targets to deliver our business plans safely. We carefully select and train our team (including Sub Contractors & Suppliers) so that they are able to perform their work safely. We keep our team informed and ensure team members are consulted on any HSSE matters that might affect them. We work with our team (Contractors & Suppliers) to manage workplace risks. We plan ahead and develop capabilities to deal with emergencies, should they occur. We recognise and control business changes that could impact HSSE. We monitor our HSSE performance and always seek improvements. We learn from incidents and take the necessary actions so that they don’t happen again. We regularly check to ensure all of our HSSE expectations and obligations are met We regularly review our HSSE performance and make adjustments in support of our goal of zero injuries. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 5 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Our Team Head of Engineering John D Fletcher Mobile 0413969776 Mr John D Fletcher received a National Diploma (HNC) in Metallurgy from what is now known as Teesside University. He then went on to study at Imperial College, University of London in the Royal School of Mines for a Master’s degree in Corrosion of Engineering Materials. His thesis studied the use of Electrochemical Noise as a useful continuous monitoring technique for sulphuric acid plants. He worked with Imperial chemicals Industries for 22 years ending up as a Senior Scientist at ICI at the Wilton research centre which is now known as Wilton International. After working in the Oil and Gas Industries Aberdeen John then emigrated to Australia in 2001 to Brisbane working with Chevron's Caltex Refinery in Lytton before setting up his own engineering consultancy firm working mostly within the oil and gas firms such as BG, Santos and Origin Energy in the new Multi Billion Coal Seam Gas installations. Along the way John became a Professional member of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) and qualified as a Charted Engineer CEng and an International Professional Engineer with the Engineering Council in the UK. He is also a Professional member of the Institute of Corrosion UK. In Australia and New Zealand John is a register Professional Engineer CPEng with the Institute of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) which is a Kindred Body to the IOM3. John is registered as a professional engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) and has been recognised as such by the qualifications and competencies of an engineer under the Board of Professional Engineers of Queensland administers the Queensland Professional Engineers Act 2002 (The Act). 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 6 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Head of Advance NDT Peter Grealy Mobile 0418158952 Peter has over over 30 years extensive QA and QC experience in the Oil and Gas, Chemical Process, Power Generation and Mining Industries in Australia and overseas. During this time Peter has gained technical and management experience working on numerous large-scale construction and maintenance projects from procurement through to the commissioning and operations phases. His key strengths are as an expert in the Non-destructive testing industry His excellent knowledge and understanding of Australian and international standards, processes, procedures and accountability measures Highly experienced in heavy steel Fabrication ,Erection and Welding Extensive experience in installation , commissioning and maintenance of rotating/ mechanical equipment Material and equipment failure analysis His extensive experience and expertise in critiquing and writing reports, including notification reports, inspection and testing reports, procedures and audit reports Analytical, orderly and objective approach to managing tasks Self-directed and experienced in leading and working in a team environment has made him a well-respected professional in his field of advanced NDT. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 7 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Associates Dr Tony Healy Senior Associate of Auzpec and Director at JAHCon Dr. JA (Tony) Healy, Eng, MEngSc, BSc, MSc, PhD RPEQ Tony is a Mechanical Engineer with a wide range of practical, business, consulting and academic experience. Tony’s employment background was primarily in the paper and motor vehicle industries as well as consulting experience in mining, power generation, pharmaceutical, chemical manufacturing, petrochemical, water treatment and other industries. Tony is based in Brisbane and offers Asset Management services to clients throughout Australia and New Zealand. Prior to setting up We Physical Asset Management Pty. Ltd. Tony worked as an Asset Management Consultant and before that ran his own maintenance consulting company in Europe specialising in Asset Management, Maintenance systems and Training. Before moving to Europe he was the Engineering Manager for one of the largest integrated paper & packaging companies in the world. Tony is active in developing Quantitative risk assessments, Maintenance systems, Technical obsolescence assessments, Asset condition assessments, Condition monitoring and NDT programs as well as FMEA studies, Root Cause Analysis etc. across a range of industries including Water treatment, Chemical manufacture, Hydroelectricity, Petrochem, Gas Turbine generation, Geothermal energy generation and Coal Wash plants. Tony has a PhD in Maintenance Engineering from QUT and a Masters degree in applied Condition Monitoring and NDT. Tony has been living and working in Australia for almost 30 years. EXPERIENCE In his previous roles Tony has carried out the following major consulting jobs amongst others. • Maintenance systems audits. • Maintenance system development. • Asset based Risk assessments. • Condition monitoring program development. • Asset Condition Assessment. • Technical Obsolescence Assessment. • FMEA analysis. • RCA. • Course based training. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 8 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd QUALIFICATIONS • PhD (Maintenance Engineering) • Master of Engineering Science (Condition Monitoring/NDT) • Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical). • Certificate in Training and Development (FÁS, Ireland) • Advanced Certificate in Management Skills • Trade (Motor Mechanic) PROFESSIONAL Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland – RPEQ 4891 Queensland coal - surface safety induction course 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 9 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Tony Watson Senior Associate of Auzpec and Director at Spectrum Performance Tony has extensive experience in assisting clients with all aspects of Asset Management, Maintenance Strategy, Reliability Centred Maintenance and PM Optimisation, Maintenance Planning and Scheduling Development, Auditing Processes, Document Systems Development and specialised training. Tony is experienced in working with all levels of business - from shop floor staff to executive management and brings 25 years of industry experience and knowledge to his clients. Tony demonstrates an extensive understanding of and experience in the use of many CMMS operating systems including SAP, Maximo, JDE and Oracle. He has the ability to learn systems quickly, and can apply his systems knowledge to a range of operating environments as well as deliver in house specialised training. Tony has worked with many of Australia's top 100 listed companies (including international clients) ensuring you are working with a consultant who possesses the suitable experience and the right mix of operational exposure to the CSG (Coal Seam Gas), Coal, Iron Ore, Gold, Steel, FMCG, Oil and Gas industries. Tony possesses a number of qualifications that include: Six Sigma Black Belt (University of NSW) 2006 Associate Diploma in Business Management (University of Ballarat) 2007 Advanced Certificate in Electrical Engineering (Computer Technology) (NSW TAFE) 1992 Electrical Trade Certificate (NSW TAFE) 1987 Tony demonstrates a considered, analytical and strategic approach to his clients and is confident to work with and within all levels of business. Tony demonstrates a wealth of valuable experience in a multitude of industries and process environments and is passionate about using his knowledge and experience to help clients develop successful stories with their challenges, growth and projects. To discuss your requirements call Tony directly on 0411 448462 or email [email protected] Sue Vance: Admin and QA manager 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 10 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Sue keeps the wheels moving and is our Lady of the Filing cabinet. She has a lovely manner and superb skills set from her experienced as a healthcare professional. With a background in teaching, training and assessment record within dentistry and experience in the Fitness Industry has provided her with the knowledge and the ability to offer encouragement and support for staff at all levels to meet the expanding demands and duties of their profession and for clients to meet their short and long term fitness goals and improve and maintain their quality of life. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 11 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Gunnar Sjoberg AICIP Inspector and Senior Associate of Auzpec and Director of NORDIC Inspection Pty Ltd Gunnar has over 30 years’ experience in the pressure equipment maintenance and fabrication industry, servicing the oil & gas, power and general industries Australia wide - on & off shore. His aim is to provide a professional and reliable service, sound advice and cost effective solutions in regards to safety, integrity and reliability of pressure equipment. He is AICIP certified and carries out his inspection processes in accordance with AS3788-2006, and the assessment of results is based on State Act & Regulations and applicable Standards (Australian, American and European). He holds Professional Indemnity and Public Liability Insurance, and operates a quality system based on AS 17020. In-Service Pressure Equipment Inspector, In-Service Inspection Coordinator and Supervisor. He also carries out third party Quality Audits. (Fabrication and/or Repair to Pressure Equipment). [email protected] 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 12 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Alex Seizovic Productivity and Operations Management Consultant, FAIEAust EngExec and Senior Associate of Auzpec and Omega Productivity Consultancy Diverse experience in organisational management, business improvements, governance, compliance in production. Knowledgable and experienced in the areas of company and commercial law, industrial property law and common law, clean energy law and comparative corporate governance. Practical experience gained in plant reliability, maintenance management, operations, logistics and supply chain. Working knowledge and experience in operational excellence, integrated operations and asset economics. • An experienced, focussed and resilient executive with solid business acumen across value management, management accounting, resource management, front line management, economics and financial analysis • A confident, inclusive and enthusiastic transformational leader with an MBA, who utilises exceptional written and oral communication skills that cultivates relationships and influences others • A committed business and engineering manager, who is able to meet operational imperatives by proactively monitoring organisational performance whilst handling multiple demands and competing priorities. • A meticulous maintenance and reliability engineer with experience across plant reliability, maintenance management, operations, production, logistics and supply chain management Email: [email protected] 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 13 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Business Ethics & Morals We at AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd are fully committed to the principles of open, honest and respectful business conduct. Wikipedia states that business ethics and morals as “Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.” We at AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION (Auzpec) take this issue seriously, I am sure we have all seen and been in previous organisations where such statements were not true and where your personal beliefs on such matters where not respected. It is therefore our intention to make a “plain English” commitment to our customers regarding the way in which we will do business with you and the way in which we expect to be treat, with mutual respect and dignity. In Australia federal and state laws protects you, your business and your customers from unfair trading practices. These laws, together with industry codes of practice, help to ensure that your business operates fairly and competitively and that all consumers are adequately informed and protected. At Auzpec we comply to these standards at all times. At Auzpec we aim for the highest standards in our dealings with customers. We: • Are courteous and polite at all times. • Answer any questions honestly and to the best of their knowledge. • Do not avoid the truth and do not mislead. • Always respect our and your right to end the conversation at any time. • Are fully trained and competent. • Can provide an explanation regarding our procedures for handling complaints • Are committed to offering you the highest quality of service. • All our personnel are trained to provide a high standard • That our company literature is accurate and clearly written. • Will never make you feel misled or push you into a contract with us. This Code of Practice is our promise that: • We rigorously select and train all our staff to the highest standards. • We help you understand all about our products and services by providing information in plain English. • We ensure you are protected from mis-selling, whatever your circumstances. If we fail to meet our obligations in this Code of Practice, we will deal with matters quickly and sympathetically; we always apologise and correct any mistakes quickly. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 14 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd What is Risk Based Inspection, Introduction. First let’s consider the term risk which may have many meanings from the subjective guess to the exact formula, some say it’s a gamble, many dictionaries see it as the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or a loss) may happen, or that someone or something may cause the unpleasant to happen, Many see risk as a balance between the potential of losing something of value, weighed against the potential to gain something of value resulting from a given action. Risk can also be defined as the intentional interaction with uncertainty. In fact the International Risk Management Standard ISO 31000 defines risk as the “effect of uncertainty on objectives” We consider risk a function of the probability or likelihood of an event occurring along with the consequences or the outcome of that event. These risks are generally complex to fully understand, due to interactions of human factors and numerous technical variables regarding probability analysis Prevention or mitigation of risk for a major hazard may mean either preventing an incident or providing an adequate distance between the incident and for example the public. However, the applications of the two approaches are much wider. Mitigation, for example, may include financial compensation as in insurance. An effective means of understanding complex technological systems, and also natural hazards, is to order or rank your priorities. Risk mitigation may prevent us from taking reckless or uncalculated risks or it may just mean that we cover the financial loss. Risk mitigation and prevention therefore may affect both consequence and likelihood or probability of failure. If we virtually eliminate the likelihood the risk reduces but it may still be there. If we reduce the risk to as low as practicable then we are accepting the risk. If we change from storing petrol to storing water then we have reduced the consequence of a spill. But in practical terms this may prove to be a very difficult challenge. So what kind of risks are we talking about here, well disasters such as the 1988 UK Piper Alpha North Sea platform or the Ukraine Chernobyl Nuclear plant disaster and more recently the Japanese Fukushima nuclear accident on the 11th March 2011 show us that we must design, build and operate equipment safely otherwise the loss of life and damage to the environment is huge. Inspection at all stages of the equipment’s life is vital but none more so than during its operational life. With that in mind therefore in 1993, 21 petroleum and petrochemical companies initialised a project for the development of a riskbased inspection methodology for application in downstream refining and petrochemical industry. They realised that risk was a term with a multitude of meanings ranging from the subjective to the mathematically exact, but which, invariably applied to 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 15 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd failure or loss of functionality and considered the probability of failure or malfunction, and its consequences. They appreciated that there are a number of methods in which to analyse and rank relative risk and then formulate a plan to mitigate or inspect those risks to. This became known as risk based inspection. The project lead directly to the American petroleum standard known as API 580 and 581. API 580 outlines the conceptual approaches and necessary elements which may be included in an RBI analysis. As such it is inclusive of several approaches to RBI available from numerous sources. Whereas API 581 outlines the specific RBI methodology developed by the API RBI sponsor group. As such it is one API acceptable method in which to approach RBI that would be acceptable relative to API 580 They approach risk from either a Qualitative or Expert Judgment, Semiquantitative (Rule Based Analysis) and Quantitative (Probabilistic, Statistical, Mathematical Modelling) or continuum or mixture therein. Failure Modes and Damage Mechanisms in RBI analysis API 580 recommended practice (RP) provides information on using risk analysis to develop an effective inspection plan. Inspection planning is a systematic process that begins with identification of facilities or equipment and culminates in an inspection plan. It provides a system whereby the probability (Likelihood) of failure and the consequence of failure (COF) are evaluated by considering all credible damage mechanisms that could be expected to affect the facilities or equipment. In addition, failure scenarios based on each credible damage mechanism are developed and considered. Risk Based Inspection is used to examine equipment such as pressure vessels, heat exchangers and piping in industrial plants. The damage mechanisms and failure modes of pressure boundary metallic components are a fundamental part of the RBI analysis. Damage mechanisms in the hydrocarbon process industry are addressed in API 571. ASME PCC-3 also which has some useful information and appendices on damage mechanisms. It is recommended that a person with knowledge in materials and corrosion that should be involved in the process. We at Auzpec have this knowledge. Damage mechanisms include corrosion, cracking, mechanical and metallurgical damage. Understanding damage mechanisms is important for: The analysis of the POF Probability of failure (likelihood of failure) The selection of appropriate inspection intervals/due dates, locations and techniques; 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 16 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd The ability to make decisions (e.g. modifications to process, materials selection, monitoring, etc.) that can eliminate or reduce the probability of a specific damage mechanism. Failure modes identify how the damaged component will fail (e.g. by leakage or by rupture). Understanding failure modes is important for three reasons: The analysis of the COF, Consequence of failure The ability to make run-or-repair decisions, The selection of repair techniques. It is recommended that the RBI team should consult with a corrosion specialist to define the equipment damage mechanisms, damage modes (optional), and potential failure modes. Our approach is as follows. Identify the internal and external operating and environmental conditions, age, design and operational loading. Data used and assumptions made should be validated and documented. Deterioration or degradation is sometimes used as a synonym for damage. However, damage mechanism is used throughout this document for consistency. Process conditions as well as anticipated process changes should be considered. Identifying trace constituents (ppm) in addition to the primary constituents in a process can be very important as trace constituents can have a significant effect on the damage mechanisms. Considering the materials, methods and details of fabrication, develop a list of the credible damage mechanisms that may have been present in past operation, be presently active, or may become active. Under certain circumstances it may be preferable to list a specific damage mechanism and then list the various damage modes or ways that the damage mechanism may manifest itself. For example, general corrosion could result in a large burst while localized corrosion might be more likely to result in a pinhole type leak. All credible failure modes for each damage mechanism or damage mode should be considered. Note it is possible to have two or more damage mechanisms at work on the same piece of equipment or piping component at the same time. An example of this could be stress corrosion cracking in combination with generalized or localized corrosion (thinning or pitting). At Auzpec we have RPEQ CPEng and CEng Engineers and AICIP Inspectors who can help with this issue. We have NACE qualified Senior Technologists with 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 17 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd vast experience of Risk Based Inspection. We have experience in Meridium, Capstone and Tischuk RBI systems. We can. Nominate corrosion circuits. Assign Damage mechanism Assign Probabilities of failure Assign Consequences of failure Calculate Risk Criticality Probability or likelihood of failure RBI Iso 31000 the international risk standard states that In risk management terminology, the word “likelihood” is used to refer to the chance of something happening,whether defined, measured or determined objectively or subjectively, qualitatively or quantitatively, and described using general terms or mathematically (such as a probability or a frequency over a given time period). It also notes that the English term “likelihood” does not have a direct equivalent in some languages; instead, the equivalent term “probability” is often used. However, in English, “probability” is often narrowly interpreted as a mathematical term. Therefore, in risk management terminology, “likelihood” is used with the intent that it should have the same broad interpretation as the term “probability” has in many languages other than English. Therefore the terms probability and likelihood in our sense are seen as equivalent terms when associated with failure. The European RBI approach namely RIMAP, describes a methodology for the probability or likelihood of failure assessment, which can be either used alone, or alternatively combined with established methods. It goes on to state that whatever we call it the assessment method should be verified / benchmarked against a recognized (established) methodology, which is generally being used, accepted and referred to in the open literature. The American Petroleum Institute and its recommended practice api580 That probability analysis in context of an RBI program is performed to estimate the probability of a specific adverse consequence resulting from a loss of containment that occurs due to a damage mechanism or mechanisms. The probability that a specific consequence will occur is the product of the probability or PoF and that the probability of the scenario under consideration assuming that the failure has occurred. The POF analysis should address all damage mechanisms to which the equipment being studied is or can be susceptible. Further, it should address the situation where equipment is or can be susceptible to multiple damage 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 18 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd mechanisms (e.g. thinning and creep). The analysis should be credible, repeatable and documented. It should be noted that damage mechanisms are not the only causes of loss of containment. Other causes of loss of containment could include but are not limited to: seismic activity, weather extremes, overpressure due to pressure-relief device failure, operator error, inadvertent substitution of materials of construction, design error, sabotage. These and other causes of loss of containment may have an impact on the POF and may be (but typically are not) included in the POF analysis for RBI. RIMAP requirements for performing PoF analysis is that it should be generally acceptable, verifiable and benchmarked against a recognized established methodology and that it should be conservative especially for simplified approaches, The input data, the final results and analysis procedure should be documented and available to audit via a peer review process. A multi-level approach ranging from the qualitative through to the quantitative for example screening to detailed may be used depending on the requirements. It should follow a written procedure in a structured manner with well-defined boundaries. The PoF rating should show the highest individual failure mechanism probability which should not be averaged and that any additional aspects are considered. PoF analysis should be carried out in such a way to cover, all active damage mechanisms, realistic or best estimate damage rates, the past and future effectiveness of the inspection program required. It should include the confidence level in the damage rate, the effectiveness of the inspection program in improving the confidence level in the damage rate and Identify any level of damage that will exceed the damage tolerance of the equipment and result in failure. It should also analyse the possible interaction or synergistic effects for all damage mechanisms. and determine the interval for the next inspection. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 19 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd The Consequence of failure Risk is often characterized by reference to the potential or likelihood of an event and the consequences of that event. A dictionary definition of consequence maybe, “what comes by causation or follows from logic, as a result from one’s choice or act”. Any event however can lead to a range of consequences. A consequence can be certain or uncertain and can have positive or negative effects on objectives. It can be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively and may escalate through knock-on effects. Iso-31000 the international Risk standard states that risk analysis involves consideration of the causes and sources of risk and the likelihood that those consequences can occur. An event can have multiple consequences and can affect multiple objectives therefore existing controls and their effectiveness and efficiency should also be taken into account. Consequence can be expressed in terms of tangible and intangible impacts. In some cases, more than one numerical value or descriptor is required to specify consequences and their likelihood for different times, places, groups or situations. Risk identification should therefore include examination of the knock-on effects of particular failures including cascade and cumulative effects. Note that an event without consequences can also known as a “near miss”, “incident”, or “close call”. The American Petroleum Institute analyse RBI consequence by studying the release of hazardous fluid which are estimated in seven distinct steps. By determining representative fluid and its properties, selecting a set of hole sizes for the escape of the fluids estimating the total amount of fluid available for release and its potential release rate, defining the type of release and hence the model the dispersion of the final phase of the fluid, i.e., a liquid or a gas. It goes on to study the effect of the post-leak response and determines the area potentially affected by the release, relative cost of the leak, due to downtime and environmental clean-up. API 580 uses both qualitative and quantitative consequences of failure analysis and includes flammable events (fire and explosion), toxic releases, releases of other hazardous fluids, environmental consequences, production consequences (business interruption), maintenance and reconstruction impact. RIMAP the European based RBI document states that consequence of failure should be determined separately for the four elements, namely, safety, health, environment and business, and the overall consequence determined by the highest rating. The document recognises that different classifications need to be balanced so that one aspect does not dominate the risk assessment. However it should be noted that depending on how this balance is determined, a high business consequence may take priority over a medium health or safety consequence. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 20 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd The document does however consider humans within or outside the plant’s area, for such factors as safety Health Environmental and business failure. It also considers that a satisfactory consequence assessment may require the definition of a number of scenarios, e.g. small leak, large leak, full rupture and characterisation of mitigating systems such as water curtains, detection, warning systems and monitoring which is similar to the API method. In fact the European RIMAP is considered compatible with other approaches as the overall approach is as per API or ASME and is intended broadly for similar purposes. Note however, while the principles are largely similar, the user is warned against expecting identical results. There are differences in detail that may result in significant differences when using different approaches on the same plant, case or system. For example, unlike most other known approaches, RIMAP is designed to be industry independent and provides seamless transfer between different levels of analysis (ranging from screening to detailed). 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 21 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd RBI Inspection Confidence During risk based inspection analysis API 580 recommends that you should contemplate a number of factors when considering the difference between precision and accuracy of your risk analysis. Whilst the precision is a function of the computational method and metrics used. The accuracy of the analysis is a function of the methodology and the quantity and quality of the data available plus its consistent application of rating the inspection effectiveness, this is critical to accomplish a credible, effective and sustainable RBI program. One word of warning here is regarding the accuracy and precision with respect to quantitative versus qualitative risk analysis methods and the implied precision and accuracy of quantitative compared to say a qualitative risk matrix analysis may in reality not exist, this is due to the element of uncertainty that is inherent with the analysis of probabilities and consequences. However when analysing for risk, one should really consider the basis for the predicted damage and rates and the level of confidence we have in the inspection data and the technique used. In practice, there are often many factors that will affect the estimate of damage rate as well as the magnitude of a failure that cannot be fully taken into account with a fixed model. API581 therefore advise the beneficial use of both quantitative and qualitative methods in a complementary fashion to produce the most effective and efficient assessment Quantitative analysis uses logic models to calculate probabilities and consequences of failure. These logic models are then used to characterize materials damage to equipment and to determine the consequences of failure. These logic models however can have significant variability and may introduce error and inaccuracy which impact the quality of the risk assessment. These models must be validated carefully by expert judgment. The accuracy of any type of RBI analysis depends on using a sound methodology, quality data, and knowledgeable personnel and is important to any type of RBI methodology selected for application. Inspection quality reflects the repeatability of the inspection process in terms of equipment access, instruments, operator, environment and process. API RP 581 RISK-BASED INSPECTION TECHNOLOGY Table 4.3 – Outlines its approach to Inspection Effectiveness Categories. It states that Highly Effective inspection methods will correctly identify the true damage state in nearly every 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 22 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd case with a 80–100% confidence. Usually Effective inspection methods are considered to be 60–80% confident they can spot the damage. Fairly Effective 40–60% and Poorly Effective only 20–40% . Ineffective inspection confidence is when the method will provide no or almost no information that will correctly identify the true damage state and are considered ineffective for detecting the specific damage mechanism (less than 20% confidence). What is Corrosion Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with their environment. Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a wellknown example of corrosion. This type of damage typically produces oxide or salt of the original metal i.e. Iron oxide or Iron Chloride. Corrosion can also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers, although in this context, the term degradation is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases. Many structural alloys corrode merely from exposure to moisture in air, but the process can be strongly affected by exposure to certain substances. Corrosion can be concentrated locally to form a pit or crack, or it can extend across a wide area more or less uniformly corroding the surface. Because corrosion is a diffusion-controlled process, it occurs on exposed surfaces. As a result, methods to reduce the activity of the exposed surface, such as passivation and chromate conversion, can increase a material's corrosion resistance. However, some corrosion mechanisms are less visible and less predictable. Corrosion in Industry It is widely recognised within industry that effective management of corrosion will contribute towards achieving the following benefits: Statutory or Corporate compliance with Safety, Health and Environmental policies Reduction in leaks Increased plant availability Reduction in unplanned maintenance Reduction in deferment costs The current statutory regime places a requirement on the owner to maintain the integrity of the facilities, and to ensure that equipment can be operated safely and a safe working environment maintained. Loss of hydrocarbon containment due to corrosion can result in severe consequences upon safety, the environment and asset value. An analysis of data reported by industry ranks corrosion as the second most frequent initiating factor leading to a loss of containment. Failures of joints and flanges rank most frequent 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 23 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Predicting the rate of plant degradation due to corrosion carries an element of uncertainty. Uncertainty can be reduced by corrosion management systems that combine both proactive and reactive management measures. There is an existing recognition by Industry of both the costs borne by their business that can be attributed to inadequate corrosion control, and the consequential impact upon operations. The effect, therefore, of implementing appropriate Corrosion Management Systems, that result in the reduction/elimination of corrosion related damage/deterioration of assets, not only assists in compliance with regulatory requirements but also has a direct effect on the assets overall economic performance, i.e. providing a "double pay back" We at Auzpec are specialist when it comes to corrosion control we are qualified Engineers, members of NACE and the Institute of corrosion as Professional members and have MSc qualifications in Corrosion Engineering. Rotating Asset Management Consulting High level business improvement services aimed at optimising the interface between the business goals and the physical assets used to carry out the business Maintenance System Development Optimum use of physical assets at minimum cost requires a detailed understanding of the design, implementation, operation and maintenance of equipment in its operating setting. Auditing Measuring the impact of current practice as well as the impact of any changes calls for a structured and comprehensive auditing methodology. We can assist you develop auditing techniques suited to your business or provide previously developed auditing methodologies which have been widely used across many industry sectors. Managing Spare Parts Identifying and optimising spare parts usage is a crucial component of Asset management. Optimum spare parts holdings ensures under-stocking resulting in excessive downtime and overstocking resulting in excessive stocking costs are both optimised. Condition Monitoring (CM) Establish CM programs using systematic assessment techniques which ensure that your program properly reflects the importance of these assets to your organisation. We can assist you develop CM programs suited to your business needs. We has developed CM programs for a range of industries including Manufacturing, Mining, Refining etc. Criticality Assessments Determining the Criticality of assets and systems is a crucial stage of establishing a modern Asset management program. Criticality is a major Asset 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 24 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Management decision tool as it supports Planning & Scheduling, organising repair work, and determining the impact of tasks NOT completed to schedule. System Modelling System modelling is used to estimate the likely response of complex systems under assumed conditions and constraints. Modelling is very often the only way to estimate how a complex system will perform over time and to identify the weak links in that system. We can assist you develop system models for RAMS and similar studies and perform experimental tests to determine sytem Availability, Reliability, Production levels etc. We has developed system models for a range of industries including Manufacturing, Mining, Refining, Water treatment etc. Document Management Learning is based on observing the world around us and extracting lessons from those observations to inform future decisions. This is sometimes called the 'learning cycle'. The cumulative lessons learnt over time, comprise the knowledge base on which future decisions are based. If an organisation is to learn from experience and not repeat mistakes from earlier periods, there needs to be an effective mechanism of recording, storing and retrieving data over time. This knowledge base can be one of the most important assets of the organisation as it comprises the information collected over the life of the organisation. The organisations 'document management system' is the tool for managing this information over time. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 25 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Fitness for service FFS Fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment is a multi-disciplinary approach to determine, as the name suggests, whether a structural component is fit for continued service. In 2000, the American Petroleum Institute (API) published API 579, a Recommended Practice for FFS assessment. Although this document was intended primarily for refining and petrochemical assets, it has seen widespread use in a wide range of industries that utilize pressure vessels, piping, and storage tanks. It aids with: Inspection and categorizing damage, degradation, and corrosion mechanisms Evaluation of wall thinning, pitting, cracking, fatigue, mechanical damage, high-temperature corrosion, and creep Develop and implement programs for corrective and predictive maintenance of tanks, vessels, piping, and pipelines Select the right repair technique and avoid pitfalls in repair welding and joining API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 In 2007, API joined forces with the American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to produce an updated document with the designation API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. This document, which is a Standard rather than a Recommended Practice, contains numerous improvements and explicitly addresses industries outside of refining and petrochemical. A typical FFS assessment may involve several engineering disciplines, and it requires collecting data from a number of sources and a team of people i.e. Stress Analysis. An accurate estimate of stresses acting on the component of interest is e to assessing structural integrity and remaining life Metallurgy/Materials Engineering. An understanding of the performance of various materials subject to specific environments, temperatures, and stress levels is essential for ensuring safe and reliable operation Non-destructive Examination (NDE). Flaws must be detected and sized before they can be assessed. The most suitable inspection technology depends on a variety of factors, including type of the flaws or damage present and the accessibility of the region of interest Corrosion. An understanding of environmental degradation mechanism(s) that led to the observed damage is a prerequisite for FFS assessments. Moreover expertise in corrosion is useful for prescribing suitable remediation measures Plant Operations. Interaction with plant personnel is usually necessary to understand the operating parameters for the equipment of interest. Information such as operating temperature & pressure, process environment, and start-up / shutdown procedures are key inputs to a FFS assessment 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 26 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Fracture Mechanics. This discipline is used to analyse cracks and other planar flaws. • Probability and Statistics. This discipline is useful for data analysis and for probabilistic risk assessments Fitness-for-service assessments can range in complexity from simple screening evaluations to highly sophisticated computer simulations, including finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The necessary level of complexity varies from one situation to the next. In some cases, an advanced analysis is performed when a simple screening assessment is unable to demonstrate that the equipment in question is fit for continued service. Standardized FFS procedures typically include a range of assessment options that cover the full spectrum of complexity. The API/ASME fitness-for-service standard provides three levels of assessment: • Level 1. This is a basic assessment that can be performed by properly trained inspectors or plant engineers. Level 1 assessment may involve simple hand calculations. However the specified procedures must be followed exactly, and there is little or no room for interpretation Level 2. This assessment level is more complex than Level 1, and should be performed only by engineers trained in the API/ASME FFS standard. Most Level 2 calculations can be performed with a spreadsheet. Level 2 procedures provide some latitude to exercise sound engineering judgment. Level 3. This is the most advanced assessment level, which should be performed only by engineers with a high level of expertise and experience. A Level 3 assessment may include computer simulation, such as finite element analysis (FEA) or computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For Level 3 assessments, the API/ASME standard provides a few overall guidelines, but the details of the assessment are left to the user. The lack of specificity in Level 3 is by design. BS 7910 BS 7910 BS 7910 BS 7910, the UK procedure for the assessment of flaws in metallic structures, was first published almost 30 years ago in the form of a fracture/fatigue assessment procedure, PD6493. It provided the basis for analysing fabrication flaws and the need for repair in a rational fashion, rather than relying on long-established (and essentially arbitrary) workmanship rules. The UK offshore industry in particular embraced this new approach to flaw assessment, which is now widely recognised by safety authorities and specifically referred to in certain design codes, including codes for pressure equipment. Since its first publication in 1980, PD6493/BS 7910 has been regularly maintained and expanded, taking in elements of other publications such as the 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 27 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd UK power industry's fracture assessment procedure R6 (in particular the Failure Assessment Diagram approach), the creep assessment procedure PD6539 and the gas transmission industry's approach to assessment of locally thinned areas in pipelines. Sequence of operation, according to BS 7910:• Identify the flaw type Establish the essential data Determine the size of the flaw Assess possible material damage mechanisms and damage rate Determine limiting size of the flaw Based on the damage rate, assess whether the flaw will grow to this final size within the remaining life of the structure or in-service inspection interval, by sub-critical flaw growth assess the consequence of failure. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 28 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Materials Engineering and testing Materials engineers work as metallurgists, plastics engineers, ceramists, adhesive scientists, process and quality control engineers and corrosion or fracture engineers. They work in a range of industrial activities, including manufacturing, processing and recycling, and select and design materials for: It is a multi-disciplinary field which deals the study of materials through the materials structure, properties and performance, its origins reach back to the emerging fields of chemistry, mineralogy and engineering during the Enlightenment and It incorporates elements of physics and chemistry, and is at the forefront of nano-science and nano-technology research. In recent years, materials science has become more widely known as a specific field of science and engineering. It is an important part of forensic engineering i.e. the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property and failure analysis, the latter being the key to understanding, for example, the cause of various aviation accidents. Many of the most pressing scientific problems that are faced today are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, breakthroughs in this field are likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology. Materials engineers investigate the properties of metals, ceramics, polymers, plastics and other materials, and develop and assess their commercial and engineering applications. We at Auzpec can help you in this area of science and engineering. It is an important part of forensic engineering i.e. the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended. We provide the following services: Residual life extension Material selection, identification, condition assessment and repair strategies Metallography and micro-structural characterisation Fatigue analysis / remnant life analysis Stress and strain measurement Failure analysis and mitigation / root cause analysis Finite element analysis Corrosion investigation and mitigation Coating assessment and specification Evaluation of cracks and flaws using fracture mechanics Weld procedure development and review Litigation support and expert witness 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 29 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Mobile PSV testing & Overhaul We specialise in the testing and optimisation of Pressure Relieving Devices. Led by experienced and practical engineers, and backed by skilled technicians, We undertake high precision, high accuracy PRD testing and certification. • Test, rebuild, repair, set and certify Pressure Relief and Pressure Safety Valves • Testing of bursting discs • PSV and PRV failure analysis We provide fully equipped, self-sustained, mobile testing service, operated by trained, competent and accountable technicians. All test benches are custom designed and manufactured to conform to AS3788, API527, API576 and ASME-PTC25, featuring large volume accumulation, large outlet orifice size and are proven to be industry best practice. We employ innovative / new testing technologies, featuring high frequency sample rates, high accuracy, pressure transducers and software, as well as digital gauges and high resolution digital imagery. All test procedures exceed minimum national, international and manufacturers’ standards, ensuring accurate and repeatable results that allow reliable RBI implementation. In addition, We provide comprehensive and robust quality control, as well as industry leading risk mitigation and safety management practices. We can comprehensively audit and conduct reviews of test equipment and test procedures against applicable national, international, manufacturer and client standards and procedures to ensure accuracy and repeatability of PRD test procedures. We can provide guidance on the optimisation of PRD design, selection, operation and maintenance practices to minimise maintenance frequencies and maximise reliability and asset integrity. Applicable services include • Statistical analysis of PRD in-service performance and bench test results • Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) reviews • Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) • Root Cause Analysis (RCA) • Risk Based Inspection (RBI) • Design and manufacture of PRD consumables, transport racking and flange protectors to ensure safe and reliable transportation of PSVs for continued maintenance integrity. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 30 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Failure Analysis Failure analysis is the process of collecting and analysing data to determine the cause of a failure. It is an important discipline in many branches of manufacturing industry, such as the electronics industry, where it is a vital tool used in the development of new products and for the improvement of existing products. The failure analysis process relies on collecting failed components for subsequent examination of the cause or causes of failure using a wide array of methods, especially microscopy and spectroscopy. We at Auzpec can help we can perform failure analysis quickly and painlessly on site and in the lab so phone today. At Auzpec we take a 4 step approach to failure analysis. Step 1 (understand) 1. Gain a good understanding of the conditions under which the part was operating. 2. We ask questions from those who work with, as well as those who maintain the equipment and visit the site. 3. We contact the manufacturer and ask basic questions so that the investigator gets a good understanding of the manufacturing process and its intended use. 4. In many instances we will receive a failed part with little information about its history and operating conditions. In cases such as these the CSI approach of physical evidence begins and is more heavily relied on. Step 2 (look) 1. We carry out a visual examination, cataloguing and recording the physical evidence at the same time. This familiarises the investigators with the evidence and creates a permanent record that can be referred to in light of new information. 2. The samples are examined, photographed and sketched taking particular care to identify and record any area of particular importance, such as fracture surfaces and surface defects. 3. We use stereomicroscope with lights that can be easily directed. The shadows give depth to a surface making it easier to analysis and photograph. 4. Pieces are examined and recorded before any surface cleaning is undertaken. In some cases substances such as dirt, paint and Oil on the surface can themselves be important clues, indicating such things as how old the fracture surface is and in what kind of environment the piece was operating. 5. We examine the fracture surfaces in detail and try to identify the mode of fracture (brittle, ductile, fatigue, etc.), points of initiation, and direction of propagation. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 31 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd 6. Each mode of fracture has distinct characteristics that can be easily seen with the naked eye or the use of a stereomicroscope, however, sometimes a scanning electron microscope (SEM) will have to be used. Step 3 (decide on a course of action). 1. Based on the visual examinations and the background information the investigator must outline a plan of action, which is the series of steps that will be needed to successfully complete the case. Macroscopic examination, Nondestructive testing (NDT), Chemical analysis, Metallographic examination Mechanical Testing. 2. Determine the cause of failure, which can classified into i.e. Ductile, Brittle Inter-granular, Brittle Trans-granular, and Fatigue. 3. We will need to check out theories regarding cause of failure by returning to examine the part in more detail once other evidence is gathered. 4. Use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at this stage because of its large range of magnifications and its large depth of field. 5. Since undamaged fracture surfaces are not always available we therefore would open other cracks that may be present in the piece. This often reveals good quality fracture surfaces similar to those that caused failure. 6. Non-destructive tests (NDT) to examine parts without causing permanent damage. Often times, results obtained from examining failed parts in the lab using NDT's can be used to examine parts in the field and remove them from service before failure occurs. 7. Chemical analysis on the bulk of the material to confirm the material composition. Depending on the investigation, chemical analysis is also be done on any overlay materials or surface residues. 8. Metallographic examination involves the sectioning of samples to examine the microstructure. The sections that are selected for examination are dependent on the type of piece and the mode of fracture. 9. Sections from the sample are be taken in different planes so that any differences in the microstructure can be seen. 10. Sometimes it is useful to take a cross section through the fracture surface so that the microstructure below the fracture and the surface profile can be examined. 11. A section running parallel to the fracture surface is also often taken for examination. Samples are mounted, ground, and polished using metallographic techniques. 12. They are examined before etching for porosity, inclusions, and other defects, microstructures is identified and their properties researched. 13. Mechanical testing is done to verify that the mechanical properties of the material conform to the standards. 14. Hardness testing because of its relative simplicity, low cost, and the fact that for many materials tables exist to relate hardness with yield strength. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 32 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd 15. A macro-hardness is usually sufficient to determine material properties, however micro-hardness measurements are helpful in determining property variations within the material. 16. Use the microhardness measurement to compare the surface hardness to that of the body or to verify the microstructure. 17. Other mechanical testing such as tensile tests and impact tests may be used, (sometimes limited by insufficient material). Step 4 (conclusion and recommendations) 1. Once all the data is gathered, the investigator comes to a conclusion based on the evidence present. 2. This requires that the investigator to draw heavily on background experience and research performed. T 3. The most difficult step in any investigation is coming up with recommendations these may require extra testing in the field using NDT visual and or further samples. Or may include a change in operating procedure, change in materials or further / more frequent NDT / Visual examination. 4. Some cases will be simple, however many cases are not obvious even though the cause and theory are known. 5. Report is written and feedback given This process is sometimes lengthy and undefined however here at AuzPec we will agree upfront price limits and “do not exceed” amounts keeping you in charge of the whole process. Estimates are given in good faith and would not be exceeded without prior approval. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 33 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd What is Physical Asset Management? Physical Asset Management is the practice of managing the entire life-cycle (design, construction, commissioning, operating, maintaining, repairing, modifying, replacing and decommissioning/disposal) of physical and infrastructure assets such as structures, production and service plant, power, water and waste treatment facilities, distribution networks, transport systems, buildings and other physical assets. Asset management, broadly defined, refers to any system that monitors and maintains things of value to an entity or group. It may apply to both tangible assets such as buildings and to intangible concepts such as intellectual property and goodwill. Asset management is a systematic process of deploying, operating, maintaining, upgrading, and disposing of assets cost-effectively. Asset management in the engineering environment is the practice of managing assets to achieve the greatest return (particularly useful for productive assets such as plant and equipment), and the process of monitoring and maintaining facilities systems, with the objective of providing the best possible service to users (appropriate for public infrastructure assets). ISO 55000 defines Asset management as the "coordinated activity of an organization to realize value from assets". In turn, Assets are defined as follows: "An asset is an item, thing or entity that has potential or actual value to an organization". This is deliberately wider than physical assets but these form an important focus for more organizations. (NB there are important qualifying Notes to these definitions, which are set out in ISO 55000). Therefore Asset Management can be seen as the balancing of costs, opportunities and risks against the desired performance of assets, to achieve the organizational objectives. This balancing might need to be considered over different time-frames. Asset Management is the art of making the right decisions at the right time and optimising the delivery of value. A common objective is to minimise the whole life cost of assets but there may be other critical factors such as risk or business continuity to be considered objectively in this decision making. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 34 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Pressure Vessel and AS3788 A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. The pressure differential is dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure vessel development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country, but involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature. In Australia AS3788 Standard specifies the minimum requirements for the inspection, repair and alteration of in-service boilers, pressure vessels, piping, safety equipment, and associated safety controls (hereafter referred to as pressure equipment), and gives guidance in the execution of such activities. Guidance is included for the inspection of ancillary equipment such as structures. This Standard also specifies the requirements for the initial inspection after installation and prior to commissioning. AS3788 applies to, but is not limited to, pressure equipment covered by AS/NZS 1200. Typically it includes the following: (a) Boilers and associated pressure parts, controls and pipe work covered by AS 1228, BS 1113, BS 2790, AS 2593 and ASME BPV-I. (b) Pressure vessels and associated pressure parts, controls and pipe work covered by AS 1210, BS PD 5500, EN 13445, ASME BPV-VIII, AS 2971 (serially produced pressure vessels) and EN 286-1. (c) Pressure piping covered by AS 4041, NZS/BS 806, ASME B 31.1 and ASME B 31.3. (d) Pressurized storage tanks built to API 620 or equivalent. (e) Fired heaters. (f) Heritage boilers and pressure vessels. Although pressure equipment with Hazard Level E (to AS 4343) is within the scope of this Standard, no specific requirements have been included. To ensure safety, in-service inspection of such equipment should follow the principles of this Standard, along with good engineering practice. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 35 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Pressure Piping Is the most complex item on your plant and is the one that invariably provides you with the most leaks whether from a gasket or a perforation in the pipe wall either are not welcome. We at Auzpec can: Extract your piping line lists from your P&ID's Photograph / scan your field installation Construct Thickness monitoring location (TML's) Construct the TML database ready for analysis Take the thickness test NDT Ultrasonic readings. Carry out in depth flaw analysis using phased array and UT flaw detection. Calculate the corrosion rates and any fitness for purpose level 1 calculations as required. Carry out external coating surveys, flange, spring hanger and support inspection audits. We can then best advise you regarding your piping system. What pipes do we inspect? In Australia AS3788 applies to, but is not limited to, pressure equipment covered by AS 4041, NZS/BS 806, ASME B 31.1 and ASME B 31.3. Inspection and surveillance shall be performed while the plant is operational to detect signs of deterioration, damage or evidence that suggests damage or deterioration may exist, e.g. leaks, vibration, settlement, piping movement, adequate performance of piping supports, etc. It states that, the owner should verify, as far as practicable, the accuracy and completeness of the manufacturer’s data report (MDR) and piping fabrication and construction quality assurance documentation. Consideration should be given to checking original thickness measurements of new pressure equipment to obtain baseline data. Where there is a delay between installation and commissioning, there may be deterioration of the equipment which is inconsistent with the deterioration mechanisms and rates when in service, and this should be allowed for. AS3788 also shows the requirements for AS4343 classification of A, B and C level piping, which include 1st yearly and External / Internal examination. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 36 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd AS3788 states the general requirements for the inspection of pressure piping. Pressure piping includes the pipe and all valves and fittings that form the pressure retaining parts. It also includes the piping support components such as hangers, guides and shoes. Pressure piping shall be periodically inspected to assist in ensuring safe and reliable operations until the next scheduled inspection. This inspection shall assess the condition of the piping in order to judge its suitability to continue to operate. Inspection may be both internal and external and may include supplementary non-destructive techniques or pressure tests. An inspection may be performed when the piping is operating or depressurized. As a result of periodic inspection, a certificate or report of inspection shall be issued to the owner Note It is not possible to specify a universal minimum internal inspection interval for piping as piping systems operate in a very wide range of service conditions. The internal inspection interval shall be determined by a person competent to identify and assess the failure mechanisms and deterioration rates. It shall take into account any data from previous inspections to provide information on the current condition and past performance. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 37 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd In the absence of previous inspections, the piping shall be internally inspected in accordance with the requirements of Table 4.1. It is often impractical to carry out internal inspection using direct visual examination of the internal surfaces of the piping systems. Internal inspection shall be carried out by methods appropriate to detecting the modes of failure as identified by a competent person. In Auzpec we have the competent people who can help. In AS3788 Appendix I covers the inspection of piping systems which are an integral part of a plant or facility and is inclusive of buried piping and are subject to internal or external pressure. Pressure piping of hazard levels A and B require inspection by an in-service inspector. Pressure piping of hazard levels C, D and E should be inspected by the owner. 1st In Service Inspection In Australia the In-service inspection standard used is AS3788 stares that, when indicated by AS3788 standard reference Column 3 of Table 4.1, new pressure equipment shall be inspected internally and externally after its first year of service. The purpose of the first yearly inspection is to confirm the suitability of the design and materials used for the service conditions and to pick up any quality assurance defects that may have been either overlooked during fabrication or construction, or which may have developed or become significant during operation. The interval to the next inspection shall then be determined. Alternatively, the first in-service inspection may be deferred if it is determined safe to do so by using a Risk Based Inspection (RBI) process (refer also Clause 4.5 and Paragraph B5). The maximum interval between commissioning and the first in-service inspection shall be the nominal inspection interval given in Table 4.1. Any deferment shall be documented in a transparent and auditable manner. We can help you: Internally and externally inspect your vessel for 1st In Service Inspection. Non-intrusively inspect your vessel for 1st In Service Inspection. Assist you in deferment of your vessel first inspection to the first nominal period using risk based inspection analysis. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 38 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Aerial inspection Aerial inspection and surveying using Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles, close visual and thermal inspections and surveys of high, live and difficult to reach assets, such as flare stacks and flare tips, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Qualified and experienced inspection engineers AICIP CPEng and RPEQ work alongside remote pilot and UAV controller certificated pilots (CASA Remote Pilot/ UAV) and will provide you detailed reports which will allow you to make operationally critical maintenance decisions. Offering detailed inspection reports containing high resolution still and video imagery for close visual and thermal inspections Our inspection service will help you: Reduce the potential risk of costly delays during planned shutdowns and turnarounds. Minimise the need for people to work at height helping you to safely achieve your operational goals. No plant outage – with plant able to stay online and operational during inspection Reduce the need for people to be placed in potentially dangerous locations Reduce costs, Improve safety, Save time, Eliminate scaffolding requirements Close visual Inspections on Flare Inspections Chimney Inspections Chimney stacks Cooling towers Stacks Vents Coating Structural Inspections Storage tanks Elevated pipe racks Ducting, Gantries Walkways. Thermal Inspections Chimney ducting Process equipment Invaluable information about an asset’s condition allowing you to make critical operational or maintenance decisions. Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles we 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 39 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd can inspect your asset live, Capturing high resolution stills, HD video and infrared images. plus a detailed condition report. Non-intrusive Inspection Australian standard AS3788 states that an internal inspection gathers information about the condition of internal surfaces and usually requires confined space vessel entry or visual inspection using equipment such as bore-scopes or video scopes. However, internal inspection may also be executed by appropriate nonintrusive means (e.g. ultrasonic or radiographic testing), where a high degree of confidence can be demonstrated in the reliability of such techniques. Care is needed to ensure that sampling is truly representative of the condition of equipment. Where practical internal inspection may be carried out whilst the equipment is operating. The DNV Recommended Practice G103 states that internal inspections have traditionally been achieved by means of an internal visual inspection (IVI), however, there can be very high cost associated with shutting down a vessel (loss of production), isolating it and preparing it for entry. Indeed, these costs can be much higher than the cost of the inspection itself. Furthermore, the mechanical disturbances involved in preparing the vessel for internal inspection and reinstating it may adversely affect its future performance. Finally, and by no means least, man access may also be hazardous. There can, therefore, be significant advantages if inspections are performed from the outside of the vessel without breaking containment i.e. non-invasively. However, there needs to be a balance between achieving these benefits and obtaining the information required to ensure continued safe and reliable operation. While it may often be the preferred option, non-intrusive inspection (NII) represents a relatively new approach by comparison to IVI and many engineers responsible for inspection planning have yet to build up experience with and confidence in its application. In addition, there are a wide variety of techniques available, each with its own specific capabilities and limitations. The acceptability and benefits of non-intrusive inspection for a particular vessel will depend on a number of factors Vessel geometry Materials Potential deterioration mechanisms and modes Locations and sizes of flaws of concern Process Historic inspection data Confidence in inspection capability 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 40 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Inspection costs. Techniques for non-intrusive inspection (NII) of equipment are becoming increasingly sophisticated and more widely available. While it may often be the preferred option, NII represents a relatively new approach by comparison to IVI and many engineers responsible for inspection planning have yet to build up experience with and confidence in its application. AS3788 also states that Internally lined vessels where part or all of the vessel wall has a protective lining, the maximum interval between inspections shall be determined from a consideration of previous history for the lining material for similar service conditions, as well as the following factors. The wastage allowance on the protected metal in case of lining failure. The remaining corrosion allowance on the parent metal where it is not protected by a lining. Note (The possibility of damage to the base metal, by atomic diffusion through the lining). We at AuzPec can plan, implement and inspect and accept vessel inspections via this method. It is aimed at the inspection of welded vessels constructed from metals, and related items, fittings and connections associated with them. Non Destructive Testing Non-destructive testing or non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage. The terms nondestructive examination (NDE), non-destructive inspection (NDI), and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) are also commonly used to describe this technology. Because NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected, it is a highly valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) includes Radiography X-Ray / Gamma Ultrasonics Visual Inspection Magnetic Particle Penetrant Testing Eddy Current Testing Time of Flight Diffraction Surface Finish Inspections Paint Inspection Coating Evaluation Eddy Current, IRIS Remote Field Eddy Current 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 41 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Holiday testing Lixi profiler Advance NDT techniques Phased array: Is widely used in several industrial sectors, it is used to detect component failures i.e. cracks or flaws and thereby determine component quality. Due to the possibility to control parameters such as beam angle and focal distance, this method is very efficient regarding the defect detection and speed of testing. Phased array can also be used for wall thickness measurements in conjunction with corrosion testing. Phased array can be used for the following industrial purposes: Inspection of Welds Thickness measurements Corrosion inspection Flaw detection TOFD: Time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) method of ultrasonic testing is a sensitive and accurate method for the non-destructive testing of welds for defects. Digital Radiography: Digital radiography is a form of X-ray imaging, where digital X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film. Advantages include time efficiency through bypassing chemical processing and the ability to digitally transfer and enhance images. Also less radiation can be used to produce an image of similar contrast to conventional radiography. Thermography: Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. Saturated low frequency eddy current (SLOFEC™) SLOFEC is an acronym for “saturated low frequency eddy current”. This non-destructive testing method for tank, boiler tube and pipe inspection 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 42 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Mechanical Testing Our NATA Accredited Testing Laboratory in the field of Mechanical Testing. Tensile testing with strain rate control from 0.4kN to 1000kN. Charpy Impact testing 0 to minus 47°C, down to 101°C & at minus 196°C Dynamic Striker Tup—ASTM E23, and AS 1544.2 Izod impact testing at ambient temperature. Vickers Hardness testing Macro 5 HV to 30HV, Micro 300g to 1kg Brinell Hardness testing. 2.45kN (HBW 5/250) to 29.4kN (HBW 10/3000) Destructive testing of Welded Products. Arrange for Clients Chemical Analysis needs. (NATA) Arrange for Clients Metallurgical Evaluation needs. (Professional Services) The Charpy impact The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain-rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's notch toughness and acts as a tool to study temperaturedependent ductile-brittle transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 43 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Instron ASTM E23 charpy impact machine ASTM E23 describes impact testing of notched-bar metallic specimens. The standard covers both Charpy and Izod style testing and outlines test methods for measuring the energy absorbed by the broken specimen. A Charpy test requires the notched metal specimen to be held on both ends (in a horizontal fashion) and broken by an anvil strike at the location of the notch. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 44 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Avery AS1544.2 charpy impact machine The Charpy V-notch Impact Test is a pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which the test piece, V notched in the middle and supported at both ends as a simple beam, is broken by a falling pendulum which strikes the test piece opposite the notch. The energy absorbed is determined from the subsequent rise of the pendulum. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 45 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Instron HDX1000 Universal testing machine A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures. The set-up and usage are detailed in a test method, often published by a standards organization. This specifies the sample preparation, fixturing, gauge length (the length which is under study or observation), analysis, etc. The specimen is placed in the machine between the grips and an extensometer if required can automatically record the change in gauge length during the test. If an extensometer is not fitted, the machine itself can record the displacement between its cross heads on which the specimen is held. However, this method not only records the change in length of the specimen but also all other extending / elastic components of the testing machine and its drive systems including any slipping of the specimen in the grips. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 46 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd 40mm transverse tensile Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength, is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is not the same as compressive strength and the values can be quite different. Some materials will break sharply, without plastic deformation, in what is called a brittle failure. Others, which are more ductile, including most metals, will experience some plastic deformation and possibly necking before fracture. The UTS is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain. The highest point of the stress–strain curve is the UTS. It is an intensive property; therefore its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen. However, it is dependent on other factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the temperature of the test environment and material. 80mm transverse bends Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength, a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen having either a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding using a three point flexural test technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 47 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Charpy impacts weld & heat affected zone The Charpy V-notch test is a standardized high strain-rate test which can measure the amount of energy absorption of material. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material’s toughness and acts as a tool to study brittleductile transition, depending upon the test temperature. With this test, one can evaluate reliability of weld joint component and/or structure based on measured energy absorption of material (specimen) and understanding deformation and failure process during test Macro-Vickers hardness flange to pipe The Vickers hardness test was developed as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers test is often easier to use than other hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter can be used for all materials irrespective of hardness. The basic principle, as with all common measures of hardness, is to observe the questioned material's ability to resist plastic deformation from a standard source. The Vickers test can be used for all metals and has one of the widest scales among hardness tests. The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH). 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 48 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd Brinell & Vickers hardness Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied. Some materials, such as metal, are harder than others. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behaviour of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness. Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080 49 AUSTRALIAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION Pty Ltd ASTM G31-72 Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. Accurate monitoring of corrosion rates in any environment is critical when viewed in terms of the maintenance and repair costs associated with corrosion and material failure. Test coupons provide an inexpensive means of measuring corrosion rate in the lab, on line or on a pilot / side stream. On-line monitoring allows you to effectively measure the corrosivity within your system. By observing the mm-per-year corrosion penetration rate and weight loss of an exposed coupon, valuable information can be provided regarding the material’s life expectancy. Coupons exposed to laboratory solutions from plant operations, or less reliable synthetic solutions which approximate the chemistry of plant streams, generate useful information if the tests are properly designed and conducted. Such tests allow study of the effect of changes in process chemistry on corrosion. Briefly ASTM G31-72, Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals is described as: Test specimens (coupons) of each metal to be tested, are engraved with a unique identification code, measured to determine dimensions, cleaned to remove grease and oxidation films, rinsed in distilled water and dried. Each coupon is weighed and immersed in a test solution at temperature undisturbed for 90 days (or as agreed / specified). The coupons are then rinsed to remove residual test solution and loose corrosion products, cleaned with the appropriate method and dried. Each coupon is weighed and the change in weight during immersion is used to determine the corrosion rate. This practice is known as the ASTM G31-72, Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. It describes fully the accepted procedures for and factors that influence laboratory immersion corrosion tests, particularly mass loss tests. 433 Logan Road, Stones Corner Brisbane QLD 4120 Phone: 07 3394 8332 Fax: 07 3394 4080
© Copyright 2024