1. science
2. biology

Name
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 1 4 - 1 R E VIEW
B IOGENESIS
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. biogenesis
2. spontaneous generation
3. vital force
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. One of the observations that led people to think that life could arise from nonliving things
was that
a.
b.
c.
d.
maggots turned into oval cases from which flies eventually emerged.
fish appeared in ponds that had been dry the previous season.
large fish developed from smaller fish, which hatched from fish eggs.
fish grew larger by eating other living things, such as flies.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
2. The purpose of the netting in Redi’s experiment was to prevent
a.
b.
c.
d.
maggots from leaving the jar.
air from leaving the jar.
adult flies from entering the jar.
bacteria from entering the jar.
3. In the experimental group in Spallanzani’s experiment, the
a.
b.
c.
d.
broth remained clear.
flask contained no broth.
broth was not boiled.
flask was not sealed.
4. Spallanzani’s opponents disagreed with his conclusion that microorganisms from the air
contaminated the boiled meat broth. They argued that Spallanzani
a.
b.
c.
d.
heated the flasks too long, killing the microorganisms in the broth.
heated the flasks too long, destroying the “vital force” in the air inside the flasks.
waited too long before he sealed the flasks after heating them.
accidentally contaminated the broth when he sealed the flasks.
5. In Pasteur’s experiment, the function of the curved neck on the flask was to prevent
a.
b.
c.
d.
air from entering the body of the flask.
air from leaving the body of the flask.
solid particles from entering the body of the flask.
broth from spilling out of the flask.
Modern Biology Study Guide
71
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. What observations made in the 1600s and 1700s led some people to believe that there was a
“vital force” in the air?
2. Why did Spallanzani boil the broth in his experiment?
3. How did Pasteur’s experiment differ from Spallanzani’s experiment?
4. How did Pasteur’s experiment answer the objections raised by supporters of the “vital force”
hypothesis?
conclusion if Redi had not used a control group?
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The diagrams below illustrate steps in the control and
experimental groups of Spallanzani’s experiment. In the spaces provided, list the steps in
each group in their proper order. A step may be used in more than one group.
Broth becomes
cloudy.
a
Flask is
sealed.
b
Broth is
boiled.
c
Flask is
open.
Broth
remains clear.
d
e
Control
group
Experimental
group
72
Section 14-1 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
5. Critical Thinking How might the believers in spontaneous generation have disputed Redi’s
Name
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 1 4 - 2 R E VIEW
E ARTH’S H ISTORY
VOCABULARY REVIEW Explain the relationship between the terms in each of the
following pairs of terms.
1. radioactive isotope, radioactive dating
2. radioactive decay, half-life
3. microsphere, coacervate
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
1. The age of Earth is estimated to be
a. about 700,000 years.
b. about 50 million years.
c. about 400 million years.
d. more than 4 billion years.
2. Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. Therefore, the isotope sulfur-35 has
a. 19 protons and 16 neutrons.
b. 35 protons and 16 neutrons.
c. 16 protons and 19 neutrons.
d. 16 protons and 35 neutrons.
3. When performing radioactive dating, scientists measure the
a.
b.
c.
d.
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a radioactive isotope.
amount of a particular radioactive isotope contained in a material.
age of a living organism that is exposed to radioactive isotopes.
rate at which the mass of an object decreases over time.
4. Carbon-14 dating is useful for estimating the age of
a. relatively young organic material.
b. old rocks.
c. Earth.
d. the solar system.
5. Researchers using the technique of Miller and Urey have been able to produce
a. amino acids and nucleotides.
b. proteins and DNA.
c. ATP and mitochondria.
d. cell membranes and simple cells.
Modern Biology Study Guide
73
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. Explain how the half-life of a radioactive isotope affects the usefulness of that isotope in dating
specific types of rocks.
2. Why do some scientists think that areas protected from the atmosphere might have favored the
production of organic compounds on early Earth?
3. Why was the discovery of microspheres and coacervates an important contribution to the
understanding of how life might have originated on Earth?
4. Critical Thinking Does radioactive dating with isotopes of uranium and thorium provide an
estimate of the beginning, middle, or end of the period of Earth’s formation? Explain your answer.
The graph below represents the radioactive decay of an isotope. If the half-life of thorium-230
is 75,000 years, how old is a rock that contains only 1/16th of its original thorium-230? Show
your calculations in the space below.
Amount of isotope
remaining
All
1
2
1
4
0
74
1
2
1
8
1
16
3
4
Half-lives
Section 14-2 Review
5
6
7
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the figure to answer the following question.
Name
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 1 4 - 3 R E VIEW
T HE F IRST L IFE- F ORMS
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. ribozyme
2. chemosynthesis
3. cyanobacteria
4. endosymbiosis
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
1. The idea that life may have started with self-replicating molecules of RNA is based on the
observation that RNA can
a.
b.
c.
d.
take on a great variety of shapes and act as an enzyme.
link nucleotides together to form proteins.
create proteins that have the ability to replicate themselves.
produce ribozymes that have the ability to produce other ribozymes.
2. The first organisms on Earth were probably
a. autotrophic, aerobic eukaryotes.
b. heterotrophic, aerobic eukaryotes.
c. autotrophic, aerobic prokaryotes.
d. heterotrophic, anaerobic prokaryotes.
3. The main difference between chemosynthetic autotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs
is that only
a.
b.
c.
d.
photosynthetic autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source.
chemosynthetic autotrophs use CO2 as a carbon source.
chemosynthetic autotrophs obtain energy from inorganic molecules.
photosynthetic autotrophs synthesize organic compounds.
4. An early function of aerobic respiration may have been to
a.
b.
c.
d.
increase the amount of oxygen in the upper atmosphere.
prevent the destruction of essential organic compounds by oxygen.
provide more oxygen for photosynthesis.
enable land animals to breathe.
5. The eukaryotic organelle that is thought to have evolved from aerobic prokaryotes is the
a. chloroplast.
b. nucleus.
c. ribosome.
d. mitochondrion.
Modern Biology Study Guide
75
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. Explain how early RNA molecules might have been able to respond to natural selection.
2. What role did the appearance of the ozone layer play in the evolution of early life on Earth?
3. Name three characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts that support the endosymbiotic
hypothesis of eukaryotic evolution.
4. Critical Thinking How would endosymbiosis have been mutually beneficial for pre-eukaryotic
cells and for the small prokaryotes that invaded them?
a
2.0
Billion years ago
photosynthetic prokaryotes
photosynthetic eukaryotes
chemosynthetic prokaryotes
aerobic eukaryotes
heterotrophic prokaryotes
2.5
3.0
3.5
b
c
d
4.0
e
76
Section 14-3 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Arrange the organisms listed below in the order in which
they are thought to have originated on Earth by writing their names in the spaces provided
in the figure.