White Paper
EMC® XtremIO™ with MongoDB
Validating XtremIO in MongoDB Environment
EMC E-LabTM Verticals Engineering Group
Abstract
This white paper provides a reference architecture for deploying a MongoDB
environment in an EMC XtremIO storage array. The paper details how MongoDB
benefits from the advanced technical features of EMC XtremIO.
March 2015
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Part Number H14038
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Table of contents
Executive summary............................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 5
Purpose ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 5
EMC XtremIO .................................................................................................................................... 5
System specification ................................................................................................................... 5
MongoDB ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Testing environment............................................................................................................................. 8
Server configuration ......................................................................................................................... 8
Software configuration ..................................................................................................................... 8
Benefits using XtremIO and MongoDB.................................................................................................. 9
Simplicity of management.............................................................................................................. 10
Scalable capacity and performance................................................................................................ 12
Scalable capacity and performance benefits MongoDB cluster expansion ................................. 12
Consistent performance ................................................................................................................. 14
Performance tests for MongoDB database operation in XtremIO ................................................ 14
Test summary ............................................................................................................................ 14
Test details................................................................................................................................ 14
Space efficient ............................................................................................................................... 18
Overall efficiency for competitive TCO........................................................................................ 19
Advanced data services ................................................................................................................. 20
XtremIO Snapshot ..................................................................................................................... 20
Clone MongoDB database in minutes with XtremIO Snapshot ................................................... 22
Create MongoDB replica set in minutes with XtremIO Snapshot ................................................ 23
Advanced data protection and high-availability ............................................................................. 24
Data-safe and hardware redundancy environment for MongoDB................................................ 25
NDU provides MongoDB service online upgrade ............................................................................. 25
Data at Rest Encryption provides data securing to MongoDB .......................................................... 25
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 27
References.......................................................................................................................................... 28
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Executive summary
Redefining IT services to accommodate the requirements of data growth (Big Data)
and transforming them from 2nd platform to 3rd platform has become a challenge for
enterprise IT managers.
The balance between on-demand scaling of capacity and performance and the total
cost of ownership (TCO) drives enterprise vendors and customers to seek ways to
utilize different types of technologies for archiving.
From a database perspective, next-generation databases, such as NoSQL database,
address some of the challenging points: to be non-relational, distributed, opensourced, and horizontally scalable. MongoDB, recognized as one of the leading
NoSQL databases, offers a choice for customers using a next-generation database.
From a storage perspective, flash storage is an attractive method to boost I/O
performance in the data center. However, it has always come at a price, both in high
costs and loss of capabilities such as scalability, high availability, and enterprise
features.
EMC® XtremIO™ is a 100% flash-based, scale-out enterprise storage array that
delivers not only high levels of performance and scalability, but also brings new
levels of ease-of-use to SAN storage, while offering advanced features that have
never before been possible.
From the beginning, XtremIO's ground-up all-flash array design was created for
maximum performance and consistent low latency response times., It has enterprisegrade, high-availability features, real-time inline data reduction that dramatically
lowers costs, and advanced functions such as thin provisioning, tight integration to
VMware, snapshots, volume clones, and superb data protection.
This achieves a competitive cost of ownership. The product architecture addresses all
the requirements for flash-based storage, including achieving longevity of the flash
media, lowering the effective cost of flash capacity, delivering performance and
scalability, providing operational efficiency, and delivering advanced storage array
functionality.
This white paper provides a broad introduction to deploying a MongoDB environment
in an EMC XtremIO storage array.
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Introduction
Purpose
This document provides reference architecture for deploying MongoDB 2.6.7 on the
EMC XtremIO storage array.
Scope
This document is intended for use by pre-sales, sales engineers and customers who
want to deploy the EMC XtremIO storage array in a MongoDB environment.
EMC XtremIO
The XtremIO storage array is an all-flash system, based on scale-out architecture. The
system uses building blocks, called X-Bricks, which can be clustered together to grow
performance and capacity as required.
Figure 1.
EMC XtremIO Storage Array
The system operation is controlled via a stand-alone, dedicated Linux-based server,
called the XtremIO Management Server (XMS). Each XtremIO cluster requires its own
XMS host, which can be either a physical or a virtual server. The array continues
operating if it is disconnected from the XMS, but cannot be configured or monitored.
XtremIO's array architecture is specifically designed to deliver the full performance
potential of flash, while linearly scaling all resources such as CPU, RAM, SSDs, and
host ports in a balanced manner. This allows the array to achieve any desired
performance level, while maintaining consistency of performance that is critical to
predictable application behavior.
The XtremIO Storage System provides a very high level of performance that is
consistent over time, system conditions, and access patterns. It is designed for true
random I/O.
System specification
EMC XtremIO supports up to six X-Bricks in a cluster (available from version 3.0). This
will continue to increase in subsequent releases of the XtremIO Operating System.
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The following diagram below shows a single X-Brick specification:
Figure 2.
Single X-Brick specification
An X-Brick is the basic building block of an XtremIO array. The following table lists the
feature and specifications of each X-Brick:
Table 1.
X-Brick features and specifications
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MongoDB
MongoDB is recognized as one of the leading NoSQL databases, with better
development experience and higher development productivity. Fortune 500 and startup companies choose MongoDB to accelerate time-to-market, transform the customer
experience, enhance efficiency, and reduce cost.
MongoDB is an open-source database used by companies of all sizes, across all
industries, and for a wide variety of applications. It is a cross-platform documentoriented schema-less database that uses a flexible data model. MongoDB supports
search by field, range queries, regular expression searches. Queries can return
specific fields of documents and also include user-defined JavaScript functions. Any
field in a MongoDB document can be indexed; secondary indices are also available.
MongoDB is built for performance, high availability, and scalability. Sharding and
replica set are two types of MongoDB clusters. Sharding splits the database into
multi-pieces for load balance. Replica set is similar to replication and used for faulttolerance. For example, A splits to A1, A2, A3, A4 and then each subcomponent
replicates: (A1, A1, A1), (A2, A2, A2), (A3, A3, A3), (A4, A4, A4).
These two types of clusters are usually deployed together in a production
environment to archive both load-balance and high availability. By deploying
sharding and replica set, MongoDB can scale from one single server to many,
providing high performance in archiving, enterprise-grade reliability, and operational
flexibility.
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Testing environment
The diagram below represents the hardware configuration in this paper
Server
configuration
One Cisco UCS C460 server was used for testing.
Component
Processor
Memory
HBA
SAN Switches
Description
4 intel Xeon E704830 @ 2.13 GHz
128 GB
8 Gbps 1 port FC HBA x 4
Brocade DCX8510
Software
configuration
Component
EMC XtremIO
MongoDB
Operating System
Description
Release 3.0.1
Release 2.6.7
CentOS Release 7.0 x86_64
Note: For detail host configurations, refer to the Host Configuration Guide for XtremIO
Versions 2.2.x - 3.0.1 at http://support.emc.com
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Benefits using XtremIO and MongoDB
To date, most MongoDB deployments use Direct Attached Storage (DAS) to hold the
datasets, primarily because DAS was seen as a cost effective and simple solution.
However, requirements from performance-sensitive applications call for ways to
leverage the performance benefit on PCIE Solid State Disks (SSDs). In this case,
capital and operation expense associated with SSD cards have become a serious
issue. For this reason, there are an increased number of customers deriving real
benefit from deploying MongoDB on an All-Flash-Array (AFA), thus obtaining
competitive total cost of ownership (TCO).
EMC XtremIO storage array offers an extraordinary choice for customers who want the
following benefits:
•
•
Simplicity of management
Scalable capacity and performance
•
Consistent performance
•
•
Space efficient
Advanced data services
•
Advanced data protection and high availability
•
•
Non-disruptive upgrade
Data at Rest Encryption
This paper discusses each of these advantages in more detail.
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Simplicity of
management
XtremIO is very simple to configure and manage, and there is no need for tuning or
extensive planning. With XtremIO, the user does not need to choose between
different RAID options in order to optimize the database. Once the system is
initialized, the XDP is already configured as a single redundancy group. All the user
data is spread across all the X-Bricks. There is also no tiering and performance
tuning. All I/Os are treated equally. All volumes, when created, are mapped to all
ports (FC and iSCSI) and there is no storage tiering in the array. This eliminates the
need for manual performance tuning and optimization settings and makes the system
easy to manage, configure, and use. XtremIO provides:
•
•
Minimum planning
-
No RAID configuration
-
Minimal sizing effort for cloning/snapshots
No tiering
-
•
Single tier, all-flash array
No performance tuning
-
Independent of I/O access pattern, cache hit rates, tiering decisions,
etc.
The system GUI is implemented using a Java client. The GUI client software
communicates with the XMS, using standard TCP/IP protocols, and can be used in
any location that allows the client to access the XMS. The GUI provides easy-to-use
tools for performing most of the system operations (certain management operations
must be performed using the CLI). Additionally, operations on multiple components,
such as creating multiple volumes, can only be performed using the GUI.
The following figure shows how the GUI can be used to map Volumes to Initiator
Groups in a few simple steps.
Figure 3.
System GUI
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The following figure shows the GUI's Dashboard to enable the user to monitor the
system's storage, performance, and alerts.
Figure 4.
GUI Dashboard to monitor storage, performance, alerts
The following figure shows the GUI’s Dashboard enabling the user to monitor the
hardware status.
Figure 5.
GUI Dashboard to monitor hardware status
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Scalable capacity
and performance
The XtremIO storage system is based on scale-out architecture. The system begins
with a single building block, called an X-Brick. When additional performance and
capacity are required, the system scales out by adding X-Bricks. Performance scales
linearly, ensuring that two X-Bricks supply twice the IOPS, four X-Bricks supply four
times the IOPS and six X-Bricks supply six times the IOPS of the single X-Brick
configuration. Latency remains consistently low as the system scales out.
Note: Active controllers vary from 2 to 12 along with the scale-out architecture.
Figure 6.
X-Brick scale-out architecture
Scalable capacity and performance benefits MongoDB cluster expansion
Along with the data growth, scalability on both capacity and performance is strongly
needed.
From a database perspective, MongoDB has provided a method for storing data
across multiple machines, called sharding. MongoDB uses sharding to support
deployments with very large data sets and high throughput operations.
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Figure 7.
MangoDB sharding example
For non-scale-out all-flash arrays, the performance benefit from SSD degrades with
the growth of capacity. Sometimes the controller becomes a bottleneck when more
and more SSDs are added into the system.
With the scale-out architecture of EMC XtremIO, customers can scale their storage
easily, meeting the requirements for MongoDB cluster, and obtaining both capacity
and performance.
Figure 8.
XtremIO scale-out architecture
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Consistent
performance
With the benefits of flash-optimized algorithms and active-active controllers, XtremIO
provides consistent performance under any workloads. This performance also scales
linearly with the scales of X-Brick Cluster. The following tests illustrated the
consistent performance XtremIO provides in a cluster of two X-Bricks in a MongoDB
environment.
Performance tests for MongoDB database operation in XtremIO
To prove XtremIO can offer consistent performance with low latency in different types
of workloads, E-Lab processed two test scenarios, utilizing MongoPerf to simulate
MongoDB operations on the LUN that is provisioned by EMC XtremIO storage array.
MongoPerf is a tool provided by MongoDB along with the database installation
binary. It is a utility to check disk I/O performance independently of MongoDB, test
random disk I/O, and presents the results.
Test summary
Test 1: Simulate write MongoDB database operation on 1TB test file
nThreads:16,fileSizeMB:1000000, mmf:true, r:false, w:true
Test 2: Simulate mixed MongoDB database operation on 1TB test file
nThreads:16,fileSizeMB:1000000, mmf:true, r:true, w:true
Tests result:
Test Scenario
IOPS in LUN
Latency
DB Operations/s
Test 1
50,000
< 0.25 ms
25,000
Test2
55,000
< 0.25 ms
45,000
The test results prove that under the benefits of all-flash, scale-out architecture, and
other advanced features, LUNs provisioned from an EMC XtremIO storage array can
provide consistent performance with extremely low latency. These benefits redefine
the method of database deployment. Storage admins and DBAs no longer need to
consider storage tuning or striping the I/O load to different volumes to archive a
better IOPS and reasonable latency. They can now put more focus on meeting the
challenge and on the increasingly rapid changes of requirements of different types of
applications.
Test details
Test scenario 1:
Simulate write MongoDB database operations by MongoPerf
MongoPerf runs with the following parameters on MongoDB LUN:
nThreads:16,fileSizeMB:1000000, mmf:true, r:false, w:true
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Inflating test file
Figure 9.
LUN Bandwidth in MB/s during inflating the 1000 GB test file
Under the benefits of multi-active controllers with all active paths, the bandwidth
during inflating 1000GB test file reaches nearly 2000 MB/s.
Simulating DB operations on the testing file
Figure 10.
Volume IOPS during the DB operations
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Figure 11.
LUN Latency in microsecond during the DB operations
Test scenario 2:
Simulate Mixed MongoDB database operations by MongoPerf
MongoPerf runs with the following parameters on MongoDB LUN:
nThreads:16,fileSizeMB:1000000, mmf:true, r:true, w:true
Inflating Test File
Figure 12.
LUN Bandwidth in MB/s during inflating the 1000 GB test file
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Under the benefits of multi-active controllers with all active paths, the bandwidth
during inflating 1000GB test file reaches nearly 2000 MB/s.
Simulating DB operations on the testing file
Figure 13.
Volume IOPS during the DB operations
Figure 14.
LUN Latency in microsecond during the DB operations
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Space efficient
EMC XtremIO offers the following features for customers to minimize the storage costs
and enhance smart usage of SSD capacity.
•
Natural Thin Provisioning
XtremIO storage is inherently thin-provisioned, using a small internal block
size. This provides fine-grained resolution for the thin provisioned space.
All volumes in the system are thin provisioned, meaning that the system
consumes capacity only when it is actually needed. XtremIO determines
where to place the unique data blocks physically inside the cluster after it
calculates their fingerprint IDs. Therefore, it never pre-allocates or thickprovisions storage space before writing.
As a result of XtremIO's content-aware architecture, blocks can be stored at
any location in the system (and only metadata is used to refer to their
locations) and the data is written only when unique blocks are received.
Therefore, unlike thin provisioning with large disk-oriented architecture, with
XtremIO there is no space creeping and no garbage collection. Furthermore,
the issue of volume fragmentation over time is not applicable to XtremIO (as
the blocks are scattered all over the random-access array) and no
defragmentation utilities are needed.
XtremIO's inherent thin provisioning also enables consistent performance
and data management across the entire life cycle of the volumes, regardless
of the system capacity utilization or the write patterns to the system.
•
Inline Data Reduction
-
Inline Data Deduplication
Inline data deduplication is the removal of redundancies from data
before it is written to the flash media.
XtremIO automatically and globally deduplicates data as it enters the
system. Deduplication is performed in real-time and not as a postprocessing operation. With XtremIO, there are no resource-consuming
background processes and no additional reads/writes (which are
associated with post-processing). Therefore, it does not negatively
affect performance of the storage array, does not waste the available
resources that are allocated for the host I/O, and does not consume
flash wear cycles.
-
Inline Data Compression
Inline Data Compression is the compression of the already
deduplicated data before it is written to the flash media.
XtremIO automatically compresses data after all duplications have
been removed. This ensures that the compression is performed only
for unique data blocks. Data compression is performed in real-time
and not as a post-processing operation. The nature of the data set
determines the overall compressibility rate. The compressed data
block is then stored on the array.
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Figure 15.
Example of a 6:1 Total Inline Data Reduction
Overall efficiency for competitive TCO
With the benefits of “Natural Thin Provisioning” and “Inline Data Reduction”
in XtremIO, the array used in this document totally provisioned 88.348 TB
(including the volume for MongoDB) in capacity of volumes to different hosts,
with 27.083 TB used and it only consumed 3.98 TB physical capacity. The
overall capacity efficiency is 22:1 in this testing environment.
Figure 16.
Overall efficiency example
Note: For more information on Data Reduction, refer to Introduction to the EMC
XtremIO Storage Array at http://support.emc.com.
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Advanced data
services
XtremIO provides advanced data services for MongoDB to protect against corruption
as well as allowing parallel processing such as testing new versions, rolling back, etc.
XtremIO Snapshot
XtremIO snapshots are created by capturing the state of data in volumes at a
particular point in time and allowing users to access that data when needed, even
when the source volume has changed. XtremIO snapshots are inherently writeable,
but may be mounted read-only to maintain immutability. Snapshots can be taken
from either the source or any snapshot of the source volume. Snapshots can be used
in a number of use cases, including:
•
Logical corruption protection
XtremIO allows the creation of frequent snapshots (based on the desired RPO
intervals) and their use in recovering any logical data corruption. The
snapshots can be kept in the system as long as they are needed. If a logical
data corruption occurs, snapshots of an earlier application state (prior to
logical data corruption) can be used to recover the application to a known
good point in time.
•
Backup
It is possible to create snapshots to be presented to a backup server/agent.
This can be used in order to offload the backup process from the production
server.
•
Development and testing
The system enables the user to create snapshots of the production data,
create multiple (space-efficient and high-performance) copies of the
production system and present them for development and testing purposes.
•
Clones
With XtremIO, it is possible to achieve clone-like capabilities by using
persistent writable snapshots. They can be used in order to present a clone of
the production volume to multiple servers. Performance of the clone will be
identical to that of the production volume.
•
Offline processing
Snapshots can be used as a means to offload the processing of data from the
production server. For example, if it is necessary to run a heavy process on
the data (which can affect the production server's performance), it is possible
use snapshots to create a recent copy of the production data and mount it on
a different server. The process can then be run (on the other server) without
consuming the production server's resources.
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Figure 17.
XtremIO Snapshot
Compared to traditional snapshot, XtremIO Snapshot provides the benefits listed in
following table.
Table 2.
XtremIO Snapshot comparisons
Note: For more information on XtremIO Snapshot, refer to Introduction to the EMC
XtremIO Storage Array at http://support.emc.com.
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Clone MongoDB database in minutes with XtremIO Snapshot
Customer can utilize XtremIO Snapshot to clone the database for backup or for
development or testing. The performance of the clone will be identical to that of the
production volume.
Cloning a database from one node to another can be done by following the four
following steps.
Note: To obtain an application-consistent stat, all necessary operations need to be
done in the database and operating system before taking the snapshot.
Step 1: Take and name a snapshot on the LUN(s) hosting the database.
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Step 2: Connect the snapshot to destination host using the following four clicks:
Step 3: Scan and mount the snapshot on the destination host.
For example, in Linux you can use:
# rescan-scsi-bus.sh -i -r
Edit /etc/fstab add the correct content
/dev/mapper/mpathb1
/mongodb
ext4
discard,noatime 1 2
#mount /mongodb
Step 4: Start the database pointing dbpath to the snapshot.
Mongod --dbpath /mongodb/data --logpath /mongodb/log/config.log --port 27017 -fork
A cloned MongoDB is created. Customers can utilize this cloned MongoDB for
developing and testing, parallel with production.
Create MongoDB replica set in minutes with XtremIO Snapshot
While MongoDB performance bottleneck comes from server configuration, DBAs can
easy covert the MongoDB into clusters, such as a replica set under the help of
XtremIO snapshot.
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By cloning the database using Snapshot and performing necessary operations in
MongoDB, a replica set can be created in minutes. Due to the XtremIO advanced
Snapshot, the performance between the cloned and the source are identical.
Figure 18.
Closing the database using Snapshot
Note: For details on creating sharding or replication set in MongoDB, refer to the
MongoDB Manual at http://docs.mongodb.org.
Advanced data
protection and
high-availability
XtremIO utilizes a proprietary flash-optimized data protection algorithm, which is
dedicated to fast rebuild and all-around protection and performs more efficiently than
traditional RAID types. The method achieves RAID-6-like protection level while
enabling performance that is superior to any existing RAID algorithms. It results in
fewer writes to flash media for data protection purposes. Benefiting from the partial
stripes approach, it requires very little capacity overhead for data protection and
metadata space and does not require dedicated spare drives for rebuilds. Any free
space available in the array can be utilized for failed drive reconstructions.
Table 3.
Flash-optimized data protection algorithm
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XtremIO's Active-Active architecture is designed to ensure maximum performance and
consistent latency. The system includes a self-healing mechanism that attempts to
recover from any failure and resume full functionality. An attempt to restart a failed
component is performed once before a failover action. Storage Controller failover is
carried out as the last resort. Based on the nature of the failure, the system attempts
to failover the relevant software component, while maintaining the operation of other
components, thus minimizing the performance impact. The whole Storage Controller
fails over only if recovery attempts are not successful or if the system must act in the
best interest of protecting against data loss.
Data-safe and hardware redundancy environment for MongoDB
A database is always one of the most important and valuable data assets in company.
Putting a database into a safe, fault- tolerant environment is the highest priority,
above any other factors.
The advanced data protection and high availability in EMC XtremIO provides a datasafe, space efficient, fault tolerant, and hardware redundant environment for a
customer’s database.
Note: For more information on advanced data protection and high availability, refer to
Introduction to the EMC XTREMIO Storage Array, at http://support.emc.com.
NDU provides
MongoDB service
online upgrade
During Non-Disruptive Upgrades (NDU) of the XtremIO Operating System, the system
performs the upgrade procedure on a live cluster, updates all Storage Controllers in
the cluster, and restarts the application in a process that takes less than 10 seconds.
Since the underlying Linux Kernel is active throughout the upgrade process, the hosts
do not detect any path disconnection during the application (GUI) restart period.
In the rare case of a Linux kernel or firmware upgrade, it is possible to upgrade the
XtremIO All Flash Array without any service interruption and without any risk of data
loss. The NDU procedure is launched from the XtremIO Management Server and is
able to upgrade the XtremIO software and the underlying operating system and
firmware.
During Linux/firmware NDU, the system automatically fails over a component and
upgrades its software. After completing the upgrade and verifying the component's
health, the system fails back to it and the process repeats itself on other
components. During the upgrade process the system is fully accessible, no data is
lost, and the performance impact is kept to minimum.
Data at Rest
Encryption
provides data
securing to
MongoDB
Data at Rest Encryption (DARE) provides a solution to securing critical data even when
the media is removed from the array. XtremIO arrays utilize a high performance inline
encryption technique to ensure that all data stored on the array is unusable if the SSD
media is removed. This prevents unauthorized access in the event of theft or loss
during transport, and makes it possible to return/replace failed components
containing sensitive data.
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Figure 19.
Data At Rest Encryption
Note: For more information on advanced data protection and high availability, refer
to Introduction to the EMC XTREMIO Storage Array, at http://support.emc.com.
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Conclusion
Summary
By deploying EMC XtremIO storage array into next generation database environments,
like MongoDB, customer can get the following benefits:
•
Leveraging advance revolutionary architecture for all-SSD storage subsystems
XtermIO has developed an advanced revolutionary architecture, which is
optimized for all-SSD enterprise storage subsystems. XtremIO offers a rich set
of features that leverage and optimize the SSD media capabilities and have
been especially designed to provide unparalleled solutions for enterprise
customers' needs and requirements.
•
Accelerating database and competitive TCO
XtremIO's features include truly-scalable solutions (buy additional capacity
and performance when needed), high performance with hundreds of
thousands of IOPS, constant sub-millisecond low latency, content-aware
Inline Data Reduction, high availability, thin provisioning, and snapshots.
•
Efficient and powerful data protection
XtremIO also offers a unique patent-protected scheme that leverages the SSD
media characteristics to provide an efficient and powerful data protection
mechanism which can protect the data against two simultaneous and
multiple consecutive failures.
•
Ease of management
XtremIO incorporates a comprehensive, intuitive and user-friendly interface
which includes both GUI and command line modes and is designed for easeof-use while enabling efficient system management.
XtremIO provides the perfect solution for all-SSD enterprise SAN storage while
offering a superior total cost of ownership solution for its customers.
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References
The documents referred in this paper are listed below and can be found at
http://support.emc.com.
•
Introduction to the EMC XtremIO Storage (Ver. 3.0)
•
Host Configuration Guide for XtremIO Versions 2.2.x - 3.0.1
•
MongoDB Manual 2.6
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