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HANOI URBAN MORPHOLOGY
The 16th AIAC International Design Workshop
30/03 – 03/04/2015
at the National University of Civil Engineering (Vietnam)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arch. Nguyen Quoc Thong
Vice President of Vietnam Association of Architects
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ISSUES
• Hanoi is a typical city, thus while we are talking about Hanoi, we
could understand most of the characteristics of the urban
development in Vietnam.
• Urban morphology: Typical urban planning and architecture
concepts.
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CONTENT
1. Outline of Vietnam’s urban morphology in history (thousands of
years, remarkably since 1010)
2. Thang Long - Hanoi (1010 to date)
- Feudal era (1010 - 1873)
- French colonial era (1873 - 1954)
- Socialist plan economy era (1954 - 1986)
- Renovation era (1986 to date)
3. Problems in Vietnam’s cities nowadays
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1. VIETNAM’S URBAN MORPHOLOGY IN HISTORY
Historical timeline
•
Vietnam’s towns in Van Lang Au Lac period (thousands of years – started in
111 BC – prior to Chinese domination)
Co Loa Citadel (Au Lac Kingdom)
Plan of Co Loa Citadel
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1. VIETNAM’S URBAN MORPHOLOGY IN HISTORY
Vietnamese urban characteristics in Van Lang - Au Viet period /
Different from China
•Water-related, wet rice civilisation / different from rice cultivation in dry fields
»A city is as a village agglomeration / A city is different from a village
»A Vietnamese citadel is built on river and water (nature-based) / A city is primarily for
defence
•Self-defence, transportation and cultivation
» Natural form (free form) / Different from square form
»Within a citadel, apart from administrative buildings, there were villages, paddy fields
and gardens (rural factors) / Merely administrative and urban (without rural factors)
•Well connected with landscape
»Small scale / Large scale
»In harmony with the surrounding / Dominant - beyond the surrounding
»Organically related to landscape, mixed / Artificial, separated/outstanding as landmark
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1. VIETNAM’S URBAN MORPHOLOGY IN HISTORY
•
Dominated by the Han dynasty (111 BC – 938 AD)
- Influenced by Chinese culture
- Script, Religion, Philosophy and Sociology
- Urban concept (spatial planning)
-Three city walls:
Forbidden wall
Imperial wall
Capital city wall
- In Vietnam
»Mainly two walls: Forbidden wall and Imperial wall
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2. THANG LONG - HANOI (1010 TO DATE)
FEUDAL ERA (1010 - 1873)
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•
Urban structure
“Three city walls” – a concept originated from China
However, there were different features:
+ Forbidden Citadel (for the King)
+ Imperial Citadel (for high-rank officers) – Square form similar to Chinese style
+ Capital Citadel (for people) – based on nature, terrain conditions
Architecture
+ Formal architecture – Palace
+ Traditional architecture
HOÀNG THÀNH
TỬ CẤM THÀNH
KINH THÀNH
Plan: city concept in China
Plan: city concept in Vietnam
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Thang Long map in the 19th century
Hanoi map in 1873
Imperial Citadel, including Forbidden Citadel
Capital Citadel based on the dyke system along To Lich river, with:
Urban area: 36 commercial streets
Communal houses, pagodas, temples
Villages, rice fields and gardens, lakes and ponds.
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Architecture of Literature Temple
Housing architecture in the 36 old street quarter
2. THANG LONG - HANOI (1010 TO DATE)
FRENCH COLONIAL ERA (1873 - 1954)
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Hanoi map in 1885
before the French planned the city
Hanoi map in 10/1898
The first modifications of the French
(Source: N. Lancret, Collections of city maps in South East Asia. Authors:
P. Clement and N. Lancret, Hanoi - Cycle of Change. Science and Technique, Hanoi 2003)
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Hanoi map in1902
Hanoi map in 1943
(Source: N. Lancret, Collections of city maps in South East Asia. Authors:
P. Clement and N. Lancret, Hanoi - Cycle of Change. Science and Technique, Hanoi 2003)
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Urban fabric
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City centre
Street block No. 43
Evaluation
Medium
Remarkable
Exceptional
Heritage tree
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Architecture
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(Indochinese architecture)
Grand Opera House
Palace of General Governor
(Classical architecture)
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2. THANG LONG - HANOI (1010 TO DATE)
SOCIALIST ERA - PLAN ECONOMY (1954 - 1986)
Planning project for Hanoi in1962
Hanoi map in 1974
(Source: Bordeaux III University. Hanoi City Geographic Data Atlas.
Map Publisher, Hanoi 2002)
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Housing neighbourhood
-
Collective housing blocks
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2. THANG LONG – HANOI (1010 TO DATE)
SOCIALIST ERA - RENOVATION (1986 TO DATE)
Rapid urbanisation
Hanoi map in1989
Hanoi map in 1996
(Source: Bordeaux III University. Hanoi City Geographic Data Atlas.
Map Publisher, Hanoi 2002)
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Spatial planning for Hanoi towards 2030
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Urban structure – New towns
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Viet Hung new town
North An Khanh new town
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New Central Business District (CBD) in the West of West Lake
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Urban development project (40 km along the Red river)
developed by South Korean investors
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Architecture
-
Diverse in types
International architecture
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COMPARISON
Urban infrastructure development planning over the years
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3. PROBLEMS IN VIETNAM’S CITIES NOWADAYS
• Values:
+ Various small-scale urban concepts coexist
+ Each concept has its own values, but these concepts can be well combined
with one another
+ Water surface and landscape are connecting elements
+ Architecture develops in horizontal direction (low-rise)
• Challenges:
+ Mega cities, global cities
+ Massive urban development / Incomplete urban legislative systems
+ Conflict: between modern and traditional factors
+ Large building complexes vs. landscape: Central business districts (CBD),
new towns
+ New urban culture
+ International architecture: vertical development (high-rise)
+ Environmental pollution
+ What is urban identity in Vietnam’s cities?
and so on.
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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