3 the DecoratorPattern
g Decorating
h
Objects g
I used to think real men
subclassed everything. That was
until I learned the power of
extension at runtime, rather than
at compile time. Now look at me!
Just call this chapter “Design Eye for the Inheritance Guy.”
We’ll re-examine the typical overuse of inheritance and you’ll learn how to decorate
your classes at runtime using a form of object composition. Why? Once you know the
techniques of decorating, you’ll be able to give your (or someone else’s) objects new
responsibilities without making any code changes to the underlying classes.
this is a new chapter
79
the starbuzz story
Welcome to Starbuzz Coffee
Starbuzz Coffee has made a name for itself as the
fastest growing coffee shop around. If you’ve seen one
on your local corner, look across the street; you’ll see
another one.
Because they’ve grown so quickly, they’re scrambling
to update their ordering systems to match their
beverage offerings.
When they ﬁrst went into business they designed their
classes like this...
stract class,
Beverage is an abbe
verages
subclassed by all ff
ee shop.
offered in the co
The description instance variable
is set in each subclass and holds a
description of the beverage, like
“Most Excellent Dark Roast”.
The getDescription() method
returns the description.
Beverage
description
The cost() method is
abstract; subclassses
need to define their
own implementation.
getDescription()
cost()
// Other useful methods...
DarkRoast
HouseBlend
cost()
cost()
Decaf
cost()
Espresso
cost()
Each subclass implements cost() to return the cost of the beverage.
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Chapter 3
the decorator pattern
In addition to your coffee, you can also ask for several condiments like
steamed milk, soy, and mocha (otherwise known as chocolate), and have
it all topped off with whipped milk. Starbuzz charges a bit for each of
these, so they really need to get them built into their order system.
Here’s their ﬁrst attempt...
Beverage
description
getDescription()
cost()
// Other useful methods...
DarkRoastWithSteamedMilk
andMocha
HouseBlendWithSteamedMilk
andMocha
HouseBlendWithSteamedMilk
cost()
andCaramel
HouseBlendWithWhipandMocha
cost()
cost()
cost()
DecafWithSteamedMilk
andCaramel
DarkRoastWithSteamedMilk
andCaramel
cost()
HouseBlendWithMocha
cost()
HouseBlendWithSoyandMocha
EspressoWithSteamedMilk
andMocha
DecafWithSteamedMilk
andMocha
cost()
DarkRoastWithWhipandMocha
cost()
EspressoWithSteamedMilk
andCaramel
EspressoWithWhipandMocha
cost()
DecafWithWhipandMocha
cost()
cost()
HouseBlendWithSteamedMilk
andSoycost()
cost()
HouseBlendWithWhip
cost()
cost()
HouseBlendWithSoy
cost()
DarkRoastWithSteamedMilk
andSoy
HouseBlendWithSteamedMilk
cost()
cost()
cost()
DarkRoastWithSteamedMilk
cost()
HouseBlendWithSteamedMilk
andWhip
cost()
HouseBlendWithWhipandSoy
cost()
EspressoWithSteamedMilk
DecafWithSoy
andSoy
DecafWithSteamedMilk
cost()
andSoy EspressoWithSteamedMilk
cost()
DarkRoastWithSoy
cost()
DecafWithSteamedMilk
cost()
DecafWithSoyandMocha
DarkRoastWithSoy
DarkRoastWithSoyandMocha
cost()
DecafWithSoy
cost()
DecafWithSoyandMocha
cost()
EspressoWhip
cost()
cost()
cost()
DecafWithWhip
cost()
DarkRoastWithWhip
cost()
cost()
EspressoWithSteamedMilk
andWhip
DecafWithSteamedMilk
DarkRoastWithSteamedMilk
cost()
andWhip
andWhip
EspressoWithWhipandSoy
DecafWithWhipandSoy
cost()
DarkRoastWithWhipandSoy
cost()
cost()
cost()
EspressoWithMocha
cost()
DecafWithMocha
cost()
DarkRoastWithMocha
cost()
cost()
Whoa!
Can you say
“class explosion?”
cost()
mputes the
Each cost method coalo
ng with the
cost of the coffee the order.
other condiments in
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81
violating design principles
A
brain
power
It’s pretty obvious that Starbuzz has created a maintenance nightmare for
themselves. What happens when the price of milk goes up? What do they do
when they add a new caramel topping?
Thinking beyond the maintenance problem, which of the design principles that
we’ve covered so far are they violating?
Hint: they’re violating two of them in a big way!
This is stupid; why do we need
all these classes? Can’t we just use
instance variables and inheritance in
the superclass to keep track of the
condiments?
Well, let’s give it a try. Let’s start with the Beverage base
class and add instance variables to represent whether or
not each beverage has milk, soy, mocha and whip...
Beverage
description
milk
soy
mocha
whip
getDescription()
cost()
hasMilk()
setMilk()
hasSoy()
setSoy()
hasMocha()
setMocha()
hasWhip()
setWhip()
// Other useful methods..
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Chapter 3
New boolean values for
each condiment.
Now we’ll implement cost() in Beverage (instead of
keeping it abstract), so that it can calculate the
costs associated with the condiments for a particular
beverage instance. Subclasses will still override
cost(), but they will also invoke the super version so
that they can calculate the total cost of the basic
beverage plus the costs of the added condiments.
e boolean
These get and setndthiments.
values for the co
the decorator pattern
Beverage
Now let’s add in the subclasses, one
for each beverage on the menu:
e
st() will calculate th
The superclass coth
ile
wh
,
condiments
costs for all of ste() in the subclasses
the overridden cofunctionality to
will extend that that specific
include costs for
beverage type.
needs to compute
Each cost() methobedverage and then
the cost of the ents by calling the
add in the condim tation of cost().
superclass implemen
description
milk
soy
mocha
whip
getDescription()
cost()
hasMilk()
setMilk()
hasSoy()
setSoy()
hasMocha()
setMocha()
hasWhip()
setWhip()
// Other useful methods..
DarkRoast
HouseBlend
Decaf
cost()
cost()
Sharpen your pencil
cost()
Espresso
cost()
Write the cost( ) methods for the following classes (pseudo-Java is okay):
public class Beverage {
public double cost() {
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {
public DarkRoast() {
description = “Most Excellent Dark Roast”;
}
public double cost() {
}
}
}
}
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83
impact of change
See, ﬁve
classes total. This is
deﬁnitely the way to go.
I’m not so sure; I can
see some potential problems
with this approach by thinking
about how the design might need
to change in the future.
Sharpen your pencil
What requirements or other factors might change that will impact this design?
Price changes for condiments will force us to alter existing code.
New condiments will force us to add new methods and alter the cost method in the superclass.
We may have new beverages. For some of these beverages (iced tea?), the condiments
may not be appropriate, yet the Tea subclass will still inherit methods like hasWhip().
What if a customer wants a double mocha?
rn:
Your tu
84
Chapter 3
aw in this is
s
e
As w pter 1, idea!
Cha ery bad
av
the decorator pattern
Master and Student...
Master: Grasshopper, it has been some time since our last
meeting. Have you been deep in meditation on inheritance?
Student: Yes, Master. While inheritance is powerful, I have
learned that it doesn’t always lead to the most ﬂexible or
maintainable designs.
Master: Ah yes, you have made some progress. So, tell me my student, how
then will you achieve reuse if not through inheritance?
Student: Master, I have learned there are ways of “inheriting” behavior at
runtime through composition and delegation.
Master: Please, go on...
Student: When I inherit behavior by subclassing, that behavior is set statically
at compile time. In addition, all subclasses must inherit the same behavior. If
however, I can extend an object’s behavior through composition, then I can do
this dynamically at runtime.
Master: Very good, Grasshopper, you are beginning to see the power of
composition.
Student: Yes, it is possible for me to add multiple new responsibilities to objects
through this technique, including responsibilities that were not even thought of
by the designer of the superclass. And, I don’t have to touch their code!
Master: What have you learned about the effect of composition on maintaining
your code?
Student: Well, that is what I was getting at. By dynamically composing objects,
I can add new functionality by writing new code rather than altering existing
code. Because I’m not changing existing code, the chances of introducing bugs
or causing unintended side effects in pre-existing code are much reduced.
Master: Very good. Enough for today, Grasshopper. I would like for you to
go and meditate further on this topic... Remember, code should be closed (to
change) like the lotus ﬂower in the evening, yet open (to extension) like the
lotus ﬂower in the morning.
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85
the open-closed principle
The Open-Closed Principle
Grasshopper is on to one of the most important design principles:
Design Principle
Classes should be open
for extension, but closed for
modiﬁcation.
Come on in; we’re
open. Feel free to extend
our classes with any new behavior you
like. If your needs or requirements change (and we
know they will), just go ahead and make your own
extensions.
Sorry, we’re closed.
That’s right, we spent
a lot of time getting this code correct and
bug free, so we can’t let you alter the existing code.
It must remain closed to modiﬁcation. If you don’t
like it, you can speak to the manager.
Our goal is to allow classes to be easily extended to
incorporate new behavior without modifying existing code.
What do we get if we accomplish this? Designs that are
resilient to change and ﬂexible enough to take on new
functionality to meet changing requirements.
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Chapter 3
the decorator pattern
there are no
Dumb Questions
Q:
Open for extension and closed
for modiﬁcation? That sounds very
contradictory. How can a design be
both?
A:
That’s a very good question. It
certainly sounds contradictory at first.
After all, the less modifiable something
is, the harder it is to extend, right?
As it turns out, though, there are some
clever OO techniques for allowing
systems to be extended, even if we can’t
change the underlying code. Think
about the Observer Pattern (in Chapter
2)... by adding new Observers, we can
extend the Subject at any time, without
adding code to the Subject. You’ll see
quite a few more ways of extending
behavior with other OO design
techniques.
Q:
Okay, I understand Observable,
but how do I generally design
something to be extensible, yet closed
for modiﬁcation?
A:
Usually, you can’t. Making OO
design flexible and open to extension
without the modification of existing
code takes time and effort. In general,
we don’t have the luxury of tying
down every part of our designs (and it
would probably be wastefu). Following
the Open-Closed Principle usually
introduces new levels of abstraction,
which adds complexity to our code.
You want to concentrate on those areas
that are most likely to change in your
designs and apply the principles there.
Q:
How do I know which areas of
change are more important?
A:
That is partly a matter of
experience in designing OO systems and
also a matter of the knowing the domain
you are working in. Looking at other
examples will help you learn to identify
areas of change in your own designs.
A:
While it may seem like a contradiction,
there are techniques for allowing code to be
extended without direct modification.
Q:
Be careful when choosing the areas of code
that need to be extended; applying the
Open-Closed Principle EVERYWHERE
is wasteful, unnecessary, and can lead to
complex, hard to understand code.
Many of the patterns give us
time tested designs that protect your
code from being modified by supplying
a means of extension. In this chapter
you’ll see a good example of using the
Decorator pattern to follow the OpenClosed principle.
How can I make every part of
my design follow the Open-Closed
Principle?
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87
meet the decorator pattern
Meet the Decorator Pattern
Okay, enough of the “Object
Oriented Design Club.” We have real
problems here! Remember us? Starbuzz
Coffee? Do you think you could use
some of those design principles to
actually help us?
Okay, we’ve seen that representing our beverage plus condiment pricing
scheme with inheritance has not worked out very well – we get class
explosions, rigid designs, or we add functionality to the base class that isn’t
appropriate for some of the subclasses.
So, here’s what we’ll do instead: we’ll start with a beverage and “decorate”
it with the condiments at runtime. For example, if the customer wants a
Dark Roast with Mocha and Whip, then we’ll:
1
Take a DarkRoast object
2
Decorate it with a Mocha object
3
Decorate it with a Whip object
4
Call the cost() method and rely on
delegation to add on the condiment costs
Okay, but how do you “decorate” an object, and how does delegation
come into this? A hint: think of decorator objects as “wrappers.” Let’s
see how this works...
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the decorator pattern
Constructing a drink order with Decorators
1
We start with our DarkRoast object.
cost()
DarkRoast
2
t
DarkRoaasnd has
t
a
h
t
r
e
b
Remem from Beverage mputes
inherits method that co
a cost() of the drink.
the cost
The customer wants Mocha, so we create a Mocha
object and wrap it around the DarkRoast.
or. Its
ject is a decorisatdecorating,
The Mocha obth
object it
type mirrors Beeverage. (By “mirror”,
in this case, a the same type..)
we mean it is
cost()
cost()
DarkRoast
Mocha
3
oo,
st() method tn treat
co
a
s
a
h
a
ch
o
e ca
So, M
olymorphism w
and through p wrapped in Mocha as
any Beveragetoo (because Mocha is a
a Beverage, Beverage).
subtype of
The customer also wants Whip, so we create a
Whip decorator and wrap Mocha with it.
cost()
cost()
Whip
cost()
DarkRoast
Mocha
Whip is a decorator, so it also
mirrors DarkRoast’s type and
includes a cost() method.
So, a DarkRoast wrapped in Mocha and Whip is still
a Beverage and we can do anything with it we can do
with a DarkRoast, including call its cost() method.
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89
decorator characteristics
4
Now it’s time to compute the cost for the customer. We do this
by calling cost() on the outermost decorator, Whip, and Whip is
going to delegate computing the cost to the objects it decorates.
Once it gets a cost, it will add on the cost of the Whip.
in
(You’ll see how
)
s.
ge
a few pa
Mocha.
2 Whip calls cost() on
t() on the
1 First, we call cos
, Whip.
tor
ora
dec
st
mo
out
$1.29
.10
3
cost()
.20
cost()
Whip
5
Whip adds its total, 10 cents,
to the result from Mocha, and
returns the ﬁnal result—$1.29.
5
Mocha calls cost() on
DarkRoast.
cost()
t
.99 D
ar k Ro as
Mocha
4
Dar kRoast
returns its cost,
99 cents.
Mocha adds its cost, 20
cents, to the result from
Dar kRoast, and returns
the new total, $1.19.
Okay, here’s what we know so far...
ß Decorators have the same supertype as the objects they decorate.
ß You can use one or more decorators to wrap an object.
ß Given that the decorator has the same supertype as the object it decorates, we can pass
around a decorated object in place of the original (wrapped) object.
ß The decorator adds its own behavior either before and/or after delegating to the object it
decorates to do the rest of the job.
ß Objects can be decorated at any time, so we can decorate objects dynamically at runtime
with as many decorators as we like.
Now let’s see how this all really works by looking at the
Decorator Pattern definition and writing some code.
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Chapter 3
t
Key Poin
!
the decorator pattern
The Decorator Pattern defined
Let’s ﬁrst take a look at the Decorator Pattern description:
The Decorator Pattern attaches additional
responsibilities to an object dynamically.
Decorators provide a ﬂexible alternative to
subclassing for extending functionality.
While that describes the role of the Decorator Pattern, it doesn’t give us a lot
of insight into how we’d apply the pattern to our own implementation. Let’s
take a look at the class diagram, which is a little more revealing (on the next
page we’ll look at the same structure applied to the beverage problem).
Each component can be used on its
own, or wrapped by a decorator.
Component
component
methodA()
methodB()
The ConcreteComponent
is the object we’re going
to dynamically add new
behavior to. It extends
Component.
// other methods
Decorator
ConcreteComponent
methodA()
methodA()
methodB()
methodB()
// other methods
// other methods
ConcereteDecoratorA
Component wrappedObj
s an
The ConcreteDecoratorehathing
th
r
fo
ble
instance varia
t
it decorates (the Componen
s).
ap
wr
r
the Decorato
methodA()
methodB()
newBehavior()
// other methods
Each decorator HAS-A
(wraps) a component, which
means the decorator has an
instance variable that holds
a reference to a component.
ent the
Decorators implem
abstract
same interfacemorponent they
class as the co corate.
are going to de
ConcereteDecoratorB
Component wrappedObj
Object newState
methodA()
methodB()
// other methods
e
Decorators can extendt.th
en
on
mp
state of the co
Decorators can add new methods; however, new
behavior is typically added by doing computation
before or after an existing method in the component.
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91
decorating beverages
Decorating our Beverages
Okay, let’s work our Starbuzz beverages into this framework...
r
Beverage acts asneou
class.
nt
po
m
abstract co
component
Beverage
description
getDescription()
cost()
// other useful methods
CondimentDecorator
DarkRoast
HouseBlend
cost()
cost()
getDescription()
Decaf
Espresso
cost()
cost()
e
concretper
r
u
o
f
e
e
Th nents, on
compo e type.
coffe
Milk
Whip
Soy
Mocha
Beverage beverage
Beverage beverage
Beverage beverage
Beverage beverage
cost()
cost()
cost()
cost()
getDescription()
getDescription()
getDescription()
getDescription()
And here are our condiment decorators; notice
they need to implement not only cost() but also
getDescription(). We’ll see why in a moment...
A
brain
power
Before going further, think about how you’d implement the cost() method of
the coffees and the condiments. Also think about how you’d implement the
getDescription() method of the condiments.
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Cubicle Conversation
Some confusion over Inheritance versus Composition
ry
Ma
Okay, I’m a little
confused...I thought we weren’t
going to use inheritance in this
pattern, but rather we were going
to rely on composition instead.
Sue: What do you mean?
Mary: Look at the class diagram. The CondimentDecorator is extending the Beverage class.
That’s inheritance, right?
Sue: True. I think the point is that it’s vital that the decorators have the same type as the
objects they are going to decorate. So here we’re using inheritance to achieve the type matching,
but we aren’t using inheritance to get behavior.
Mary: Okay, I can see how decorators need the same “interface” as the components they wrap
because they need to stand in place of the component. But where does the behavior come in?
Sue: When we compose a decorator with a component, we are adding new behavior. We
are acquiring new behavior not by inheriting it from a superclass, but by composing objects
together.
Mary: Okay, so we’re subclassing the abstract class Beverage in order to have the correct type,
not to inherit its behavior. The behavior comes in through the composition of decorators with
the base components as well as other decorators.
Sue: That’s right.
Mary: Ooooh, I see. And because we are using object composition, we get a whole lot more
ﬂexibility about how to mix and match condiments and beverages. Very smooth.
Sue: Yes, if we rely on inheritance, then our behavior can only be determined statically at
compile time. In other words, we get only whatever behavior the superclass gives us or that we
override. With composition, we can mix and match decorators any way we like... at runtime.
Mary: And as I understand it, we can implement new decorators at any time to add new
behavior. If we relied on inheritance, we’d have to go in and change existing code any time we
wanted new behavior.
Sue: Exactly.
Mary: I just have one more question. If all we need to inherit is the type of the component,
how come we didn’t use an interface instead of an abstract class for the Beverage class?
Sue: Well, remember, when we got this code, Starbuzz already had an abstract Beverage class.
Traditionally the Decorator Pattern does specify an abstract component, but in Java, obviously,
we could use an interface. But we always try to avoid altering existing code, so don’t “ﬁx” it if
the abstract class will work just ﬁne.
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93
decorator training
New barista training
Okay, I need for you to
make me a double mocha,
soy latte with whip.
Make a picture for what happens when the order is for a
“double mocha soy lotte with whip” beverage. Use the menu
to get the correct prices, and draw your picture using the
same format we used earlier (from a few pages back):
Mocha.
2 Whip calls cost() on
3
) on the
1 First, we call cost(
outmost decorator, Whip.
$1.29
.10
cost()
.20
cost()
Whip
5
Whip adds its total, 10 cents,
to the result from Mocha, and
returns the ﬁnal result—$1.29.
5
Mocha calls cost() on
DarkRoast.
cost()
t
.99 D
ar k Ro as
Mocha
4
was for
This picturoeast mocha
a “dark r rage.
whip” beve
DarkRoast
returns its cost,
99 cents.
Mocha adds its cost, 20
cents, to the result from
DarkRoast, and returns
the new total, $1.19.
Sharpen your pencil
Draw your picture here.
Starbuzz Coffee
Coffees
House Blend
.89
Dark Roast
.99
Decaf
1.05
Espresso
1.99
Condiments
Steamed Milk
.10
Mocha
.20
Soy
.15
Whip
.10
bu
tar zz
u
tarb zz
ffee S
Co
fe
Cof e S
le
“doub
ke a whip”
a
m
n
h
ca
oy,
: you te wit nd, S !
HINTha soy lat HouseBle and Whip
moc ombining Mocha
by c shots of
two
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Chapter 3
the decorator pattern
Writing the Starbuzz code
It’s time to whip this design into some real code.
Let’s start with the Beverage class, which doesn’t need to
change from Starbuzz’s original design. Let’s take a look:
public abstract class Beverage {
String description = “Unknown Beverage”;
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public abstract double cost();
}
abstract
Beverage is an two methods
class with the n() and cost().
getDescriptio
getDescription is already
implemented for us, but we
need to implement cost()
in the subclasses.
Beverage is simple enough. Let’s implement the abstract
class for the Condiments (Decorator) as well:
to be
First, we needle with a Beverage,
interchangeab the Beverage class.
so we extend
public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
public abstract String getDescription();
}
We’re also going to require
that the condiment
decorators all reimplement the
getDescription() method. Again,
we’ll see why in a sec...
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95
implementing the beverages
Coding beverages
Now that we’ve got our base classes out of the way, let’s
implement some beverages. We’ll start with Espresso.
Remember, we need to set a description for the speciﬁc
beverage and also implement the cost() method.
public class Espresso extends Beverage {
public Espresso() {
description = “Espresso”;
}
public double cost() {
return 1.99;
}
}
public double cost() {
return .89;
}
Okay, here’s another Beverage. All we
do is set the appropriate description,
“House Blend Coffee,” and then return
the correct cost: 89¢.
You can create the other two Beverage classses
(DarkRoast and Decaf) in exactly the same way.
96
Chapter 3
we
To take care of the description,the
for
or
uct
str
con
set this in the
instance
class. Remember the description ge.
variable is inherited from Bevera
’t
spresso. We djuonst
E
an
of
st
co
e
to compute th
this class, we
Finally, we needabout adding in condiments in.99.
need to worry the price of an Espresso: $1
need to return
public class HouseBlend extends Beverage {
public HouseBlend() {
description = “House Blend Coffee”;
}
}
d the Beverage
First we exthiens is a beverage.
class, since t
Coffee
Starbuzz
s
Coffee
Blend
House
oast
R
Dark
Decaf
so
Espres
.89
.99
1.05
1.99
ents
Condim
d Milk
Steame
Mocha
Soy
Whip
.10
.20
.15
.10
the decorator pattern
Coding condiments
If you look back at the Decorator Pattern class diagram, you’ll
see we’ve now written our abstract component (Beverage), we
have our concrete components (HouseBlend), and we have our
abstract decorator (CondimentDecorator). Now it’s time to
implement the concrete decorators. Here’s Mocha:
tor
tDecora
n
e
im
d
n
o
Mocha is a decorator, so we
e Mocha with
at
ti
an
mber, Cverage.
st
e
in
m
to
e
g
in
R
We’re go
extend CondimentDecorator.
Be
Beverage using:
extends
a reference to a
e
variable to hold th
(1) An instancewrapping.
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {
beverage we are
Beverage beverage;
t this instance
(2) A way to seject we are wrapping.
public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
variable to theinob
pass the beverage
this.beverage = beverage;
ere, we’re go g tothe decorator’s
H
}
we’re wrapping to
constructor.
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + “, Mocha”;
}
public double cost() {
return .20 + beverage.cost();
}
}
beverage
ute the cost of oullr to
mp
co
to
ed
e
ne
we
w
No
delegate the ca mpth
we
t,
rs
Fi
.
ha
e the
oc
ut
M
th
co
wi
ng, so that it can to the result.
ti
ra
co
de
’re
we
ct
je
ob
e cost of Mocha
cost; then, we add th
We want our description to not only
include the beverage - say “Dark
Roast” - but also to include each
item decorating the beverage, for
instance, “Dark Roast, Mocha”. So
we first delegate to the object we are
decorating to get its description, then
append “, Mocha” to that description.
On the next page we’ll actually instantiate the beverage and
wrap it with all its condiments (decorators), but first...
Sharpen your pencil
Write and compile the code for the other Soy and Whip
condiments. You’ll need them to finish and test the application.
you are here 4
97
testing the beverages
Serving some coffees
Congratulations. It’s time to sit back, order a few coffees and marvel at
the ﬂexible design you created with the Decorator Pattern.
Here’s some test code to make orders:
public class StarbuzzCoffee {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Beverage beverage = new Espresso();
System.out.println(beverage.getDescription()
+ “ $” + beverage.cost());
s
condimentt.
o
n
,
o
s
s
e
nd cos
an espr
Order upt its description a
and prin
oast object.
Make a DarkR
Beverage beverage2 = new DarkRoast();
Wrap it with a Mocha.
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
Wrap it in a second Mocha.
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Whip(beverage2);
Wrap it in a Whip.
System.out.println(beverage2.getDescription()
+ “ $” + beverage2.cost());
Beverage beverage3 = new HouseBlend();
beverage3 = new Soy(beverage3);
beverage3 = new Mocha(beverage3);
beverage3 = new Whip(beverage3);
System.out.println(beverage3.getDescription()
+ “ $” + beverage3.cost());
Finally, give us a HouseBlend
with Soy, Mocha, and Whip.
}
}
Now, let’s get those orders in:
We’re going to see a much better way of
creating decorated objects when we cover the
Factory and Builder Design Patterns.
File Edit Window Help CloudsInMyCoffee
% java StarbuzzCoffee
Espresso $1.99
Dark Roast Coffee, Mocha, Mocha, Whip $1.49
File Edit Window Help CloudsInMyCoffee
House Blend Coffee, Soy, Mocha, Whip $1.34
%
98
Chapter 3
the decorator pattern
there are no
Dumb Questions
Q:
I’m a little worried about code
that might test for a specfic concrete
component – say, HouseBlend – and
do something, like issue a discount.
Once I’ve wrapped the HouseBlend
with decorators, this isn’t going to work
anymore.
A:
That is exactly right. If you have
code that relies on the concrete component’s
type, decorators will break that code.
As long as you only write code against
the abstract component type, the use of
decorators will remain transparent to your
code. However, once you start writing code
against concrete components, you’ll want to
rethink your application design and your use
of decorators.
Q:
Wouldn’t it be easy for some
client of a beverage to end up with
a decorator that isn’t the outermost
decorator? Like if I had a DarkRoast with
Mocha, Soy, and Whip, it would be easy
to write code that somehow ended up
with a reference to Soy instead of Whip,
which means it would not including Whip
in the order.
A:
You could certainly argue that
you have to manage more objects with
the Decorator Pattern and so there is
an increased chance that coding errors
will introduce the kinds of problems you
suggest. However, decorators are typically
created by using other patterns like Factory
and Builder. Once we’ve covered these
patterns, you’ll see that the creation of the
concrete component with its decorator is
“well encapsulated” and doesn’t lead to
these kinds of problems.
Q:
Can decorators know about the
other decorations in the chain? Say, I
wanted my getDecription() method to
print “Whip, Double Mocha” instead of
“Mocha, Whip, Mocha”? That would
require that my outermost decorator
know all the decorators it is wrapping.
A:
Decorators are meant to add
behavior to the object they wrap. When
you need to peek at multiple layers into
the decorator chain, you are starting to
push the decorator beyond its true intent.
Nevertheless, such things are possible.
Imagine a CondimentPrettyPrint decorator
that parses the final decription and can print
“Mocha, Whip, Mocha” as “Whip, Double
Mocha.” Note that getDecription() could
return an ArrayList of descriptions to make
this easier.
Sharpen your pencil
Our friends at Starbuzz have introduced sizes to their menu. You can now order
a coffee in tall, grande, and venti sizes (translation: small, medium, and large).
Starbuzz saw this as an intrinsic part of the coffee class, so they’ve added two
methods to the Beverage class: setSize() and getSize(). They’d also like for the
condiments to be charged according to size, so for instance, Soy costs 10¢, 15¢
and 20¢ respectively for tall, grande, and venti coffees.
How would you alter the decorator classes to handle this change in requirements?
you are here 4
99
decorators in java i/o
Real World Decorators: Java I/O
The large number of classes in the java.io package is... overwhelming. Don’t feel alone
if you said “whoa” the ﬁrst (and second and third) time you looked at this API. But
now that you know the Decorator Pattern, the I/O classes should make more sense
since the java.io package is largely based on Decorator. Here’s a typical set of
objects that use decorators to add functionality to reading data from a ﬁle:
A text file for reading.
ered
e
InputStr
a
ff
m
ne
Nu
mberInputStrea
LineNumberInputStream is
also a concrete decorator.
It adds the ability to
count the line numbers as
it reads data.
m
Li
Bu
FileInputStream
BufferedInputStream
is a concrete decorator.
BufferedInputStream adds
behavior in two ways: it
buffers input to improve
performance, and also augments
the interface with a new
method readLine() for reading
character-based input, a line
at a time.
BufferedInputStream and LineNumberInputStream both extend
FilterInputStream, which acts as the abstract decorator class.
100
Chapter 3
hat’s
component tary
e
h
t
is
m
a
e
r
FileInputStr ted. The Java I/O lib g
a
in
r
d
o
c
lu
e
c
nts, in
being d
ral compone BufferInputStream,
e
v
se
s
e
li
p
p
su
others.
eam, String
FileInputStr putStream and a fewent from
ByteArrayIn give us a base compon
All of thesead bytes.
which to re
the decorator pattern
Decorating the java.io classes
ent.
ract compon
st
b
a
r
u
o
’s
Here
FilterInputStream
is an abstract
decorator.
InputStream
FileInputStream
StringBufferInputStream
PushbackInputStream
These InputStreams act as
the concrete components that
we will wrap with decorators.
There are a few more we didn’t
show, like ObjectInputStream.
FilterInputStream
ByteArrayInputStream
BufferedInputStream
DataInputStream
LineNumberInputStream
crete decorators.
And finally, here are all our con
You can see that this isn’t so different from the Starbuzz design. You should
now be in a good position to look over the java.io API docs and compose
decorators on the various input streams.
You’ll see that the output streams have the same design. And you’ve probably
already found that the Reader/Writer streams (for character-based data)
closely mirror the design of the streams classes (with a few differences and
inconsistencies, but close enough to ﬁgure out what’s going on).
Java I/O also points out one of the downsides of the Decorator Pattern:
designs using this pattern often result in a large number of small classes
that can be overwhelming to a developer trying to use the Decorator-based
API. But now that you know how Decorator works, you can keep things in
perspective and when you’re using someone else’s Decorator-heavy API, you
can work through how their classes are organized so that you can easily use
wrapping to get the behavior you’re after.
you are here 4
101
write your own i/o decorator
Writing your own Java I/O Decorator
Okay, you know the Decorator Pattern, you’ve
seen the I/O class diagram. You should be ready to
write your own input decorator.
How about this: write a decorator that converts
all uppercase characters to lowercase in the
input stream. In other words, if we read in “I
know the Decorator Pattern therefore I RULE!”
then your decorator converts this to “i know the
decorator pattern therefore i rule!”
t to import
e
g
r
o
f
’t
n
o
D
t shown)
java.io... (no
No problem. I just have to
extend the FilterInputStream class
and override the read() methods.
First, extend the FilterInputStream, the
abstract decorator for all InputStreams.
public class LowerCaseInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
public LowerCaseInputStream(InputStream in) {
super(in);
}
public int read() throws IOException {
int c = super.read();
return (c == -1 ? c : Character.toLowerCase((char)c));
}
}
public int read(byte[] b, int offset, int len) throws IOException {
int result = super.read(b, offset, len);
for (int i = offset; i < offset+result; i++) {
b[i] = (byte)Character.toLowerCase((char)b[i]);
Now we need to implement two
}
read methods. They take a
return result;
byte (or an array of bytes)
}
convert each byte (that
REMEMBER: we don’t provide import and package
statements in the code listings. Get the complete
source code from the wickedlysmart web site. You’ll
find the URL on page xxxiii in the Intro.
102
Chapter 3
and
represents a character) to
lowercase if it’s an uppercase
character.
the decorator pattern
Test out your new Java I/O Decorator
Write some quick code to test the I/O decorator:
public class InputTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
int c;
try {
m
InputStream in =
ileInputStrea
new LowerCaseInputStream(
Set up the tFe it, first with
new BufferedInputStream(
and decoradInputStream
new FileInputStream(“test.txt”)));
Buffere
while((c = in.read()) >= 0) {
System.out.print((char)c);
}
in.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Just use the stream to read
characters until the end of
file and print as we go.
Give it a spin:
a
brand new
and then ouInr putStream filter.
LowerCase
I know the Decorator Pattern therefore I RULE!
test.txt ﬁle
You need tfoile.
make this
File Edit Window Help DecoratorsRule
% java InputTest
i know the decorator pattern therefore i rule!
%
you are here 4
103
decorator interview
Patterns Exposed
This week’s interview:
Confessions of a Decorator
HeadFirst: Welcome Decorator Pattern. We’ve heard that you’ve been a bit
down on yourself lately?
Decorator: Yes, I know the world sees me as the glamorous design pattern, but
you know, I’ve got my share of problems just like everyone.
HeadFirst: Can you perhaps share some of your troubles with us?
Decorator: Sure. Well, you know I’ve got the power to add ﬂexibility to
designs, that much is for sure, but I also have a dark side. You see, I can sometimes
add a lot of small classes to a design and this occasionally results in a design
that’s less than straightforward for others to understand.
HeadFirst: Can you give us an example?
Decorator: Take the Java I/O libraries. These are notoriously difﬁcult for
people to understand at ﬁrst. But if they just saw the classes as a set of wrappers
around an InputStream, life would be much easier.
HeadFirst: That doesn’t sound so bad. You’re still a great pattern, and
improving this is just a matter of public education, right?
Decorator: There’s more, I’m afraid. I’ve got typing problems: you see,
people sometimes take a piece of client code that relies on speciﬁc types and
introduce decorators without thinking through everything. Now, one great thing
about me is that you can usually insert decorators transparently and
the client never has to know it’s dealing with a decorator. But like I
said, some code is dependent on speciﬁc types and when you start introducing
decorators, boom! Bad things happen.
HeadFirst: Well, I think everyone understands that you have to be careful
when inserting decorators, I don’t think this is a reason to be too down on
yourself.
Decorator: I know, I try not to be. I also have the problem that introducing
decorators can increase the complexity of the code needed to instantiate the
component. Once you’ve got decorators, you’ve got to not only instantiate the
component, but also wrap it with who knows how many decorators.
HeadFirst: I’ll be interviewing the Factory and Builder patterns next week – I
hear they can be very helpful with this?
Decorator: That’s true; I should talk to those guys more often.
HeadFirst: Well, we all think you’re a great pattern for creating ﬂexible designs
and staying true to the Open-Closed Principle, so keep your chin up and think
positively!
Decorator: I’ll do my best, thank you.
104
Chapter 3
the decorator pattern
Tools for your Design Toolbox
BULLET POINTS
You’ve got another chapter under
your belt and a new principle and
pattern in the toolbox.
ß Inheritance is one form of
extension, but not necessarily
the best way to achieve flexibility
in our designs.
ß In our designs we should allow
behavior to be extended without
the need to modify existing code.
OO Basincs
Abstractio
tion
s
OO Principle Encapsulaphism
Polymor
hat varies.
w
e
t
la
su
p
a
Enc
nchee. ritance
eritaIn
h
in
r
e
v
o
n
ositio
Favor comp
not
interfaces,
Program to s.
ion
implementat
gns
coupled desi
ly
se
o
lo
r
o
Strive f
eract.
ts that int
c
je
b
o
n
e
e
w
bet
for
ld be open r
u
o
h
s
s
e
s
s
la
o
C
ut closed f
extension b n.
modificatio
ß Composition and delegation
can often be used to add new
behaviors at runtime.
ß The Decorator Pattern provides
an alternative to subclassing for
extending behavior.
ß The Decorator Pattern involves
a set of decorator classes that
are used to wrap concrete
components.
ß
We now have the Open-Closed g
Principle to guide us. We’re goin
to strive to design our system
so that the closed parts are .
isolated from our new extensions
OO Patterr-ndsefineysofa aolgneor-itthom-s,tmhaanty
bys-erdvefeinyesbaetfwameilenkeosbjethcetms soddaitllioitnsal
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St depenedaecnhcone, andrm-aanAgtets ascthaotareit, hm
o ch
lg pddaytneadmically.
encapsuwlahteensDoenc.e oSortbrajeattcetgy slettsoietahdne aaonbdjecutit
able
ilritme ienclioetnifts thaat fulesexib. le
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interchdanegpeernedseptnolytnsib
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tending
nden f o s provide
vary indaeupteoDmeactoicralltyor o subclassing for ex
t
alternative y.
t
functionali
designs
n for creatingOr was it
er
t
t
pa
st
ir
f
r
.
And here’s ou the Open-Closed Principle ern we’ve
that satisfy st? Is there another patt
really the fir lows this principle as well?
used that fol
Decorator classes mirror the
type of the components they
decorate. (In fact, they are the
same type as the components
they decorate, either through
inheritance or interface
implementation.)
ß Decorators change the behavior
of their components by adding
new functionality before and/or
after (or even in place of) method
calls to the component.
ß You can wrap a component with
any number of decorators.
ß Decorators are typically
transparent to the client of the
component; that is, unless
the client is relying on the
component’s concrete type.
ß Decorators can result in many
small objects in our design, and
overuse can be complex.
you are here 4
105
exercise solutions
Exercise solutions
public class Beverage {
// declare instance variables for milkCost,
// soyCost, mochaCost, and whipCost, and
// getters and setters for milk, soy, mocha
// and whip.
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {
public DarkRoast() {
description = “Most Excellent Dark Roast”;
}
public ﬂoat cost() {
ﬂoat condimentCost = 0.0;
if (hasMilk()) {
condimentCost += milkCost;
}
if (hasSoy()) {
condimentCost += soyCost;
}
if (hasMocha()) {
condimentCost += mochaCost;
}
if (hasWhip()) {
condimentCost += whipCost;
}
return condimentCost;
public ﬂoat cost() {
return 1.99 + super.cost();
}
}
}
}
New barista training
“double mocha soy lotte with whip”
on Mocha
2 Whip calls cost()
another Mocha.
3 Mocha calls cost() on
the
Mocha calls cost() on Soy.
First, we call cost() on
4 Next,
1 outmost decorator, Whip.
Soy calls
5 Last topping!
cost() on HouseBlend.
6
offee
tarbu
zz C
$1.54
.10
cost()
.20
S
W
hip
Whip’s cost(), which adds .10 and
we have a ﬁnal cost of $1.54.
Chapter 3
.15
.20
M
11 Finally, the result returns to
106
cost() cost()
Mo
cha
oc
ha
cost()
So
y
cost()
.89
nd
HouseBle
7
8
9
HouseBlend’s cost()
method returns .89
cents and pops off
the stack.
Soy’s cost() method
adds .15 and returns
the result, and pops
off the stack.
The second Mocha’s
cost() method adds .20
and returns the result,
and pops off the stack.
method
The ﬁrst Mocha’s cost()
result,
adds .20 and returns the
and pops off the stack.
the decorator pattern
Exercise solutions
Our friends at Starbuzz have introduced sizes to their menu. You can now order a coffee in
tall, grande, and venti sizes (for us normal folk: small, medium, and large). Starbuzz saw this
as an intrinsic part of the coffee class, so they’ve added two methods to the Beverage class:
setSize() and getSize(). They’d also like for the condiments to be charged according to size, so
for instance, Soy costs 10¢, 15¢, and 20¢ respectively for tall, grande, and venti coffees.
How would you alter the decorator classes to handle this change in requirements?
public class Soy extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Soy(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public getSize() {
return beverage.getSize();
}
propagate the
Now we need thoo d to the wrapped
getSize() mete should also move this
beverage. W he abstract class since
method to t l condiment decorators.
it’s used in al
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + “, Soy”;
}
public double cost() {
double cost = beverage.cost();
if (getSize() == Beverage.TALL) {
cost += .10;
} else if (getSize() == Beverage.GRANDE) {
cost += .15;
} else if (getSize() == Beverage.VENTI) {
cost += .20;
}
return cost;
}
Here we get the size (which
propagates all the way to the
concrete beverage) and then
add the appropriate cost.
}
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107