suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti studentTa mesame sauniversiteto samecniero konferencia “mecnierebis Tanamedrove problemebi”
suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti Sukhishvili Teaching University studentTa mesame sauniversiteto samecniero konferencia “mecnierebis Tanamedrove problemebi” Third Student Scientific Inter-University Conference "Contemporary Problems of Science" Ggori, saqarTvelo GGori, Georgia 2013 1 konferenciis sponsori da organizatori: suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti studentTa mesame sauniversiteto samecniero konferenciis saorganizacio komiteti 1. valeri suxiSvili - saorganizacio komitetis Tavmjdomare, suxiSvilis universitetis reqtori, profesori, soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori 2. rusudan goxelaSvili - suxiSvilis universitetis administraciis xelmZRvaneli, proreqtori 3. avTandil lafaCi – suxiSvilis universitetis samecniero kvleviTi centris xelmZRvaneli, profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori. 4. laSa ninoSvili – suxiSvilis universitetis saswavlo procesis marTvisa da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufrosi, profesori. 5. lali qareli – suxiSvilis universitetis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekani 6. ana qoTolaSvili – sainformacio uzrunvelyofis centris xelmZRvaneli da kompiuteruli teqnologiebiT Kprogramuli komiteti 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seqcia avTandil lafaCi - ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis sruli profesori naili gagniZe – ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis asocirebuli profesori socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa seqcia avTandil tukvaZe – politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori agrarul mecnierebaTa seqcia giorgi qavTaraZe - satyeo saqmis doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis asocirebuli profesori humanitarul mecnierebaTa seqcia izolda buxuleiSvili – pedagogikis doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis sruli profesori naTela mosiaSvili – filologiis doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis sruli profesori zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa seqcia laSa ninoSvili - medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis sruli profesori dali goginaSvili – soflis meurneobis doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis sruli profesori saredaqcio kolegia 1. 2. 3. ekaterine suxiSvili - suxiSvilis universitetis reqtoris moadgile, medicinis doqtori nino bibilaSvili – filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, suxiSvilis universitetis profesori ana qoTolaSvili – sainformacio da kompiuteruli teqnologiebiT uzrunvelyofis centris xelmZRvaneli 2 sarCevi seqcia #1 ekonomikuri mecnierebani 1. beqa CuxrukiZe, mariam kardanaxiSvili sabanko momsaxureobis Tanamedrove saxeebi da maTi ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....11 2. avTandil giorgaSvili riskis Sefaseba da marTva agrobiznesSi............................................................................................................................. ....15 3. nodar oqroSiaSvili msoflio finansuri krizisi, misi Sedegebi da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi ........................... ....20 4. sofiko gogalaZe turizmis biznesis ganviTareba klimatis globaluri cvlilebis fonze ...................................... ....24 5. goga demetraSvili beTania ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....28 6. koba tabataZe turistuli marSruti “Tbilisi-bolnisi-dmanisi” ..................................................................................................... ....32 7. maia melaZe emuqreba Tu ara safrTxe saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebis miRwevas? ................................................................................................................................................................................. ...36 8. mari mujiriSvili sagadasaxado reformebi da liberalizacia ................................................................................................................... ....39 9. miranda yaClavaSvili fasiani qaRaldebis bazari da misi ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ................................................................. ....43 10. zviad maWaraSvili, diana vefxvaZe saukeTeso “wamali” biznesisaTvis ............................................................................................................................................... ...46 11. giorgi abJandaZe SromiTi urTierTobebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi .............................................. ...48 12. Tamar Khurtsidze Sightseeing of Georgia ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...51 13. Tamar bedoSvili, mari kaZilovi, qeTevan facinaSvili Txili – potenciuri saeqsporto produqti saqarTveloSi ............................................................................. ...54 14. Teona gogiSvili saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia da misi Sedegebi saqarTveloSi .......................................................... ...58 15. nino olgesaSvili saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqmianobis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi aspeqtebi .......................................................................................................................................................................... ...64 16. nana cucqiriZe kompaniis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategiebi da miznobrivi modelebi............................... ...67 17. nino odiSeliZe konkurenciis sabazro safrTxeebi da konkurentuli strategiebi ......................................................... ...72 18. Tamar sxirtlaZe xolist-marketingis koncefcia ....................................................................................................................................................... ...76 19. Tamaz asaniZe turizmis ganviTarebis strategia saqarTveloSi ....................................................................................................... ...79 20. giorgi javaxiSvili saqarTvelos samkurnalo turistul-rekreaciuli resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi................................................................................................................................................................................................ ...83 21. Temur kublaSvili Rvinisa da gurmanTa turizmi saqarTveloSi ................................................................................................................... ...87 22. giorgi arabuli, beqa TevzaZe, giorgi zaqaiZe saqarTvelos sabanko bazris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da sabanko konkurencia.................... ...91 23. Tamar didbariZe danazogebi, investiciebi da finansuri sistema............................................................................................................ ...98 3 24. daviT kvirkvelia sabanko menejmenti ......................................................................................................................................................................................... ...102 25. Smagi xijakaZe programuli biujetirebis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis srulyofisaTvis .............................................................................................................................................................................................. ...106 26. irine goCaSvili makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi da ekonomikuri keTildReoba ................................................................... ....111 27. qeTevan SanSiaSvili saqarTvelos sagareo valis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi Sefaseba ........................................ ....116 28. oTar vardiaSvili antimonopoliuri regulirebis fenomeni da Taviseburebebi ......................................................................... ....119 29. nino berozaSvili, mariam gagloSvili mcire biznesis arsi da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSi... ............................................. ...124 30. mzia CxartiSvili ucxouri investiciebi da globaluri ekonomika ........................................................................................................ ...128 31. mariam jRiraZe, naTia iluriZe mwvane ekonomika da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi............................................................................................... ...131 32. Teona gogiSvili, rusudan xeTaguri barambos Sokoladi qarTul bazarze ................................................................................................. ..135 33. sofiko jojiSvili, mari mujiriSvili marketinguli saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi ........................................................ ..139 34. Tornike burduli dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis problemebi saqarTveloSi ......................................................................................... ..142 35. Teona sandroSvili, nino berozaSvili globalizacia da erovnuli ekonomikis problemebi ........................................................................................... ..146 36. rusudan muradaSvili turizmis roli saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi ......................................................................................................................... ..150 37. mzia CxartiSvili Sromis anazraurebis regulirebis problemebi da maTi gadawyvetis gzebi saqarTveloSi ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..153 38. sofo jojiSvili saSemosavlo gadasaxadis arsi da adgili saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemaSi.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ..158 39. qeTevan wiqariSvili socialuri politikis arsi, miznebi da amocanebi.................................................................................................... ..161 40. rusudan xeTaguri agrobiznesis makroekonomikuri regulirebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..165 41. nino babuciZe pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi .......................................................................................................... ..170 42. mariam SavdaTuaSvili saerTaSoriso vaWroba da miwodebis pirobebi – “inkotermsi” ................................................................. ..172 43. qeTevan SanSiaSvili fulad-sakredito politika saxelmwifo regulirebis sistemaSi ......................................................... ..177 44. aleqsandre kaxiZe, Tornike kakulia, mixeil kuxaleiSvili fulis masis zrda da inflacia ................................................................................................................................................. ..180 45. naTia nemsiwveriZe biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi saqarTveloSi ......................................................................................... ..187 46. Tamar sxirtlaZe xvamlis mTis saidumlo ....................................................................................................................................................................... ..192 47. beso basiliZe turizmis mniSvneloba qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis ....................................................................................................... ..195 4 seqcia #2 socialuri da politikuri mecnierebani 1. jambul abuseliZe uSiSroebis sabWos reforma............................................................................................................................................................... ..200 2. salome guliaSvili amerikuli demokratia............................................................................................................................................................................... ..203 3. levan lorTqifaniZe partiuli politikis krizisi saqarTveloSi .................................................................................................................. ..206 4. mariam gelaZe sakuTrebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi problemebi sacxovrebel binaze ....................................... ...210 5. Teona mosiaSvili omis Semdgomi periodi sazRvrispira soflebSi ......................................................................................................... ...213 6. monika Serozia administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebis warmoeba ................................................................................ ...216 7. Tsisia Grigalashvili, Maia Sadghobelashvili Gender equality in the Modern World ............................................................................................................................................................ ...221 8. meri mameswaraSvili, sofio suxiSvili saerTaSoriso samarTlis warmoSobis istoria............................................................................................................ ...225 9. mariam gelaZe, zviad suxiSvili narkomania – umZimesi seni..................................................................................................................................................................... ...228 10. jambul abuseliZe adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema – saerTaSoriso samarTlis qvakuTxedi ....................................... ....231 seqcia #3 agraruli mecnierebani 1. Tornike abuTiZe tyis marTvis Tanamedrove midgomebi ........................................................................................................................................ ...236 2. giorgi RviniaSvili tyis sanitarul-higienuri mniSvneloba.................................................................................................................................. ..240 3. naTia gudaZe nairWamia mavneblebi ................................................................................................................................................................................. ..242 4. salome xaCiZe dindgelSi flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis gansazRvra ................................................. ..246 seqcia #4 Ahumanitaruli mecnierebani 1. laSa loria globalizacia da konfliqturi regionebi....................................................................................................................... ...250 2. sofio mameswaraSvili mozardebi da maTSi gavrcelebuli qceviTi darRvevebi..................................................................................... ...252 3. Teona sandroSvili “suicidi” anu TviTmkvleloba, rogorc fsiqologiuri problema.......................................................... ...256 4. TamTa abulaZe, mariam kapanaZe SiSebi bavSvebSi............................................................................................................................................................................................... ...260 5. salome cicqiSvili morcxvobis problema bavSvebsa da mozardebSi ........................................................................................................... ...265 6. mariam durgliSvili autizmi bavSvebSi ........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...274 7. nino mazaniSvili tyuilis fsiqologia ................................................................................................................................................................................. ...277 8. xatia meliqiSvili, lana SaraSiZe mexsierebis saidumloebani .................................................................................................................................................................. ...280 9. marika miqava 5 daltonizmi, rogorc fsiqo-fiziologiuri fenomeni ........................................................................................... .287 10. Кязымзаде Рафик, Бодурова Севда, Гусейнова Моминат Религия- форма общественного сознания ............................................................................................................................................... .290 11. daviT Crdileli rac ufro berdeba, miT ufro gabeduli xdeba ............................................................................................................. .294 12. bedisa dumbaZe mxatvruli narativis kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodologia................................................................................ .297 13. ana mamulaSvili sazogadoeba ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... .299 14. Teona mosiaSvili inglisuri enis istoria misi periodizacia .. ................................................................................................................ .304 15. mariam demurovi, nona mosiaSvili personalis SerCeva da maTi stimulireba .......................................................................................................................... .308 16. Nino Acharadze Charlotte Bronte ―Jane Eyre‖ .............................................................................................................................................................................. .311 17. Nana Tsutskiridze William Shakespeare – the Bard of Avon ..................................................................................................................................................... .312 18. mariam xaniaSvili mixeil javaxiSvilis publicistika........................................................................................................................................... .314 19. Temur kublaSvili okribis karstuli masivebi ................................................................................................................................................................. .319 20. dea svaniZe, sofo jaWvaZe gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis sazogadoebasTan integraciis procesSi masmediis saSualebaTa roli da mniSvneloba ............................................... .322 21. mariam arCuaZe, irina yaziSvili qarTuli tansacmeli, fexsacmeli da Tavsaburavebi ............................................................................................... .325 22. ekaterine maruaSvili individualur stilTa statistikuri Seswavla sintaqsur doneze ........................................................ .329 23. ekaterine maruaSvili metyvelebis stilebi sametyvelo kvlevaSi........................................................................................................................ .332 24. mariam durgliSvili gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ............................................................................................................................................ .334 25. nadeJda elikaSvili terorizmi .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. .338 26. megi mamukaSvili fsiqologia da XXI saukunis mzardi problema - internetdamokidebuleba ................................ .344 27. naTia jojua depresia da misi daZlevis fsiqologiuri meTodebi .............................................................................................. .348 28. Meri Koblianidze The Earth is in Danger............................................................................................................................................................................................ .356 29. nadeJda elikaSvili zigmund froidi – fsiqikis struqtura ........................................................................................................................... .357 30. nadeJda elikaSvili, nazibrola berkacaSvili, mariam durgliSvili goris literatoruli cxovreba XIV-XX (natalia aziani da niko diasamiZe) saukuneTa mijnaZe ........................................................................................................................................................................................ .362 seqcia #5 zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani 1. Tamar CilindriSvili miokardiumis infarqti ............................................................................................................................................................................. .368 2. ani janezaSvili podagra (nekrisis qari) ........................................................................................................................................................................... .372 3. gvanca kareliZe 6 avitaminozi ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... .376 4. ani nonikaSvili amebiazis Taviseburebani ........................................................................................................................................................................ .380 5. nino samadalaSvili aTerosklerozi................................................................................................................................................................................................ .382 6. ana TeTrauli kibo ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .385 7. qeTevan kvinikaZe antihipertenziuli saSualebebi..................................................................................................................................................... .391 8. Tamar mWedliSvili saZile saSualebebi...................................................................................................................................................................................... .397 9. nino melqoSvili arteriuli hipertenziis samkurnalo preparatebi .................................................................................................... .401 10. ia gociriZe qinolizidinis nawarmi alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli ................................... .406 11. lia loTiSvili Tioglikozidebi, mati Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli .............................................................................. .409 12. lana patapovi izoqinolis nawarmi alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli ........................................... .412 13. salome xaCiZe, elene lolua, naTia kobliaSvili sezonuri da H1N1 virusebis afeTqeba msoflioSi .................................................................................................... .416 14. Роза Бестаева. Гуранда Джалагония Изменение климата и человек ........................................................................................................................................................................ .422 15. romeo Carkviani, nika gerliani tyis da mcenareulobis dacva .......................................................................................................................................................... .425 16. elene lolua genmodificirebul kulturaTa Taviseburebani ............................................................................................................ .428 17. salome xaCiZe jinWari da misi samkurnalo Tvisebebi .................................................................................................................................. ..432 18. lali miCitaSvili, rusudan poRozaSvili, maka saaTaSvili, Tamar nadiraZe Savi zRvis auzis ekologiuri problemebi........................................................................................................................ ..436 19. Tamar CilindriSvili, ani janezaSvili alkaloidebis mniSvneloba medicinaSi da misi Semcveli mcenareebi ................................................ .440 20. ia gociriZe mikroelementebis mniSvneloba adamianis organizmisaTvis............................................................................... .444 21. naTia gudaZe navTobproduqtebis mopovebis Tanamedrove meTodebi............................................................................................. .447 22. gvanca kareliZe, nino samadalaSvili difuzia..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..450 23. naTia kobliaSvili, elene lolua tnt-rogorc organuli toqsikanti............................................................................................................................................. ..453 24. Tamar mamagulaSvili turizmi da ekologia (ekoturizmi saqarTveloSi) .................................................................................................. ..457 25. mariam buziaSvili borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki – pirveli parki kavkasiaSi ............................................................. ..461 26. mariam durgliSvili eleqtronuli komercia da eleqtronuli vaWrobis formebi ..................................................................... ..465 27. nadeJda elikaSvili kompiuteruli danaSaulis safrTxeebi da misi prevenciis sakanonmdeblo baza ..................... ..468 28. eTer miruaSvili antivirusuli programebi ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..471 28. sofio goxelaSvili ekologia da janmrTeloba.................................................................................................................................................................. ..474 7 gza mecnierebisaken mecniereba qveynis ganviTarebis, ekonomikisa da inteleqtis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. Tanamedrove kacobriobis saarsebo wyaro mxolod mecnierul kvleva-Ziebasa da miRwevebzea damokidebuli. Aam saqmeSi erT-erTi mniSvneloba eniWeba axalgazrda mecnierTa kadrebis aRzrdas. swored am mizans emsaxureba studentTa sauniversiteto samecniero konferenciis Catareba suxiSvilis universitetSi. konferenciis mizania farTod Caabas studentoba mecnierul kvleva-ZiebaSi studentobidanve eziaron mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebs, unarCvevebis gamomuSavebas, aimaRlon mecnieruli miRwevebis done, miiRon farTo inteleqtualuri ganaTleba. universitetis reqtorati yovelgvar pirobas qmnis axalgazrda mecnierTa interesis gaRvivebisa da waxalisebisaTvis, maTi pedagogebis xelSewyobisaTvis; am mizniT universitetSi sistematiurad tardeba sagnobrivi samecniero konferenciebi, wamaxalisebeli RonisZiebebi da sxva. yovelive es aris winapiroba imisa, rom gza gavuxsnaT Cvens niWier, mzard axalgazrdobas did samecniero asparezze gamosvlisaTvis. Cveni mizania aseTi RonisZiebebis CatarebiT gamovavlinoT niWi da miswrafeba mecnierebisaTvis mowodebuli axalgazrdobisa momaval did samecniero asparezze gamosasvlelad. warmatebas gisurvebT, Cemo umcroso megobrebo, patara mkvlevarebo, momavlis mecnierebo. warmatebas vusurveb konferencias da mis monawileebs. Rrma pativiscemiT: valeri suxiSvili, universitetis reqtori, s/meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, evropis reqtorTa klubis wevri. s/meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis samecniero sabWos wevri. 8 The Way of Science Science is the foundation of country’s development, economy and intellect. Livelihood of contemporary mankind depends on scientific researches and approaches. One of the most important issues of this is to bring up youth scientists. For this purpose, Sukhishvili Teaching University decided to hold Student scientific inter-university conference. The aim of the conference is to involve more and more students in scientific researchers from their student years. They should know methods of scientific researches and skills. They should increase level of scientific approaches and get wide intellectual education. University administration creates all kind of conditions in order to encourage our youth scientists and support their lecturers. For this purpose topical scientific conferences and incentive events are systematically held in the university. All of these are precondition for our talent, intelligent youth to settle in great scientific space. For holding such events our aim is to reveal talent and desire of students towards science. Good luck, our little friends, young explorers, scientists of future. Good luck conference and its participants. With deep respect: Valeri Sukhishvili Rector of University, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences; Professor; Member of European Rectors’ Club; Member of Agricultural Scientific Academy Board. 9 seqcia #1 ekonomikuri mecnierebani seqciis Tavmjdomareebi: avTandil lafaCi, naili gagniZe 10 sabanko momsaxureobis Tanamedrove saxeebi da maTi ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi beqa CuxrukiZe, mariam kardanaxiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 da me-2 kursis studenti avTandil lafaCi suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, samecniero kvleviTi centris xelmZRvaneli E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 599 29 15 26, 577 05 13 22 komerciuli banki, rogorc safinanso bankis umniSvnelovanesi rgoli, did rols TamaSobs sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis saWiro pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, Tumca sabanko sistemis, kerZod ki komerciuli bankebis normaluri ganviTareba da funqcionireba SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sabanko produqtebis danergvis gareSe. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis umTavresi prioritetia ekonomikuri zrdis maRali da mdgradi tempebis uzrunveloyofa. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad ekonomikaSi sabanko seqtoris rolis amaRleba saxelmwifos erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa. sabanko seqtoris ganviTareba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli qveyanaSi Seqmnil sainvesticio klimatze, sabanko saqmianobis regulirebaze, safinanso sistemis sxva segmentSi arsebul mdgomareobaze. saqarTveloSi, gardamavali ekonomikis sawyis etapze, komerciuli bankebis operaciebi ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda anabrebis mozidviTa da mcire moculobis dakreditebiT, radgan ar gaaCndaT saTanado resursebi. meores mxriv, saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis menejmenti ar iyo gaTvicnobierebuli im sabanko produqtebSi, romlebic ganviTarebul qveynebSi iyo danergili, rac am periodis sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis erTerT Semaferxebel faqtorad gvevlineba. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom Tanamedrove sabanko momsaxurebebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc transformirebadi ekonomikis qveynisaTvis, ganuzomlad izrdeboda. sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze, daiwyo dasavluri gamocdilebebis da iq gavrcelebuli sabanko produqtebis intensiuri Semotana. am procesis sawyis etapze, Tanamedroive sabanko produqtebis gavrceleba ukavSirdeba inteleqt banks, romelic sabanko produqtebis bazarze gavrcelebisTvis yidda licenziebs. pirveli mniSvnelovani miRweva am mimarTulebiT iyo saprocesingo centris Seqmna, rac gulisxmobs mosaxleobis da samewarmeo subieqtebis angariSebis marTvas da maTze ganxorcielebuli operaciebis aRricxvis meqanizms. saprocesingo centris Seqmnis sawyis etapze, operaciebis moculoba mcire iyo, radgan plastikuri 11 baraTebis sargebloba mosaxleobis gauTvicnobierebis gamo ar xdeboda. Tanamedrove sabanko mosaxurebis Semotana dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan problemebTan, radgan misi gavrcelebis SesaZleblobebi da bankis mier operaciebidan mosalodneli sargebeli, SesaZloa ar iyos sasurveli donis, an kidev bankma SesaZloa miiRos zarali. komerciuli bankis menejmentma, gansakuTrebiT marketingis mimarTulebam, aqtiurad unda imuSaos sabazro gamokvlevebze. maT unda gansazRvron ramdenad aris moTxovna aseT produqtebze arsebul realobidan maTze saWiroebis mixedviT. nebismieri momsaxureobebis Semotanisas aucilebelia konkurentebis srulyofili Seswavla, maTi produqtebis prioritetebis analizi, raTa moxdes produqtebis saTanado pozicioneroba.Kkonkurentuli TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli situacia, bankebis Tanamedrove sabanko momsaxurebis aprobaciis procesSi, arasaxarbieloa. Ddidia imis SesaZlebloba, rom konkurentma Semoitanos igive produqti, Tanac resursebidan gamomdinare, momxmarebels SesTavazos ukeTesi pirobebi, amitom bankis menejmentma unda gaiTvaliswinos konkurentTa SesaZleblobebi. Tanamedrove sabanko produqtebidan saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs plastikuri baraTebi. qarTuli komerciuli bankebi momxmarebels sTavazoben yvela im saxis plastikur baraTebs, rac gavrcelebulia ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Uukanasknel periodSi plastikuri baraTebis gamoyeneba daiwyo gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT, rac ukavSirdeba mosaxleobis plastikur operaciebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebSi gaTvicnobierebis zrdas. amasTan aRsaniSnavia komerciuli bankis mastimulirebeli politika, rac gamoixateba sxvadasxva savaWro operaciebSi fasdaklebebiT, bankomatebis zrdiT, Tanxebis marTvis sakomisioebis SemcirebiT, aRsaniSnavia saxelmwifo politikac, rodesac moxda samTavrobo dawesebulebebSi personalis saxelfaso operaciebis plastikur baraTebze gadayvana. es bankebisTvis gansakuTrebiT sargebliania, radgan ukanasknel periodSi xelfasebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. gamoyenebis sawyis etapze calkeuli mimarTulebebi SesaZloa zaralianic aRmoCndes, magram bankebma ar unda Sewyviton am mimarTulebiT momxmarebelTa stimulireba. ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi fulis ZiriTad nawils (80-90%) unaRdo sagadamxdelo brunva warmoadgens, romlis drosac fulis moZraoba xorcieldeba sakredito dawesebulebebSi angariSebze gadaricxvebis saxiT da urTierTmoTxovnaTa CaTvliT. unaRdo angariSsworeba centraluri bankis mier dawesebuli formiT xorcieldeba. unaRdo angariSsworebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro fuladi dokumentebi unda Seesabamebodes centraluri bankis mier dawesebuli standartebis moTxovnebs. unaRdo angariSsworebis dros neba darTulia gadaxdis davalebebis, Cekebis, akreditivebisa da inkasos gamoyeneba. amave dros, myidvelebsa da mimwodeblebs Soris tradiciulad Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis 12 gaTvaliswinebiT, bankebs dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesabamisad ufleba aqvT miiRon gadaxdis moTxovnebi. bankebi pasuxs ar ageben sauravis daricxvaze da gadaxdevinebaze, radganac dadgenilia, rom miwodebuli produqciis Rirebulebis araTavisdroulad gadaxdis dros myidveli (fulis gadamxdeli) sauravs ixdis mimwodebelsa (fulis mimRebsa) da myidvels (fulis gada-mxdels) Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. komerciuli bankis aqtiuri operaciebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan safuZvels dakreditebis operaciebi warmoadgens. sakredito urTierTobebis subieqtebs sabanko kreditis sferoSi meurne subieqtebi, mosaxleoba, saxelmwifo da TviT bankebi warmoadgenen. banki damoukidebeli sakredito dawesebulebaa da igi Tavis sakredito politikas politikuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis, sabanko kanonmdeblobis donis, bankTaSoriso konkurenciis sabanko infrastruqturis ganviTarebis xarisxisa da sxvaTa gaTvaliswinebiT axorcielebs. sabanko dakrediteba. dakreditebis ZiriTadi principebis vadianobis, dabrunebadobis, uzrunvelyofadobis, fasianobisa da diferencirebadobis principebis mkacri dacviT unda ganxorcieldes. sabanko dakreditebis yvela proncipebis praqtikulad erToblivi gamoyeneba sakredito garigebis orive subieqtis: bankisa da msesxeblis interesebis dacvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. nebismieri bankis marTvis efeqturobis maCvenebelia moziduli saxsrebis marTva minimaluri SesaZlo danakargebiT da depozitebis sakmarisoba im kreditebis dasafinanseblad, romlebsac banki sTavazobs momxmarebels. depozitebis marTvaSi bankma unda gadaWras ori mniSvnelovani amocana: 1) saidan SeiZleba bankma miiRos saxsrebi minimaluri SesaZlo danakargebiT? 2) rogor SeuZlia bankis xelmZRvanelobas, uzrunvelyos depozitebis is moculoba, romelic sakmarisia kreditebis sasurveli moculobisaTvis da SesTavazos sazogadoebas sxva finansuri momsaxureba, romelzec mas aqvs moTxovna. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema ioli ar aris, gansakuTrebiT dRevandeli mZafri konkurenciis pirobebSi, finansur bazaze daregulirebis procesis kvalobaze. didi raodenobiT im bankebisa da arasabanko institutebisaTvis depozitebis Rirebuleba da Tanxa, romelsac isini sazogadoebas sTavazoben, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia faswarmoqmnisa da konkurentunarianobis sqemaze. aRniSnuli bankebi da arasabanko institutebi sTavazoben iseT momsaxurebas, rogoricaa: wilobrivi anabrebi fuladi bazris fondebSi; fuladi angariSebi, romlebsac sTavazoben sabrokero da sadazRvevo kompaniebi; saCeko angariSebi, romlebsac moaqvT saprocento Semosavali da SemoTavazebulia sakredito kavSirebis mier; danazogebi da kreditebi. bankebi, romlebic ver aswreben depozitebze fasisa da marketinguli programebis Secvlas, kargaven rogorc klients, aseve mogebas. depozitebis samarTavad bankebis mier SeTavazebuli momsaxurebis 13 raodenobasa da diapazons xSirad SehyavT SecdomaSi bankis klientebi. mravalferovani depozitebis raodenoba, romelic gankuTvnilia klientis saxsrebis mosazidad, mravalia, romelTagan TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia Tavisebureba da mTlianad pasuxoben firmebisa da saijaro meurneobebis moTxovnebs _ uzrunvelyon fuladi saxsrebis daculoba da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis anazRaureba. aRsaniSnavia, rom komerciuli bankebi sakmaod xSirad nergaven gaviTarebul qveynebSi aprobirebul uaxles sabanko produqtebs, rac komerciuli bankebis ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs. danergvis siswrafe dRevandel pirobebSi konkurentul brZolis erT-erT mZlavr iaraRad iqca komerciul bankebs Soris, rac Cvenis azriT Zalian pozitiuri faqtoria. magram Tanamedrove sabanko momsaxureobis Semotana dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan problemasTan, radgan dabalia mosaxleobis gaTvicnobierebis done da menejmentis mxridan Tanamedrove sabanko momsaxureobebTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis marTvis unari. maRalia am momsaxureobebis procesSi kriminaluri elementebis da TaRliTobebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi, rac bolo periodSi dadasturda kidec. Tanamedrove sabanko produqtebisa da momsaxureobebis saqarTveloSi gavrceleba da gamoyeneba mxolod drois faqtoris sakiTxia, radgan mosaxleobis am sferoSi gaTvicnobiereba mis gamoyenebis intensivobas kidev ufro gazrdis, rac calsaxad xels Seuwyobs komerciuli bankebis sargeblianobisa da Semosavlebis gazrdas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. n. mixanaSvili – saqarTvelos sabanko sistema, Tb 2006 w. 2. gogoxia m. sabanko finansuri inovaciebi, arsi da saxeobebi, Jurnali “socialuri ekonomika” # 1, 2007 w. 3. gogoxia m. sabanko saqme, Tb. 2008 w. 4. l. qoqiauri, sabanko saqmianobis safuZvlebi (sabanko saqme), II tomi, Tb. 2004w. Types of Bank Services and their Development in Georgia Beka Chukhrukidze, Mariam Kardanaxishvili Resume The proposed work discusses contemporary types of bank service, such as: non-cash and money transfer, importance of loan activity, phases of its development, and types of modern loan activities, forms, crediting methods. Types of existing deposits of Georgia's banking system and their role in the commercial banking activities are given. Also, credit cards and their establishment among contemporary bank services are discussed. Ways of their successful implementation and solution in Georgia are proposed. Certain conclusions and opinions are made. 14 riskis Sefaseba da marTva agrobiznesSi avTandil giorgaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 kursis studenti avTandil lafaCi suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, samecniero kvleviTi centris xelmZRvaneli E-mail: [email protected], tel: 599 29 15 26, 577 05 13 22 qveyanSi gatarebulma ekonomikurma reformebma da samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebis procesma dRis wesrigSi daayena da aqtualuri gaxada sameurneo riskis Sefasebis da marTvis sakiTxebis Seswavla. dRes, sasoflo-sameurneo mwarmoeblebi bazris stiqiasTan pirispir aRmoCdnen, amitomac riski gaxda gardauvali faqtori, romlis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebiTad izrdeba riskis marTvis roli misi warmoqmnis pirobebis da wyaroebis gamokvlevis, samewarmeo struqturebis ganviTarebis alternatiuli variantebis Sefasebis safuZvelze. samewarmeo saqmianobas saqarTveloSi xorcieldeba situaciis mzard ganusazRvrelobis da ekonomikuri garemos cvalebadobis pirobebSi, rac sabazro urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove donis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan Tvisebas warmoadgens. amis gamo izrdeba mewarmeobis kavSiri riskTan. amas ganapirobebs agreTve, sameurneo saqmianobis gaZRolis mocemuli wesis (xerxis) TviT arsi. erTi mxriv, samewarmeo saqmianobas axasiaTebs ganusazRvrelobisa da Sedegebis ganuWvretelobis maRali xarisxi. meore mxriv, - aseve ganuWvreteli da ganusazRvrelia konkurentebisa da momxmarebelTa qcevac. riskis, rogorc mewarmeobis Sinagani Semadgenlis analizs mivyavarT misi raobis da ekonomikuri Sinaarsis ufro Rrma gagebamde. riskis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi dagrovil gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas misi rogorc ekonomikis Tanamedrove fenomenis koncefcia. riskis analizi da misi marTvis SesaZleblobebis Seqmna xels uwyobs potenciurad efeqtiani samewarmeo struqturebis Camoyalibebas da maT mdgrad funqcionirebas. sarisko gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meTodologiuri sqema iyofa or msxvil blokad: - riskis Sefaseba da/an analizi; - riskis marTva. pirveli blokis amocanaa safrTxeebis identifikacia, zemoqmedebisa da 15 misi Sedegebis Sefaseba, riskis daxasiaTeba da misi sxva riskebTan Sedareba, misaRebobis xarisxis gansazRvris da marTvis prioritetebis SesamuSaveblad. meore blokis amocanaa riskis Semcirebis da kontrolis samoqmedo gegmebis damuSaveba, maTi efeqtianobis Sefaseba da riskis Semcirebis da kontrolis gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. aseT Teoriul midgomas aSS-is mTel rig samecniero publikaciebSi uwodeben riskis analizis meTodologias, an rac Cveni azriT ufro marTebulia, riskis Sefasebisa da marTvis meTodologias. amJamadac, grZeldeba mravali wlis win dawyebuli diskusiebi imis Taobaze, Tu ras moicavs riskis analizi, riskis Sefaseba da riskis marTva. es bunebrivicaa, radgan riskis analizi da riskis marTva axali mecnieruli mimarTulebebia, romelTa Camoyalibebis stadia jer ar dasrulebula. gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodologiuri midgoma da sqema, romlebic aRweren urTirTmoqmedebas riskis Sefasebis, analizisa da marTvis procedurebs Soris. riskis analizi farTo gagebiT moicavs sxvadassxvagvar gamokvlevas gansxvavebuli safrTxeebis saidentifikaciod, sxvadasxva bunebis riskis raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvras, maT Sedarebas, dasaSvebobis da misaRebobis xarisxis gansazRvras, sistematizaciisa da klasifikaciis problemebs da amocanaTa sxva jgufebs, romelTa ganxvavebuli meTodebiT gadaWra saSulebas iZleva aucilebeli informaciiT uzrunvelvyoT riskis Semcirebis, misi kontrolis da saerTod riskis marTvis gadawyvetilebebis miRebis rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis procesi. riskis analizi viwro gagebiT gulisxmobs riskis daxasiaTebas da Sefasebas, gasaanalizebeli, raodenobrivad Sefasebuli mniSvnelobebis Sedarebas riskis sxva saxeobebTan, misaRebobis xarisxis gansazRvris da marTvis prioritetebis SemuSavebis mizniT. unda ganimartos riskis midgomis termin-poziciebi. kategoriasTan dakavSirebuli axleburi riskis koncefciebi es aris SexedulebaTa sxvadasxvagvari sistema, riskTan dakavSirebuli movlenebisa da procesebis gageba. miuxedavad imisa, rom “riski” ukve mravali welia rac xmarebaSi Semovida da mis irgvliv bevri gamokvlevac Sesrulda, mainc ar arsebobs misi universaluri gansazRvreba. erTi mxriv, es ar aris gasakviri, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom nebismieri definicia TavisTavad SezRudulia da pirobiTia. magram, - meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia raime procesis an movlenis Seswavla, kvlevis procesis sagnis gansazRvris gareSe. qvemoT SeZlebisdamagvarad vecdebiT, riskis arsebuli ZiriTadi koncefciebis sistematizacias da am cnebis urTierTkavSiris gaanalizebas monaTesave kategoriebTan. 16 terminis “riski” warmoSoba bundovania. zogi mkvlevari varaudobs mis arabul warmomavlobas. riski Zveli italiuridan (“risicare”) iTargmneba rogorc “gabedva”. evropaSi igi ukve, Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi gvxvdeba, ZiriTadad zRvaosnobaSi da sazRvao vaWrobaSi. axallaTinuri “risicum” ukve XV saukunis bolos gvxvdeba, magram literaturul wyaroebSi ufro gvian, wignis beWvdis ganviTarebasTan erTad Cndeba: ganmartebiT leqsikonebSi magaliTebi riskis sferodan ganekuTvneba XVI saukunis Suaxanebs germaniaSi da XVII saukunis meore naxevars inglisSi. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi riski axsnilia rogorc mosalodneli safrTxe, saSiSroeba, alalbedze moqmedeba, bedis cda, saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi Cadgoma. Tanamedrove inglisuri enis oqsfordis mokle leqsikonSi ganmartebulia rogorc safrTxis, danakargebis, zaralis an araxelsayreli Sedegebis albaToba an SesaZlebloba. riski sxva oqsfordis universitetis ekonomikuri terminologiis leqsikonSi riski ganmartebulia rogorc situacia, roca raime moqmedebis rezultati aracxadi da aracalsaxaa da mosalodnelia aRniSnuli rezultatis sxvadasxva, maT Soris saxifaTo, dagvirgvineba. termini “riski” Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba ganusazRvrelobis aRsawerad, iseT situaciaSi, roca raime moqmedebis faqtiuri rezultati zustad ar aris cnobili da ivaraudeba, rom is gairkveva SemTxveviTi SerCeviT ramdenime variantidan, romelTa ganawilebac cnobilia. am ganmartebaSi mocemulia yvela is ZiriTadi elementi, romelic Sedis riskis Tanamedrove gaazrebaSi. es aris safrTxe, ganusazRvreloba da/an SemTxveviToba. Tu ar arsebobs safrTxe, arc riski arsebobs. riskis arsebobisTvis aucilebelia safrTxe an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi SesaZlebeli rezultatis an situaciis ganviTarebis arasasurveloba. magram, rezultats axasiaTebas Cveni codnis da arsebuli informaciis ukmarobasTan dakavSirebuli ganusazRvreloba. rezultatze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva SemTxveviTi faqtori, romlebsac mivyavarT misi SesaZlo dagvirgvinebis realizaciis SemTxveviTobasTan. mokled da Tanamedrove yoveldRiur gamoyenebasa da gagebasTan miaxloebulad aris ganmartebuli riski s.oJegovis rusuli enis leqsikonSi: SesaZlebeli safrTxe, alalbedze moqmedeba iRbliani Sedegis molodinSi, mosalodneli usiamovnebebis Tavis Tavze aReba. riskis mecnieruli gamoyenebis sferoebi mravalmxrivia, amitom, xSirad, erTi da igive cnebas sxvadasxva mecnierul disciplinebSi sxvadasxva azrobrivi datvirTva aqvs, rasac mivyavarT riskis mecnieruli koncefciis mravalferovnebamde. saTanado literaturaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes riskis Semdegi koncefciebi da ganmartebebi: ganusazRvrelobis (gaurkvevlobis) 17 situacia; gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli ganusazRvreloba; potenciuri safrTxe; moqmedeba alternativis arsebobisas; pirobebi an pirobaTa krebuli, romlebsac Tavi unda avaridoT; sawarmos marTvisas araxelsayreli situaciis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba da sxva. Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom riski aris Sedegebis ganusazRvreloba, romelTa gadaWrac gavlenas moaxdens miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis rezultatebze, rasac SeuZlia gamoiwvios rogorc danakargebi, ise mogeba. ganusazRvreloba ki SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc arasruli (arasakmarisi) codna. riskis marTvis sakiTxebi, anu risk-menejmenti sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili sabanko da sadazRvevo saqmianobaSi, xolo agrarul seqtorSi riskis marTvis Teoria jer kidev dasamuSavebelia. amasTan dakavSirebiT dasavleTis mowinave qveynebis agrarikos-ekonomistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben ara mogebis, aramed sarisko situaciebis marTvaze. praqtikulad mTel msoflioSi kanonzomier movlenas warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis gaZRola riskis pirobebSi. erovnuli ekonomikis agrarul seqtorSi sabazro urTierTobaTa damkvidrebis pirobebSi mwvavdeba winaaRmdegoba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis processa da riskis marTvis sferoSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis efeqtianobas Soris. dadasturebiT unda iTqvas, rom mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebi unda muSavdebodes ara marto bunebrivi, aramed ekonomikuri riskis pirobebSi. am problemis gadasaWrelad sasoflo-sameurneo mwarmoeblebs (fermerebs) unda SeeZloT mosalodneli riskis Sefaseba da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, unda flobdnen misi marTvis Tanamedrove xerxebsa da meTodebs. sasoflo-sameurneo, iseve rogorc nebismieri warmoebis procesSi riskis marTva (risk-menejmenti) warmoadgens mosalodneli Sedegis ganusazRvrelobis donis gamovlenis process, rac iwvevs samewarmeo saqmianobis Sedegebze SemTxveviTi faqtorebis araxelsayreli zemoqmedebis minimizacias da warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis Sansebis zrdas, riskis Sefasebis safuZvelze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. risk-menejmenti warmoadgens strategiuli menejmentis Semadgenel nawils. yvela samewarmeo struqturisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobaSi). riskis marTva warmoadgens (unda warmoadgendes) “kargi menejmentis” ganuyofel nawils. es, upirveles yovlisa, imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom samewarmeo saqmianobis warmatebuli gaZRola moiTxovs ara marto cxad warmodgenas riskis yvela wyaros Sesaxeb, aramed imasac, rom sarisko situaciebis gaTvaliswinebas Tan axldes maTi negatiuri zemoqmedebis Semasustebeli RonisZiebebis damuSaveba. amrigad, riskis Sefasebisa da marTvis Cvens mier SemoTavazebuli meTodologiuri sqema, miuxedavad imisa, rom sistemuri xasiaTisaa, jer kidev 18 moiTxovs sagangebo samecniero samuSaoebis gagrZelebas, misi Semdgomi srulyofisa da axali, progresuli midgomebis momarjvebuli gamoyenebis mizniT. am sakiTxis gadawyvetas soflis meurneoba sakmaod specifikur garemos uqmnis, romelic zedmiwevniT gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. o. qeSelaSvili, j. baJunaiSvili, “riskis Sefaseba da marTva _ meTodologiuri sqema” Jurnali agrarul-ekonomikuri mecniereba da teqnologiebi, #1, Tb. 2008w. 2. 3. Tb. 2013w. d. narmania, n. faresaSvili, “risk-menejmenti biznesSi” Tb. 2012w. m. nikoleiSvili “risk-menejmenti agrobiznesSi” leqciaTa kursi Risk Evaluation and Management in Agribusiness Avtandil Giorgashvili Resume In the article the methodological questions of risk evaluation and management are highlighted. The methodological scheme of the risky decisions is presented by two large blocks: 1.Risk estimate and/or analysis; 2.Risk management. The aim of the first block is identification of risks threats, evaluation of their impact and results, risk characterization and comparison with other risks for determination of acceptability degree and elaboration of management priorities. The aim of the second block is building of risk reduction and control plans, their efficiency estimation and elaboration of recommendations for risk reduction and control. New approach to term-positions concerned with risk category is defined. It is regarded that risk is possibility of not only losses, but gains as well. Hence, risk is interpreted as uncertainty of consequences, the solution of which will influence the results of decision making that can lead both to losses and gains. Our methodological scheme of risk evaluation and management requires continuation of special scientific work for its consequent elaborating and adopting new progressive approaches. Agriculture creates specific environment for the solution of this issue and it must be taken into consideration. 19 msoflio finansuri krizisi, misi Sedegebi da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi nodar oqroSiaSvili – suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 kursi avTandil lafaCi _ suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, samecniero kvleviTi centris xelmZRvaneli E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 599 29 15 26, 577 05 13 22 Tanamedrove msoflio finansur krizisad miCneulia amerikis umsxvilesi ipoTekuri kompaniebis Fannie mae-sa da Freddie mac-is gauazrebeli da xSir SemTxvevaSi araprognozirebadi moqmedeba, kerZod obligaciebis didi raodenobiT gayidva, misi gaumWvirvaloba, sakredito da sainvesticio finqciebis Serwyma-areva, ramac momxmareblebisaTvis ipoTekuri kreditebis aReba gaamartiva da mimoqcevaSi dolaris mkveTri zrda gamoiwvia. amas mohyva sabanko seqtoris sruli kraxi. am process Tan sdevda safondo birJis krizisi, finansuri instrumentebis (fiuCersuli garigebebi, ofcioni, svopi, forvardi da sxva.) araswori gamoyeneba. navTobis fasebis SesamCnevi gaZvireba, saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis Standard & Poor’s, Fitch da Moody-is xSirad araswori Sefasebebi da rac yvelaze mTavaria aSS-s maregulirebeli samsaxuris (federaluri rezervebis samsaxuri) mier procesebis ignorireba, umoqmedoba, maTi gaumarTavi da upasuxismgeblo saqmianoba. aseve msxvili sainvesticio bankebis Bear Stearns, Goldman, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch da Morgan Stanley-s sakuTari kapitalis mcire moculoba mozidul saxsrebTan SedarebiT, rodesac erT dolar sakuTar saxsrebze daaxloebiT 40 dolari aqtivi modioda. 2007 wlis ivnisSi uolt stretidan gavrcelda informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom sainvesticio bank Bear Stearns-s hqonda didi finansuri problemebi, rac Semdeg dominos efeqtiviT gavrcelda aSS-sa da evropis safinanso bazrebze da Tavisi sididiTa da mniSvnelobiT Zalian saSiSi iyo dasavleTis wamyvani qveynebisaTvis. am procesebis piki 2008 wlis seqtemberSi dadga, rodesac safondo birJaze Zalian daiZaba viTareba msoflioSi umsxvilesi bankis Lehman Brothers-is molodinSi. 15 seqtembers Lehman-isaTvis “Savi orSabaTi” gaTenda da iZulebuli gaxda Tavi gadaxdis uunarod gamoecxadebina, aRaravis aRar undoda sesxis gacema, qveynebi veRar axerxebdnen mieRoT kreditebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobisaTvis, msoflioSi arsebuli bankebis mdgomareoba Seirya, amas Seewira uamravi samuSao adgili da sabolood yvelaferi erTdroulad CamoiSala. Kkrizisamde aSS-Si ipoTekuri kreditebi Zalian iafi iyo - wliuri 5%, Tanac adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobiT, ipoTekiT datvirTuli qonebis gayidvis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. ipoTekuri programebi sxva mxrivac Zalian mosaxerxebeli iyo. magaliTad, momxmarebeli pirvel wlebSi Zalian mcire Tanxas ixdida. es yvelaferi macdurad gamoiyureboda mosaxleobisaTvis da rom ara aSS-s ipoTekuri obligaciebi, romelic qveynis mTavari safondo da saimedo instrumentia, es krizisi SeiZleba, aseTi katastrofuli ar yofiliyo. 20 swored es obligaciebi iyides umsxvilesma finansurma institutebma da ara marto amerikis kontinentze aramed evropaSic, dominos principiT. didi finansuri zarali miiRes iseTma finansurma institutebma rogoricaa germanuli banki IKB, sabanko koncerni Commerzbank, saerTaSoriso holdingi Allianz. maT miyvnen saqsoniis miwebis banki da dublinis komerciuli banki Ormond Quay. dazaralebulTa Soris aRmoCnda msoflios umsxvilesi banki Deutche Bank da sxva. am krizisSi mTeli msoflios sabanko sistema aRmoCnda CaTreuli, ramac mosaxleobaSi panika gamoiwvia da xalxma Tavisi anabrebis masiurad moTxovna daiwyo, ramac situacia kidev ufro daamZima. oTxmociani wlebis Semdeg aSS-Si sakredito da sainvesticio funqciebis Serwymam gaadvila ipoTekuri sesxebis gacemis procesi myari garantiebis gareSe. Tavidan amiT bankebi Zalian did fuls Soulobdnen. amerikelebi yidulobdnen uZrav qonebas bankis mxridan 100 procentiani dafinasebiT, xolo mzardi saprocento ganakveTebisa da uZravi qonebis bazarze, arsebuli krizisis gamo, kreditorebi veRar axerxebdnen kreditebis gadaxdas. is bankebi, romlebic finansuri sistemis yvelaze Zleir mxares warmoadgendnen TandaTan dasustdnen da maTma statusma “sainvesticio banki” mutacia ganicada da Cveulebriv bankebad Camoyalibdnen. ori amerikuli bankis Fannie Mae-s da Freddie Mac-is mier gacemulma ipoTekurma sesxebma saerTo jamSi 5,3 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. udidesi sakredito institutebi, maT Soris, umsxvilesi amerikuli sadazRveo kompania AIG da germanuli sabanko holdingi Hypo Real Estate, gakotrebas mxolod saxelmwifos mxridan gamoyofili kreditebis daxmarebiT gadaurCnen. msoflios udidesi 100 banki ki iZulebuli gaxda 520 miliardi aSS dolaris davalianeba Camoewera. unda aRiniSnos, rom finansur kriziss garkveuli biZgi misca amerikis mier 2000-2007 wlebSi ganxorcielebulma politikam, ratomRac aravin ukvirdeboda imas, rom dRevandeli krizisis gamomwvevi mizezi swored aSS-s wina administraciis mier gadadgmuli nabijebi iyo. sxvaTa Soris, jer kidev 2004 wels cnobilma ekonimistma, nobelis premiis laureatma pol krugmanma Tavis monografiaSi “didebuli tyuili” pirdapir mianiSna, rom amerikisaTvis rTuli iqneboda gaberili sapensio, samedicino da samxedro programebis momsaxureba, romelic ZiriTadad wina saarCevno programis piari iyo. Man mkacrad gaakritika saSemosavlo da memkvidreobiT gacemuli qonebis gadasaxadebis Semcireba, romelic ZiriTadad maRalSemosavlian fenas anu mas Seexo, visac weliwadSi 200,000 aSS dolari qonda, dabalma da saSualo Semosavlianma ojaxebma es SeRavaTi naklebad igrZnes da bolos ipoTekuri obligaciebis gamoSveba, romelic Semdgom Sesyiduli iqna evropisa da sxvadasxva finansuri institutebis mier, riTac am procesSi CaTreuli iqna mTeli msoflio. swored am mecnierma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom es ekonomikuri politika amerikas finansur krizisamde miiyvanda da Semdeg mTel msoflios moereoda. Tumca gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvs amerikel mecniers, aseve nobelis premiis laureats Josef stiglics, romelic amJamad gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis anti krizisul sabWos xelmZRvanelobs. is Tvlis, rom 21 swored globalizacia da erovnuli ekonomikebis urTierTgamWoloba gaxda damatebiTi faqtori krizisis gaRrmavebis. am rekomendaciebs Soris, mniSvnelovania, rom msoflio, erovnuli da kerZo finansuri institutebi gaxdes maqsimalurad gamWvirvale, dacul iqnas erTiani standartebi finansur seqtorSi, Seiqmnas valutis erTiani, msoflio rezervebi. kapitalis bazrebis globaluri integraciis zrda xels uSlis calkeuli qveynebis mier ekonomikiri politikis gatarebas, xolo ekonomikis kargaxsnilobas urTierTsapirispiro movlenebi mosdevs: erTis mxriv mimdinareobs sxvadasxva qveynebis meurneobaTa integracia, iqmneba Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebi, xolo meores mxriv calkeuli qveynebi amJRavneben msoflio batonobis survils. msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis gaRrmavebam Tavisi negatiuri mxareebi mkafiod gamoavlina. krizisma gadainacvla TiTqmis yvela kontinentze, Seirya sabanko seqtorebi_aziis udides qveynebSi, CineTSi, indoeTSi, iaponiaSi, agreTve msxvil qveynebSi rogoricaa brazilia, ruseTi, kanada. krizisis masStaburobam da gavrcelebis siswrafem mTavrobebis dabneuloba gamoiwvia. Tavidan TiToeuli saxelmwifo cdilobda damoukideblad SebrZoleboda krizisis procesebs, magram Semdgom yvelasaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom avtonomiur reJimSi krizisis daZleva SeuZlebeli iyo. swored amitom aucilebeli gaxda msoflios did saxelmwifoebs SeTanxmebulad da sinqronulad emoqmedaT, didi oceulis saxiT. 2009-2010 webSi iyo mcdeloba, msoflios finansuri krizisisTvis Tavi daeRwiaT, Tumca es mcdeloba arcTu ise advili aRmoCnda. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios globaluri finansur-ekonomikuuri krizisis dros “didma oceulma” (sxvaTa Soris didi oceulis qveynebze modis msoflios mosaxleobis 70%-mde, mTliani Sida produqtis 90 da msoflio vaWrobis 80%) krizisis mZime Sedegebis maqsimalurad Sesarbileblad gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTieul qveyanas Tavisi miznebi da amocanebi qonda gadawyvetilebis miReba erTiani konsesusiT xdeboda, rac ZiriTadad krizisidan gamosavlis Ziebis yvela etapze Semdeg mimarTulebebs moicavda: ekonomikis saxelmwifo stimulireba, saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis regulirebis gamkacreba da maTi saqmianobis gamWirvalobis gazrda, proteqcionizmis minimizacia vaWrobisa da ekonomikis sxva seqtorebSi. Tanamedrve globaluri finansuri krizisis ganviTarebis fonze, msofliom gverdi ver auara isev da isev miviwyebul keinsis ekonomikur Teorias, ekonomikis regulirebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, ekonomikis stabilurad funqcionirebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel etapze zogierTi evropuli qveyana Tavs ikavebda saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomikaSi Carevaze, maT mainc mouwiaT am nabijis gadagma. amis naTeli magaliTia germania, romelic ar apirebda miliardebis xarjvas. pirvel etapze maT hqondaT ekonomikis stimulirebis 31 mlrd.evroiani gegma, romelic dawunebul iqna mcire moculobis gamo. SemdgomSi waradgines 50 miliardiani stimulirebis paketi amas plus 100 miliardiani garantia saxelmwifos mxridan im bankebisaTvis, romlebic gascemdnen kreditebs kerZo kompaniebis 22 dasaxmareblad. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi axlad arCulma prezidentma barak obamam finansuri krizisis dasaZlevad 800 miliardamde dolari moiTxova. aRniSnuli gegma iTvaliswinebda Semdeg RonisZiebebs: safinanso sabanko sistemis mowesrigebas, msxvili saavtomobilo kompaniebis daxmarebas, 4 milionze meti samuSao adgilis Seqmnas, aralikviduri aqtivebis yidvas, garkveuli kontinentis moqalaqeebisaTvis sabanko tarifebis Semcirebas. aRniSnul qveynebs, miuxedavad Tavisi liberaluri ekonomikisa arc iaponia CamorCa. man 270 miliardi gamoyo bankebisaTvis mosaxleobisa da kompaniebis mier aRebuli kreditebis vadis gagrZelebisaTvis, xolo 20 miliardi erTjeradi daxmareba saSualo da dabalSemosavlian ojaxebze. TiTqmis analogiuri ekonomikis mastimulirebeli RonisZiebebi gaatares sxva saxelmwifoebmac. msoflioSi ganxorcielebulma aseTma mastimulirebelma sainvesticio politikam udavod xeli Seuwyo ekonomikis gamococxlebas da SedarebiT Seamsubuqes krizisis gavlena msoflioze, es pozitiuri nabiji iyo, magram arsebobs erTi garemoeba, romelic zogadad ekonomikur TeoriaSic ki investiciebis ganxorcielebis Tanmdevia da romelic garkveulad xelsuwyobs inflaciur procesebs. aseTi movlena msoflioSi erTxel ukve dafiqsirda, rodesac gasuli saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi fulad-sakredito politikis roli ekonomikaSi srulad ignorirebuli iqna da gavrcelda Sexeduleba, rom investiciebsa da fulad masas Soris aris mxolod Zalzed susti kavSiri. gamomdinare aqedan ekonomikuri stabilizaciis programebSi mTavari mniSvneloba mieniWa investiciebis sabiujeto stimulirebas, ramac TandaTan daagrova inflaciuri potenciali, romelic Semdeg realurad gamovlinda 7080-ian wlebSi didi inflaciiT. eseigi aseTi didi ineqciebis SeSveba, erTdroulad, didi doziT raTqmaunda erTis mxriv xels uwyobs ekonomikis gamococxlebas, umuSevrobis Semcirebas, xolo meores mxriv inflaciuri procesebis mastimulirebelia, romelic dResac saxezea. msoflios mravalwliani gamocdileba mowmobs, rom umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg brZola nebismieri xerxebiT xSirad mTvardeba inflaciis gazrdiT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis SemcirebiT, bazris moqnilobis SesustebiT, rasac sabolood umuSevrobis gazrdasTan mivyavarT. finansuri krizisis daZlevis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba iyo TviTon am sakiTxisadmi seriozuli midgoma, swored am mizniT londonSi Sedga didi oceulis samiti, sadac saxelmwifos liderebma SeimuSaves erTiani gza globaluri krizisis daZlevisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom dafiqsirda azrTa sxvadasxvaoba mainc moxda konsolidacia mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze kerZod: msoflio ekonomikis gadasarCenad 2010 wlis bolomde 5 trilioni dolari iqna gamoyofili, amasTan damatebiT trilion dolarze meti uSualod savaluto fonds gamoeyo. gadawyda, rom savaluto fondi Raribi qveynebis dasaxmareblad sakuTari oqros rezervebis nawils gamoiyenebda. 2502 miliardi dolari saerTaSoriso vaWrobis stimulirebisTvis daixarja. aRsaniSnavia rom krizisebma xeli Seuwyo calkeuli regionebis daaxloebas da ukve arsebuli 23 gaerTianebis mWidro TanamSromlobas da erTiani gadawyvetilebis miRebas. magaliTad opekis qveynebi, romlebic msoflio sanavTobo maragSi 70%-ze mets akontroleben, cdiloben TavianT rigebSi gaaerTianon meqsika, ruseTi da sxva. aseve gamoikveTa msxvili transnacionaluri kompaniebis Seqmna, magaliTad Sanxais organizacias survili aqvs evropasTan erTad Seqmnas erTiani energetikuli bazari. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. i.mesxia “saerTaSoriso finansebi” Tb, 2012w 2. analitikuri jgufi “konsiliumi” ”msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi, geopolitika da saqrTvelo”. ianvari 2009w 3. gazeTi “bankebi da finansebi” internet gamocema “msoflio finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo” 4. gazeTi “24 saaTi” internet gamocema ”msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis erTi weli” 2009w 5. l.eliava ”sabanko krizisebis prognozireba” Tb, 2013 World Financial Crisis, Its Results and Ways of Settlement Nodar Okroshiashvili Resume The proposed papers discusses about the global financial crisis, its causes and consequences on the example of different countries. It is proposed certain measures to prevent financial crisis and improve financial conditions on the modern stage. turizmis biznesis ganviTareba klimatis globaluri cvlilebis fonze sofiko gogalaZe turizmis specialobis II kursi E-mail: [email protected] xelmZRvaneli: manana aladaSvili biznes administrirebis doqtori E-mail: [email protected], (095 32) 2292800; 59918090 dedamiwis ekologiur mdgomareobaze did gavlenas axdens rogorc bunebrivi, aseve adamianis anTropogenuli saqmianoba, rac sxvadasxva formiT aisaxeba msoflios sxvadasxva regionebsa da ekosistemebze. adamianis sawarmoo saqmianobis erT-erT mavne Sedegs warmoadgens globaluri klimatis cvlileba, romlis damRupveli zegavlena 24 TandaTanobiT igrZnoba ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebze, gansakuTrebiT iseT seqtorebze, romlebic ufro mowyvladni (mgrZnobiareni) arian. aseT seqtorebs miekuTvneba turizmi da sakurorto meurneobis marTva. adamianis samrewvelo saqmianobis Sedegad bunebaSi gamoiyofa eqvsi mavne gazi, romelTa Soris procentulad yvelaze meti naxSirorJangia, miiRes saTburis gazebis saxelwodeba. aRniSnuli airebi STanTqaven dedamiwidan atmosferoSi gaSvebul infrawiTel gamosxivebas da abruneben mas dedamiwaze. am process `saTburis efeqti ewodeba~. globaluri klimatis cvlilebis mimarT erT-erT yvelaze mgrZnobiare fizikuri sistemaa kriosfero. gasul saukuneSi dawyebulma globalurma daTbobam gamoiwvia Crdilo naxevarsferoSi myinvarebis intensiuri dnoba. praqtikaSi daTbobis Zlieri trendis arsebobam SesamCnevi zemoqmedeba moaxdina grelandiis yinulovani safaris gadnobis daCqarebaze. es ukanaskneli bolo 10 wlis manZilze yovelwliurad kargavs 100 mlrd kubur metramde yinuls, rasac am aTwleulSi Seesabameba okeanis donis aweva daaxloebiT 3mm-iT. modelurma gamoTvlebma aCvena, Tu arqtikaSi lokaluri daTboba 1000 wlis manZilze, Tanamedrove temperaturasTan SedarebiT 0 SenarCundeba 5,5 C-is farglebSi, es gamoiwvevs grelandiis yinulovani safaris mniSvnelovan Semcirebas, rasac mohyveba okeanis donis 3 metriT aweva. grelandiis yinulovani safaris ramdenime aTasi wlis Semdeg sruli gadnobis SemTxvevaSi, msoflio okeanis done 7 metriT aiwevs. zRvis donis aweva mniSvnelovan problemebs uqmnis saqarTvelosac Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi, gansakuTrebiT _ kolxeTis dablobis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac erTdroulad mimdinareobs xmeleTis teqtonikuri daweva. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia md. rionis delta, sadac, rogorc sxvagan, zRvis donem gasul saukuneSi 20 sm-iT aiwia, xolo xmeleTma, mezobeli regionebisgan (aWara da afxazeTi) gansxvavebiT, daiwia 50 sm-iT. es ki ra Tqma unda xels SeuSlis turizmsa da sakurorto meurneobis marTvas. aseve uaryofiTi Sedegebidan aRsaniSnavia: zRvis sanapiro zonaSi zedmetad cxeli amindebisa (sicxis talRebis gaxangrZliveba) da wvimiani dReebis moWarbeba ivlis-agvistoSi, rac am TveebSi SedarebiT diskomfortul pirobebs Seuqmnis turistebs; Zlieri Stormebis sixSiris zrdis Sedegad, zRvis sanapiro zonaSi dasvenebis pirobebis gauareseba, Zlier RelvasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebis zrda; agreTve, plaJebis intensiuri warecxva da sanapiro zolis datborva; maRalmTian zonaSi 2050 wlamde zamTris saSualo temperaturis TiTqmis matebis SeTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iqneba saTxilamuro sezonis 1-1,5 TviT Semokleba, Tumca, prognozis Tanaxmad, naleqTa raodenoba amave dros, sa¬varaudod, TiTqmis 30%-iT gaizrdeba, rac, garkveulwilad, daakompensirebs daTbobis uaryofiT Sedegebs; 20C-iT 25 klimatis cvlilebis globalur problemasTan globalurad sabrZolvelad, 1992 wels Seiqmna gaeros klimatis cvlilebis konvencia. konvenciis mxareTa konferenciis mesame sesiam miiRo kiotos oqmi. 1997 wlis 1-11 dekembers mxareebi Seikribnen kiotoSi (iaponia) berlinis mandatis procesis dasasruleblad. maT mier SemuSavebuli oqmi aris dakanonebuli savaldebulo xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac industriulma qveynebma 20082012 wlebis periodisaTvis 5,2%-iT unda Seamciron eqvsi saTburi airis koleqtiuri emisiebi. saqarTvelo `kiotos oqms~ SeurTda 1999 wlis 16 ivniss. kiotos oqmiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania ganaxlebadi mzis da qaris energiis aTviseba; romelTagan mniSvnelovania mzis energia. saqarTvelos mzis energiis didi potenciali gaaCnia. miuxedavad msoflioSi mimdinare klimaturi cvlilebebisa turizmi agrZelebs zrdas da ganviTarebas ufro mkveTrad da ufro dinamikurad, vidre sxva mravali dargi wlebis manZilze. cxrili 1. saerTaSoriso turistebis Camosvlebis prognozi msoflios masStabiT da regionebis mixedviT regionebi evropa aRmosavleT azia amerika afrika Sua aRmosavleTi samxreT azia msoflio 2000 390 116 134 27 19 6 692 2010 527 231 195 46 37 11 1,047 2020 717 438 284 75 69 19 1,602 wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis msoflio turizmis organizacia (UNWTO) rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 1, saerTaSoriso turistebis Camosvlebis prognozi Seadgenda 1 miliards 2010 wlisaTvis da miaRwevs 1.6 miliardze met vizitors 2020 wels, rac metyvelebs, rom yovelwliurad turistebis mateba Seadgens 4,4%-s, xolo evropa rCeba udides maspinZel qveyanad msoflioSi. metad mniSvnelovania, rom msoflio mogzaurobisa da turizmis sabWos (WTTC) kvlevis mixedviT, 2020 wlisaTvis 303,0 milioni adamiani msoflioSi dasaqmebuli iqneba samuSaoebze, romlebic iarsebeben, radgan iarsebebs moTxovna mogzaurobasa da turizmze. dRes msoflioSi, regionul da erovnul doneebze, mogzauroba da turizmi qmnis 9 procentze meti odenobis pirdapir da arapirdapir dasaqmebas. eqspertTa prognoziT, dargis ganviTareba momavalSic maRali tempebiT gagrZeldeba da mimdinare saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi¬saTvis 26 msoflio ekonomikis daikavebs. wamyvan dargebs Soris erT-erT mowinave adgils aRsaniSnavia, rom klimatis cvlilebiT gamowveuli masStabebis miuxedavad, turizmSi CarTul yvela biznessa da daniSnulebis adgils mouwevs klimatis cvlilebasTan adaptacia, raTa minimumamde Seamciron misi Tanmxlebi riskebi da gamoiyenon axali SesaZleblobebi ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri mdgradobis farglebSi. turizmis ganviTareba ver iqneba mdgradi, Tu is ar aris saTanadod dagegmili da marTuli. radganac turizmze da Sesabamisad, resursebze moTxovna matulobs, saWiroa mdgradi ganviTarebis midgomebis gamoyeneba. sxvadasxva saxis biznesebs Soris, turizmi yvelaze metad aris motivirebuli - xeli Seuwyos garemosa da biznes eTikis dacvas. garemo aris is resursi, romelsac turizmi efuZneba da misi saTanadod dacvis gareSe ganadgurdeba is bunebrivi sanaxaobebi, romlebic uamrav turists izidavs. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. metreveli m., `garemo da ekoturizmis menejmenti~, Tb., 2012; 2. qarTveliSvili l. ,,saqarTveloSi turizmis sainvesticio garemos saimedoobis Sefaseba klimatis cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT‟‟, mesame saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia, mdgradi turizmi: ekonomika da biznesi, baTumi, 2012. 3. mumlaZe d., `klimatis cvlilebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi~ Tb., 1993; 4. Tb., 2010; pepanaSvili n., klimiaSvili l., ,,garemo da mdgradi ganviTareba‟‟, 5. Carlz r. geldneri., “turizmi - safuZvlebi, praqtika, Teoria”, baTumi 2013. Developing Tourism Business in the Background of Global Climate Change Sofiko Gogaladze Resume Human anthropogenic activities significantly affects earth’s ecological condition, and one of the harmful effect represents a possible global climate warming, it is necessary to take into account the effects of the economic sectors of the correct development of design and management which are sensitive to climate change. It is one of those fields, which belong tourism and resort farm management. Because of close connections to the environment and climate, tourism is considered to 27 be highly climate-sensitive economic sector. Climate change impacts are already evident in many of the tourist destination in the world- whether it’s a ski or sea resort. It should be noted that, because of climate change cause, despite the impacts and the scales, all businesses and destination places involved in tourism has to adapt to climate change, to minimize its accompanying risks and use new opportunities within the sustainability of economic, social and ecology. beTania goga demetraSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti turizmis specialobis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: Tamar bukia-verulaSvili suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected] tel: 593 36 69 79 beTania qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi brwyinvale arqiteqturuli Zeglia. igi Tbilisidan dasavleTiT 17 km manZilze, md. veres xeobaSi mdebareobs, romlis irgvliv warmtaci bunebaa. Amitomacaa, rom es adgili uamrav mnaxvels izidavs. Misi kedlebi dafarulia saukeTeso freskuli mxatvrobiT, romelsac amSvenebs Tamaris saxe. taZari koncxze dgas. taZris irgvliv odesrac ganlagebuli samonastro nagebobebidan TiTqmis aRarferia darCenili. axali agebulia samxreT-dasavleTiT orsarTuliani Senoba. mTavari taZris Crdilo-dasavleTiT, ramdenime nabijze mdebareobs wminda giorgis saxelobis mcire darbazuli eklesia, agebuli 1196 wels. igi taZris Zvel galavans Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram SemdegSi ezo sxvadasxva nagebobis taZris Zvel galavans Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram SemdegSi ezo sxvadasxva nagebobis fragmentebiT SemoufarglavT. Aaq naxavT qvis SenobaTa CuqurTmian fragmentebs, romlebidanac, zogi taZris Tanadroulia, zogi ki gviandel xanas miekuTvneba. aseT didebul taZars satrapezo da senakebic saTanadod morTuli unda hqonoda. Zeglis Sesaxeb XIX da XX saukuneebis sakmao literature arsebobs, magram maTSi uSualod taZris Sesaxeb cota ram aris naTqvami. beTania tradiciulad warmoadgenda qarTveli feodalebis – orbelianebis sagvareulo saZvales. taZris xelaxla aRmoCena grigol orbelians ukavSirdeba. Aam ukanasknelma nadirobisas SemTxveviT aRmoaCina beTaniis monasteri, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi miviwyebuli iyo. .XIX saukunis bolos taZars restavracia Cautarda. Tanamedrove specialur literaturaSi taZris agebis TariRs istoriul portretebs ukavSireben. mokle istoriuli eqskursiT vecdebiT konkretuli TariRis dadgenas. taZris CrdiloeTis kedlis qveda registrze ganlagebulia mefeebis – laSa-giorgis, Tamarisa da giorgi III-is gamosaxulebebi. Aam kompozicias orive mxares amTavrebs wmindanTa saxeebi. yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom samives gvirgvini adgas da amasTanave, laSas xmali hkidia. xmlis Camokideba, TavisTavad, mefed kurTxevas niSnavs. Ee.i. am mxatvrobis Sesrulebisas laSa ukve mefe iyo. istoriuli cnobebiT ki dadgenilia, rom laSa Tamarma Tavis 28 Tanamosaydred gaixada 1207 wels, meuRlis daviT soslanis gardacvalebis Semdeg. beTaniis kedlebis moxatva imave wels Tu ara axlo wlebSi moxdeboda. rac Seexeba TviT taZars, interierSi kedlebis moxatvis dawyebisas Senoba damTavrebuli unda yofiliyo. aseTi didi taZris agebas 5-10 weli mainc dasWirdeboda. Aaqedan gamomdinare eklesiis mSenebloba unda dawyebuliyo araugvianes XIII saukunis pirveli wlebisa. Tu nagebobis arqiteqturuli proeqtis Sedgenasac miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, maSin mSeneblobis dawyebis drod XII saukunis miwuruli, damTavrebisad ki – XIII saukunis pirveli aTeulis meore naxevari unda miviCnioT. Ee.i. Tamamad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom beTaniis eklesia aSenebulia XII saukunis bolos da XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. beTaniis taZris ZiriTadi korpusis gegma gare sworkuTxedSia moqceuli, xolo damatebiTi sadgomebi samxreTiT da dasavleTiT mdebareobs. taZarSi ori Sesasvlelia – dasavleTidan da samxreTidan, interieris mTavar da rTul nawils sakurTxevlis mxare warmoadgens. igi centraluri Ria nawilisa da gverdiTi kompartimentebisagan Sedgeba, xolo centraluri nawili – Rrma afsidisa da ganieri bemisagan. mTlianad am sakurTxevels erTi ganieri safexuri Semouyveba Camosasxdomad. iqve, centrSi, niSia moTavsebuli. ganaTebis wyaros warmoadgens sami sarkmeli, romelTagan centraluri maRalia, gverdiTebi ki – dabali. sakurTxevlis gverdis kompartimentebi ororsarTuliania. qvemoT moTavsebulia samkveTlo da sadiakvne, zemoT ki e.w. saidumlo oTaxebi. samkveTlo da sadiakvne darbazs ganieri SesasvlelebiT ukavSirdeba, xolo sakurTxevels – SedarebiT viwro karebiT. Ees saTavsebi afsidebiT mTavrdeba da kamarebiTaa gadaxuruli. gverdiT kedlebSi patara niSebia moTavsebuli. trapezi ar SemorCenila. sinaTlisaTvis orives TiTo sarkmeli aqvs aRmosavleTidan, xolo sadiakvnes samxreTidanac aqvs patara mrgvali sarkmeli. Mmeore sarTulze moxvedra SeiZleba sadiakvnes Crdilo kedelSi Catanebuli xvreliT. Aaseve meore sarTulidan kibiT SeiZleba moxvdeT konqszeda sivrceSi. Aam saTavss aRmosavleTiT gamoWrili patara sarkmeli anaTebs. es sivrce dabali kariT ukavSirdeba gumbaTis yels, sartylis zemoT. taZris centrSi aRmarTuli gumbaTi sakurTxevlis kuTxeebsa da dasavleTiT or pilons. maRali cilindris yelSi Tormeti erTgvarovani sarkmelia ganlagebuli. dasavleTis sayrdeni dabal rvagverda pilonebs warmoadgens. taZris ZiriTadi sivrce, romlis gegmaSic jvris formaa, aRmosavleTiT afsidiT mTavrdeba, danarCeni sami mklavi ki – sworkuTxaa. oTxive mklavi gadaxurulia isruli formis kamariT. Aaseve isruli moxazulobis TaRebiT uerTdeba dasavleTis jvris mklavs gverdiTi navebi. isruli forma aqvs sadiakvnesa da samkveTloSi Sesasvlelebis gadamxurav TaRebsac. darbazs, gumbaTis sarkmlebis garda, jvris mklavebSi dayolebuli samsami sarkmeli anaTebs. taZris kamarebsa da TaRebs Tu isruli forma aqvs, yvela sarkmlis TaRi naxevarwriuli moxazulobisaa. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom taZris Sida kedlebi Tavidanve Sesalesad da mosaxatad iyo gankuTvnili, amitom ar iyo Tlili qviT Semosili. samxreTiT 29 mdebare karibWe Signidan sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. centrs, sazeimo iers aniWebs sxivebis msgavsad damuSavebuli kamara. Ggverdis Tanatoli mklavebi martivad, cilindruli kamarebiTaa gadaxuruli. orsafexurian cokolze aRmarTuli taZris qveda korpusi, albaT, martivi profilis mqone karniziT mTavrdeboda, zemoT ki Senobis oTxi mklavis gadakveTaze, gumbaTi aRumarTavT. taZari garedan mTlianad Tlili kvadrebiTaa Semosili. rogorc sxva qarTul taZrebze, aqac ostati naklebad icavs horizontalur rigebsa da vertikalur nakerebs. gansxvavebuli feris qvebisagan igi zolebs an rame formas ki ar qmnida, aramed qvas iq debda sadac mouxvdeboda. swored es aZlevda im epoqis taZrebs ganumeorebel saxes. beTaniis taZris fasadebidan mTavaria aRmosavleTis fasadi, romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT mdidruladaa morTuli. mTavari aqcenti gadatanilia centralur RerZze. aq ganlagebulia: didi sarkmlis moCarCoeba, TavsarTi da jvari. Ffasadze mdebare xuTi sarkmlidan sami erT sistemadaa dekorirebuli, ori ki – gansxvavebuliT. maT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs is, rom pirvelSi sarkmlis TaRovan xvrels TaRovanive moCarCoeba uvlis, xolo meoregan – sworkuTxa. niSebSi moqceul or sarkmels sworkuTxa moxazulobis farTo CuqurTmiani arSia Semouyveba. fasadis maRla mdebare jvari dakavSirebulia mcire sarkmelTan. Sarkmelze Semoyolebuli arSia TavisTavad jvars qmnis. centralur RerZs aZlierebs mTavari sarkmlis TavsarTi ornamentebiani farTo lentiT. samxreT fasadis morTulobis erTgvari gamawonasworebelia marjvena monakveTze dasmuli medalioni, romelic Mmcire sarkmels Semofarglavs. Ffasadis danarCeni nawili SiSvelia. karibWe, romelsac fasadis marcxena naxevari aqvs mokavebuli, am mxares organulad erwymis. radgan taZarSi Sesasvleli aqedan aqvs, momsvlels gansakuTrebiT es karibWe rCeba mexsierebaSi. karibWis centri didi TaRiT iyo gaxsnili. karibWis samive fasadi TiTqmis erTi zomis TaRediTaa damuSavebuli. karibWis samxreT fasadis Subli gansakuTrebiTaa morTuli tolmklava jvrisa da mis Tavze mdebare medalioniT. karibWes martivi profilis mqone CuqurTmiani karnizi amTavrebs. mopirdapire CrdiloeTis fasadi samxreTis moxazulobas imeorebs, morTulobiT ki misgan gansxvavdeba. iq Tu SuaSi jvari iyo, aq igi uaryofilia. Mxolod TaRebs Soris medalionia, romelic, patara wriuli sarkmlis morTulobas warmoadgens. TviT maRal sarkmlebs gars uvlis farTo ornamentaluri arSia. fasadis marcxena mxareze mdebare patara wriul sarkmels sworkuTxa profilis TavsarTi axuravs. Senobis karnizi ar SemorCenila, magram SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom karnizi yvelgan Cveulebrivi profilisaa da CuqurTmiT iyo dafaruli. taZris brwyinvale nawilia gumbaTi. droTa viTarebas sakmaod dauzianebia igi, magram masSi axlac gamosWvivis Zveli didebuleba. gumbaTis cilindrul masaSi Tormeti sarkmelia gaWrili. Tormetive sarkmels TaRedi Semoufarglavs. gumbaTisa da taZris qveda korpussac Tavdapirveli gadaxurva ar SerCenia, amJamad TunuqiT, xolo restavraciamde kramitiT 30 yofila gadaxuruli. taZarSi daculia kedlis mxatvroba, romelic qarTuli monumenturi mxatvrobis ganviTarebis garkveuli etapis, - XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens. mxatvroba gamoirCeva Sesrulebis maRali ostatobiT. sakurTxevlis konqSi moTavsebuli iyo kompozicia “vedreba”. sakurTxevlis afsidis kedlebze gamosaxulni arian winaswarmetyvelebi romelTac xelSi qarTulxelnawerebiani gragnilebi uWiravT. gumbaTis moxatuloba erTianad Selesilia. CrdiloeTi kedeli eTmoba macxovris vnebaTa cikls, xolo samxreTi kedeli Zveli aRTqmis scenebs. dasavleTis kedeli ekava dRis kompozicias. religiuri Sinaarsis scenebis gverdiT, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs istoriul pirTa – giorgi III-is, Tamar mefisa da laSa-giorgis portretebs. Mmoxatuloba Sesrulebulia Tamaris sicocxleSi, laSa-giorgis Tanamosaydred gamocxadebis xanaSi, daaxloebiT 1207 wels. beTaniis eklesiaSi arsebuli Tamar mefis freska erT-erTia saqarTveloSi arsebuli misi oTxi freskidan. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. arqimandriti lazare - beTania - saxli siglaxakisa, Tbilisi, 2002w. 2. 3. 4. Sesaxeb 5. nakaduli, 6. 7. 8. amiranaSvili S., qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1971; beriZe v. - "Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba" Tb., 1974 privalova e. XII-XIII - ss mijnis qarTuli monumenturi ferweris CorgolaSvili m., -...TiTqos aq viyo dabadebuli..., Tbilisi, 1990w. ciciSvili i., qarTuli arqiteqturis istoria, Tb., 1955; ciciSvili i., qse, t. 2, gv. 268, Tb., 1977 gazeTi - sapatriarqos uwyebani, #38 (191), 2002w. resursebi internetSi 1. http://www.orthodoxy.ge 2. http://betania.ge 3. http://www.betaneli.ge 4. http://ka.wikipedia.org 5. http://chitucio.blogspot.com 6. http://www.nplg.gov.ge 7. http://wikimapia.org 8. http://children.wanex.net 9. http://forum.gol.ge 10. http://www.iverieli.ucoz.com 11. http://www.dzeglebi.ge/galerea/betania 31 Betania Goga Demetrashvili Resume Betania Monastery is a remarkable piece of architecture of Georgia. It is famous for its wall paintings and among them - a mural of the female sovereign of Georgia - 'king of kings" Tamar. The mural from Betania with Tamar's image is one of the four frescos in Georgia with Tamar's portraits. The Betania Monastery was built in the XII-XIII centuries. turistuli marSruti: `Tbilisi-bolnisi-dmanisi~ koba tabataZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti turizmis specialobis II kursi xelmZRvaneli: Tamar bukia-verulaSvili suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected] tel: 593 36 69 79 saqarTvelo turizmis klasikuri qveyanaa, romlis potencials ganapirobebs moxerxebuli sakvanZo mdebareoba kavkasiis satransportogeografiul arealSi; mdidari bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebi _ xelsayreli hava, mravalferovani reliefi, mineraluri wyaroebi, myinvarebi, samkurnalo talaxi, mRvimeebi, tyiTa da endemuri mcenareulobiT dafaruli teritoriebi, nakrZalebi, bunebis unikaluri Zeglebi, Tvalwarmtaci landSaftebi da peizaJebi; siZveliTa da originalobiT gamorCeuli kulturul-istoriuli RirsSesaniSnaobebi; istoriul-geografiuli mxareebis eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi; mravalsaukunovani arqeologiuri da arqiteqturuli Zeglebi; mdidari folklori. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos realuri SesaZlebloba aqvs gaxdes maRalganviTarebuli turizmis qveyana, turizmi ki msoflio ekonomikaSi erT-erTi yvelaze maRalSemosavliani sferoa. saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis, turizmis ganviTarebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. marSruti saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisidan iwyeba, saidanac mivemarTebiT samxreT-dasavleTiT, bolnisisaken. gzad mravali saintereso istoriuli Zegli da bunebrivi landSafti Segvxvdeba, romelTagan erT-erTi umniSnelovanesia Savnabadas eklesia, romelic Tbilisidan 7km-Si, mTavari gzatkecilis marjvniv Savnabadas goraze mdebareobs. taZari gamoirCeva daxvewili arqiteqturiTa da mdebareobiT, igi Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. kumisis tba, romelic samkurnalo TvisebebiTa da TevzTa mravalferovnebiTaa cnobili. sofel marabdasTan qarTveli gmirebis, cxra Zma xerxeuliZis memoriali yvela qarTvelis siamayea. q. marneulis SesasvlelTan dgas qarTveli qalis simbolo, - ~deda ori SviliT~. daba TamarisSi qeTevan dedoflis saxelobis cixe-galavani mdinareebis 32 xramisa da maSaveras SesarTavTanaa gaSenebuli. q. bolnisis Sesasvlels amSvenebs ori lomis qandakeba da bolnuri jvari. bolnisi qalaqs daerqva XIII-XIV s-Si. 1818 wels ruseTis imperiis dedofalma ekaterinem aq Camoasaxla viutenbergis mxaris germanelebi (Svabebi) da dasaxlebas katarinenfeldi uwoda, 1921 wlidan 1943 wlamde am qalaqs erqva luqsemburgi, xolo 1943 wlidan - isev bolnisi. q. luqsemburgSi mcxovrebi germanelebi ZiriTadad misdevdnen mevenaxeobas (daarses Rvinis qarxana), mexileobasa da mecxoveleobas. hyavdaT uaRresad kvalificiuri mSeneblebi, zeinklebi, durglebi, mWedlebi, romelTa aSenebul saxlebs dResac SexvdebiT zogierT quCaze. SemorCenilia Zveli germanuli teqnoligiiT xorcis damuSavebis wesebi. Svabebi kulturis maRali doniT gamoirCeodnen. germanelebi gadausaxlebiaT cimbirsa da yazaxeTSi. dRes q. bolnisSi cxovroben saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis warmomadgenlebi da swored amitom bolnisel kacs ara aqvs romelime kuTxuri aqcenti. maRalia stumris miRebis kultura, nairferovania bolniseli kacis sufra. qalaq bolnisSi aris kino, Teatri, dasasvenebeli parki Tavisi banakiT, evropul doneze aRWurvili stadionebi, mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi, romelSic eqsponatebad warmodgenilia qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili mravali Zvirfasi da mniSvnelovani nivTi. XII saukunis kuziani xidi mdinare maSaveraze axlac mkvidrad dgas. qalaqis samxreTiT mdebare wminda giorgis mTa mcenareuli safaris mravalferovnebiTa da bunebrivi wiaRiseuli resursebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. bolniss ~yoranTis~ mTidan gadmohyurebs XIV saukuneSi aSenebuli wminda giorgi saxelobis eklesia. eklesia Rame ganaTebulia da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba TiTqos CrdiloeTidan varskvlavi brwyinavdes. bolnisis raionis teritoriaze ganlagebulia 120-ze meti istoriuli Zegli, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia bolnisis sionis taZari, romelic qalaqidan 8 kilometrSi mdebareobs. bolnisis sioni gansakuTrebuli Zeglia, ara marto Tavisi arqiteqturiT, aramed Cveni warsuli kulturis warmomCeni bevri sxva Zvirfasi masaliTac, rogoricaa: qvaze nakveTi CuqurTma, reliefuri qandakeba, qarTuli damwerlobis uZvelesi nimuSebi. taZris teritoria garSemortymulia qvis masiuri ganieri galavniT, romlis SigniT, taZarTan erTad moqceulia samreklo, agebuli XVII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. garedan bolnisis sioni farTod gawolili, mZime, damjdari proporciebis masiuri Senobaa. amitom kidev ufro moulodnelia da gasaocrad STambeWdavia taZris interieri, - maRla aziduli, Tavisuflad gaSlili, lakonuri da didebuli sivrce. fasadebi sruliad sada da martivia, TiTqmis yovelgvari morTulobis gareSe. SigniT ki Senoba sakmaod uxvadaa Semkuli: qvaze nakveTi geometriuli Tu mcenareuli ornamenti, reliefebi cxovelTa gamosaxulebebiT. mravladaa nagebobis kedlebze 33 sxvadasxva formis daniSnuleba aqvT. jvrebic, romlebsac xSirad mxolod simboluri bolnisis sionis kedlebs SemorCa oTxi sakmaod vrceli warwera, asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli.n am warwerebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnerloba is aris, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze dRemde aRmoCenili yvelaze Zveli nimuSebia, romelTa mixedviT gairkva, rom taZari aSenebulia 478-493 ww. bolnisis sionidan samxreT-dasavleTiT 4 kilometrSi, mTis ferdobze mdebareobs wuRruRaSenis eklesia. es tanwvrili, maRal gumbaTiani Zegli amayad gadmoscqeris foladauris xeobas. taZris kedlebze aRmoCenili warweriT nageboba XIII-s-is pirvel naxevars ganekuTvneba, laSa-giorgis mefobis xanas. gamoyenebulia sami feris qva _ moyviTalo, cisferi da Rvinisferi. moyviTalo feriT morTulia fasadebi, Rvinisferi - qveda rigebSia gamoyenebuli, cisferi - zedaSi, yovelive es qmnis metad harmoniul suraTs. Zeglis maRali gumbaTi mTlianad CuqurTmebiT aris dafaruli, romelic Sesrulebulia muqi yviTeli qvebiT. gumbaTs mzis mcxunvarebiT oqrosferi gadakravs, rac mimzidvel iers aZlevs taZars. qalaq bolnisidan dasavleTiT 12 kilometriT daSorebulia sofeli tanZia, sadac daibada da gaizarda didi qarTveli meigave da saxelmwifo moRvawe sulxan-saba orbeliani. amJamad iq misi saxl-muzeumia, romelsac mravali mnaxveli hyavs. mdinare xramis xeobaSi tanZiidan 8 kilometris manZilze dgas Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSi - fitareTis taZari. agebulia mefe laSa-giorgis mefobis periodSi, amirejibis qavTar qajifais Zis mier. gvian Sua saukuneebSi taZris galavani cixis rols asrulebda. gamoirCeva Sesasvleli koSki da damxmare nagebobebidan marani, romelic agebulia 1696 w. gzad dmanisisaken Sua saukuneebis erT-erTi Zveli, Zlieri da lamazi cixe-simagre – qveSis cixea gaSenebuli. mas Zalze mniSvnelovani strategiuli adgili ukavia. aqedan Cans vrceli teritoria kazreTidan dawyebuli tanZiabolnisis CaTvliT. cixis dasavleT nawilSi, yvelaze amaRlebul adgilas agebulia eklesia, romlis kedlebSi V-VI saukuneebis taZris bolnuri jvrebiT Semkuli qvebia Catanebuli. cixis teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilia sasoflo-sameurneo, sabrZolo da samedicino nivTebi da wylis ormoebi _ rezervuarebi, sadac wvimis wyals agrovebdnen. sofel qveSis dasavleTiT 5 kilometrSi mdebareobs daba kazreTi, romelic mdidaria bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT. amJamad kazreTSi mimdinareobs oqros mopoveba. kazreTis teritoriaze Semonaxulia, rogorc adre Sua saukuneebSi qristianobis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli TviTmyofadi kulturis Zeglebi – stelebi da qva-jvrebi, aseve saqarTvelos politikuri da ekonomikuri 34 aRmavlobis epoqaSi Seqmnili xelovnebis Sedevrebi _ samebisa da saTxis eklesiebi. samebis eklesia gansakuTrebiT lamazia garedan. moyviTalo naTali qviT nagebi kedlebis qveda rigs baci mwvane zoli gasdevs. morTuloba mdidrulia, magram zomieri. eklesia garSemortymulia mrgvalkoSkebiani galavniT, romlis SigniT ramdenime Senoba dgas. maT Soris erTi saostigne, rac imaze migviTiTebs, rom aq monasteri iyo. md. kazreTulas marcxena napirze maRla, tyian ferdobze dgas saTxis eklesia, Semkuli mdidruli dekoriTa da warwerebiT. igi ramdenime epoqis Semoqmedebis nayofia, romelTagan uadresi adre Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, xolo ugvianesi XVI-XVII ss. saTxis kankeli did interess iwvevs rogorc Tavisi mxatvruli gaformebiT, ise warwereriT, romelSic mefe laSa-giorgia moxseniebuli da romelic XIII saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. kazreTis dasavleTiT, 30 km-Si mdebareobs dmanisis naqalaqari. es unikaluri Zegli, romelic mdinareebis _ maSaverasa da finezauris SesarTavTan aRmarTul koncxzea gaSenebuli, Tavis istorias iwyebs faqtobrivad iqidan, rodesac am mxareSi vulkanuri procesebi Sewyda da gacivebul lavaze imTaviTve daiwyo kacobriobis istoria, uZvelesi adamianis sadgomidan dawyebuli, Sua saukeneebis Zlieri qalaqis aSenebamde. aq gaiara civilizaciis yvela periodma, XVIII saukunis bolos sicocxlis Sewyvetamde. dmanisi am bolo periodSi Zalze popularuli gaxda, rac ganpirobebulia aq mimdinare arqeologiuri kvlevebiT. gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilia 1,8 milioni wlis win mcxovreb adamianTa Tavis qalebi, romlebmac msoflioSi saxeli gaiTqves zezvasa da mzias saxeliT. amrigad, turistuli industria saqarTvelosTvis, ganviTarebis am etapze, mTavar mizans unda warmoadgendes, radgan aqedan Semosuli SemosavlebiT uzrunvelyofili iqneba rogorc mosaxleoba socialur ekonomikurad, ise bolo moeReba ekologiur dabinZurebas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. beriZe b. xelovneba. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.- t.. - Tb.,1979 2. beriZe v. - saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. - Tb.,1983. 3. beriZe v. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. - Tb. - 1974 4. gunia ir. - saqarTvelos monastrebi: enciklopediuri cnobari. Tb., 2005. 5. zaqaraia p. qarTul cixesimagreTa istoria uZvelesi droidan s. bolomde. - Tb., 2002. 6. zaqaraia p. qarTuli cixe-qalaqebi, cixesimagreebi, cixe-darbazebi, ,,cixe-galavnebi koSkebi.- Tb., 2001 7. lorTqifaniZe o. vanis naqalaqari, gam."sabWoTa saqarTvelo", - Tb., 1973 w. 8. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwerilobis redaqcia, t.2, 35 Tbilisi, 2008 w. 9. ciciSvili ir. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. - Tb.,1955 10. ciciSvili ir. qarTuli arqiteqturis istoria.-Tb.,1955 Tour: Tbilisi – Bolnisi – Dmanisi Koba Tabatadze Resume Lower Kartli is rich in historical and architectural monuments, churches - temples, ancient town and a very beautiful landscape. The article discusses Bolnisi and Dmanisi region, historical architectural monuments, - Blonisi Sion, Tsugrugasheni, Pitareti, Kveshi Castle, Dmanisi Trinity, Satkhe church, etc. emuqreba Tu ara safrTxe saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebis miRwevas? maia melaZe specialoba: sajaro mmarTveloba jgufi da xelmZRvanelis saxeli da gvari: IV kursi xelmZRvaneli: naTia daReliSvili E-mail: [email protected] tel: 591 813106 Sesavali: 2003 wlis ~vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg saqarTvelom airCia gamoxatuli evrointegraciis kursi, Sedegad qveyenaSi daiwyo evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis programis (ENP) implementacia. saqarTveloevrokavSiris urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis erT-erT umniSnelovanes Sedegs warmoadgens evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebis (AA) miRweva, rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs rogorc Rrma da yovlismomveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis (DCFTA) amoqmedebas evrokavSirTan1, ise vizis fasilitaciisa da readmisiis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlas, rac ukavSirdeba savizo procedurebis gamartivebasa da ukanono migraciis marTvas. 2012 wlis oqtomberSi, mTavrobis Secvlis fonze, sxvadasxva eqspertebisa Tu samoqalaqo jgufebis mier gamoiTqva mosazrebebi saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebis (AA) miRwevis CaSlaze. mizezad saxeldeboda gansxvavebuli azris mqone sazogadoebriv jgufebze Zaladobrivi qmedebebi. kvlevaSi gvsurs gavaanalizoT asocirebis SeTanxmebis miRwevis mniSvneloba da mimovixiloT ramdenad realuria gamoTqmuli SeSfoTeba. kvleviTi komponentis aRwera. sakiTxis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, kvlevis meTodad SevarCieT Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodebi. Tvisebrivi meTodi gulisxmobs statistikur monacemebsa da sxvadasxva Teoriul informaciaze (oficialur wyaroebze) dayrdnobiT saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris 1 evrokavSiri aerTianebs 27 wevr qveyanas, Tumca xorvatiis gawevrianeba evrokavSiris erTian sivrceSi. 36 2013 wlis zafxulSi dagegmilia asocirebis SeTanxmebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli mdgomareobisa da mosalodneli Sedegebis analizs. asocirebis SeTanxmebis cneba da mniSvneloba “es aris mogzauroba, romelsac saqarTvelo axla iwyebs”, qeTrin eStoni2 evrokavSiris samezoblo politika SemuSavda 2004 wels, evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg3. misi mizani iyo evropasa da axal mezoblebs Soris gamyofi xazebis moxsna da stabilurobis, usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa. samezoblo politika miznad isaxavs evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel qveynebs Soris politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTdaaxloebis procesis mxardaWeras da misi saSualebiT evrokavSiri Tavisi sazRvrebis garSemo demokratiis, stabilurobisa da keTildReobis gavrcelebas uwyobs xels4. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb momavali SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierTobebis mniSvnelovnad gaRrmavebas da TanamSromlobas axal, xarisxobrivad ufro maRal doneze. aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba Caanacvlebs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris arsebul „partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas" da saqarTvelos miscems evrokavSirTan politikuri asocirebisa da etapobrivi ekonomikuri integraciis SesaZleblobas. garda ekonomikuri da politikuri sakiTxebisa, igi aseve, faravs usafrTxoebis, kulturis, ganaTlebis da sxva sferoebs. evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi saqarTvelos yovelwliurad gadmoecema evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma (ENP Action Plan), sadac prioritetuli sferoebis mixedviT gawerilia RonisZiebebi (programebi), Sesrulebis vadebi, pasuxismgebeli pirebi da aseve dafinansebis wyaroebi. rac Seexeba dafinansebis princips, 2012 wlidan amoqmedda “meti ufro metisTvis” (more for more) principi, rac gulisxmobs meti dafinansebis gamoyofas im qveynebisTvis, romelTac meti progresi qondaT. Tu gadavxedavT saqarTvelosTvis gamoyofil finansur daxmarebas wlebis mixedviT, davinaxavT rom 2011-2013 wlebSi gamoyofilma daxmarebam Seadgina 180.29 mln evro, rac aRemateba 2007-2010 wlebSi gaweul daxmarebas (ix. diagrama #1). 2 evrokavSiris umaRlesi sakiTxebSi. warmomadgeneli sagareo saqmeTa da usafrTxoebis politikis 2004 wels evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen litva, latvia, estoneTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, poloneTi, malta da kviprosi. 3 4 aRmosavleTis partnioroba da saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri politika, kavkasiis ekonomikuri da socialuri kvleviTi instituti (CIESR), Tbilisi, 2011. 37 diagrama #1 wyaro: http://www.ei-lat.ge rac Seexeba asocirebis SeTanxmebis molaparakebebis warmarTvis process, mTavar momlaparakebels warmoadgens daviT zalkaniani, sagareo saqmeTa ministris pirveli moadile. molaparakebebis procesSi orive mxaris gadawyvetilebiT, dokumenti daxurulia da konkretuli Tavebis garSemo mimdinare molaparakebebi arasajaroa. dokumenti Sedgeba ZiriTadi teqstisa da danarTebisagan, sadac mocemulia evropuli kanonmdeblobis nusxa, romelTan daaxlovebac (harmonizacia) evaleba saqarTvelos. am etapisTvis teqstis ZiriTadi nawili SeTanxmebulia mxareebis mier da dokumentze muSaoba dasruldeba erT an or raundSi. vilniusis samitze moxdeba teqstis parafireba da Semdeg daiwyeba Sida procedurebi, romlebiT daaxloebiT 4-5 Tves gagrZeldeba. gazafxulze saqarTvelos mxares gadmoecema asocirebis xelSekrulebis samoqmedo gegma, romelic evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmas Caanacvlebs. es ukanaskneli ufro konkretuli iqneba da vilniusis samitzea moazrebuli aseve misi damtkiceba. daskvna: daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sefasebebi saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebis molaparakebebis CaSlis Sesaxeb gadaWarbebulia. 2013 wlis vilniusis samitze moewereba xeli zemoaRniSnul SeTanxmebas da saqarTvelos Sidaprocedurebis gavlisa da dokumentis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg SesaZlebloba eqneba, isargeblos mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT, romelsac evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri da politikuri asocireba gvTavazobs. 38 gamoyenebuli literatura aRmosavleTis partnioroba da saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri politika, kavkasiis ekonomikuri da socialuri kvleviTi instituti (CIESR), Tbilisi, 2011. Joint Declaration of the Prague EaP Summit, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 2009. evropis samezoblo politikis sityvari, http://www.enpi-info.eu/main.php?id=403&id_type=2 evrokavSiris warmomadgenloba saqarTveloSi http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/index_ka.htm aRmosavleTis partniorobis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis forumis saqarTvelos erovnuli platforma - http://eapnationalplatform.ge/?lang=geo evropuli iniciativa – liberaluri akademia, Tbilisi - http://www.eilat.ge/ Associated Agreement between Georgia and EU Under the Threat?! Maia Meladze Resume It can be concluded that the Association Agreement will be signed at a summit in Vilnius in 2013. Once the internal procedures are overcome, the document will enter into force and Georgia will be able to benefit from a number of advantages offered by the European Union's economic and political association. sagadasaxado reformebi da liberalizacia mari mujiriSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti finansebis specialobis kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: profesori naili gagniZe [email protected] tel. 555 41 97 96 sagadasaxado politika yovelTvis iyo, aris da iqneba saxelmwifos erTerTi mTavari prioriteti. Sua saukuneebamde gadasaxadis damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo dabegvris naturaluri forma. Sua saukuneebis agraruli wyobilebis sferoSi gamowveuli cvlilebani, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia fulad meurneobaze gadasvlasTan. rac ufro mtkicdeba fuladi meurneoba, miT ufro yovelgvari gadasaxadi, begara da sxva gamosaRebi fulad formas Rebulobs. yvelaze adre saqonluridan fulad meurneobaze gadasvla inglisSi moxda, sadac naturaluri gadasaxadi icvleboda gansazRvruli fuladi rentiT. meore mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sabatono begaris (Sroma memamulisaTvis) fuladi RaliT Secvla. saqarTveloSi begara-gadasaxadebSi cvlilebebi moxda me-19 s. 40-iani wlebidan. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan gadasaxadebis roli da arsi 39 mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba da gadasaxadebi iwyebs misTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli funqciis Sesrulebas, gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri brZolis iaraRi kerZo mewarmeobis winaaRmdeg. sabWoTa kavSirSi 1930-1932 wlebis sagadasaxado reformis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom mravalricxovani gadasaxadi dajgufebuli iqna Semdeg ZiriTad saxdelebSi: saxelmwifo sawarmoebisaTvis brunvidan gadasaxadi da mogebidan anaricxebi, kooperaciuli sawarmoebisaTvis brunvidan gadasaxadi da saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. reformis Sedegad gauqmebuli aqcizebis sistema da yvela sagadasaxado saxdeli (daaxloebiT 60) unificirebuli iqna or ZiriTad gadasaxdelSi, brunvidan gadasaxadSi da mogebidan anaricxebSi. [1] sagadasaxado wnexis gaZlierebasa da saxelmwifo biujetSi Semosasvleli gadasaxadebis Tanxebs Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba warmoaCina profesorma a. laferma jer kidev me-20 saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi, aago ra Tavisi cnobili laferis mrudi. a. laferis sagadasaxado koncefciis, romlis mixedviTac sagadasaxado ganakveTi garkveul zRvramde iwvevs sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdas, xolo mis zeviT gadideba amuxruWebs Semosavlebis gadidebas da ekonomikur progress, mTavari idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maRali sagadasaxado wnexi axSobs samewarmeo da sainvesticio aqtivobas, ris gamoc ecema warmoebis zrdis tempebi, viwrovdeba sagadasaxado baza da klebulobs sagadasaxado Semosavlebis moculoba. sagadasaxado wnexis dausabuTebeli zrda warmoadgens mizezs ekonomikis Crdilovani seqtoris ganviTarebisa, xolo sagadasaxado wnexis Semcireba stimuls aZlevs samewarmeo saqmianobas. biujetis Semosavlebis zrda am SemTxvevaSi xdeba warmoebis zrdisa da amis Sedegad dasabegri sagadasaxado bazis gafarToebis xarjze. msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, rom gadamxdelis Semosavlebidan 40%-mde gadasaxadis amoReba is zRvaria, romlis iqeT iwyeba dagrovebis Semcireba da amiT ekonomikaSi investiciebi izrdeba. Tu gadasaxadis ganakveTebi da maTi raodenoba aRweven iseT dones, rom gadasaxadis gadamxdelidan amoiReba misi Semosavlebis 50%-ze meti, maSin es spobs samewarmeo iniciativas da warmoebis gafarToebis stimuls. [1] amgvarad, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucilebloba mis yvela stadiaze, disproporciebis aRmofxvra, agreTve mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis realuri cxovrebis donis amaRleba moiTxovs sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcirebas upirvelesad ekonomikis realur seqtorze da samamulo saqonelmwarmoebelze. aucilebelia Seiqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi sawarmoTa sabrunavi saSualebebis gasazrdelad da maTi sainvesticio saqmianobis stimulirebisaTvis. amasTan mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sakiTxebi: arCevani SeiZleba iyos Semdegi saxis: bevri SeRavaTebi da maRali sagadasaxado tarifebi an dabali tarifebi yovelgvari sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis gareSe. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi iseTi uaryofiTi SedegebiTac xasiaTdeba, romelTa gamoc rTuldeba sagadasaxado sistema, Sedegad sagadasaxado formulari Zalze gadatvirTulia. gamocdilebidan cxadi xdeba, rom sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT ufro mdidrebi sargebloben, vidre Raribebi. sagadasaxado 40 SeRavaTebis maqsimalurad likvidaciis dadebiTi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT imaSi iqneba gamoxatuli, rom sagadasaxado sistema gaxdeba naTeli da martivi, xolo sagadasaxado ganakveTebi dabali. aseTi unda iyos umTavresi mimarTuleba yoveli gonivruli sagadasaxado reformisa. [2] sagadasaxado sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Caeyara safuZveli. 1920 wels briuselSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso safinanso konferenciaze pirvelad daisva sakiTxi saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado SeTanxmebis standartizaciis aucileblobaze. erTa ligis safinanso komitetma (funqcionirebda 1945 wlamde) moamzada ramdenime tipiuri konvencia (SeTanxmeba), maT Soris Semosavalze da kapitalze gadasaxadebis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb. 1954 wlidan saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado TanamSromlobis centrad gadaiqca ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia. sagadasaxado harmonizaciis koncefcia warmoiSva swored evropuli ekonomikuri integraciis ganviTarebis procesSi. evrokavSiris Camosayalibeblad. evrokavSirSi sagadasaxado harmonizacia isaxavs iseT miznebs, rogoricaa: 1. sagadasaxado sazRvrebis gauqmeba imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas Tanabari konkurentuli pirobebi sameurneo subieqtebisaTvis; 2. evrokavSiris saSinao bazris gaerTianeba da unifikacia, rogorc integraciuli procesebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala regionSi; 3. Tanamegobrobis yvela qveynebSi sagadasaxado sistemebis struqturaTa, ZiriTadi saxeobis gadasaxadebis amoRebis wesis SesabamisobaSi moyvana. evrokavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb 1993 wlis 1 noembris xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis harmonizaciis ZiriTad amocanebad iqca Tanamegobrobis SigniT fiskaluri sazRvrebis gauqmeba da dRg-is ganakveTebis Semcireba. raTa daaxloebuliyo dRg-is ganakveTebi. 1993 wlis ianvridan SemoRebuli iqna minimaluri standartuli ganakveTi gadasaxadisa 15%. garda amisa, rig qveynebSi gamoiyeneba gadidebuli da Semcirebuli ganakveTebi. evrokavSiris qveynebSi dRg TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols, vinaidan is xels uwyobs kavSiris erT- erTi umTavresi miznis realizebas: kavSiris farglebSi saqonlis, momsaxurebis, xalxisa da kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uzrunvelyofa. amitom mimdinare periodSi sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebisas kvlavac aucilebelia sagadasaxado dabegvris ganviTarebis istoriis da dagrovili gamocdilebis Seswavla-analizi-gaTvaliswineba. es saSualebas mogvcems Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi da maqsimalurad gaviTvaliswinoT yvela dadebiTi momenti. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Cveni qveynis sagadasaxado sistema gulisxmobs yvela ZiriTad gadasaxads, romlebic gamoiyeneba ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magram miuxedavad amisa TviT sagadasaxado sistema mudmivi cvlilebebis da srulyofis procesSia da aq gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens kiTxva, Tu 41 ramdenad swrafad ganviTardeba da dasruldeba garkveul doneze misi srulyofisa da daxvewis procesi. yvela sagadasaxado sistemis formirebis dros ZiriTadia winaaRmdegoba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis moTxovnilebasa da maTi miRebis SesaZleblobas Soris. SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegi ZiriTadi darRvevebi sagadasaxado dabegvris principebisa: 1. moqmedi sagadasaxado sistemis zemdeti sirTule, rogorc gadasaxadis gadamxdelis poziciidan, ise sagadasaxado organoebis efeqturad funqcionirebis poziciidan; 2. sagadasaxado simZimis araTanabari ganawileba piradi dabegvris dros; 3. uaryofiTi gavlena ganakveTebisa ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi, romlebic ibegrebian SesaZleblobis zRvarze, kargaven muSaobis stimuls da iCenen interess Crdilovani ekonomikisadmi da a. S. CvenTan sagadasaxado problemebi mZimdeba imiTac, rom sistema jer kidev srulyofis procesSia, romelic garkveulwilad emTxveva saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis periods. igi SeiZleba pirobiTad ramodenime etapad davyoT: pirveli - 1991-1992 ww., roca xdeboda intensiuri samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli muSaoba sabWoTa sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebisa axal ekonomikur da politikur pirobebSi, romlis Sedegad miviReT naerTi sagadasaxado sistema. meore etapi - 1992-1997 ww., roca warmoebda axali sagadasaxado sistemis funqcionireba, gamocdilebis dagroveba da uaryofiTi mxareebis gamovlena. misi Sedegi gaxda is, rom miviReT axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi. mesame etapi - 1997 wlidan 2005 wlamde, romlis damaxasiaTebelia mTeli rigi uaryofiTi mxareebi: ekonomikuri krizisi, uamravi cvlilebebi SevitaneT kodeqsSi da dRis wesrigSi dadga axali kodeqsis (sagadasaxado sistemis) Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. meoTxe etapi - 2005 wlidan 2010 wlamde. miRebuli iqna axali, gadamuSavebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsi da moxda misi praqtikaSi aprobacia. mexuTe etapi - sagadasaxado politikis reforma. axali kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida 2012 wlidan. kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven qveyanaSi axali saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebis Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qveyanaSi investiciebis mozidvas, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi ekonomikuri efeqturobis amaRlebas, qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebas, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisTvis xelSewyobas, qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso safinanso centrebis Camoyalibebasa da saqarTvelos savaWrosatranzito funqciis amaRlebas. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. baxtaZe l., kakulia r., CikvilaZe m., sagadasaxado saqme. Tb., iv. javaxiSilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2007. 2. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi Tb, 2011. -245 gv. 42 3. saqarTvelos mTavrobis angariSi saxelmwifo biujetis 2010 wlis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb 4. http://www.parliament.ge/files/budget-off/gadasaxadebi/sagadasaxadoganakvetebi.pdf, ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli - 08.06.2012. 5. http://www.mof.ge/common/get_doc.aspx?doc_id=8235 (2010 wlis Semosavlebis statistika, wliuri angariSi) ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli - 08.06.2012. Taxing System Reforms and Liberalization Mari Mujirishvili Resume The work ―Taxing System Reforms and Liberalization‖ discusses the essence of taxing, improving processes and phases of Georgian taxing system. Also, results of reforms, their importance and definition for developing country in that direction. Formation principles of budget’s revenue and main directions of Georgian Taxing system improvement represent the research objects of the work. fasiani qaRaldebis bazari da misi ganviTareba saqarTveloSi miranda yaClavaSvili a(a) i.p goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis finansebis specialobis III kursis studenti E-mail:[email protected] tel: 598 17 67 08 xelmZRvaneli: profesori naili gagniZe [email protected] tel. 555 41 97 96 ekonomikurad ganviTarebul nebismier qveyanaSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazari da misi ganviTareba mniSvenelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. efeqturi fasiani qaRaldebis bazari gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani instrumentia sabazro ekonomikaze gadasavlis gzaze. garkveulwilad igi warmoadgens sabanko sistemis alternativas, radgan bevr evropul qveyanaSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazari gacilebiT mimzidveli da efeqturia damatebiTi dafinansebis mosapoveblad. fulis dabandebis msurvelebisTvisac sabanko depozitis alternativad ganixileba fasiani qaRaldebis portfeli, romelic zogjer meti mogebis saSualebas iZleva. amdenad, igi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi struqturaa, amitom misi ganviTareba qveynis ekonomikis donis pirdapiri maCvenebelia. fasiani qaRaldebis bazari is meqanizmia, romelic fuladi saxsrebis mimwodebelsa da momxmareblebs Soris garigebebis dadebis saSualebas iZleva. isini wamyvan rols TamaSoben finansuri instrumentebis yidva-gayidvaSi. [1] fasiani qaRaldebis bazris infrastruqturis elementebia: safondo birJa, sainvesticio fondebi, anderaiterebi, sabrokero da sadilero kompaniebi da sxva. fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidva sxvadasxva bazrebze xdeba. magaliTad, fulad bazrebsa da kapitalis bazrebze. fulis bazarze 43 xdeba moklevadiani fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidva, xolo kapitalis bazrebze grZelvadiani fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroben. fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobas emsaxureba safondo birJebic. msoflioSi cnobilia iseTi safondo birJebi, rogoricaa: niu-iorkis safondo birJa, amerikis safondo birJa, londonisa da tokios safondo birJebi.maTi saqmianoba gavlenas axdens ara mxolod am qveynebis, aramed msoflio finansur bazrebzec. [2] sainteresoa ra situaciaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. Cvens qveyanaSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazari jer kidev ar aris ganviTarebuli. Amaze metyvelebs saqarTvelos safondo birJis saqmianobac. saqarTvelos safondo birJa(ssb) aris erTaderTi organizebuli fasiani qaRaldebis bazari saqarTveloSi. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris instituciuti pirobebis Sesaqmnelad saqarTveloSi bevri ram gakeTda, kerZod saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1999 wlis 24 dekembers miRebul iqna kanoni fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb, rasac moyva Sesabamisi cvlilebebi kanonebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb, komerciuli bazrebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, magram fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ekonomikuru da instituciuri pirobebis Sesaqmnelad kidev bevri sakiTxia gadasawyveti. fasiani qaRaldebis bazari sTavazobs efeqtur sainvesticio meqanizms, rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ucxoel investorebs. ssb-is eleqtronuli savaWro sistema brokerebs aTasobiT sxvadasxva aqciiT vaWrobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs samuSao adgilebidan, romlebic ganlagebulia, rogorc ssb-is savaWro darbazSi, aseve distasnciuri wvdomis daxmarebiTsabrokero kompaniaTa ofisebSi. saqarTvelos safondo birJaze savaWrod daiSveba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb kanoniT gansazRvruli is fasiani qaRaldebi, romelTa reestris warmoeba xdeba fasiani qaRaldebis registratoris licenziis mqone piris mier da maT miniWebuli aqvT fasiani qaRaldebis bazris saxelmwifo maregulirebeli organos mier fasiani qaRaldebis saidentipikacio nomeri. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos safondo birJa daarsebis dRidan Zalian dabali aqtivobiT gamoirCeva. amitom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Zalian mcire nawilma Tu icis misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. garkveuli gardatexa moxda 2004 wels, roca birJaze daSvebuli iqna saqarTvelos finansTa saministros saxazino valdebulebebi. am wlis ganmavlobaSi birJis savaWro sistemaSi dadebuli garigebebis raodenobam Seadgina 1,094, garigebebis jamurma moculobam - 30,51 mln. aqcia, xolo jamurma Rirebulebam - 46,68 mln. lari (SedarebisaTvis 2003 wels garigebebis raodenoba 913, garigebebis jamurma moculoba 7,9 mln aqcia, xolo jamurma Rirebuleba 1,7 mln lari iyo). [3] mimdinare wlis 25 Tebervali - 2 martis periodSi, saqarTvelos safondo bazris brunvam 12 663 lari Seadgina. Tanxis 78% safondo birJis savaWro sesiebze dadebul garigebebze modis. safondo birJis savaWro sesiebze saqarTvelos bankis (http://bankofgeorgia.ge/) da liberTi bankis (http://libertybank.ge/) aqciebi gaiyida. birJis gverdis avliT e.w fiqsingis gziT ki, bambis narTisa da eleqtroizolitis aqciebi gasxvisda. gayiduli aqciebis jamurma moculobam 21 614 erTeuli Seadgina. saangariSo periodSi, saqarTvelos safondo birJis indeqsi , 1.99%-iT Semcirda da 81.17 punqtzea.[4] 44 am monacemebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos safondo birJaze mainc aris problemebi: privatizaciis procesSi SezRudulia safondo birJis roli, materialur teqnikuri baza mwiria, rac TavisTavad uaryofiTad moqmedebs birJis saqmianobaze. gamomdinare iqidan, rom fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTareba da safondo birJis normaluri funqcionireba qvebnis ekonomikisTvis saWiro da aucilebelic kia, aRniSnuli sakiTxi saxelmwifos yuradRebas unda imsaxurebdes. saqarTvelos finansTa ministris nodar xaduris gancxadebiT, "axali mTavrobis mizani saqarTveloSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTarebaa".rogorc erovnuli bankis pres-samsaxuri iuwyeba saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze fasiani qaRaldebis regulirebis funqcia erovnul komisas gadaabara. amis Sesaxeb xadurma redisonSi mimdinare konferenciaze "kapitalis mozidva londonSi" ganacxada. "mniSvnelovania saqarTveloSi normaluri fasiani qaRaldebis bazari ganviTardes, raTa moxdes investiciebis ufro Tavisuflad mozidva. samwuxarod, jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi safondo bazari mxolod Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia, magram Cveni mTavrobis amocanaa gaxdes msoflio fasiani qaRaldebis da zogadad, finansuri sistemis nawili", aRniSna xadurma. [5] marTlac, ekonomikuri warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia safondo birJis ganviTareba, amitom meti yuradReba unda mieqces am sakiTxs. rameTu dRes, Tanamedrove etapze SeuZlebelia qveynis ekonomikuri winsvla, Tu finansuri bazari ar iqneba ganviTarebuli. amitom saxelmwifo maqsimalurad unda CaerTos am procesSi, fasiani qaRaldebis bazris efeqtianobisaTvis saWiroa ufro gaaqtiurdes saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis erovnuli komisia da efeqturad Seasrulos Tavisi maregulirebeli funqcia. amave dros gaaqtiurdes savaluto bazarze dazRvevis savaluto riskebis, savaluto rezervebis diversifikaciisa da savaluto likvidobis Carevis RonisZiebebi. raTa qveynisTvis umniSvnelovanesi problemis-finansuri bazris problema gadaiWras. vfiqrob amis gareSe saqarTvelo ver gaxdeba ekonomikurad warmatebuli qveyana. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. investirebis safuZvlebi. Lorens gitmani, maikl jonki, Harold birmani, seimor Smidti. gadmoqarTulebuli da Sevsebuli lamara qoqiauris mier. Tbilisis iv.javaxiSvilis universiteti. Tbilisi. finansebi 2001. Ggv 41. 2. http://www.nplg.gov.ge 3. http://forum.ge/?showtopic=33725713 4. http://allbanks.ge/?p=484 5. http://www.pirweli.com.ge/?menuid=21&id=20668. 6. http://www.aaf.ge/index.php?menu=1&jurn=87&rubr=0&mas=1040 7. http://www.gse.ge/default_geo.asp 45 Security Market and its Development in Georgia Miranda Kachlavashvili Resume Security market is very important in economically Developed countries. Unfortunately, this market is not highly developed in Georgia. Accordingly, the stock market is not working effectively. In my opinion, Georgia cannot become successful and developed country without it, so it is necessary to pay more attention in this theme. saukeTeso ,,wamali” biznesisaTvis zviadi maWaraSvili, diana vefxvaZe safinanso, sabanko da sadazRveo saqmis IV kursi xelmZRvaneli: nino gorgaZe tel: 551 87 02 17 saerTaSoriso sakonsultacio jguf Interbrand-is 2012 wlis reitingiT, ukve zedized, meTormeted, msoflio mowinave brendi ,koka-kola” gaxda 72 miliardi dolaris brunviT. saukeTeso brends saTave saukuneze meti xnis win amerikelma farmacevtma daudo, mis ganviTarebaSi ki wvlili araerTma niWierma adamianma Seitana. sasmeli ,,koka-kola” 1886 wlis 8 maiss, aSS-Si, jorjiis Statis dedaqalaq atlantaSi jon stit pembertonma gamoigona. 55 wlis farmacevti balaxeuliTa da orTqlis abazanebiT mkurnalobis momxre gaxldaT. Mmanamde igi ,, franguli koka-Rvinos” Seqmnaze muSaobda. spirtiani sasmeli Sedgeboda kokas foTlis, damianas foTlisa da kolas kaklis eqstraqtisagan. A aqedan gamomdinare, pembertons, misma buRalterma frenk robinsonma axali saxelwodeba ,,koka-kola” SesTavaza da es sityvebi Tavisi lamazi kaligrafiiT dawera. robinsonis Seqmnili logopoti ,,koka-kolas” boTlebs dRemde amSvenebs. 1885 wels, atlantaSi mSrali kanonis SemoRebis Semdeg, pembertonma sasmelis ualkoholo versia Seqmna. Mman Tavisi qmnilebis ,,samedicino Cveneba” gaaxmaura da bazarze gaitana, rogorc ,,gemrieli, gamamxnevebeli” sasmeli. reklamas ukeTebda, rogorc tkivilgamayuCebel, nervebis damamSvidebel saSualebas da atlantis udides afTiaqSi yidda. erTxel farmacevtma SemTxveviT vaJini, igive sirofi, wylis nacvlad, gaziani wyliT ganazava, sasmelma mowoneba daimsaxura da misi gayidva male maRaziebSic daiwyes. Tavdapirvelad axal sasmels dReSi daaxloebiT cxra adamiani yidulobda. Ppirvel wels sasmelis warmoeba wamgebiani iyo, magram is TandaTan popularuli gaxda da gayidvamac imata. 1887 wels pembertonma sasmelis gamoSvebis ufleba mihyida biznesmen asa grigs kendlers 2300 dolarad da am ukanasknelma 1892 wels daarsa kompania The Coca-cola Company, romlis sawesdebo kapitali 100 aTasi dolari iyo. 46 sasmelis warmateba didad ganapiroba kendleris agresiulma marketingma. igi did yuradRebas aqcevda reklamas. reklama iyo yvelgan: transportze, maRaziebis vitrinebze, restornebSi da a. S. ,, koka-kola” yovelTvis gamoirCeoda saaxalwlod SemoTavazebuli sareklamo rgolebiT, bevr adamianSi axali weli pirvel rigSi swored ,,koka-kolas” reklamasTan asocirdeba. igi olimpiuri da sxva saerTaSoriso TamaSebis sistematiur sponsorad iqca. Ggarda amisa, kendleri warmatebiT yidda ,, koka-kolas” savaWro niSnebian saaTebs, qudebs, maisurebs, suvenirebsa da kalendrebs. 1894 wels ,,koka-kola” ukve boTlebSi Camoasxes. 1933 wels pirvelad gamoCnda boTlis ,,koka-kolas” gasayidi avtomatebi da Sixpacks -is eqvsboTliani Sekvra, romelic dRes ase popularulia. K kompaniam sxva siaxlec aiTvisa-maRaziebSi macivrebis dadgma, saidanac momxmarebels Tavad SeeZlo sayvareli sasmeliT savse civ-civi boTlis aReba. Aase gaqra momxmarebelsa da gamyidvels Soris arsebuli barieri-daxli. 1898 wels atlantaSi gaxsnes sam sarTuliani ofisi, romlis Tavze ganTavsebuli Coca-cola -s uzarmazari niSani 1407 Cveulebrivi da 1906 neonis naTurisagan Sedgeba, romlis simaRle 9 metria, sigane-8 metri, wona-12 tona. aseve atlantaSi aris muzeumi, romelSic Sesvlis Rirebuleba 16 dolaria. muzeumis gasasvlelSi aris oTaxi, sadac SegiZliaT gasinjoT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi warmoebuli koka-kola. biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia ori ram, aRniSnavda kendleri: kargi produqti da kargi reklama. Mman wamoiwyo ,,koka-kolas” istoriaSi pirveli reklama, lozungiT--,, dalieT ,,koka-kola”. mSvenieri da gamagrilebeli!”. kendlerma 1919 wels kompania bankirs vudrofsa da sxva investorTa jgufs 25 milion dolarad mihyida. 1923 wels ki kompaniis saTaveSi 33 wlis robert vudrofsi Caudga, romelsac 60 weliwadi ekava es posti. man Seqmna korporacia ,,koka –kola eqsport korporeiSeni” biznesis mTel msoflioSi gansaviTareblad. ,,koka-kolas” msoflio imperiaSi aTeulze meti msxvili boTlerkompaniaa, romlebic ramdenime qveyanaSi muSaoben. mzaddeba 200-mde saxis sasmeli, sam maTgans msoflo gayidvebis moculobis 80% uWiravs--,,kokakolas”; ,,fantasa”; da ,,spraits”. kompaniis savaWro niSani yvelaze cnobilia msoflioSi da mas dedamiwis mosaxleobis 98% icnobs. TiTqmis 200 qveyanaSi yoveldRiurad daaxloebiT kompaniis produqciis 1 miliardi erTeuli iyideba, sadac dasaqmebulia 140 milioni adamiani da wliuri sufTa mogeba 11 miliardia. ,,koka-kolas” qarxana 1993 wels yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi pirvelad saqarTveloSi gaixsna, romelsac wels daarsebidan 20 weli Seusrulda. saTao ofisi: qalaqi Tbilisi. didubis raioni. wereTlis gamziri #114. xelmZRvaneli: Temur Wyonia. saqarTveloSi warmoebul ,,koka-kolaSi” Sedis: wyali, Saqari, naxSirorJangi,feri, mJavianobis regulatori, mcenareTa eqstraqtebi, kofeini da saidumlo ingredienti Merchandise X7. dResdReobiT yvelaze popularuli ualkoholo gazirebuli sasmeli 47 ,,koka-kola”, ,,fanta” da ,,pepsia”, romelsac momxmarebelTa 62% yidulobs. bazarze ,,koka-kola boTlers jorjia” liderobs, romelsac bazris 47% uWiravs, meore adgilzea iberia, romelic saqarTveloSi pepsikos warmomadgenelia, misi wili 22%-ia, mesameze nataxtari-18%-iT. da bolos, es aris istoria im kacisa, romlis damzadebelma ,,wamalma” SeiZleba kidev saukuneebs gauZlos. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2. gazeTi ,,kviris palitra”. #39. interneti Google.ge 31. X-06. XI. 2011 weli. gv.24. The Best “Medicine” for Business Zviad Macharashvili Diana Vepkhvadze Resume The popularity of the drink "Coca-Cola" has grown up as geometrical progress and after 50 years for Americans it became as the national icon. SromiTi urTierTobebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi giorgi abJandaZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti biznesis administrirebis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: janjRava nino E-mail: [email protected] tel. 599 15-26-40 ganvixiloT‚ riT gansxvavdeba SromiTi urTierTobani sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. SromiTi urTierTobebis yvelaze arsebiTi aspeqtebi regulirdeba federaluri kanonmdeblobiT‚ SromiTi urTierTobebi mcire firmebSi – Statebis doneze. minimaluri saaTobrivi ganakveTi xelfasisa Seadgens 3‚35 dolars. zeganakveTuri samuSaoebi (kviraSi 40 saaTze meti) unda anazRaurdes aranakleb erT-naxevari zomiT; minimaluri‚ garantirebuli anazRaurebiT Svebuleba 2 kviris tolia. profkavSirebi ikavebs sakmaod Zlier pozicias mewarmeebTan mimarTebaSi‚ agreTve SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebisas. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi moqmedebs mxolod rig dargebSi. bevr StatSi mewarmeni valdebulni arian gadaixadon muSaTa dazRveva sawarmoo travmis an profesiuli daavadebis gamo Sromisunarianobis dakargvasTan dakavSirebiT. es wesi vrceldeba mudmivad mcxovreb ucxoelebzec. aSS-Si socialuri dazRveva organizebulia yovel 48 sawarmoSi‚ Tumca gaTvaliswinebulia Senatanebi erovnul socialur sistemaSi. didi britaneTi. did britaneTSi koleqtiur xelSekrulebebSi CarTulia iseTi sakiTxebi‚ rogoricaa: minimaluri xelfasi‚ samuSao dRis da anazRaurebuli Svebulebis xangrZlivoba. personals warmoadgens profkavSirebi an gaerTianebuli sakonsultacio komitetebi. SromiT xelSekruleba Seicavs monacemebs samuSao adgilis‚ samuSao drois xangrZlivobis da Sromis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri done qveyanaSi ar dgindeba. SromiTi konfliqtebi wydeba specialuri sasamarTloebiT (SromiTi tribunalebiT). sawarmoebi‚ romelTac surT muSakis daqiraveba‚ valdebulni arian mimarTon dasaqmebis centrebs an biuroebs. Zalian kargadaa ganviTarebuli did britaneTSi sxvadasxva donis xelmZRvanelTa daqiravebis sistema: dReisaTvis 80%-mde xelmZRvaneli poulobs samuSaos daqiravebis biuros saSualebiT („Tavebze monadireebad” wodebuli). honoraris Tanxa am saxiT momsaxurebisatvis Seadgens 25-35%-s Sesabamisi muSakis wliuri xelfasisa. daqiravebis biuro konsultaciebs uwevs mewarmeebs daqiravebis da SromiTi urTierTobebis mogvarebis saqmeSi. „didi ardadegebi” (Svebulebebi) did britaneTSi ZiriTadad modis 21 ivlisidan 15 seqtembramde periodSi. germania. muSakTa interesebis dacva da koleqtiuri molaparakebebis organizacia germaniaSi tardeba sam doneze: dargebis‚ teritoriisa da sawarmoebis. SromiTi resursebi germaniaSi gamoirCeva maRali xarisxiTa da kvalifikaciis doniT. SromiTi xelSekruleba SeiZleba idebodes an gansazRvruli vadiT‚ an uvadod. daqiravebul muSakTa dacva uzrunvelyofilia kanoniT. socialuri dazRvevis sistema moicavs dazRvevas avadmyofobis‚ siberis da umuSevrobis mixedviT. sadazRvevo Senatanebs ixdian muSavebi da samuSaos mimcemni. qveyanaSi Sromis anazRaurebis done sakmaod maRalia‚ magaliTad‚ saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba safeiqro mrewvelobaSi Seadgens: dasavleTis miwebze – 3250 markas‚ aRmosavleTis – 1400; eleqtromanqanaTmSeneblobaSi Sesabamisad 4056 da 1505 marka; samTomompovebel mrewvelobaSi – 4178 da 1606 marka; qimiur mrewvelobaSi – 4569 da 1646 marka. gansxvaveba Sromis anazRaurebaSi ZiriTadad aixsneba imiT‚ rom dasavleTis miwebze Sromis mwarmoebluroba daaxloebiT 2-jer maRalia‚ vidre aRmosavleTisaze. germaniaSi sawarmoebi gegmaven yovelwliur Svebulebas gamomdinare Semdegi sami faqtoridan: a) yovel miwas an raions aqvs Tavisi Svebulebebis grafiki‚ romelic ar emTxveva sxva miwebis grafikebs; b) yoveli miwisaTvis es TariRebi dgindeba yovelwliurad; g) msxvil sawarmoebs gaaCnia Svebulebebis mcocavi grafiki da amitomac ar wyveten TavianT muSaobas. grafikebi dgeba TanamSromlebTan SeTanxmebis Sedegad yoveli wlis damdegs. safrangeTi. ZiriTadad samarTlebriv aqtebs‚ romlebic aregulirebs SromiT urTierTobebs‚ warmoadgens SromiTi kodeqsi da socialuri uzrunvelyofis kodeqsi. koleqtiur xelSekrulebebSi sawarmoebsa da 49 mSromelebs Soris dafiqsirebulia Sromisa da misi anazRaurebis ZiriTadi pirobebi. sawarmoebSi moqmedi profkavSirebi aqtiur rols asruleben mSromelTa uflebebis da interesebis dasacavad. yovelwliuri anazRaurebuli Svebuleba saSualod Seadgens 5 kviras. pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT yvela rCeba „Tavisi Tavis patronad”. pativiscema profesionalizmisadmi qveynis SromiTi urTierTobis erT-erT mnivSvnelovani Tvisebaa. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi arsebul situacias, unda aRvniSnoT, rom CvenTan SromiT urTierTobebs argulirebs SromiTi kodeqsi. SromiTi xelSekruleba SeiZleba iyos rogorc vadiani, aseve uvado. saxelfaso ganakveTebi regulirdeba satarifo badis meSveobiT. anazRaurebadi Svebuleba Seadgens wlis ganmavlobaSi erT Tves, romelic survilis mixedviT SeiZleba gaiyos ramdenime nawilad. sadazRvevo sistema srulyofis procesSia da ufro daxvewas saWiroebs. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia ucxouri gamocdilebis gaziareba, rac waadgeba SromiTi urTierTobebis daxvewas da Semdgom srulyofas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. WiTanava nodar. gardamavali problemebi. I nawili. Tb. 1997, gv 64. periodis socialur ekonomikuri 2. jibuti amiran. saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi. 7. ,,siaxle” Tb. 2009, gv 237). Distinctive features of Labor Relations in Various Countries George Abzhandadze Resume The article deals with the differentiating features of labor relations in different countries, namely: labor and collective agreements, rate of wages, social insurance, social taxes, a holiday compensation, labor conflicts, employment centers, compensation of labor etc. It also deals with the existing situation in the country and it is remarked, that is necessary to share foreign experience, which basically stipulates improvement of labor relations and further perfection. 50 Sightseeing of Georgia Tamar Khurtsidze Sukhishvili Teaching University, Tourism, I course Supervisor: Janjgava Nino EE-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 599 15-26-40 Georgia’s tourism potential is vast, and the growth of this industry is due to the natural beauty and hospitable nature and warmth of our people, which compiles visitors to return over and over for both leisure and business activities. Georgia, with its unparalleled cultural, historical heritage and striking landscapes, is becoming more and more popular among foreign and domestic travelers looking to savor the essence of Georgian hospitality. There are many attractions in Georgia, for outdoor and adventure lovers, eco-tourists, nature lovers, and discerning visitors who want to experience the unique cultural mix of the country, and especially Tbilisi. Being a small jewel of a country , located amid the magnificent Lesser and Greater Caucasus mountains, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Georgia has much to offer. The recorded history of Georgia goes back over an 3000 years, and our culture is far older, with a set of languages and a script of ancient roots. The legendary Silk Road, with its camels and caravan, once ran directly through the exotic and prized country of Georgia, fairly referred to as the Eurasian melting pot. Georgia is widely acknowledged to be a biodiversity hotspot; the alpine Caucasus Mountains of the north, the semi-desert south, subtropical beaches, and dense forests can be found here all within one hundred kilometers from each other. Georgians consider guests to be gifts from god, and each region, with its ancient and distinctive traditions, offers you a uniquely Georgian experience. Georgia is a small country but strategically located as the connecting point between Europe and Asia – it is, in fact, Eurasia. The great range of the Caucasus mountains stretches from the Black Sea to the Caspian with the North Caucasus above and the South Caucasus below, with Georgia serving at the focal point. Georgia is an enchanting little country at the cross-roads of Europe and Asia with the different regions which are so close to each other but are very different in so many aspects. One will enjoy pristine nature, cultural sites and wine-producing areas. Visit farms maintaining traditions may cultural old, meet the local people, taste organic home-made dishes and feel the meaning of hospitable Georgian life. Svaneti- the highest inhabited area in Caucasus with the highest populated village in Europe- Ushguli. 51 This region is unique for its majestic high mountains, impressive nature and architecture. As a UNESCO World Heritage site is dotted with medieval villages featuring dozens of traditional stone-towers, mostly built from the 9th to 12th centuries. The village Ushguli is the highest yearround inhabited village in Europe (2000-2200 metres above sea level) Adjara Autonomous Republic, along the Black Sea Coast. This picturesque, historical region is known for the port and city of Batumi, its national parks and protected areas with cultures-old mountain bridges. Here is located Gonio Fortress, also known as “Asparunt”, which is an excellent example of Roman\Byzantine military architecture. Samtskhe-Javajheti – one of the oldest parts of Georgia. The region boasts unique examples of rock cut architecture, a number of churches and monasteries, fortresses, mysterious cyclopean structures, terrace vineyards and remote villages . Borjomi-Kharagauli National park, one of the largest national parks in Europe, is situated in the region. Tusheti- a pristine natural destination, located on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The opening of the summer season in Tusheti mainly depends on the weather. Usually is starts at the end of May and continues to the end of October. Each village in Tusheti is known for its unusual cheese made from sheep’s milk, fine local embroidery, felt work and colourful rugs. GEORGIAN WINES Georgia has the oldest continuous and unbroken tradition of winemaking in the world, stretching back over 8,000 years. Today there are more than 500 indigenous grape varieties still cultivated in this small country surrounded by Caucasus Mountains. The art of wine-growing, or viticulture, has been passed from one generation of Georgians to another and is considered an intergal part of the Georgian genetic inheritance. Many discoveries have left historians is no doubt that Georgia is the birthplace of wine. Ancient wine vessels made of clay, bronze and silver; gold cups for drinking wine; wine dated to the 2nd or 3rd millennium BC; and vine seeds found in ancient tombs and the Bronze Age all leave a continuous story of the history of Georgian wine. The traditional way of wine making- the Georgian nonmaterial cultural inheritance has been nominated for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Traditional Georgian wine technology is unique in the world and is probably the most ancient marvel of Georgian culture. Wine has been produced using the exceptional and traditional style of Qvevri – clay pots submerged into the ground , which are used to ferment and create delicious, unfiltered, organic 52 wines. The centre of Georgian vine-growing is the Kakheti Region, however wine production is not limited to this region only. The famous semi-sweet wine Khvanchkara is found up in the beautiful Racha region. Every region of Georgia can surprise you with different tastes of their wines, colours and aromas. Each Georgian peasant, who follows, the winemaking tradition,saves rare types of native vine and has a special wine cellar for keeping and fermenting wine called a marani. As of today, the marani and qvevry have been nominated for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage list. The agency of protected Areas is dedicated to the conservation of specific areas of natural beauty such as the unique virgin forests, and the ancient cultural sites of Georgia. To date, there are five categories of protected areas in Georgia with a total area of 512,703 hectares – 7,3 % of the total territory. About 75% of the Protected Areas consits of forest. However, the territory is very diverse, with high mountain peaks, alpine and subalpine grasslands, old volcanic plateaus, fresh and mineral springs, caves and chasms, coastal dunes and wetlands, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. There are more than 3,000 species of plants in these territories, with about 300 belonging to endemic flora of the Caucasus and Georgia. The protected Areas cover almost 90% of the fauna of the region – a great variety of vertebrates including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, etc. Twenty species of animals belong to globally endangered species. Georgia is recognized as one of the ―hot spots‖ of biodiversity in international conservation. Ecotourism is developing rapidly. In 2012 the Georgian National Parks received 300,000 visitors and it is anticipated that this number will rapidly increase. Look at the following: BORJOMI-KHARAGAULI is the largest national park in Europe. It was established in 2005, and in 2007 it joined the European Network of Protected Territories – PAN PARKS. This is a very popular park with Georgians and foreign visitors. LAGODEKHI is known for its diversity of flora and fauna with important historal monuments in the region. VASHLOVANI NATIONAL PARK supports a variety of animals including leopard, striped hyena, brown bear, lynx and wild boar, as well as a variety of rare birds including different species of vulture, and the rare black stork. With mountain, desert and swamp landscapes, there are rare plants including wild orchids. IMERETI CAVES where dinosaurs left their footsteps in the dawn of time. Unique music 53 and lights, and reaching the upper part by boat, make an excursion here forever memorable. MTIRALA NATIONAL PARK is a model protected area in Georgia projecting conservation and mountain and ecotourism. TUSHETI national park is hidden in the Caucasus mountains where the villages cling to dizzy steep slopes, picturesque and precarious. Tusheti is mentioned on Yahoo Travel as one of the ten best places you have never heard of! Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. The Georgian, Tourism and Trade Guide to Georgia 2013 2. www.Wikipedia.org. Tourism in Georgia saqarTvelos sanaxaobani Tamar xurciZe reziume statiaSi saqarTvelo aRwerilia rogorc unikaluri qveyana Tavisi kulturis, religiis, Tvalwarmtaci bunebisa da uZvelesi istoriis TvalsazrisiT. is, Tu rogor saocradaa Serwymuli am patara teritoriaze yvelaze kontrastuli, rac SeiZleba adamianma warmoidginos - maradiuli TovliT dafaruli mwvervalebi Tu subtropikuli sanapiroebi, udabno Tu xSirfoTlovani tye, Tanamedrove qalaqebi Tu uZvelesi soflebi TavianTi RirsSesaniSnaobebiTa da gansxvavebulobebiT. statiaSi agreTve ganxilulia vazis kulturis istoria, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qarTveli eris istoriasTan. Txili - potenciuri saeqsporto produqti saqarTveloSi bedoSvili Tamar (finansebis specialoba) IV kursi kaZilovi mari (finansebis specialoba) IV kursi facinaSvili qeTevan (turizmis specialoba) IV kursi a(a)ip goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti xelmZRvaneli - asocirebuli profesori naTia JoJuaSvili Txilis mimarT msoflioSi moTxovna sul ufro matulobs da bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi Txili saqarTveloSic erT-erTi wamyvani kultura gaxda. gaizarda misi warmoebac. Txilis masobrivad moyvana dedamiwaze sul ramdenime adgilasaa SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelo ki swored aseTi baraqiani teritoriebis SuagulSia. Sesabamisad, soflis meurneobasa da sagreo vaWrobaSi msoflio bazarze gaCenil moTxovnis paralelurad, Txilis bizness didi potenciali aqvs. 54 Txilis samSoblo kavkasia da mcire aziaa. saqarTveloSi Txilis kulturas uxsovari droidan icnobdnen. istoriuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom Zv. w. VI saukuneSi qarTveluri tomebi aSenebdnen Txilis gareul formebs, romelTa bunebrivi hibridizaciis da SerCevis Sedegad warmoiSva garemo pirobebs Seguebuli, maRalmosavliani jiSebisa da formebis simravle. saqarTvelosTvis Txils seriozuli ekonomikuri mniSvneloba hqonda da mosaxleobis Semosavlis wyaro iyo. 1917 wlis revoluciamde Cveni qveynidan didi raodenobiT Txili gadioda evropis bazrebze, magram sabWoTa periodSi Txilis naTesebi 8-10-jer Semcirda da Sesabamisad Semcirda eqsportic. situacia Seicvala mxolod XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, roca dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganaxlda Txilis plantaciebis gaSeneba da Seiqmna gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebic. adgilobrivi warmoebis Txili saqarTvelos saeqsporto produqciis aTeulSi mowinave adgilzea. "saqstatis" monacemebiT, am CamonaTvalSi pirvel adgilze msubuqi avtomobilebis eqsportia, Semdeg modis feroSenadnobebi, azotovani sasuqi, Txili da kakali. qarTuli Txilis wili mTlian eqsportSi erTi wlis manZilze gaormagda da 4 % Seadgina. "saqstatis" monacemebiT, 2012 wlis ianvar-agvistoSi eqsportze 57,732 mln aSS dolaris odenobis qarTuli Txili gavida, 2011 wlis ianvar-agvistoSi ki 28,887 mln aSS dolaris odenobis produqciaa eqsportirebuli. Txilis kulturas yvelaze didi farTobi TurqeTSi ukavia. es qveyana msoflio bazris moTxovnis 75 % akmayofilebs da evropaSic da aziis qveynebSi msoflio bazarze mTavari konkurentia. aqedan gamomdinare, sruli uflebiT akontrolebs Txilis fassac da Txilis bazarsac. sursaTis da agrokulturis saerTaSoriso organizaciis monacemebis Tanaxmad, Txilis kulturis farTobebi ZiriTad mwarmoebel qveynebs Soris Semdegnairad nawildeba: TurqeTi - 345 aTasi ha; italia - 69 aTasi ha; azerbaijani - 19.5 aTasi ha; espaneTi 12.1 aTasi ha; aSS - 11.8 aTasi ha; irani - 11 aTasi ha; saqarTvelo da CineTi - 8-8 aTasi ha. miRebuli mosavlis mixedviT aseve TurqeTi liderobs - 501.6 aTasi tona, Semdeg modian italia - 112.3 aTasi tona; espaneTi - 18.3 aTasi tona; azerbaijani - 18.6 aTasi tona; aSS - 28.5 aT. tona; irani, saqarTvelo da CineTi - 12-12 aTasi tona. Txils saqarTveloSi saxnav-saTesi farTobis 42.1% aqvs dakavebuli. saqarTvelo, Txilis kulturiT dakavebuli farTobis mixedviT, ZiriTad mwarmoebel qveynebs Soris meoTxe adgilzea TurqeTis, italiis da azerbaijanis Semdeg. qarTul Txils qveynis sasursaTo eqsportSi 24%. mTlian eqsportSi - 4%, msoflio bazarze ki 5% uWiravs. igi uswrebs iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa espaneTi, irani, aSS da CineTi, romlebic aseve wamyvan poziciaze arian Txilis bazarze. saqarTveloSi Txili qveynis masStabiT TiTqmis yvela regionSi xarobs (imereTi, samegrelo, zemo svaneTi, guria, raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi, Sida qarTli da samaCablo, mcxeTa-TianeTi, kaxeTi, qvemo qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi, 55 afxazeTi, aWara). TiTqmis yvela regionSi funqcionirebs Txilis Cambarebeli punqtebi, saidanac produqti gadamamuSavebel qarxanaSi xvdeba. Semdeg ki produqti saxmeleTo gadazidvebis meSveobiT eqsportze gadis. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Txilis nargavebi lagodexSi, yvarelsa da axmetaSi xarobs. saqarTveloSi Txilis yvelaze kargi mosavali samegrelosa (plantaciebis 85%) da afxazeTSi modis. am mxriv mesame poziciazea guria, Semdeg - imereTi da kaxeTi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebulia daaxloebiT 27 jiSis Txili. guriaSi gavrcelebulia: gulSiSvela, Svelisyura, CxikvisTava, saivanebo, bademi_dedoflisTiTa, xaWapura, nemsa, CinCa, cxenis ZuZu, trapezundi, berZnuli Txili. samegreloSi: fuTqurami, xojiTxili, Svelisyura, bademi_dedoflisTiTa, trapezundi, kudriavCiki, Cerqezuli, afxazuri wvrili. imereTSi: bademi_dedoflisTiTa, trapezundi, berZnuli Txili. xaWapura, nemsa, vanis wiTeli, qarTlsa da kaxeTSi: kerasundis grZeli, aTa-baba, belaqnis, xaWapura, kudriavCiki, furfulaki. mosavlis yvelaze didi raodenoba megruli jiSis Txilebze modis, romelsac mrgval anakliur jiSs eZaxian. saqarTveloSi Txilis bazris struqtura sami mimarTulebiT viTardeba: wamyvani poziciebi ukaviaT sadistribuco kompaniebs, Semdeg Txilis gadamamuSavebel qarxnebs da bolos ki – fermerebs, romelTac Txilis kultura mohyavT. Txils distributorebs ZiriTadad wvrili fermerebi abareben. rogorc cnobilia, Txilis eqsports 10 fizikuri da 51 iuridiuli piri awarmoebs. qarTul Txils adgilobrivi bazari Zalian mcire raodenobiT moixmars - 3-5%-mde. nawils yidulobs kompania „barambo“ da sxva sakonditro sawarmoebi Txilis didi nawili - 95 % gadis eqsportze – 20 – ze met qveyanaSi. qarTuli Txilis gasaRebis bazari ZiriTadad evrokavSiris qveynebia. evropaSi gayidvebis TvalsazrisiT produqts saukeTeso pozicia germaniaSi uWiravs. aziis bazarze qarTuli Txili yvelaze moTxovnadi eraysa da avRaneTSia. eqsportze ramdenime saxeobis Txili gadis. ZiriTadad, damuSavebuli naturaluri Txilis guli, moxaluli Txili, daqucmacebuli Txili da Txilis fqvili. nedl da gadamuSavebul Txilis guls farTod moixmaren sakonditro warmoebaSi. gaxexili Txilis guli gamoiyeneba mSrali sauzmisaTvis, agreTve Sokoladis kremis warmoebaSi da sxv. Txilisgan xdian zeTs, romelic sakveb, teqnikur da parfiumerul warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba. mSrali Txilis gulisagan mzaddeba fqvili, romelic bavSvTa sakvebi produqtebisaTvis gamoiyeneba da ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ar kargavs kvebiT Rirebulebas da zeTovan Tvisebebs. ucxoeTis bazarze aseve iyideba qarTuli warmoebis gaurCeveli Txili. naWuWiani Txili ZiriTadad, aziis bazarze 56 iyideba. saerTaSoriso bazrebze qarTuli Txilis Sesyidvas axorcieleben rogorc brokerebi, aseve Sokoladis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi. miuxedavad rTuli politikuri mdgomareobisa, rusul bazarze eqsportis kuTxiT ramdenime qarTuli kompania muSaobs. wels ruseTis bazarze Txilis fasi sakmaod maRalia. erTi kilogrami naturaluri Txilis guli 7 dolaramde Rirs. fasSi Sedis transportireba da dRg. bazarze ramdenime qarTuli kompania funqcionirebs: „ekopeqsi“ , „agro pliusi“ , „gulabi“ , „sio 2000“ , „Txilis saeqsporto kompania“. adgilobriv bazarze fermerebi erT kilogram gaurCevel Txils 3-4 larad yidian. wels Txilis mosavali SedarebiT Semcirebulia. amis mizezad specialistebi araxelsayrel klimatur pirobebs asaxeleben. dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba e.w. amerikul "TeTr pepelas" uCivis, romelic Txils nayofis gamotanisTanave Seesia. Txilis mosavlis Semcireba adgilobriv bazarze fasebis gazrdas gamoiwvevs da SesaZloa 5 lars gadaaWarbos. amas garda, fermerebi Txilis biznesSi xelisSemSlel faqtorad asaxeleben monopolias Txilis bazarze da iafi kreditebis problemas, rac am droisaTvis garkveulwilad mogvarebadia. migvaCnia, rom Txilis eqsportiorebma unda gaiTvaliswinon Txilis warmoebis arealis gafarToebis tendenciebi da meti mimRebi punqtebi gaxsnan im regionebSi, sadac es kultura mniSvnelovnad da farTodaa warmodgenili. gasaumjobesebelia Txilis Cabareba-Sesyidvis procesis organizacia. rogorc eqspertebi afaseben, qarTuli Txilis saeqsporto potenciali srulad ar aris aTvisebuli, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad. dResdReobiT auTvisebelia TxilisaTvis vargisi miwis resursis didi nawili. fermerebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces plantaciebSi Txilis jiSebis SerCevisa da nedleulis xarisxobrivad erTgvarovnebis uzrunvelyofis organizacias. specialistebTan erTad biznesmenebi unda dainteresdnen Txilis plantaciebis gaSenebis gadidebiT, sworad SearCion maRalmosavlianobiT gamorCeuli regionebi, Cadon garkveuli investiciebi, rac did riskTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli da investiciis ukugebis efeqti maleve miiReba. Sida rezervebis, იnovaciebis, swori strategiuli xedvis efeqturad gamoyenebis pirobebSi Txilis biznesi kidev ufro warmatebuli gaxdeba da mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis amaRlebis saqmeSi. gamoyenebuli literatura http://www.for.ge http://24saati.ge http://netgazeti.ge/GE/104/business/9450/ http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge/component/encyclopedia/?task=term&id=4923 57 Nut – Potential Export Product in Georgia Tamar Bedoshvili Mari Kadzilovi Ketevan Patsinashvili Resume The world interest toward nut is growing day by day and recently nut has become one of the most leading cultures in Georgia. Its industry has also become. In the conditions of inter reservations and innovations, soon nut business will become the most successful business and it will fulfill the important role for increasing country’s economic potential. saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia da misi Sedegebi saqarTveloSi Teona gogiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-2 kursi xelmZRvaneli: nanuli qoqaSvili _ suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 551–33 –26 –75 saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia warmoadgens samuSao Zalis gadadgilebas erTi qveynidan meoreSi samuSaos povnis mizniT. SromiTi migracia aris legaluri da aralegaluri. varaudoben, rom aSS-i aralegalur migrantTa ricxvi aRwevs 13-milions. qveynidan wasuls ewodeba emigranti, qveyanaSi mosuls-imigranti. wasvlis qveyanas ewodeba donoriqveyana, xolo mimRebs recipienti qveyana. migrantaT iTvleba vinc erT welze met xans cxovrobs sxva qveyanaSi. samuSao Zalis migracis ZiriTadi mizezebia: _ gansxvaveba Sromis anazRaurebis doneebSi donor da recipient qveynebs Soris; CrTiloeTis ekonomikurad ganviTarebul, mdidar qveynebSi SromisanazRaureba ramdenime aTeuljer aRemateba SromiT anazRaurebas samxreTis Rarib qveynebSi. _ umuSevroba; gaeros monacemebiT msoflios samuSao Zalis daaxloebiT 30,0%, e,i. erT miliardamde adamiani umuSevaria. _ ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikis araprestiJul dargebSi iafi samuSao Zalis ukmarisoba. saerTaSoriso migraciam miiRo arnaxuli maStabebi. 2010 wlisTvis msoflioSi Tavisi qveynis farglebs gareT cxovrobda 214 milioni adamiani, dedamiwis mosaxleobis 3,1%. aqedan afrikaSi - 19,3 miliono, aziaSi - 61,3, evropaSi - 69,8 milioni (evropis mosaxleobis 7,2%). SedarebisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom msoflio bankis monacemebiT migrantTa ricxvi msoflioSi 965 wels Seadgenda 75 milions, 2000 wels - 150-s, xolo 2010 wels - 214 milions. samuSao Zalis eqsporti iqca msoflio donis biznesad. SromiTi 58 migrantTa dasaqmebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi CamorCeba mxolod nedli navTobis gayidviT miRebul Semosavals. meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropis qveynebma farTod gauRes kari aziis da afrikis iaf samuSao Zalas, riTac Seudgnen omisgan miyenebuli samuSao Zalis deficitis gadafarvas. dReisaTvis dabalkvalificiuri SromiTi migrantebi dasaqmebulni arian araprestiJul dargebSi, romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Tavs aridebs, magaliTad, safrangeTis da germaniis damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi. vaWrobaSi da momsaxurebis sxva sferoebSi dasaqmebulTa 50-60% ucxoeli muSebia. imavdroulad, sabWoTa kavSiris da evropis socialisturi bankis daSlis Semdeg gaZlierda tele tvinebis gadineba, maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis emigracia. umuSevroba, SromiTi bazari: evropis qveynebis umetesoba SromiTi (ekonomikur) migrantebs Tvlis Sromis bazarze moTxovnilebis uzrunvelyofis aucilebel pirobad. Tumca maTi migraciuli politika gansxvavebulia. im dros, rodesac norvegias imigrantebisTvis Caketili aqvs sazRvari, inglisi yovelwliurad zrdis imigrantTa nakads romelmac 50 aTasidan 1985 wels, am saukunis dasawyisSi wliurad miaRwia 160 aTass. imigrantTa ricxviT evropaSi liderobs germania (meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniaSi mudmivad Tu droebiT sacxovreblad gadasaxlda 30 milioni adamiani), msoflioSi aSS, romelmac axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli da kvalificiuri SromiTi migrantebis dasaqmebiT miRo didi ekonomikuri sargebeli. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg, imigraciuli nakadebi aSS-m SezRuda. rogorc donori, ise recipienti qveynisTvis SromiTi migracias moaqvs rogorc dadebiTi ise uaryofiTi Sedegebi. donori qveynisTvis: dadebiTi: Tavisi fuladi gzavnilebiT SromiTi migrantebi materialurad exmarebian ojaxebs. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmod qarTvel demografs T. guguSvils, rom SromiTi emigraciam saqarTvelo gadarCina SimSilobas (igulisxmeba 1990-iani wlebis Semdgomi SromiTi emigracia); mcirdeba daZabuloba donori qveynis SromiT bazarze. uaryofiTi: SromiTi emigracis Sedegad qveynidan gadis rogorc wesi axalgazrda, energiuli, iniciativiani mosaxleoba, romelTa garkveuli nawili ukan aRar brundeba. droebiT da zogjer mudmivadac irRveva ojaxuri kavSirebi, mcirdeba Sobadoba. recipienti qveynisaTvis: dadebiTi: xels uwyobs qveynis ekonomikur winsvlas. uaryofiTi: uaresdeba kriminogenuri situacia, ase magaliTad: ar moxda aziis da afrikis feradkaniani da araferadkaniani mosaxleobis asimilacia adgilobriv evropelebTan, SezRudulia Sereuli qorwinebebi, aRmocendnen uamravi saTvistomoebi, romlebic cxovroben Tavisi sociokulturuli tradiciebiT. mimdinareobs evropis islamizacia, Sendeba mravali meCeTi, romelTa garSemoc grovdebian islamuri saTvistomoebi. SeimCneva kaTolikebisa da sxva qristianebis gadasvla islamur sarwmunoebaze. yovelwliurad asi aTasze meti qristiani evropeli iRebs islamis sarwmunoebas. 21-e dasawyisisaTvis safrangeTSi cxovrobda daxloebiT 8-mln. muslimani; germaniaSi 7-mln, inglisSi-5 mln. evropaSi 59 cxovrobs 25-30 mln. muslimani, maT ricxvSi 3 mln Turqi. ase, rom dasavleT evropam miRo migraciis bumerangi, kerZod imkis Tavisi viwro egoisturi migraciuli politikis nayofs, romlis mizanic iyo metis miReba da naklebis gacema. da kidev, migrantebSi Sobadobis maRali donis Sedegad aSS da dasavleT evropis mosaxleobis ZiriTad matebas iZlevian migrantebi, rac iwvevs satitulo (aborigeni) mosaxleobis SeSfoTebas Tavisi nacionaluri identobis mimarT gaeros prognozebiT 2050 wlisaTvis aSS TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili Smcirdeba, 50,0%-mde. amave prognoziT, evrokavSiris 25 qveyanis mosaxleoba Sermcirdeba 450-dan 400 mln. mcxovreblamde. am qveynebis socialur-ekonomiuri ganviTarebis (e.i. evrokavSiris ) uzrunvelsayofad saWiro gaxdeba migraciis zrda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SromiTi migracia misi moculoba da mizezebi: saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1992-2009 wlebSi gare migraciis gaaqtiurebis da Sobadobis Semcirebis Sedegad 1992 wlis 5467,4 aTasidan (yvelaze meti ricxovnoba saqarTvelos istoriaSi) 2009 wels Semcirda 4385,4 aTasamde, e.i. 1082 aTasiT, romelic gamowveuli iyo 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sayovelTao (ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri) krizisiT. Sesabamisad, 1992 wlis mimarT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis danaklisma Seadgina misi 19,8%. aseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda bevri yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublika. moskovSi 2001 wels Catarebul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze _ centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropa globaluri migraciis sistemaSi (romlis monawilecaa am striqonebis avtori), aRiniSna, rom somxeTidan emigrirebulia 1 mln adamiani, e.i. mosaxleobis 26,0%, azerbaijanidan mxolod ruseTis federaciaSi emigrirebuli iyo da muSaobda 2 mln. adamiani. e.i. azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25%-mde (a. iunusovis moxseniebidan): moldaveTidan emigraciaSi wasulia 500 aTasamde adamiani e.i. moldoveTis mosaxleobis 30%-mde. SromiTi migracia 1990-ian wlebis Semdeg realobad iqca. aseT movlenas sabWoTa epoqa ar cnobda, ramdenadac gare migracisaTvis sazRvrebi saimedod iyo Caketili. amitom aRmoCnda, rom sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo moumzadebeli iyo misi regulirebisaTvis, xolo mecnierebas ar hqondaT misi Seswavlis gamocdileba. sirTulebs kidev aZlierebs is garemoeba, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobs SromiTi emigracis statistikuri aRricxvis sistema. amitom SromiTi emigraciis Seswavlisas veyrdnobiT SerCeviT gamokvlevebs, romeliTac arc Tu ise ganebivrebuli. SromiTi migracis SerCeviTi gamokvlevisas arsebobs ramdenime gza: pirveli _ sazRvargareT mofi migrantebisgan informaciis miReba uSualo kontaqtiT (rac moiTxovs interviueris wasvlas sxva qveyanaSi, rac Zviri siamovnebaa) an sxva gziT, magaliTad internetiT; meore _ samSobloSi dabrunebuli SromiTi migrantebis gamokiTxva; mesame _ informacis miReba SromiTi migrantebis saqarTveloSi darCenili ojaxis wevrebisagan (am meTods hqvia Semcvleli respodentebis meTodi), meoTxe _ informacia potenciuri migraciis Sesaxeb SeiZleba miviRoT migrantis aq mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebisagan. zogierTi mecnieris gamokvleviT, SromiT migraciaSi saqarTvelodan wasulia 300-dan 400 aTasamde adamiani. Tavdapirvelad, migraciis veqtori 60 mimarTuli iyo ruseTisa da TurqeTisaken. dReisaTvis is mimarTulia maRalanazRaurebadi dasavleT evropisa da aSS SromiTi bazrebisaken. ruseTis ganze gaCoCebas xeli Seuwyo ruseTis mier saqrTvelosTan savizo reJimis SemoRebam da bolo 20 wlis manZilze Riad mtrulma moqmedebebma 2008 wlis agvistos omis da saqarTvelos teritoriebis samxedro okupaciis CaTvliT. SromiTi migraciis struqtura: SromiTi migracis struqtura SeiZleba ganvixiloT sxvadasxva niSniT, rogoricaa: __ojaxuri Semadgenloba; __migrantTa asakobrivi struqtura; __migrantTa ganaTlebis done; __mosaxleobis migraciuli ganwyoba (potencialuri migracia). migrantTa ojaxuri Semagdenloba. SromiTi migracis rigi sakiTxeibis Sesaswavlad saerTaSoriso grantis farglebSi Cvens mier 2000 wels Catarebuli iqna SerCeviTi gamokvleva SromiTi migrantis ojaxis wevrebis gamokiTxvis saSualebiT. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom SromiTi migracia damaxasiaTebelia didi ojaxebisaTvis. gamokvleuli ojaxebis 56,7% Sedgeboda 6 da meti wevrisagan. amasTan sxvadasxva TaobaTa da naTesavTa Tanacxovrebis mixedviT SromiTi migracia ufro damaxasiaTebelia didi ojaxebisaTvis. araviTar dasabuTebas ar saWiroebs didi ojaxebis cxovrebis dabali done. sxvadasxva TaobaTa da naTesavTa Tanacxovrebis mixedviT SromiTi migrantis ojaxi sakmaod rTuli struqturaa. kerZod, dadginda, rom SromiTi migrantis ojaxi Sedgeba sami Taobisagan: mSoblebi: - 30,5 %, Svilebi - 27,5%, SviliSvilebi - 6,5%. maT garda ojaxSi cxovrobdnen: migrantis meuRle 17,4%, migrantis da-Zma an sxva naTesavi - 18,1% (sul 100%) n. WeliZis gamokvleviT SromiTi migrantTa naxevarze mets daojaxebuli mosaxleoba Seadgens. migraciis Teorisa da migraciis statistikis Tanaxmad istoriulad dasabuTebulia, rom migraciaSi Sedian upiratesad axalgazrdebi. me-20-e da 21-e saukunis mijnaze migrantTa asaki gaizarda. magaliTad, statistikis departamentis 2001 wlis gamokvleviT gare migraciaSi monawileTa Soris 40 wels gadacilebulni Seadgendnen 20,6%, xolo Cveni gamokvleviT - SromiTi migraciaSi - 40,0%. qalebi Seadgendnen migrantTa 40,0%. saqstatis gamokvleviT emigrantTa saSualo asakma Seadgina 36,1 weli, xolo Cveni gamokvleviT 38, 5 weli, e.i. 2.4 wliT meti. aRniSnuli faqti gasakviri ar unda iyos, radgan SromiTi migraciaSi monawileoben garkveuli ganaTlebis da kvelifikacis mqone adamianebi, xolo ganaTlebis da kvalifikaciis SeZenas dro unda. Cveni gamokvleviT aRmoCnda, rom SromiTi migrantebidan mamakacebis 74,7% da qalebis 83,3% qonda umaRlesi ganaTleba da saSualo specialuri ganaTleba. n. WeliZis gamokvleviT aRniSnulma maCvernebelma orive sqesisaTvis 80,1% Seadgina. SromiTi migrantTa 60%-mde emigraciaSi wavida im mizeziT, rom gaeumjobesebina materialuri pirobebi, xolo 50% iyvnen umuSevrebi. Cvens mier studentTa migraciuli ganwyobis Seswavlam mogvca Semdegi savalalo Sedegi. sazRvargareT mudmivad an droebiT wasvlis survili 61 gamoTqva kargi materialuri da sabinao pirobebis mqone studentebis 75,1%-ma, saSualod saSualo sabinao pirobebis mqoneTa 78,2%-ma da cudi sabinao pirobebis mqoneTa 84,8%-ma. imis miuxedavad, rom iseTi mcirericxovani qveynidan, rogoric saqarTveloa, milionze meti adamiania wasuli, dReisaTvis saqarTvelodan emigracis survili an kidev emigraciuli potenciali jer kidev maRalia, im dros, rodesac emigracis pikma saqarTveloSi miaRwia 1991-1992 wlebSi. erovnuli katastrofis tolfasad migvaCnia is Sedegebi, romelic Cven miviReT studentebis gamokiTxviT. kerZod is faqti, rom studentTa 7,4%-s surs saqarTvelodan wasvla mudmivad, xolo 58,5% droebiT praqtikulad analogiuri Sedegi miRo n. WeliZem studentTa gamokiTxviT romelTa 61%-ma gamoTqva saqarTvelodan emigracis survili. seriozul dafiqrebas moiTxovs. mudmivad wamsvlelTa potenciali, 7,5% utoldeba 325 aTas mcxovrebs. es exeba ZiriTadaT qarTvelebs, radgan n. WeliZis gamokvleviT, SromiT emigrantebSi 80-dan 96 procentamde qarTvelia. SromiTi migracis efeqturoba: erT-erTma ojaxma Cens mier Catarebul gamokiTxvis anketaSi Tavisufal adgilze Cawera: imedia, rom (migranti) bedi anabara ar migvatovebso. migracis efeqturoba gaizomeba migrantis mier ojaxisaTvis gamogzavnili Tanxis moculobiT da am TanxiT gadaWrili problemebiT. imavdroulad qveyana iRebs Tanxis moculobiT sakmao raodenobiT sazRvargareTis valutas. SromiTi emigraciis efeqturoba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT maCvenebelTa sistemiT, romelTa gaangariSeba eyrdnoba SerCeviT gamokvlevebs. aRniSnuli maCvenebelebia: __ SromiTi migrantis xvedriTi wili, vinc Tavis ojaxs exmareba fuladi gzavnilebiT. kvlevebiT dadgenilia rom aseTi migrantebi Seadgenen migrantTa daaxloebiT 80,0%. __ migrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi saSualod TveSi da saSualod weliwadSi: qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi migrantebis mier gamogzavnili valutis moculoba. migrantis mier saSualo Tviuri gzavnili ganisazRvreba 178,5 aSS dolariT. Sesabamisad saSualo wliuri Tanxa iqneba 2 142 dolari. qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi migrantebis mier gamogzavnili valutis moculoba ganisazRvreba migrantebis ricxvebis gamravlebiT erTi migrantis mier gamogzavnili saSvalo wliuri Tanxis moculobaze. SromiTi migrantebis ricxovnebad Tu aviRebT 400 aTass, saSvalo saSualo wliur gzavnils 2142 dolars, maSin qveyavnaSi Semosuli valutis moculoba wlis ganmavlobaSi toli iqneba daxloebiT 860 milioni dolaris, rac saqarTvelos mSp-s 7,4 procentia 2005 wlisaTvis, rodesac Catarda gamokvleva. gzavnilebis moculoba damokidebulia recipienti qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. yvelaze dabali saSualo Tviuri gzavnilebia dsT qveynebidan. magaliTad somxeTidan gzavnilebma Seadgina 29,8 dolari, ukrainidan-115, xolo azerbaijanidan - 0, maSin, aSS-dan is toli iyo 397,3, israelidan - 268,5, germanidan - 167,3 dolars. __ migraciis xangrZlivoba da efeqturoba. udavoa, rom migraciis 62 efeqturoba damokidebulia mis xangrZliobaze. Cveni gamokvleviT migrantis saSualo yofnis xangrZlivoba 2,7 wels Seadgenda. aseve dadgenilia, rom im ojaxebidan, romlis wevric saSovarze imyofeba 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 63,6 procentma Tavisi ojaxebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda an mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, xolo im ojaxebidan, romelTa wevric saSovarze imyofeba 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi - 72,7% -ma. __ ramdeniTaa uzrunvelyofili ojaxis biujeti sazRvargareTidan gzavnilebiT? amisaTvis Sinameurneobis saSualo Semosavals adgilze daemateba saSualoTviuri gzavnili, da miiReba Sinameurneobis mTliani saSualo Tviuri Semosavlebi. amis Semdeg ganisazRvreba gzvnilis xvedriTi wili Sinameurneobis mTlian SemosavlebSi. magaliTad, erTi Sinameurneobis saSualoTviurma Semosavlebma saqarTveloSi 2008 wels Seadgina 537,4 lari. gzavnilma-178,5 dolari, rac dolaris imdroindeli kursiT tolia 266 laris Sesabamisad, erTi Sinameurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosavali tolia 803,4 laris, xolo gzavnilis xvedriTi wili Seadgenda Sinameurneobis Semosavlis 69,4%, e,i. ojaxis biujetis 69,4% uzrunvelyofili iyo gzvnilebiT, nacvlad 33,15-isa 2008 wels. Tumca 33,1% procentic mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia. aseTi tendecia gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi Sinameurneobebis saSualoTviuri Semosavlebis zrdam. kerZod, aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2007-2008 wlebSi 174,8 laridan gaizarda 537,4 laramde. e.i. samjer, maSin, rodesac gzavnilebis moculoba Semcirda kidevac saSualod 200 dolaridan 178,5 dolaramde. __ SromiTi migrantis daxmarebiT ojaxis mier gadaWrili problemebi. dRevandeli saqarTvelos gaWianurebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi sazRvargareTidan SromiTi emigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebis mniSvneloba Seufasebelia. fuladi gzavnilebi aq darCenili ojaxebis biujets saarsebo minimumamde avsebs da aWarbebs kidec. amasTan ar un da dagvaviwydes, rom SromiTi emigranti TviTon ikmayofilebs adgilze misTvis aucilebel moTxovnebs. rac Seexeba migraciis efeqtianobas, Cveni gamokvleviT dadginda, rom gamoikiTxulTa 31,2% - ma sazTRvargareT myofi axloblebis materialuri daxmarebiT gadaWra kvebisa da Cacmis problema. 24, 6%_ma sabinao pirobebi, 13,1%_ma janmrTelobaze zrunvis problemebi, 4,9%_ma daiwyo biznesi, 8,2%_ma SeiZina avtomobili an sxva nivTebi. araviTari problema ar gadauWria ojaxebis 18,0%_s. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mocemuli gamokvleviT migraciis efeqturoba aRwevs 82,0%, araefekturoba 18,0%. unda aRiniSnos, rom miigracis efeqturobis maCveneblebi gansxvavdebodes sxvadasxva gamokvlevebiT, ramdenadac isini rogorc wesi, tardeba sxvadasxva dros. gansxvavebis meore mizezic SeiZleba gaxdes erTdroulad an drois axlomdgom monakveTSi Catarebuli gansxvavebuli meTodologia. gamoyenebuli literatra 1. m. xmalaZe, T. zubiaSvili, “statistika ekonomikasa da biznesSi” 63 gamomcemloba merani 2011 weli. 2. naTia WeliZe, dasax. naSromi gv.76-77, 78, 80, 105, 106, 107, 122. gamomcemloba Tbilisi 2006 weli. International Labor Migration and its results in Georgia Teona Gogishvili Resume The work discusses forms and types of international labor migration, caused reasons of it, structure and its results on the example of Georgia. The work proposes methods of effective accounting of labor migration and ways of its improvement. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqmianobis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi: dadebTi da uaryofiTi aspeqtebi nino olgesaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti safinanso, sabanko da sadazRvevo saqmis specialobis meoTxe kursi xelmZRvaneli: nanuli qoqaSvili mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 551–33 –26 –75 saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romelsac gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis specializirebuli dawesebulebis statusi aqvs miniWebuli, igi miznad isaxavs globalur finansuri sistemis uzrunvelyofas ucxouri gacvliTi kursebis da sagadamxdelo balansis monitoringis meSveobiT. is aseve teqnikur da finansur daxmrebas sTavazobs saWiroebisamebr bevr qveyanas. saerTaSoriso kapitalisa savaluto fondis da dagrovebis xarjze. resursebi yalibdeba ZiriTadi kapitali ganisazRvreba kvotebiT – ssf– is wevri qveynebis SenatanebiT. kvotiT dgindeba qveynis xmebis raodenoba da resursebis gamoyenebis limiti. 150,3 mln SDR-s Seadgens, saqarTvelos rac gaTvaliwinebiT, Cven qveyanas fondSi wili kvota ssf–Si mTliani moculobis amJamad 0,07%–ia. amis gaaCnia 1,753 xma (mTliani xmebis 0,08%) 64 aTi yvelaze didi kvotis mqone saxelmwifoebis monacemebi: qveyana aSS iaponia kvota (mil SDR) 37,149,3 13,312,8 kvota (%) xmebis raodenoba xmebi (%) 17.09 6.12 371,743 133,378 16.74 6.01 germania 13,008,2 5.98 130,332 5.87 didi britaneTi safrangeTi CineTi italia 10,738.5 10,738.5 8,090.1 7,055.5 4.94 4.94 3.72 3.24 107,635 107,635 81,151 70,805 4.85 4.85 3.65 3,19 saudis arabeTi kanada 6,985.5 6,362 3.21 2.93 70,105 63,942 3,16 2.88 ruseTi 5,944 2.73 59,704 2.69 yvelaze meti kvota da Sesabamisad, xmis uflebac, ssf–Si aSS–s gaaCnia. amis gamo, mas TiTqmis yovelTvis SeuZlia gamoiyenos vetos ufleba gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. moncemebis analizis safuZvelze irkveva, rom kvotebis moculoba mxolod mTliani Sida produqtis moculobaze araa damokidebuli. amas mowmobs merve adgilze myofi saudis arabeTi, romelic mSp–is moculobis mxriv msoflioSi 26–e adgilzea. saqarTvelo ssf–is wevri mxolod 1992 wels gaxda. 1994 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis ssf–is rekomendaciebis Sesruleba aucilebeli xdeba. 1994 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelom fondisagan oTxi krediti miiRo. ssf– is pirveli krediti TanxiT 55,5 mln SDR (75,32mln. aSS dolari) saqarTvelosa da ssf–s Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmoiSva. meore krediti (Stand by) TanxiT 22,2 mln. SDR ( 30.13 mln. aSS dolari). ssf–s mesame krediti TanxiT 138,75 mln. SDR (188,31mln aSS dolari) warmoiSva saqarTvelosa da ssf–s Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze (ESAF). krediti gamiznuli iyo struqturuli gardaqmnebisaTvis. ssf–s meoTxe krediti (Stand by) TanxiT 747 mln. SDR damtkicebuli iqna 2008 wlis 15 seqtembers. kreditis mizani iyo saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis mxardaWera, romelic qveynis makroekonomikuri stabilurobisken iyo mimarTuli. programis dasrulebis vada dadginda 2011 wlis 14 ivnisamde. 2010 wlis 31 oqtombris mdgomareobiT, sul saxelmwifos mier da saxelmwifos garantiiT aRebuli kreditebis saerTo moculobam 3,835,637,000 aSS dolari (6,819,762,000 lari) Seadgina. aqedan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wili 1,075,733,000 aSS dolari (684,400,000 SDR) iyo. aRniSnuli maCvenebliT igi meore adgilzea msoflio bankis Semdeg. Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. aRniSnulma sakiTxma meti aqtualoba 2008 wlis msoflio finansuri krizisisa da ruseT– 65 saqarTvelos Soris omis Semdgom SeiZina. savaluto bazarze mkveTrad iklo ucxouri valutis mowodebam da gaizarda zewola gacvliT kursze. mxolod agvistos TveSi qveynis saerTaSoriso rezervebi 23%– iT Semcirda, bankis depozitebi –14%–iT. amis Semdeg periodulad xdeba ssf–is warmomadgenelTa vizitebi, romlebic saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan erTad ganixilavda Semdgomi kreditis miRebis pirobebs. Semdegi misia saqarTveloSi 2010 wlis 7–22 ivliss imyofeboda. misiis farglebSi miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos mTavrobis TxovniT sapasuxod ssf–is mier damatebiTi Tanxebis gamoyofis Sesaxeb 2010–2011 wlis sagadamxdelo balansis mosalodneli deficitis dasafinanseblad. fondis misia daTanxmda damatebiT 270 mln. SDR gamoyofas. finansuri paketis gazrdam da programis vadis gagrZelebam xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis gatarebas da im ekonomikuri da finansuri riskebis ganeitralebas, romelic gamowveuli iyo saerTaSoriso finansuri krizisiT da ruseTTan konfliqtiT. ssf–is saqarTvaloSi ocwliani miRvaweoba nayofierad SeiZleba Sefasdes. misi iniciativiT Tu mxardaWeriT ganxorcielebul proeqtebs bevri gulSematkivari gamouCnda, Tumca bevri iyo mowinaaRmdegec. saqarTveloSi ssf–is saqmianobis mTavar dadebiT Sedegad unda CaiTvalos Cvens qveyanaSi safinanso sistemis formireba da makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRweva, ssf–ma didi wvlili Seitana qveynis safinanso mowyobis sakanonmdeblo bazis SeqmnaSi, romelic fulad sakredito da sabiujeto procesebs aregulirebs. ssf –is rekomendaciiT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda orsafexuriani sabanko sistema, romelic nebismieri civilizirebuli saxelmwifos aucilebeli atributia. ssf–ma didi roli iTamaSa aseve, sagareo vaWrobis liberalizaciisa da ucxouri valebis restruqturizaciis procesSi. man Ria mxardaWera gamoucxada msoflio bankis rekomendacias sabiujeto xarjebSi jadacvisa da ganaTlebisaTvis prioritetis miniWebis sakiTxs. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier saqarTveloSi miRweuli mniSvnelovani warmatebebisa ara erTi Secdoma iqna daSvebuli, 1992 wels ssf-ma saqarTvelos mTavrobas urCia darCeniliyo e.w. „rublis zonaSi“ da ar SemoeRo sakuTari erovnuli valuta. yovelive amas ruseTis mxridan fuladi banknotebis arastabiluri mowodeba mohyva, ris gamoc qveyana mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCndა savaluto fondma saqarTvelos mTavrobas mouwoda, rom brunvidan gadasaxadi Seecvala d R g–is gadasaxadT, rac Sesabamisi sagadasaxado sistemis ararsebobis pirobebSi metad rTuli gansaxorcielebeli iyo. ssf–is Secdomad unda CaiTvalos, is rom man xelisuflebas mosTxova gaeuqmebina arsebuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTi, romelic mewarmeebis mogebis im nawilis mogebis gadasaxadidan ganTavisuflebas iTvaliswinebda romelic reinvestirebas xmardeboda. amrigad, miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili Secdomebisa ssf–ma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa siRaribesTan brZolisa da makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRwevaSi, erovnuli valutis SemoRebaSi da SemdgomSi misi 66 stabilizaciis xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi, qveynis safinanso mowyobis sakanonmdeblo bazis SeqmnaSi, romelic fulad sakredito da sabiujeto procesebs aregulirebs. ssf–is aqtiuri mxardaWeriT mimdinareobda makroekonomikuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic inflaciuri procesebis daregulirebasa da stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdis SesanarCuneblad ganxorcielda. ssf–is mxardaWeram aseve didi roli iTamaSa 2008 wlis ekonomikuri krizisisa da rusuli intervenciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis aRmofxvraSi. ssf saqarTvelosaTvis pirvel rigSi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc erT–erTi umsxvilesi kreditori. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. babuxardia a. Secdoma Tu danaSauli? nawili IV 2009 w. gv.10. 2 saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis misia saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti „ gorgasali“ Tb., 2010. gv., 55 3. strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, biuleteni N105, saqarTvelos sagareo vali, noemberi 2007, gv. 15. 4. papava v. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saqarTveloSi miRwevebi da Secdomebi 2000. 5. wyaro: http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2008/pr08208.htm International Monetary Fund and its Relationship with Georgia Nino Olgesashvili Resume In the article, The International Monetary Fund and its relationship with Georgia highlights the evaluation of the International Monetary Fund activities in Georgia and its positive and negative aspects, also scientests’ and experts’ evaluations on these issues. By results of the abovementioned survey analysis, the authors consider that in spite of the mistakes made during twenty-year working experience in Georgia, the International Monetary Fund can be described as prolific. Kkompaniis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategiebi Dda miznobrivi modelebi nana cucqiriZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti xelmZRvaneli: levan lazviaSvili gayidvebis da mogebis gadidebis mizniT kompanias SeuZlia mimarTos intensiuri zrdis, integraciuli zrdis da diversifikaciuli zrdis strategiebs. Mmarketingis strategia gulisxmobs konkretul sabazro situaciasTan kompaniis SesaZleblobebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas, radgan uzruvvelyofili iyos marketing-miqsis „4P“ da “4C“ programis warmatebuli 67 realizacia. intensiuri zrda Seesabameba matricas: “saqoneli/bazari”. Igi gulisxmobs kompaniis intensiur ganviTarebas sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT da sabazro winadadebis uzrunvelyofas anu ganaxorcielos efeqturi pozicionireba. es strategia moicavs bazarze SeRwevis, bazris ganviTarebis, saqonlis srulyofis da diversifikaciis mimarTulebebs. a) bazarze SeRwevis strategia – ukavSirdeba bazarze farTod danergvas. Kkompania iRebs gadawyvetilebas bazris wilis gafarToebis Sesaxeb da erTi saxis produqtis realizacia sawarmoebs erT bazarze.Bbazarze SeRwevis strategias Tavis mxriv Seesabameba miznobrivi marketingis modeli – Zalebis koncentracia erTaderT segmentze. Bbazari 1 bazari 2 Bbazari 3 Pproduqti 1 Pproduqti 2 Pproduqti 3 koncentrirebuli marketingi gulisxmobs riskis maRal xarisxs. arCeul sabazro segmentze arsebobs safrTxe imisa, rom am segmentze Semovides axali Zlieri konkurenti, xolo meores mxriv arsebobs safrTxe imisa, rom Semcirdes moTxovna mocemul produqtze. b) bazris ganviTarebis strategia – ukavSirdeba bazris sazRvrebis gafarToebas. Kkompania axorcielebs mocemuli erTi saxis produqtis realizacias ramdenime axal sabazro segmentze. kerZod, kompania iRebs gadawyvetilebas gavides lokalur da globalur bazrebze. saerTaSoriso bazrebze gasvlis strategiebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT: arapirdapiri, pirdapiri da sakuTari eqsporti; licenzireba / sruli, gansakuTrebuli, martivi da sublicenziebi /,rac ukavSirdeba sakontraqto urTierTobebs licenziarsa da licenziats Soris; erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna, rac Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba benC markingis procesis uzrunvelyofas; pirdapiri investireba – daxnuli da dauxnavi mindvris strategiebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnul strategias ukavSirdeba miznobrivi marketingis modeli – sasaqonlo specializacia. Bbazari 1 Bbazari 2 Bbazari 3 Pproduqti 1 K Pproduqti 2 Pproduqti 3 68 kompania flobs saimedo mimwodeblis reputacias.Mmagram aseTi midgomisas arsebobs riski, rom mocemul produqtze Semcirdes moTxovna da igi bazridan gamoidevnos axali da ufros rulyofili – inovaciuri produqtiT. gsaqonlis srulyofis strategia – ukavSirdeba axali saqonlis damuSavebas anu kompania romelime sabazro segments sTavazobs ramdenime saintereso produqts. Mmocemul strategias ukavSirdeba miznobrivi marketingis modeli – sabazro specializacia, roca kompania orientirebulia imaze, rom daakmayofilos arCeuli momxmarebelTa jgufis moTxovnilebebi. Bbazari 1 Pproduqti 1 Pproduqti 2 Pproduqti 3 Bbazari 2 Bbazari 3 aseTi midgomisas arsebobs riski, rom am bazarzeSemovides Zlieri konkurenti da Semcirdes momxmarebelTa biujeti. d) diversifikaciis strategia – ukavSirdeba saqmianobis gafarToebas da kompania ramdenime saxis produqtis realizacias axdens ramdenime sabazro segmentze. Mmocemul strategias Seesabameba miznobrivi marketingis modeli – arCeviTi specializacia anu TiTo saxis produqtis realizacia TiTo bazarze. Bbazari 1 produqti 1 Bbazari 2 Bbazari 3 produqti 2 produqti 3 aRniSnuli modeli kompanias aZlevs SesaZleblobas gaanawilos riski ramdenime mimarTulebiT. Aaqve mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT miznobrivi marketingis modeli – bazris sruli mocva anu sasaqonlo nomenklaturiT gasvla yvela segmentze / samomxmareblo da saqmian bazrebze /.am modelis ganxorcieleba Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia kompaniis finansuri resursebiT mdgrad uzrunvelyofasTan. 69 Bbazari 1 Bbazari 2 Bbazari 3 Pproduqti 1 Pproduqti 2 Pproduqti 3 zogadad saerTaSoriso marketingis strategias mimarTaven eTnocentruli, policentruli da geocentruli kompaniebi, romlebic eyrdnobian Sida bazris gafarToebis da mraval nacionaluri bazris koncefciebs. e) calke gamovyoT miznobrivi marketingis modeli – kastomerizacia anu personaluri – eqskluziuri marketingi. Aam dros kompania orientirebulia individualur momxmarebelze da axorcielebs misTvis aRniSnuli produqtis adaptacias da momxmarebels aqvs SesaZlebloba CaerTos produqtis dizainis Seqmnis procesSi. Kastomerizacia miekuTvneba partnioruli marketingis efeqtur formas. 2. integraciuli zrda – aris kompaniebis gaerTianebis procesi. masSi gamoiyofa regresuli, prigresuli da horizontaluri integraciebi. a) regresuli integraciis dros mwarmoebeli kompania yidulobs nedleulis momwodeblis aqciaTa sakontrolo pakets, radgan ganaxorcielos sruli kontroli mis saqmianobaze. aRniSnuli strategiis mizania, rom kompaniis gankargulebaSi iyos sakuTari sanedleulo baza. b)progresuli integraciis dros mwarmoebeli kompania yidulobs ganawilebis arxis – sadistribucio qselis aqciaTa sakontrolo pakets, radgan ganaxorcielos sruli kontroli mis saqmianobaze. aRniSnuli strategiis mizania, rom kompaniam sakuTari produqtis realizacia ganaxorcielos Suamavlebis gareSe damoukideblad da monitoringi daawasos misi realizaciis process. Amis paralelurad produqti iqneba ufro xelmisawvdomi momxmareblebisTvis. g) horizontaluri integraciis dros mwarmoebeli kompania yidulobs konkurenti kompaniis aqciaTa sakontrolo pakets, radgan ganaxorcielos sruli kontroli mis saqmianobaze. Mmocemuli strategiis mizania bazris wilis gadideba da bazarze dominirebuli da Zlieri konkutentuli poziciis dakaveba. 3. diversifikaciuli zrda – am strategias azri aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca menejmenti darwmunebulia kompaniis zrdis perspeqtivebSi, rac jerjerobiT ar arsebobs kompaniis portfelSi.SesaZlebelia diversifikaciis sami tipi: a) koncentrirebuli diversifikaciis strategiis dros kompaniam SesaZloa miiRos gadawyvetileba axali produqciis gamoSvebis Sesaxeb, 70 romelic Seesabameba arsebul teqnologiur xazs da orientirebulia myidvelTa sxva jgufze. b) horizontaluri diversifikaciis strategiis dros SesaZlebelia axali produqtis gamoSveba, romelic araa dakavSirebuli arsebul teqnologiur xazTan. g) konglomeraciuli diversifikaciis strategiis dros kompaniam SeiZleba yuradReba SeaCeros saqmianobis axal sferoze, romelic araa dakavSirebuli arc arsebul teqnologiebTan, arc kompaniis produqciasTan da arc aTvisebul bazrebTan. Kkonglomerati kompania sakuTar saqmianobas axorcielebs erTdroulad warmoebis da momsaxurebis sferoSic anu erTi kompaniis sakuTrebaSia warmoebis, sabanko da sadazRvevo sferoebi. Kkompaniebs unda SeeZloT ara marto ganaviTaron strategiuli mimarTulebebi, aramed aseve Seamciron zogierTi mimarTuleba anu ganaxorcielon divesticiis strategia, kerZod moaxdinon araperspeqtiuli saqmianobis likvidacia anu biznesis gayidva. Ddivesticiis strategiis mizania aucilebeli resursebis gamonTavisufleba da kompaniis xarjebis Semcireba da es resursebi umjobesi iqneba, rom mimarTos perspeqtiuli sferoebis ganviTarebaze. Bbazris arCevisas kompaniam unda gaiTvaliswinos bazris mimzidvelobis xarisxi da kompaniis gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebi. Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2009 w. b.mRebriSvili–marketingis safuZvlebi. gamomcemloba “universali” 2. g.SublaZe–marketingis safuZvlebi. გamomcemloba “universali“ 2009 w. 3. келлер.котлер – маркетинг менеджмент. Изд. Питер 2012 г. Marketing Strategies and Target Models for Developing Company Nana Tsutskiridze Resume The work speaks about marketing strategies for developing company. Modern companies use these strategies for functioning on the local and global market. Strategic directions of intensive growth, integrative growth and diversification growth are evidently characterized. The work is full of target marketing models that are discussed parallel with marketing strategies and risk factors related to them. It should be mentioned that the out coming strategies of external markets are given. To consider them is very important either for theoretical or for practical point. 71 konkurenciis sabazro safrTxeebi da konkurentuli strategiebi nino odiSeliZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti xelmZRvaneli: levan lazviaSvili Kkonkurenciis sabazro koncefcia mdgomareobs konkurentebad identificirdebian is kompaniebi, romlebic erTnair msyidvelobiT moTxovnilebas. imaSi, rom akmayofileben ganvixiloT konkurenciasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi: 1. intensiuri metoqeobis safrTxe – sabazro segmenti fasdeba rogorc aramimzidveli, Tu masze funqcionireben Zlieri da agresiuli konkurentebi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian daikavon dominirebuli poziciebi am segmentze. aseTi konkurentebi axorcieleben kontrols sxva kompaniebis qmedebebze, maT SeuZliaT wamoiwyon damoukidebeli aqciebi sxva firmebisgan damoukideblad, floben saqmianobis ganviTarebis strategiul SesaZleblobebs da ukaviaT iseTi pozicia, rom saSualeba aqvT SeinarCunon finansuri mdgradoba grZelvadiani poziciebis TvalsazrisiT; floben konkurentul upiratesobas da pozitiur sabazro perspeqtivas. intensiuri metoqeobis pirobebSi bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia safaso da sareklamo SebrZolebebi da aucilebelia axali saqonlis damuSaveba da misi pozicionireba bazarze, rac ukavSirdeba didi raodenobis danaxarjebs. 2. bazarze axali monawilis gamoCenis safrTxe – segmentis mimzidveloba damokidebulia bazarze Sesvlis da bazridan gamosvlis barierebze anu Sesabamisad biznes-saqmianobis dawyebaze da damTavrebaze. B bazarze Sesvlis barierebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi kriteriumebi: moTxovnileba investiciebze /apitalze /, licenziis miRebis aucilebloba, kompaniis warmoebis dislocirebasTan dakavSirebuli siZnele, nedleulisadmi xelmisawvdomoba. Gganawilebis arxebisadmi xelmisawvdomoba, saTanado reputaciis qona anu kompaniis efeqturi komunikacia miznobriv auditoriasTan; masStabis efeqti – romelic Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba kompaniis saqmianobis lokalizaciis da globalizaciis dones. bazridan gamosvlis barierebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi kriteriumebi: iuridiuli da moraluri valdebuleba myidvelebis, kreditorebis da personalis winaSe; saxelmwifo SezRudvebi; teqnologiebiT uzrunvelyofis dabali xarisxi; alternatiuli SesaZleblobis ararseboba; emociuri barieri da vertikaluri integraciis maRali xarisxi – vertikaluri integraciis dros xorcieldeba warmoebis,realizaciis sferoebSi dasaqmebuli kompaniebis kooperireba, romlis drosac adgili aqvs 72 maT urTierTdamokidebulebas. sqemis saxiT ganvixiloT sabazro barierebTan dakavSirebuli Semosavlebi. bazarze Sesvlis dabali Bbazarze Sesvlis maRali barieri barieri Bbazridan dabali gamosvlis Semosavali dabali barieri stabiluri maRali stabiluri Semosavali Bbazridan dabali gamosvlis Semosavali maRali barieri sarisko maRali sarisko Semosavali 3. substituti saqonlis gamoCenis safrTxe – bazris segmenti kargavs mimzidvelobas,roca masze konkurireben Semcvleli produqtebi an arsebobs maTi gamoCenis realuri safrTxe. substitutebis arseboba zRudavs fasebis da mogebis dones, amitom firmebi valdebulni arian mkacri Tvalyuri ganaxorcielon safaso tendenciebze. 4. myidvelis sabazro Zalauflebis gaZlierebis safrTxe – segmenti fasdeba rogorc aramimzidveli, Tu myidvelebi floben Zlier da mzard sabazro Zalauflebas.myidvelis sabazro Zalaufleba izrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca: maTi ricxvi mcirea da isini arian kargad organizebulni anu ician saiT mimarTon sakuTari finansuri resursebi; amasTan produqtebi aradiferencirebulia. am dros kompania valdebulia mimarTos realur repozicionirebas / cvlilebebis Setana savaWro markaSi /, fsiqologiur repozicionirebas / momxmareblebis loialobis uzrunvelyofa da maTi dadebiTi ganwyobis SenarCuneba produqtTan mimarTebaSi /; da konkurentul repozicionirebas / momxmareblebis cnobierebaSi konkurenti saqonlis Sesaxeb negatiuri STabeWdilebis Camoyalibeba /. 5. mimwodeblis sabazro Zalauflebis gaZlierebis safrTxe – produqtis mimwodebeli firmebis ricxvi mcirea da maT SeuZliaT garkveuli cvlilebebi SeiTanon safaso strategiebSi da myidvelebs Sesabamisad ara aqvT farTo arCevani, radgan sasaqonlo nomenklaturis ricxvi mcirea. konkurenciis Tematikis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens konkurentis tipebis daxasiaTeba: 1. auCqarebeli konkurenti – mas aqvs Senelebuli reaqcia konkurentis qmedebebze. isini ar amCneven cvlilebebs maT taqtikaSi, radgan ar floben sakmaris finansur resursebs. 73 2. momTxovni konkurenti – isini reagireben konkurentis qmedebebidan mxolod erT-erT mimarTulebaze, mag. Ffasebis cvlilebaze, an momxmarebelTa servisis gaumjobesebaze, an gayidvis stimulirebaze, an sareklamo kampaniebis warmarTvaze. 3. Kkonkurenti – vefxvi – mizanmimarTulad reagirebs konkurenti firmis yvela qmedebaze. 4. Aamoucnobi konkurenti – Znelia warmoidgino aseTi tipis kompaniis qmedeba.isini arian TavSekavebulni, Tu xvdebian, rom konkurencia jdeba Zalian Zviri da ewevian Semxvedr brZolas, Tu amis nebas aZleven sakuTar Tavs. 5. Zlieri da susti konkurentebi – aseTi tipis kompaniebi fasdebiab maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuladi saSualebebiT. 6. Kkargi da cudi konkurentebi – kargi konkurentebi icaven bazris wesebs,romelic miRebulia mocemul dargSi. isini gamodian dargobrivi potencialis zrdis realuri Sefasebidan da maT mier dawesebuli fasi asaxavs danaxarjebis realur dones. maT interesSia mogebis da bazris wilis saSualo done da Semoifarglebian garkveuli segmentiT. cudi konkurentebi cdiloben ara gamoimuSaon, aramed iyidon bazris wili da meti procenti moicvan bazarze.isini midian did riskze da bazarze gadian dempinguri fasiT anu produqtis TviTRirebulebaze dabali fasiT. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos,rom kompania bazarze saqmianobis procesSi orientirebuli unda iyos momxmarebelzec da konkurentzec da koncentrirebuli unda iyos momxmareblebTan pasuxismgebluri da partnioruli urTierTobebis formirebaze. Kkonkurentebis da momxmareblebis Sesaxeb informireba saSualebas iZleva, rom kompania uzrunvelyofili iyos grZelvadiani mogebiT. am procesSi kompaniebi TanamSromloben sindicirebul da viwrospecializirebul firmebTan, romlebic dakavebulni arian bazris monitoringiT. rac Seexeba konkurentul strategiebs, bazris lideri cdilobs SeinarCunos dominirebuli mdgomareoba da igi iswrafvis imisaken, rom gaafarTovos mTliani sabazro moTxovna da gazardos produqtis moxmarebis intensivoba, daicvas da gazardos bazris wili. aseTi kompania aris novatori da bazars sTavazobs axal produqts, romlis Seqmnasac esaWiroeba didi raodenobiT finansebi. TavdaviTi strategiebidan igi mimarTavs: poziciur Tavdacvas, flangebis dacvas, kontrieriSs, mobilur Tavdacvas, iZulebiT Semcirebas. liderobis pretendentic miznad isaxavs bazris wilis gafarToebas da mimarTavs ieriSs Tavis konkurentebze da amas axorcielebs im SemTxvevaSi,roca misi konkurentebi arian an rTuli finansuri mdgomareobis pirobebSi, an sxvadasxva valdebulebebis Sesrulebis procesSi an ver akmayofileben momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebs. Igi mimarTavs frontalur 74 Tavdasxmas, SemovliT manevrs, garemocvis strategias. Kkonkurentuli ieriSebi ukavSirdeba cvlilebebs: fasebis, saqonlis xarisxis, sareklamo kampaniebis intensivobis, momsaxurebis, novaciebis, ganawilebis arxebis sferoebSi. bazris mimdevari cdilobs SeinarCunos Tavisi bazris wili da igi asrulebs imitaciis rols anu bazars awvdis lideri konkurentis produqciasTan misadagebul produqts garkveuli cvilebebis Setanis gaTvaliswinebiT.Kkonkurentuli strategiebidan gamomdinare mimdevari kompania SeiZleba iyos mekobre, oreuli, imitatori, Semguebeli. maSasadame, novatori kompania eweva didi raodenobiT xarjebs axali produqtis damuSavebaze, misi gavrcelebis organizaciaze da bazris informirebaze da amis jildod gamodis lideruli sabazro poziciis dakaveba. konkurenciul brZolaSi imarjveben is kompaniebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT daakmayofilon momxmareblis moTxovnilebebi anu SesTavazon maT faseuli saqoneli, misaRebi fasi da efeqturi komunikacia. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. b.mRebriSvili – marketingis safuZvlebi. gamomcemloba “universali” 2009 w. 2. g.SublaZe–marketingis safuZvlebi. გamomcemloba “universali“ 2009 w. 3. келлер.котлер – маркетинг менеджмент. Изд. Питер 2012 г. Market threats and competitive strategies of Competitiveness Nino Odishelidze Resume Presented work is related to problems of competitiveness in the market conditions. Competitive threats are characterized: Threat of intensive competition, threat of appearing new participant on the market, threat of goods, strengthening of customer’s market power and deliver’s market power. The work also discusses barriers and related incomes of market entering and exiting. The work characterizes the role of market leader and its priority. Competitive defense strategies are offered. 75 xolist-marketingis koncefcia Tamar sxirtlaZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti xelmZRvaneli: levan lazviaSvili xolist – marketingi anu erToblivi marketingi efuZneba marketinguli programebis da RonisZiebebis damuSavebasa da danergvas. xolist – marketingi moicavs Semdeg komponentebs: 1. kavSirurTierTobis marketingi. 2. integrirebuli marketingi. 3. Sida marketingi. 4. socialurad pasuxismgebeli marketingi. kavSirurTierTobis anu partnioruli urTierTobis marketingi – aris kompaniis sabazro partniorebTan / myidvelebi, nedleulis momwodeblebi, distributorebi / grZelvadiani urTierTsasargeblo da privilegirebuli kavSirurTierTobis formirebis praqtika. kavSirurTierTobis marketingi mimarTulia partniorebTan mWidro ekonomikuri da socialuri kavSirebis dawesebaze. partniorTa sami jgufi arsebobs: kompaniis personali, marketinguli partniorebi / ganawilebis arxebi, momwodeblebi, sareklamo da bazris kvlevis saagentoebi/, da finansuri sazogadoebis wevrebi / investorebi, aqcionerebi, analitikosebi /. kavSirurTierTobis marketingis mizania kompaniis unikaluri aqtivis – marketinguli partnioruli qselis formireba. kompaniasa da mis dainteresebul jgufs Soris efeqturi urTierToba aris kompaniisTvis mogebis miRebis garanti. integrirebuli programas. Kkompaniis marketingi moicavs 4P marketing-miqsis Mmyidvelis “4P“ da “4C“ 4C saqoneli moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba fasi misaRebi da realuri fasi adgili xelsayreloba imiji efeqturi komunikacia marketing-miqsi mimarTulia miznobrivi bazrisken anu kompaniis samoqmedo bazrisken, romelsac unda SesTavazos faseuli saqoneli. Marketing - miqsi aris Semdegi marketinguli instrumentebis erToblioba. 76 saqoneli fasi adgili imiji Nomenklatura preiskuranti komp. dislokacia gayidvis stimulireba xarisxi Ffasdakleba ganawilebis arxi reklama Ddizaini Gkrediti da kompensacia bazris dislokac. kavSiri sazogadoebasTan Ggarantia gadaxdis periodi nedl. momwodeb. Ppirdapiri marketingi integrirebuli marketingis Tanaxmad kompaniaSi integrirebuli unda iyos moTxovnis marTvis, resursebis marTvis da partnioruli qselebis marTvis sistemebi. Sida marketingi ukavSirdeba doqtrinalur marketings anu marketingis samsaxuris efeqtur funqcionirebas. igi moicavs personalis daqiravebas da maT stimulirebas, radgan swored maT unda uzrunvelyon momxmareblebTan momsaxurebis maRali done. marketinguli urTierTobebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT: 1. sabaziso marketingi produqtis realizacias. – kompania axorcielebs momxmareblebze 2. reaqciuli marketingi kompania saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels mimarTos mas garkveuli problemebis warmoSobisas anu momxmarebels SeuZlia gamoxatos reklamacia da kompania valdebulia ganixilos aRniSnuli pretenzia. 3. Pproaqtiuri marketingi – kompania miznobriv auditorias mimarTavs informaciiT ufro srulyofili saqonlis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 4. Ppasuxismgebluri marketingi - kompania TviTon interesdeba imiT, Tu ramdenad aris kmayofili momxmarebeli nayidi produqtiT anu ramdenad Seesabameba momxmareblis molodini realur Sedegs. 5. Ppartnioruli marketingi – kompania da momxmarebelTa klubi erTad TanamSromloben da eZeben saqmianobis ganviTarebis axal gzebs. socialurad pasuxismgebeli marketingi – aris marketinguli programebis da RonisZiebebis etikuri, samarTlebrivi da socialuri konteqstis gageba da igi moicavs mTlianad sazogadoebas. kerZod, socialuri marketingis mizania: realuri momxmareblis Seqmna da misi interesebis gaTvaliswineba mogebis miRebis paralelurad, miznobriv auditoriasTan 77 efeqturi komunikaciebis damyareba da saboloo jamSi, mTlianad sazogadoebis keTildReobis uzrunvelofa da zogadi faseulobebis dacva. Teoriuli faseulobebi WeSmariteba. racionaluri azrovneba. Eekonomikuri faseulobebi Ppolitikuri faseulobebi sargeblianobis uzrunvelyofa. simdidris dagroveba. kompaniis reputacia da aRiareba. kompaniis qoneba. xelsayreli sainvesticio klimati. valdebulebis socialuri faseulobebi Sesruleba. konfliqtis xelmZRvanelobasa Soris. gunduri da ararseboba personals muSaoba. socialuri pasuxismgebloba pozitiuri urTierTobebi. esTeTikuri faseulobebi da Kkompaniis eqsterieri da interieri. Pproduqtis dizaini da xarisxi. religiuri faseulobebi eTika da morali. Tanxmoba msoflmxedvelobaSi. maSasadame, xolist-marketingi aris Tanamedrove marketingis koncefcia, romelmac safuZveli unda daudos marketinguli strategiebis da gegmebis damuSavebas, momxmareblebTan loialur urTierTobas, Zlieri savaWro markis anu faseuli saqonlis Seqmnas, sabazro winadadebis damuSavebas da saboloo jamSi, kompaniis grZelvadiani zrdis uzrunvelyofas. 78 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. b. mRebriSvili–marketingis safuZvlebi. gamomcemloba “universali” 2009 w. 2. g. SublaZe–marketingis safuZvlebi. გamomcemloba “universali “ 2009 w. 3. келлер.котлер – маркетинг менеджмент. Изд. Питер 2012 г. Holist-Marketing Concept Tamar Skhirtladze Resume The work presents and characterizes structural elements of holist-marketing. Interrelations, Doctrinal, Integrated and socially responsible marketing. Basic, Reactive, Partnership, proactive and Responsible marketing relations are underlined. The work reflects those general values and their consider and defense are precondition of providing company’s reputation in the society of target auditory. Also, for further developing of its work in the conditions of modern market. turizmis ganviTarebis strategia saqarTveloSi Tamaz asaniZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti turizmis specialoba II kursi xelmZRvaneli: naili melanaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori qveynis ekonomikur prioritetTa sistemaSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs turizmis ganviTareba. am bolo periodSi turizmisadmi saxelmwifoebrivma midgomam mkafiod gamokveTili prioritetuli saxe miiRo. gamoikveTa misi ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi, Sida prioritetuli mimarTulebebi. turizmis prioritetulobasTan mimarTebaSi garkveul specifikas aqvs adgili. saqme imaSia, rom oficialurad turizmis dargi saqarTvelos samTavrobo dokumentebSi didixania rac prioritetul mimarTulebad moixseneba, Tumca, qmediTi xasiaTis praqtikuli nabijebi am bolo dromde ar gadadgmula. SemuSavda `saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis strategiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi~. turizmis ganviTarebis axali strategiis 79 SemuSavebis aucilebloba nakarnaxevia imiT, rom am bolo or weliwadSi ganxorcielda mTeli rigi axali turistuli proeqtebis realizacia da uaxloes momavalSi gaTvaliswinebulia kidev ufro farTomasStabiani programebis realizacia, romelic Zireulad Secvlis turistuli industriis adre moxazul traeqtoriebs. axali strategiis SemuSavebas safuZvlad unda daedos ukve arsebuli strategiis is nawilebi, romelic Seexeba ucxoeli turistebis mozidvis meTodur safuZvlebs: savizo, sasazRvro da sabaJo momsaxurebis Sida turizmis ganviTarebas, turizmis calkeuli mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas, doneze, donis amaRlebas, turizmis menejmentis srulyofas centralur da regionul kadrebis momzadebas da gadamzadebas da SigniT ganxorcielebuli da mosalodneli ekonomikuri gardaqmnebidan gamomdinare. aranairi strategia ar aris mudmivi da ucvleli, ara Tu gardamavali ekonomikis, aramed stabilur da ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki. turizmis ganviTarebis koncefciis SemuSaveba moiTxovs arsebuli mdgomareobis Seswavlas, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis gamovlenas, ucxouri, warmatebuli gamocdilebisa da msoflio prognozebis siRrmiseul Seswavlas. turizmi, rogorc ekonomikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dargi, unda viTardebodes sxva dargebTan dabalansebulad da proporciulad. turizmis dargis arc metismeti gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba da arc misi saTanado doneze Seufasebloba SeiZleba saziano gaxdes. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos turizmis ZiriTadi sferoebi ZiriTadad mainc bunebasTanaa dakavSirebuli – zRva da mTa. bunebasTan dakavSirebuli turizmi maRalriskiania, radgan bunebis qceva maRali turbulentobiT gamoirCeva. SeiZleba mcire Tovli movides an saerTod ar movides, SeiZleba zRvispireTSi dasvenebis, sezoni zedmetad naleqiani aRmoCndes, rac mkveTrad amcirebs turistebis raodenobas. magram es ar niSnavs, rom saqarTvelom Tavisi unikaluri bunebrivi pirobebiturizmisaTvis ar gamoiyenos. cnobilia, rom soflis meurneobac maRalriskiani dargia da bunebis qcevaze didadaa damokidebuli, magram am dargze arc erT qveyanas xeli ar auRia. meore mxriv, Cveni azriT, turizmis aRiareba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis umTavres dargad, ar iqneba swori. igi unda iqnas ganxiluli rogorc qvenis ekonomikis erT-erTi prioritetuli, Semavsebeli dargi, radgan turistebis qceva araa stabiluri da 80 damokidebulia mraval risk-faqtorTan. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelo geografiulad maRalkonkurentul turistul zonaSi mdebareobs (gansakuTrebiT TurqeTi), rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalian maRali servisuli standartebis miRwevas moiTxovs. es ki mokle droSi rTuli gansaxorcielebelia. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom qveynis soflis meurneoba, romelic infrastruqturasTan erTad, mWidrodaa mibmuli turizmTan, Tavisi ganviTarebis doniT da masStabebiT bevrad CamorCeba sxva dargebisa da sferoebis ganviTarebas. saqarTveloSi Semosuli ucxoeli turistebis mier, kvebis produqtebis moxmareba niSnavs amave ucxoelis mier sxva qveynis muSaxelis dasaqmebas, radgan qveynis sasursaTo kalaTaSi TiTqmis 80 procentamde importirebuli produqtia. turizmis ganviTarebis tempebis Sesabamisad erovnuli soflis meurneobis ganviTareba uzrunvelyofs dabalansebas qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da dasaqmebis donis zrdas. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom turistebis TiTqmis 70 procenti modis aWaris ar, danarCeni Tbilisze da sxva turistul zonebze. es niSnavs, Semosavlis akumulirebas calkeul regionalur wertilebSi, rac, Tavis mxriv aRrmavebs regionTaSorisi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da cxovrebis donis uTanabrobas. manam sanam, turistuli infrastruqtura ar dadgeba fexze, mocemuli situacia unda iqnas ucvlelad SenarCunebuli, xolo Semdgom etapebze saxelmwifos SeuZlia mis xelT arsebuli ekonomikuri berketebiT moaxdinos Semosavlebis gadanawileba qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTareba mxolod ambiciuri proeqti ar aris, igi gaTvlilia ekonomikur warmtebebze. Tu vimsjelebT ukanaskneli 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi Camosuli ucxoeli moqalaqeebis raodenobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am mxriv zrdis maRal tempebTan gvaqvs saqme. magaliTad, 2008 wels saqarTveloSi Camosuli ucxoelebis raodenobam 1 291 aTasikaci Seadgina, 2009 wels – 1 500 aTasi. xolo 2010 wels – 2 033 aTasi kaci, anu 2010 wels wina welTan zrdam 36 procenti Seadgina. navaraudevia, rom 2013 wels saqarTveloSi Camova 3 milioni, xolo 2015 wlisaTvis 5 milionamde ucxoeli moqalaqe. amrigad, mocemuli statistika aSkarad migvaniSnebs imazed, rom turizmis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifoebrivi Zalisxmeva sakmaod efeqtiania da mas didi perspeqtiva gaaCnia. yvelaze didi raodenobiT moqalaqeebi Camodian uaxlesi mezobeli qveynebidan. mag., 2010 wels azerbaijanidan saqarTveloSi Semovida 499 aTasi kaci, rac saerTo Camosulebis 24,5 procents Seadgens. saqarTveloSi CamosulTa raodenobis mxriv meore adgilzea somxeTi, saidanac gasul wels Camovida 547 aTasi kaci, anu sul Camosulebis 26,9 procenti. 2010 wels wina welTan SedarebiT azerbaijanidan CamosulTa raodenoba gaizarda 19 procentiT, xolo somxeTidan – 56 procentiT. amrigad, turistebis yvelaze did nakadi saqarTveloSi Camodis azerbaijanidan da somxeTidan (mTlianad Camosulebis 51 %). am qveynebidan momaval 2-3 weliwadSi CamosulTa ricxovnoba gaizrdeba, magram SedarebiT Semcirebuli tempebiT, radgan 81 mobiluri mosaxleobis ricxovnoba TandaTanobiT iwureba. sxva qveynebidan turistuli mizniT mosaxleobis Camosvla saqarTveloSi gaizrdeba, magram ara iseTi maRali tempebiT, rogorc am ukanasknel wlebSi dafiqsirda. amas ganapirobebs saqarTvelos turizmis dRevandeli specifika, misi dabali konkurentunarianoba maRali fasebisa da dabali servisuli momsaxurebis gamo. amas emateba isic, rom sxva qveynebidan turistebi Sor manZilze gadaadgilebisagan Tavs ikaveben mudmivad mzardi satransporto xarjebis gamo. turizmis ganviTarebis prognozirebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Cveni mezobeli maRalkonkurentunariani turistuli qveynis – TurqeTis turizmis ganviTarebis done, turistul momsaxurebaze dabali fasebi, maTi didi xnis gamocdileba da kreatiuli midgomebi turizmis teqnologiaSi. turizmis ganviTarebis prognozirebisas mTavaria imis dadgena, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens turistuli nakadebis zrda qveynis makroekonomikaze. rogorc wesi, turizmis ganviTarebam xeli unda Seuwyos umuSevrobis donis Semcirebas, radgan turistuli infrastruqturis reabilitacia-mSenebloba moiTxovs damatebiTi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi inerciuli prognozebis SemuSaveba dauSvebelia imis gamo, rom gasul wlebSi turistuli nakadebis zrdas dasaqmebis zrdis nacvlad, Tan axlda umuSevrobis zrda, risi dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia dRemde cnobili arc erTi ekonomikuri kanoniT. erTaderTi, risi varaudis daSveba SeiZleba – Cveni erovnuli statistika sworad ver iTvlis an turistebis ricxovnobis an umuSevrobis dones. meore mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic unda daprognozdes turizmis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebis wina etapze, mdgomareobs imis gansazRvraSi, ra gavlenas axdens turistebis nakadis zrda inflaciur procesebze. mcire zomis qveyanaSi ZviradRirebuli turistul obieqtebze daxarjuli investiciebis srulad amogebas Zalian didi dro dasWirdeba, rac Tavis mxriv, maRal riskTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis investiciebi naklebad Semodis saqarTvelos turistul seqtorSi. investiciebi warimarTeba SedarebiT iaffasian turistul obieqtebze naklebad ganviTarebuli an kidev mezobeli qveynebidan. turizmis ganviTarebis strategia da prognozi gverds ver auvlis qveynis politikuri viTarebis Sefasebas grZelvadian periodSi. am kuTxiT, saqarTvelo dRevandeli gadasaxedidan pozitiurad ver gamoiyureba, radgan ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli daZabuli politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobis daregulireba ar aris SesaZlebeli uaxloes momavalSia. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. metreveli m. turizmis ekonomika da politika Tbilisi,2011. 2. metreveli m. turizmisa da stumarmaspinZlobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2008. 3. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2011. saq. statistikis departamentis krebuli. Tbilisi 2011. 4. SublaZe v. saqarTvelo da turizmi 2004 82 5. xelaSvili s. turizmis marketingi. Tbilisi. 1992. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/indicators.htm. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/economy.htm. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/publication.htm. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/methodological.ht Strategy of Tourism Development in Georgia Tamaz Asanidze Resume On the modern stage the development of infrastructure, agriculture and tourism is set as the essential priority direction of Georgian economic policy related to the economic and social goals of the country – economic growth, rise of level of employment and improvement of life quality. However, the aforementioned priorities are not adequately evaluated and the effect of outcome of their practical realization on social and economic development of the country in long-term period is not yet sufficiently studied. The country has no entire strategy on economic and social progress taking longterm views and development trajectories for the enhancement of priority of these fields. saqarTvelos samkurnalo turistul – rekreaciuli resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi giorgi javaxiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti turizmis specialobis me–4 kursi naili melanaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 595144629 kurorti sityvasityviT "samkurnalo adgils" niSnavs, sadac mkurnalobis ZiriTadi saSualeba kurortuli faqtoria. ZiriTadi kurortuli faqtorebia mineraluri da samkurnalo wyali, klimati da talaxi. Tumca kurortuli faqtoris arseboba yovelTvis rodi niSnavs, rom es adgili sakurortoa. bunebriv faqtorebs Seiswavlis medicinis specialuri dargi, romelsac kurortologia ewodeba. imis dasazusteblad, ramdenad gamodgeba esa Tu is adgili sakurortod, aucilebelia kurortuli faqtoris efeqtis mravalmxrivi Seswavla, dadgena imisa, ra gavlenas axdens is adamianis organizmze da rogoria misi gamoyenebis areali. kurortologebTan erTad amaSi udidesi wvlili SeaqvT klimatologebs, qimikosebs, dietologebs, fizikosebs, hidrogeologebs. yovelive es imisTvis keTdeba, rom sakurorto faqtori maqsimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli adamianTa mkurnalobis, profilaqtikisa da reabilitaciisTvis. ukanasknel xans kurortma saxe icvala. igi aRar warmoadgens mxolod im adgils, sadac bunebrivi faqtorebi adamianTa janmrTelobis sasikeTod gamoiyeneboda. 83 kurorti, Tanamedrove gagebiT, aris keTilmowyobili samkurnalo kompleqsi parkebiT, sanatoriumebiTa da pansionatebiT, fizioTerapiuli kabinetiT, fitnesklubiTa da aerosolariumiT. rekreaciuli zonisgan aseTi kurorti imiT gansxvavdeba, rom aRWurvilia teqnikuri da samedicino-organizaciuli resursebiT, samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri dawesebulebebiT, rac iZleva SesaZleblobas, aq sanatoriul-kurortuli daxmareba gaewios sxvadasxva profilis daavadebaTa mqone pacientebs. rekreaciul zonebs ki mxolod bunebrivi gamajansaRebeli resursebi gaaCniaT da qronikulad moavade pirTa gajansaRebasa da profilaqtikazea gaTvlili. adamianis janmrTelobisTvis dasasvenebeli adgilebis ukeT gamoyenebas emsaxureba medicinis kidev erTi dargi - valeologia. igi bunebrivi faqtorebis adamianis janmrTelobaze gavlenas Seiswavlis. Zvel saberZneTSi samkurnalo adgilebs, romlebsac eskulapes taZrebs uwodebdnen, iseT adgilebSi aSenebdnen, sadac samkurnalo wyaroebi, kargi klimati da lamazi buneba iyo, radgan yovelive es gamojansaRebas uwyobda xels. romis imperiaSi legionerTa gasajansaReblad da gamosawrTobad mineralur wyalsa da klimatur faqtorebs iyenebdnen, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli romSi kurortologiis ganviTarebas. Zvel egvipteSi nilosis talaxiT mkurnalobdnen. balneologiaSi dRemde iyeneben samkurnalo talaxiT mkurnalobis egviptur meTods. saqarTvelo kurortebis qveyanaa. CvenTan moipoveba yvela tipis mineraluri wyali da zogierTi iseTic, romlis analogi sxvagan ar aris. Cveni qveynis mravalferovan klimatsa da mikroklimats ganapirobebs misi rTuli geografiuli reliefi myinvarwveridan zRvis subtropikul sanapiromde. aq SexvdebiT klimatis yvela tips, garda tropikulisa. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom bunebrivi faqtorebiT saqarTveloSic aqtiurad mkurnalobdnen. borjomis mineralur wyals Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli saukunidanve iyenebdnen, danarCenebs ki - meSvide-merve saukuneebidan. saqarTvelo uZvelesi tradiciebisa d kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone qveyanaa,sadac xeluxlebeli saxiT aris SemorCenili veluri bunebis unikaluri Zeglebi. Cveni qveyana gamiorCeva mcenareuli safaris da cxovelTa samyaros arnaxuli mravalferovnebiT, Tumca adamianis ukontrolo zemoqmedeba bunebaze TandaTan masStabur xasiaTs iZens, rac savalalo Sedegis momtania, rogorc bunebisTvis, asave adamianebisTvis. dResdReobiT saqarTvelos dacul teritoriebSi erTiandeba 15 saxelmwifo nakrZali, 5 erovnuli parki, 3 bunebis Zegli da 9 aRkveTili. daculi teritoriebis erT– erT proritets warmoadgens saqrTveloSi ekoturizmis ganviTareba, romelic niSnavs adamianis mogzaurobasa da dasvenebis ekologiurad sufTa da bunebriv garemoSi samecniero–SemecnebiT da rekreaciuli mizniT. amrigad, saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi warmogidgenT Semonaxul xeluxlebel bunebasa da uZvelesi kulturis umSvenieres samyaros, axal samogzauro adgilebs, romelsac Tanamedrove, ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura sxvadasxva vizitorTaTvis sainteresosasa da mimzidvels xdis. mogzaurobis moyvarulebs mravalferovani da saintereso SesaZleblobebi eZlevaT saqarTveloSi yofnisas, rogorc ardadegebis 84 gatarebis, aseve moklevadiani vizitebis TvalsazrisiT. aq SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxis turis organizeba: salaSqro, sacxenosno, sanaosno (raftingi), saganmanaTleblo turebi, frinvelebze da cxovelebze dakvirveba. mniSvnelovania Camoyalibdes im sakurorto adgilebis klasifikacia, romelic warmoadgens saqarTveloSi samkurnalo turizmis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan resursebs. amisaTvis saWiroa moxdes erTgvarovani samkurnalo kurortebis dajgufeba, Semdeg maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvra samkurnalo turizmis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. adgilobriv doneze turistuli resursebis aTviseba gansxvavebul kvals tovebs landSaftze. es naTlad Cans ganviTarebuli qveynebis kurortebze, romlebmac turistebis moTxovnilebebis sapasuxod ganicades evolucia. isini dagegmarebiT da saqalaqo landSaftiT sxva saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebisgan gansxvavdebian. aSS-Si, magaliTad, termini kurorti, Cveulebriv, sastumros an dasasvenebel kompleqss niSnavs. mxolod dasavleT evropaSi 400-ze meti kurortis identificirebaa SesaZlebeli: spa, zamTris sportis kurortebisa da kulturuli/istoriuli centrebis CaTvliT sxvadasxva zomis sanapiro kurortebTan erTad, romelTa klienturis diapazoni popularulidan eqskluziuramde icvleba. istoriuli qalaqebi, Cveulebriv, mravalfunqciuria da turizmi iq dagvianebiT ganviTarda. aseTi adgilebi turistul centrebs warmoadgenen. namdvil kurortebze turizmi arsebobis wyaroa, Tumca mogvianebiT, rodesac kurorti simwifes miaRwevs, sxva funqciebis damatebaa SesaZlebeli. turistuli raionis sasicocxlo cikli ase gamoiyureba: Seswavla – saTavgadasavlo turistebis umniSvnelo raodenoba, ZiriTadi atraqcia aris sufTa garemo an kulturuli Taviseburebebi; CarTuloba – adgilobrivi iniciativebi uzrunvelyofen ganTavsebis saSualebebs da garkveul reklamas. amas mosdevs vizitorebis meti raodenoba, turistuli sezonisa da saxelmwifo seqtoris CarTva; ganviTareba – turistebis didi raodenoba; kontroli lokaluridan erovnul an saxelmwifo kompaniebisken gadadis. destinacia garegnulad icvleba. SesaZloa daiwyos gadaWarbebuli gamoyeneba; konsolidacia – am etapze destinacia turistuli industriis srulyofili nawili xdeba. vizitorebis zrdis tempi mcirdeba. cnobadi rekreaciuli biznes raioni aRmocenda; stagnacia – vizitorebis ricxvma piks miaRwia da destinacia ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis gamo moduri aRar aris. ZiriTadi sareklamo Zalisxmeva turistebis arsebuli raodenobis SenarCunebaze unda iyos orientirebuli; daqveiTeba – vinaidan destinaciam daqveiTeba ganicada, turistebi axla ufro axal sasoflo kurortebs stumroben. is damokidebulia mxolod ganmeorebiT vizitebze; ganaxleba – aq xelisufalni axali saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofis gziT, axali bazrebis mozidviTa da reinvestirebiT, cdiloben „xelaxla aamoqmedon“ destinacia. kurorti - ewodeba adgils, bunebrivi samkurnalo faqtorebiT mdidar 85 adgils, romelsac gaaCnia Sesabamisi infrastruqtura dasvenebisa da samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri miznebisaTvis aRniSnuli faqtorebis gamosayeneblad. saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis aRiricxeba 102 kurorti da 182 sakurorto adgili. Cvens qveyanaSi gamovlenilia 2 aTasze meti mineraluri wyali. maTi raodenobiT gamoirCeva wyaltubos, borjomis, javis, yazbegis raionebi. aseve aRsaniSnavia samkurnalo talaxi axtalasa da kumisSi. Cveni qveyana buneba saukeTeso saSualebas iZleva ganviTardes, rogorc sazafxulo, aseve zamTris turizmis saxeobebi. saqarTvelos mTagoriani reliefi, sxvadasxva sirTulis mwvervalebi da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mdgradi Tovlis safaris arseboba, zamTris sportuli saxeobebisa da alpinizmis ganviTarebis karg SesaZleblobas qmnis. turistul-rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTareba, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia qveyanaSi arsebul ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da politikur situaciaze. rekreaciul resursebze msjelobisas, uwinares yovlisa yuradRebas iqcevs hava da klimati, rogorc dasvenebisa da mkurnalobis umniSvnelovanesi faqtorebi. Cvens qveyanaSi reliefis didi amplitudebi arcTu iSviaTad wlis garkveul periodSi qmnis xelsayrel pirobebs e.w "komfortuli klimatis" warmosaqmnelad. aq havis specifikas gansazRvravs mzis, radiaciis, atmosferuli cirkulaciis da rTuli reliefis urTierTgavlena. mzis integraluri da gansakuTrebiT, ultraiisferi radiaciis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli SeimCneva mTian raionebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs mTis havis samkurnalo Tvisebebs. saqarTvelos Tvalwarmtaci, momajadoebeli buneba, mravalferovani landaSfti, mudmivi TovliTa da myinvarebiTa dafaruli kavkasionis qedi, SavizRvispireTis xaverdovani subtropikuli zona, wyaluxvi mdinareebi da egzotikuri CanCqerebi, originaluri karstruli mRvimeebi, mTis zonisa da zRvispira kurortebi, uZvelesi kulturis Zeglebi, saerTod, mdidari rekreaciuli resursebi friad xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis sakurorto meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis. saqarTvelos teritoria warmoadgens geografiuli landSaftebis vertikaluri zonalobis klasikur qveyanas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. babunaSvili g., xutaSvili m. _ zogadi ekologia da garemos dacva, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 2003. 2. barkalaia b. _ saqarTvelos erovnuli parkebis socialurekonomikuri efeqtianoba, (sadisertacio naSromi ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 2002. 3. birJakovi m. _ turizmis Teoria (Targmani rusulidan m. metrevelis mier), Tbilisis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2004. 4. burkaZe T. _ turizmis adgili saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva, J. «ekonomika», ¹7-8, 2004. 86 5. metreveli m. _ turizmi da garemos dacva (ekoturizmis safuZvlebi), Tbilisis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb., 2004. 6.saqarTvelos kanoni kurortebisa da sakurorto adgilebis sanitaruli dacvis zonebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 1998 wlis 15 ivliss) 7.International Tourism: A Global Perspective, WTO, 1999, WTO Tourism Education and Training Series, Editor: Chuck Y. Gee, Eduardo Fayos-Sola. 8.Lockley L. - History and Development of Marketing Recearch, s.1, p4 of Robert Ferber, ed., Handbook of Marketing Research, Copyright 1974. 9.Marketing Tourism Destinations Online: Strategies for Information Age, WTO, Madrid, 1999. Medical Tourist - Recreational Resources of Georgia and Their Usage George Javakhishvili Resume Protected areas of preserved nature and ancient culture, presents a marvelous world, travel to new places, in the modern, developed infrastructure and a variety of interesting and attractive for visitors. Trip for lovers of varied and exciting opportunity in Georgia, as holiday spending, but also in terms of short-term visits. Rvinisa da gurmanTa turizmi saqarTveloSi Temur kublaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis II kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori naili melanaSvili E-mail:[email protected] 595144629 turizms safuZveli XIX saukuneSi Caeyara, mis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Tomas kuki. turizmis arnaxuli zrda erT-erTi Semadgenelia globalizaciis saerTo procesis, romlis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel pirobebs warmoadgens: sazRvrebis gaxsniloba, qveynebis ekonomikuri sistemebis konvergencia (Serwyma), globaluri Camoyalibeba, mimarT. interesis sainformacio, zrda, safinanso adgilobrivi satransporto kulturebis, mcire sistemis eTnosebis turizmis erT-erT saintereso saxes warmoadgens Rvinisa da gurmanTa turizmi. Rvinis turizmi saukeTeso saSualebaa qveynis gaasacnobad. is, rogorc gamorCeuli da axali turizmis saxeoba safrangeTSi jer kidev 1980 wlidan arsebobs, Tumca turizmis es seqtori evropaSi popularuli mxolod 2005 wlidan gaxda. mis centrad bordo iTvleba, romelic yovelwliurad uamrav turists maspinZlobs. turizmis am seqtorSi, safrangeTis garda, 87 popularulia italia (gansakuTrebiT sardinia), espaneTi (rioxa), portugalia - portus xeoba da jgufi Sogrape vinhos, romelic cnobil Rvinos Sabdeman-s awarmoebs. magaliTad, Tu saukeTeso franguli Sato laturis an Sato margos Rvinoebis dagemovneba gsurT, maSin bordoSi unda gaemgzavroT, Tu TeTri burgundiuli Chablis-i gnebavT burgundias miaSureT, namdvili portveinis gasasinjad portugalias unda ewvioT da a. S. yovelwliurad izrdeba Rvinis turizmSi monawile qveynebis sia, sadac axlaxan saqarTveloc gamoCnda. es e.w. Rvinis "voiaJebi" fantastikuri siswrafiT gamravalferovnda da daiqsaqsa. Rvinos TiTqmis yvela qveyana awarmoebs, magram msoflioSi arsebobs Rvinoebi, romelTa gamo namdvilad Rirs qveynis erTi kidedan meoremde misvla. dRes TiTqmis nebismier qveyanaSi SegiZliaT Rvinis turiT dainteresdeT. jerjerobiT yvelaze popularuli qveyana am tipis turizmisTvis safrangeTi da italiaa. meRvineobis cnobili regionebia piemonti da toskana, bordo da burgundia, Sabli da Sampani, sadac pirdapir kasrebidan SegiZliaT daagemovnoT Rvino. Tu yvelaze grZeli Rvinis marnis da didi miwisqveSa cixesimagris naxva gwadiaT, SegiZliaT qalaq bonSi gaeSuroT. aseve popularuli qveyanaa espaneTi - rioxa, Sveicaria, sadac aucileblad unda moinaxuloT vale, germania, argentina, axali zelandia, urugvai, Cile. magaliTad avstriaSi, rogorc sxva germanulenovan regionebSi, sadac Rvinos wamyvani adgili uWiravs, yidvagayidvis 25% swored Rvinis turizmTanaa dakavSirebuli. aseve cnobil Rvinis mwarmoeblebad iTvlebian moldaveTi, bulgareTi, ukraina, saqarTvelo. qarTuli Rvino istoriiT erT-erTi uZvelesia evropaSi. saqarTveloSi 575-ze meti vazis jiSia cnobili da meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis kulturas Zalian Zveli da mdidari istoria aqvs, daaxloebiT 8000 weli. erTxans, Rvinis samSoblod SuamdinareTi iyo miCneuli, magram saqarTveloSi warmoebulma arqeologiurma gaTxreba ufro Zvel da unikalur masalas miagno, ris Sedegadac, sworedac rom, saqarTvelo iqna aRiarebuli meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis istoriul samSoblod. aqedan gamomdinare kargi safuZveli gvaqs imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi ganviTardes Rvinis turizmi. bolo periodSi, turizmis sferosadmi gansakuTrebulma interesma biZgi misca turizmis gamococxlebas kaxeTis regionSi. turistebis mosazidad am regions iseTi upiratesobebic aqvs, rogoricaa kulturul-istoriuli Zeglebis simravle, vaSlovnis, TuSeTis, bawara-babaneuris da lagodexis teritoriebi, araCveulebrivi bunebrivi pirobebi, rac SesaniSnavi safuZvelia eko da saTavgadasavlo turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. yovelives amis gaTvaliswinebiT, kaxeTi, kerZod siRnaRi, SesaZloa, male eko-turizmis erT-erT mniSvnelovan centrad iqces. turizmis zrda kargi winapirobaa ucxoeli turistebis mosazidad. Tbilisidan mokle turebis ganviTarebisTvis idealuri iqneba siRnaRis da Telavis infrastruqturis Semdgomi reabilitacia. Rvinis turebSi, degustaciis garda, venaxebis, Rvinis marnebis monaxuleba Sedis. xSirad aseTi turistuli sqemebi Rvinis festivalebiT da sxvadasxva specialuri dResaswaulebiTaa 88 gajerebuli. evropaSi Rvinis festivalebis gamarTvis Zveli tradicia kargad aris SenarCunebuli. seqtember-oqtomberSi nebismier mxares rom waxvideT, aucileblad waawydebiT gancxadebas meRvineTa Sekrebis Sesaxeb romelime sofelSi an apelasionSi. amgvar festivalebze xSirad gamoaqvT tradiciuli adgilobrivi sakvebi da xelnakeTi nivTebi, romlebic Rvinis istoriulgeografiul konteqstSi dagemovnebaSi dagexmarebaT. saqarTveoSic Caeyara Rvinis festivals safuZveli da is ukve meoTxi weliwadia yoveli maisis meore SabaTs imarTeba, mas ukve Tamamad SegviZlia vuwodoT qarTuli Rvinis tradiciuli dResaswauli. es aris saqarTveloSi yvelaze warmomadgenlobiTi da amave dros yvelaze xalxmravali Rvinis festivali. igi, erTi mxriv, aerTianebs msxvil kompaniebs, mcire da ojaxur marnebs, romlebic am festivalisTvis sagangebod emzadebian, raTa Rvinis gurmanebs TavianTi axali Rvinoebi gaacnon. meore mxriv ki, festivalis stumrebic sxvadasxva gemovnebisa da Sexedulebebis adamianebi arian, romlebic erTi saerTo Rirebulebis - qarTuli Rvinis garSemo ikribebian. axali Rvinis festivali gulisxmobs axali, anu bolo mosavlis Rvinoebis gamofenas. am gziT Rvinis mwarmoeblebi da gurmanebi erTad afaseben, Tu rogori Sedegi miiRes meRvineebma bolo rTvelis Semdeg da ra potenciali aqvs maT axal Rvinoebs. bolo mosavlis Rvinoebis dagemovnebis garda, axali Rvinis festivalze SesaZlebelia qarTuli meRvineobis ZiriTadi tendenciebis Sefaseba. am kuTxiT festivalze wlidan wlamde TvalSisacemia: - qarTuli Rvinis gaumjobesebuli xarisxi, - kompaniebisa da ojaxuri marnebis meRvineTa Tamami eqsperimentebi, - qvevris Rvinoebis raodenobis zrda, - jiSebis mravalferovneba da sxva siaxleebi. cneba "Rvinis turi" srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom mxolod "Rvinis rukis" mixedviT imogzaurebT. Tumca Rvinis turis dros erT-erTi saWiro atributi marTlac aris Rvinis atlasi, sadac Rvinis yvela - klasikuri Tu axali regionis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciaa mocemuli. arsebobs individualuri Rvinis turebic, raTa Tqvens Rvinis mogzaurobas ufro meti pikanturi detalebi SematoT. turis dagegmvisas pirveli is aris, Tu dReSi romel Rvinis sawarmoSi gegmavT stumrobas. specialistebi gvirCeven, rom Tavidanve CamovyalibdeT, Tu ramden regionSi waxvalT, raTa mogzauroba Zalian xangrZlivi da damqancveli ar gamogivideT. idealuria oTxi an naklebi regionis monaxuleba (maT Soris manZilsac gaaCnia). profesionalebs 6-idan 8-mde Rvinis punqtSi stumrobac SeuZliaT, radagan isini miCveulni arian bevri Rvinis swraf da efeqtur degustacias. specializebuli "Tematuri degustaciebis" organizebas ki meRvineebi da enologebi gegmaven. mniSvnelovani detalia sadegustacio turizmSi sruliad axali da popularuli mimarTuleba Rvinis Terapia. turistebs saSualeba eZlevaT ara marto daagemovnon cnobili Rvinoebi, aramed isini tanzec ki "icxon". Rvinis 89 abazanebis Semdgom sxeulis sasiamovno SegrZnebebTan erTad mogonebebic ufro msuye da mravalSriani geqnebaT. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi burgundia-normandia-SampaniSi an provansSi Rvino-gastronomiuli turizmis farglebSi stumroba ocnebis sfero iyo. eqspertebis TqmiT ki, dRes safrangeTSi turebis daaxloebiT 5%-s swored Rvinis turi Seadgens. es niSnavs, rom turistebis didi nawili daiRala Zviri da xmauriani megapolisebiT, DdRes maTTvis patara, myudro qalaqebi da sastumroebi ufro mimzidvelia, romelTa mepatroneebic Tavad maspinZloben sakuTar stumrebs. Rvinis turebis msurvelebi pirobiTad SeiZleba sam gjufad davyoT. pirveli - es momxmarebleblebis sakmaod farTo wrea, romelTa fokusSic ufro mogzauruli STabeWdilebebia moqceuli, anu maTTvis Rvino da gastronomia ar aris mTavari Tema. isini e.w. "ekonom" klasis momsaxurebas sjerdebian. meore jgufSi SegviZlia is turistebi gavaerTianoT, romelTac surT sruliad sxva rakursiT dainaxon maTTvis nacnobi qveyana. amgvar mogzaurTaTvis mizanSewonilia Tematuri jgufuri turebi. mesame jgufi aris yvelaze popularuli mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT is adamianebi, romelTa profesia swored RvinosTan da gastonomiasTan aris dakavSirebuli. es turistebi mzad arian soliduri Tanxa gadaixadon eqskluziuri "sanaxaobisTvis". maTTvis mTavaria "Seexon" TviTon process monawileoba miiRon mosavlis aRebaSi, gaakeTon sakuTari Rvinis kupaJi. isini namdvili "Rvinis turistebi" arian, romlebsac mTavari siamovneba swored Rvinis gzaze eliT. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. gamoyenebuli literatura m. metreveli ,,turizmisa da maspinZlobis menejmenti‟‟, Tb. 2008 n. kvaracxelia ,,kulturuli turizmi‟‟, Tb. 2010 ucnauri.com www.bfm.ge/business/490-qartuli-gvino.html www.civil.ge/geo/article.php 24saati.ge vinoge.com Wine and Kitchen Tourism in Georgia Temur Kublashvili Resume There is a tremendous resource for the development of wine tourism in Georgia recently Areas within the special interest tourism has triggered a revival of tourism in the region. To attract tourists to this region also has advantages such as cultural - historical monuments, Vashlovani, Tusheti, Batsara Babaneuri and Kakheti regions, an unusual natural conditions, that is an excellent basis for the development of eco and adventure tourism. 90 saqarTvelos sabanko bazris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da sabanko konkurencia giorgi arabuli, beqa TevzaZe, giorgi zaqaiZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis II kursi, jgufi I nikoloz nacvliSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli maswavlebeli E-mail: [email protected]; tel. +995 (599) 511415 saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis Tanamedrove etapze gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga ekonomikuri reformis yovelmxrivi da Tanmimdevruli gatarebis aucilebloba. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi sabazro urTierTobebi damkvidrda, Sesabamisad Seicvala erTiani ekonomikuri sistemis calkeuli elementebi, maT Soris sabaნko-sakredito sistemac. swored es sfero moiTxovs seriozul yuradRebasa da zrunvas, rom man ar Seaferxos qveynis ekonomikis krizisidan gamosvlis procesi da erovnuli meurneobis dinamiuri ganviTareba. qveynis safinanso sistemis erT-erT mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens sabanko sistema. Mmisi funqcionireba udides gavlenas axdens erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze, mis tempebsa da MmasStabebze. Bbankebis warmoSoba dakavSirebuli iyo saqonelwarmoebisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan. sasaqonlo urTierTobis GganviTarebis gansazRvrul etapze saWiro gaxda fuladi saxsrebis Tavmoyra da maTi sesxis saxiT, sargeblis gadaxdis pirobiT, rac bankebis, rogorc saSuamavlo safinanso institutebis, saqmianobis safuZveli gaxda. banks uwodeben fulad-sakredito dawesebulebas, romelic axorcielebs qveynis masStabiT Tavisufali Ffuladi saxsrebis akumulacias, dakreditebas, agreTve iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis naRd da unaRdo angariSworebas. Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi moqmedebs bankis ori, principled gansxvavebuli tipi – centraluri da komerciuli. Tanamedrove msoflios umetesi qveynebis sabanko sistema (maTSoris saqarTvelos erovnuli (centraluri) bankebi, meoreze ki – komerciuli bankebi da sxva sakredito dawesebulebebi. komerciuli banki ganisaRvreba, rogorc fulad-sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic imyofeba oriarusiani sabanko sistemis meore safexurze da misi saqmianobis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens mogebis miღeba, rac xorcieldeba Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis akumulirebiთ misi efeqtiani dabandebiT. Kკomerciuli bankebis saqmianoba imdenad mravalferovania da imdenad swrafad viTardeba, rom maTi funqciebis zustad gansazRvra da Mმaთ mier Sesrulebuli operaciebis zustad CamoTvla, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia Kkomerciuli bankis saqmianobis warmatebebi damokidebulia იmaze, Tu rogor moawyobs bnaki aqtiuri da pasiuri, aseve 91 sxva operaciebis organizacias, ramdenad gamarTulad imuSavebs igi konkretul GgaremoSi. amitom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Tavisufali saxsrebis mozidvisa da maTi ganTavsebis swor organizacias, marTvas. Tanamedrove sabanko sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba aris, is rom sabazro sistemaa. cxadia rom nebismieri sabazro koniuqturis maT Soris sabanko sistemis konkurenciis sfero misi bazari sadac monawileobas Rebuloben bankebi, sabanko momsaxurebis realizaciisa da sabanko saqmianobisTvis resuresbis yidvebis CaTvliT. sabanko bazarze ZiriTadi konkurencia mimdinareobs komerciul anu sabanko sistemis meore iarusze mdgom – klienturis mosamsaxure bankebs Soris. Pპirvel iarusze მყოფი, anu centraluri bankebi klienturis momsaxurebis uSualo konkurenciaSi, rogorc wesi ar monawileoben. sakonkurencio urTierTobebSi Cabmul am or ZiriTad jgufs Soris gamoyofen universalur da specializirebuli bankebis jgufebs. bolo periodSi sabanko konkurenciis gamwvavebis pirobebSi Camoyalibda miswrafeba sabanko saqmianobis univesalizaciisken, TandaTan qreba zRvari specializirebul da universalur sabanko struqturebis saqmianobas Soris. aseTi miswrafebis mizezi mxolod erTia – universaluri banki ufro metad aris dazRveuli komerciuli riskebisგაn, vidre specializirebuli. nebismieri konkurencia zogadad SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: konkurencia eს aris iseT mxareTa metoqeoba, romlebic dainteresebulni arian miaRwion erTsa da imave mizans, miiswrafian TavianTi mowinaaRmdegis gamovlinebasa da masze gamarjvebisaTvis. Tu pirdapir ganvixilavT sabanko konkurenciis subieqtebi mxolod komerciuli bankebi unda iyvnen, magram es as ear aris, radgan yovel calke aRebul banks saqme aqvs ukiduresad araerTgvarovan iseTi konkurentebis masasTan, romlebic yidian sabanko momsaxurebas. aseTi konkurentebis erT-erT jgufs ganekuTvneba TviT komerciuli bankebis jgufi. ase magaliTad, amerikis komerciul bankebs, droebiT Tavisufali saxsrebis mozidvis sferoSi, seriozul konkurencias uweven sasesxo-Semnaxveli asociaciebi, sesxebis gacemisas ki – sakredito kavSirebi. miuxedavad imisa rom es struqturebi formalurad bankebad ar iTvlebian, magram momxmareblebs bazris subieqts sTavazoben bankebis identur momsaxurebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom sxva qveynebis sabanko bazrebzec amerikis msgavsi konkurentuli garemoa, rac ganpirobebulia mravalricxovani sainvesticio institutebis, sasesxo valdebulebebis, emitentebisa da analogiuri struqturebis funqcionirebiT. amrigad, sabanko konkurenciis subieqtebi ara marto bankebi, aramed sabako bazris monawile sxva safinanso da arasafinanso dawesebulebebia. sabanko momsaxureba ar aris standartuli. momsaxurebis bevri saxe individualuri xasiaTisaa, rac dakavSirebulia bankebis momsaxurebaSi arsebuli konkretuli klientebis finansuri problemebis gadaWrasTan. amis klasikuri magaliTia dakrediteba, roca yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sesxis 92 gacemisa da dafarvis pirobebi ganisazRvreba sakredito xelSekrulebiT. aq adgili aqvs saxeobriv konkurencias. ufro metic, ekonomikisa da sabanko saqmis ganviTarebiT masiuri asortimentis momsaxurebamac SeiZleba dakargos Tavisi erTgvarovneba. magalitad sxvadasxva bankis mier gaweuli erTi da igive momsaxureba, xSirad momxmareblis TvalSi gansxvavebulad Cans, rac aixsneba ama Tu im bankis imijiT. bunebrivia rom sxva yvela თanabar pirobebSi klienti gadava ufro maღali reputaciis mqone da ufro saimedo bankis momsaxurebaSi. amrigad, sabanko saqmeSi Sigasabanko konkurencia ZiriTadad xorcieldeba saxeobrivi konkurenciis saxiT. es ki, konkretuli strategiis TvalsazrisiT, niSnavs imas, rom momsaxurebis axali saxeobebis SeTavazebა arsebulis farglebSi, jer kidev ar upiratesobas, Tu ki aseTi saxis momsaxureobaze moTxovna. niSnavs konkretul jer kidev ar aris sabanko sferoSi fasebiT konkurenciis Tavisebureba gamoixateba imaSi, rom am seqtorSi ar arsebobs mkveTri urTierTkavSiri saqonlis (sabanko momsaxurebis) samomxmareblo Rirebulebasa da mis fasebs Soris. amasTan dakavSirebiT, am sferoSi zRvari fasebiT aSkara da farul konkurencias Soris, praqtikulad ar arsebobs, da sfero, romelSic bankebs SeuZliaT fasebis mniSvnelovani manevrireba – es aris saprocento ganakveTebi, momsaxurebaze sakomisio gadasaxdelebi da sxva tarifebi. amave dros, sabanko momsaxurebis myidvelebs (momxmareblebs), gansakuTrebiT ki bankis mudmiv klienteb, molaparakebebis procesSi, SeuZliaT zegavlena moaxdinon momsaxurebis fasebze da miaRwion arsebiT fasdaklebas. am TvalsazrisiT pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom saprocento ganakveTebi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros saxelmwifos zemoqmedebas – rogorc pirdapiri SezRudvis (centraluri bankisagan miRebul sesxebze minimaluri da maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTebis, garkveuli kategoriis msesxeblebze SeRavaTebis an kidev zRvruli marJis dawesebiT), ise iribi regulirebis gziT (magaliTad saaRricxvo politikis gatarebiT, komerciul bankebze refinansirebis saxiT gacemul sesxebze saprocento ganakveTebis SecvliT da a.S.). gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve, rom fasebis Semcireba yovelTvis ar aris momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdis garanti. piriqiT, aseTma politikam zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganaviTaros uaryofiTi tendenciebi – momxmareblebma dakargon ndoba bankis mimarT. ase magaliTad, ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, mosaxleoba (depozitarebi) erkveva procesebSi da misTvis ama Tu im sakredito dawesebulebaSi saxsrebis ganTavsebis safuZvlad arasakmarisia mxolod maRali saprocento ganakveTebis SeTavazeba. garda amisa, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mosaxleobis elitarulma fenam, prestiJis amaRlebis mizniT, sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis mimarTos ufro ZviradRirebul, e. w. “prestiJul” bankebs. yvelaferi es adasturebs, rom sabanko konkurencia sul ufro da ufro iZens fasebis gareSe konkurenciis formas. konkurencia fasebis gareSe – efuZneba 93 saqonlis xarisxobriv gaumjobesebasa da produqtis diferenciaciis (sareklamo kompaniis CaTvliT) mizanmimarTuli politikis gatarebas. am formis konkurenciis mizania sabanko momsaxurebis myari momxmareblebis Camoyalibeba. sabanko saqmis Taviseburebaa is faqti, rom bankis ZiriTadi saqoneli – krediti –TaviTavad ver daeqvemdebareba diferenciacias; danarCeni sabanko momsaxureba ki konkurentebis mier advilad aRwarmoebadia, radgan sapatento dacva masze ar vrceldeba. swored amis Sedegia is, rom bankebis umetesoba momxmareblebs sTavazobs met-naklebad msgavsi saxis momsaxurebis pakets. amave dros, banks SeuZlia Tavisi momsaxurebis diferenciacia, misi xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT. momsaxurebis maRali xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSia sabanko dawesebulebis rentabelobasTan, radgan xarisxis gaumjobeseba izidavs klientebs, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs momsaxurebis moculobis gazrdas; es ki TavisTavad aisaxeba bankis mogebis zrdasa da danaxarjebis SemcirebaSi. amerikeli ekonomistebis azriT, kvalificirebuli da megobruli momsaxureba aris ZiriTadi kriteriumi umetesi momxmareblisaTvis momsaxure bankis arCevanis gasakeTeblad. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, fasebis gareSe sabanko konkurenciis ZiriTadi iaraRia momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba; amasTan, momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis kriteriumebis gansazRvra aris Tanamedrove sabanko Teoriisa da praqtikis aqtualuri problema. ekonomistebis umetesoba emxroba im azrs, rom produqciis xarisxis maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba iyos misi saimedooba, gamZleoba, usafrTxoeba, sasargeblo efeqti, moxmarebis xarjebi, garegnuli saxe, momsaxureba da sxva. amasTan dadgenilia, rom sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxis kriteriumebis gansazRvra SedarebiT Znelia. am sakiTxis Seswavlisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli erTiani mosazreba Tu ra aris sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxis cneba. amerikul ekonomikur literaturaSi, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli iyo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxi – es aris momsaxurebis Tavazianoba. magram, am problemaze yuradRebis miqcevis zrdis kvaldakval, Camoyalibda sxvadasxva midgoma sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxis gansazRvris Sesaxeb. magaliTad, zogierTi ekonomisti Tvlis, rom momsaxurebis xarisxi ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa moTxovnisa da sabanko momsaxurebis SesabamisobiT. sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxze azrTa sxvadasxvaobis arseboba ar aris gasakviri, radgan: sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxi (iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva saxis momsaxurebisa) ganekuTvneba subieqtur kategorias. am problemaSi mniSvnelovania gamoikveTos ori aspeqti da, Sesabamisad xarisxis Sefasebis kriteriumebis ori sistema: - Sefaseba bankis poziciidan; - Sefaseba klientis poziciidan. 94 specialistebis azriT, bankis muSaobis xarisxianobas gansazRvravs Sida samuSao procesebis siswrafe, gaweuli xarjebisa da daSvebuli Secdomebis gasworebis done, samuSao procesebis efeqturoba, momuSaveTa motivaciis done, Sromis mwarmoebluroba, sakredito riskebis xarisxi da sxva, romlebic TanafardobaSia sabanko momsaxurebze gaweul danaxarjebTan. klientis TvalsazrisiT ki, sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebia momsaxurebis siswrafe, operaciebis Sesruleba xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadebSi, Secdomebis arseboba, bankis muSaobis saaTobrivi reJimi,, konsultaciebis gawevis xarisxi (misi aqtiuri Tu pasiuri xasiaTi), bankTan piradi damokidebuleba da sxva. sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxs klientebi upirispireben momsaxurebis fasebs. rasakvirvelia, bankebma TavianT saqmianobaSi unda gaiTvaliswinon konkurenciis es orive saxe, magram maT Soris konkurenciis gamZafrebis pirobebSi wamyvani mniSvneloba eniWeba klientebis Sexedulebas ama Tu im bankze. am mdgomareobam asaxva pova sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxis koncefciaSi, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xarisxi ganisazRvreba ara ubralod sabanko momsaxurebis ama Tu im Tvisebebis erTobliobis TanafardobiT momxmareblebis molodinTan, aramed sabanko momsaxurebis xarisxis SesabamisobiT momxmareblebis moTxovnasTan. sabanko sostema qveynis centralus banks, 20 komerciul banksa da sxva arasabanko sakredito dawesebulebebs aerTianebs. bankebis muSaobis veqtori mimarTulia saqmianobis universalizaciisaken. TiTqmis yvela bankis ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTuleba sabanko produqtebis mravalferovnebis zrda, momsaxurebis goegrafiuli arealis gafarToeba da misi xarisxis srulyofaa. yvela banki cdilobs momxmareblebs Sestavazos sul ufro da ufro axali sabanko produqti, momsaxutrebis maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebiT. ixveweba sabanko teqnologiebi da igi sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba saertaSoriso standartebs. bankebSi TandaTan inegreba korporaciuli marTvis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi arsebuli sauketeso meTodebi, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs investorTa ndobis mopovebas da qminis ucxouri kapitalis saqarTveloSi Semodinebis winapirobas. Tavis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi banki erTdroulad kreditoricaa da msesxebelic, anu mas SeuZlia yoveldRiurad miiRos sxvisi resursebi da magis paralelurad gasces Tavisi. dRes moqmedi komerciuli babkebi universaluria, anu maT SeuZliaT Caataron nebismieri saxis operacia da ar arian erTi saxis operaciaze daspecializebulni. amJamad aucilebelia xeli Seewyos saqarTvelos bankebis formirebaganviTarebas, raTa radikalurad Seicvalos maTi muSaobis stil- meTodi da maT klientebs SeeqmnaT komerciisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebis pirobebi, imitom rom bankis klientebi daculni iyvnen maTi Tanxis dakargvisagan da maqsimalurad efeqtianad ganaTavson maTi Tanxebi. sabanko saqme dinamiuri biznesia da amitomac bankebs Soris konkurencia 95 daundobelia, radgan TiToeuli cdilobs iyos saukeTeso, amitomac biznesSi ar arsebobs dandobis fufuneba. wlebis win saqarTvelos komerciulma bankebma gadadges nabijebi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi. maT marTalia gauWirdaT konkurenciis pirobebSi arseboba, Tumca msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde sakmaod efeqtianad axorcielebdnen TavianT saqmianobas, magram maT gauWirdaT konkurenciis gaweva ucxoeTis ara Tu Zlieri, aramed patara bankebisTvisac ki, vinaidan AaSS-Si yvelaze patara bankis kapitali 100 milioni dolaria, evropis qveynebSi ki mcire bankebis kapitali 50 milion dollars Seadgens. imisaTvis rom saqarTveloSi komerciuli bankebi sicocxlisunarianni iyvnen, maT konkurencia unda gauwion ucxoeTis bankebs da unda gaaumjobeson TavianTi saqmianobis stili da SeimuSaon moqnili strategia. komerciuli banmkebis usafrTxod da saerTaSoriso standartebis doneze saqmianobis mizniT, mizanSewonilad mimaCnia Semdegi RonisZiebebi gatareba: 1. depozitebis darRvevis fondis Seqmna, meanabreebis interesebs da Seamcirebs sabanko sadepozito romeli riskebs; daicavs 2. sabanko riskebis marTvis moqnili sistemis Seqmna; aseve msoflio masStabiT kargad aprobirebuli saeqsporto praqtikis TavianT saqmianobaSi danergva; 3. bankebma maqsimalurad unda Seafason riskis xarisxi da Seqmnan Sesabamisi rezervebi, sesxis SesaZlo danakargebiT miRebuli zaralis ganeitralebis mizniT; 4. aucilebelia SeirCes maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi, raTa Semcirdes riskis sidide; 5. usafrTxod saqmianobis mizniT, aseve prestiJisa da bazarze mopovebuli segmentis SenarCunebis mizmiT unda ganxorcieldes sakredito politikis Zireuli reforma. Tanamedrove pirobebSi sakmaod dinamikuria da sistemurad icvleba komerciuli bankebis marTvis struqtura, sabanko saqmianobis praqtikaSi inergeba bevri siaxle, rogorc momsaxurebis saxeebis mravaferovnebis, ise operaciebis ganxorcielebis Sesrulebis teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT. saqarTveloSi Seiqmna da moqmedebs sabazro ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Ffulad-sakredito sistema, raSic mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules, rogorc qveynis centralurma (erovnulma) bankma, ise komerciulma sabanko seqtorma. saqarTvelo cvlilebebs da dRes ar ganicdis politikur, ekonomkur gaaCnia iseTi samewarmeo da 96 da socialur sakanonmdeblo infrastruqtura, rogorc arsebobs ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi. mudmivad krizisul situaciaSi, aseve arastabilur politikur garemoSi saqmianobis gamo, saqarTveloSi warmoebuli sabanko operaciebi dakavSirebulia seriozul riskebTan, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena iqonion saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis momaval saqmianobaze da Qqveynis saerTo ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. gogixia m. - ,,sabanko saqme” Tbilisi 2006w. 2. kovzanaZe i. - ,,saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis problemebi da maTi srulyofis gzebi”, Tbilisi 2003w. 3. mixanaSvili n. - ,,saqarTvelos sabanko sistema” Tbilisi 2006w. 4. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb” Tbilisi 2001w. 5. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” Tbilisi 2001w. 6. qoqiauri l. - ,,sabanko saqmianobis safuZvlebi” 1-2 tomi, Tbilisi 2005w. 7. caava g. - ,,sabanko saqme” Tbilisi 2005w. 8. caava g. - ,,Tanamedrove fuladi da sabako sistemis problemebi” Tbilisi 2002w. Present state of the Georgian Banking Market and Banking Competition George Arabuli Beka Tevzade George Zakaidze Resume Nowadays banks offer wide variety of products and high-quality services that comply with European standards and hold a leading position in the business sector. Banks bring their customers delights by offering new products and services through innovative forms that are broadly discussed in the paper. In georgia the bank system is in high level of developing nowadays. They are slowly inculatinf their places in world bank system. In a high challange condition, banks are renovating their working styles and extent of service, they are offering new produce to their costumers. 97 danazogebi, investiciebi da finansuri sistema Tamar didbariZe – suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-2 kursi besarion nayofia _ suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 599 71 63 57 mocemuli Sedegebis mixedviT, qarTuli axalgazrdobis did nawils (52%) kviris biujeti 20 larze meti ar aqvs, rac aiZulebT met-naklebad xelmomWirneni iyvnen, anu zogaven sxvadasxva resurss (fuli, dro, energia, nervebi). umravlesoba fuls zogavs garTobis xarjze (40%), zogi-sakvebis(11%) da moduri tansacmlis (23%) xarjze. fulis dazogva dadebiTi movlenaa, radgan ufro didi raodenobis (dazogili) fuli adamians SeuZlia gamoiyenos maSin, rodesac yvelaze metad sWirdeba, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom gamokiTxulTa mxolod 25% sargeblobs anabrebiT, rac bunebrivi movlenaa, radgan axalgazrdobis did nawils ar aqvs stimuli da albaT, ndoba, Tanxa grZelvadian (erT welze meti) anabarze Seitanos, maTi gi ufro adre sWirdeba, vidre banki iZleva am fulisgacemis saSualebas. kargi iqneba Tu bankebi da finansuri subiqetebi gaiTvaliswineben Seqmnil mdgomareobas, maqsimalurad Seuwyoben xels studentebis stimulirebas danazogebTan mimarTebaSi. "is, rasac dRes zogierTebi inflaqcias da deflaqcias uwodeben, fulis miwodebis didi zrda an Semcireba ki aRaraa, aramed am qmedebaTa gardauvali Sedegi, samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebisa daxelfasebis zrda an kleba." (ludvig fonmizesi) ekonomikis avstriuli skolis mixedviT, fulis masis mkveTri gafarToeba saprocento ganakveTebs amcirebs, rac astimulirebsbi znes _ moaxdinos grZelvadiani da kapitaltevadi investiciebi. problema isaa, rom Semcirebuli saprocento ganakveTebi ara saxavs momxmareblebis droiT upiratesobebs, anu kerZo moxmareba gacilebiT naklebi procenti izrdeba, vidre investiciebi. moklevadian periodSi moxmareba da investicia urTierT Semcvlelia. Tu ekonomika Tavisi sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis zRvarze funqcionirebs, maSin moklevadian periodSi momxmareblebi moixmaren mets da akeTeben nakleb investicias, anpiriqiT. finansuri bazrebis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sazomia e.w. finansuri siRrme –– globaluri finansuri bazrebis saerTo Rirebulebis Tanafardoba globalur ekonomikasTan, raci zomeba, rogorc mSp. (mTliani Sida prodiqti) dReisaTvis globaluri finansuri bazrebi samjermetia msoflio mSp–ze. finansuri siRrme ekonomikis siZlieresa rniSnavs: finansuri siRrme holandiaSi orjer metia italiis maCvenebelze, magram oriveqveyanas erTnairi mSp aqvs erTsul mosaxleze, anpiriqiT, germaniis da tailandis finansuri siRrme Tanabaria, magram maTi Semosavlebis done gansxvavebulia. 98 milton fridmani fulis miwodebis Semdeg wess icavs: fulis masis yovelwliurad izrda 3–4%–iT. ararsebobs raime jadosnuri politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs qveynisekonomikis aRmavlobas. politika, romelic unda gatardes produqciis bazarze, SeTanxmebuli unda iyos Sromis bazarze gasatarebel politikasTan, iseve rogorc finansuri bazris da samTavrobo seqtoris reformebTan. reformis gatareba sasaqonlo bazarze, calkeaRebuli es politika namdvilad ar iqneba warmatebuli. reforma unda iyos masStaburi. azri ara aqvs zogierTi sferos gaumjobesebas, maSin, rodesac sxva sferoebi xeluxlebeli rCeba. depresias fulis masis Semcireba ki ar iwvevs, aramed danazogebis Semcireba. Tu danazogebi klebulobs, erovnuli banki, rac ar unda warmatebiT ebrZodes fulis mimoqcevis da amoRebas, depresiis aRmofxvras, igi mainc ver SeZlebs.amasTanave, Tu danazogebi klebulobas araswori monetaruli politikis Sedegad, fasebisa da inflaqciuri molodinis SenarCuneba, romc moxerxdes, ekonomika mainc ver gamococxldeba.erovnuli bankis iafi fulis politika da nawilobrivi sabanko rezervireba iwvevs resursebis araswor gadanawilebas,rac Tavismxriv dagrovebis process anelebs da amdenad, danazogis Seqmnas aferxebs. es ki imas niSnavs,rom depresiis mizezi erovnuli bankis iafi fulis politika da sabanko depozitebis rezervirebis praqtikaa. kerZo sakuTreba aris is safuZveli, romelzedac adamianebis TanamSromloba igeba (mizezi)sabazro ekonomikis fuZemdebluri principia masebis uzrunvelyofisTvis saWiroa masiuri warmoeba. swored masebis mxardaWera ganapirobebs warmoebis zrdas.sazogadod sabazro ekonomikaSi adamiani mbrZanebelia, is momxmarebelia, romelic yovelTvis marTalia. (mizesi)socialurad pasuxismgebeli bazris idea Zalian moswondaT Cikagos ekonomikuri skolis warmomadgenlebs. bolodros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi yuradRebas amaxvileben maRal xarjebze da dabal danazogebze. sayovelTao SefasebiT,saqarTveloSi dRes samomxmareblo xarji sakmaod maRalia – mSp-s 80%. msoflio ganviTarebis indeqsis (WDI) monacemebiT, 1990-ian wlebTan SedarebiT, es maCvenebeli saSualod 20%-iT gaizarda. maRali xarji iqneba es samomxmareblo Tu samTavrobo – avtomaturad niSnavs mcire raodenobis danazogebs. danazogebis arseboba, Tavis mxriv, did wilad ganapirobebs kapitalis Semdgom investirebas da momaval ekonomikur zrdas. Tu danazogi ar arsebobs,valdebulebebi unda dafinansdes an pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebiT, anvaliT. orive SemTxvevaSi matulobs ucxour kapitalze damokidebuleba, rac krizisul periodSi qveynis riskebs zrdis. miuxedavad imisa, rom globaluri finansuri krizisis Semdeg samTavrobo xarjebma Semcireba daiwyo, samomxmareblo xarjebi mainc maRali rCeba. kvleviTma organizaciam – ACT Research – saqarTveloSi danazogebis mimarT damokidebuleba da dazogvis praqtika Seiswavla: • ufro xSirad da ufro mets zogaven is adamianebi, visi ojaxis Semosavalic TveSi 700 larze metia. • dasaqmebuli adamiani ufro zogavs, vidre umuSevari da Tan, didi albaTobiT, fuls bankSi inaxavs. • adamiani, visi xelfasic bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda, ufro zogavs bankSi, vidreis, visi xelfasic igive 99 darCa an xelfasi Seumcirda. • adamiani, romelsac fuls ucxoeTidan ugzavnian, ufro zogavs, vidreis, vinc ucxoeTidan fulad gzavnilebs ariRebs.is, vinc mainc zogavs fuls, amas ori ZiriTadi mizniT akeTebs: uZraviqonebis SesaZenad da SvilebisTvis ganaTlebis uzrunvelsayofad. amasTan, uZrav qonebaSi meti abandebs, vidre Svilebis ganaTlebaSi. Svilebis ganaTlebaSi fulis dabandeba, rogorc wesi, Tbilissa da did qalaqebSi prioritetia. soflad fulsumetesad socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisTvis zogaven. TbilisSi da did qalaqebSi fuls bankebSi inaxaven, xolo soflad upiratesobas saxlSi arsebul egreTwodebul samalavebs aniWeben. sainteresoa isic, rom respondentebis 15%-ma am kiTxvas ar upasuxa. maTi didi wili soflidanaa. bankis arCevans ZiriTad saprocento ganakveTebis odenoba gansazRvravs. soflad upiratesobas larSi da zogvas aniWeben, radgan larze saprocento ganakveTi ufro maRalia.TbilisSi da didqalaqebSi ki dolarSi anevroSi gaxsnili depoziti ufro metia. mTeli qveynis masStabiT, momxmareblebi ufro iseT depozitebs xsnian, saidanac Tanxis gatana nebismier dros aris SesaZlebeli. 2004 wlidan moyolebuli danazogebi sulmcirdeboda.maRali ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSic ki – 2006-2007 wlebSi – adgilobrivi danazogebi 6-7%-iT Seikveca. da es miuxedavad imisa, rom maSin Semosavlebiszrda mSp-s zrdas aRemateboda. WDI-s monacemebiT, saqarTvelos danazogebi am periodSic dabali Semosavlebis mqone qveynebis doneze iyo.statistikuri monacemebis analizi aCvenebs, rom maSin xarjebis dafinanseba pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebiT xdeboda, ris gamoc sabiujeto deficiti sakmaod maRali iyo. globaluri finansuri krizisis fonze, Semcirda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi. amdenad, Tu saqarTvelos unda, rom momdevno aTwleulSi maRali ekonomikuri zrda hqondes, ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis paralelurad, masze damokidebuleba unda Seamciros. amis erT-erTi gza danazogebis raodenobis gazrdacaa. cnobilia, rom kapitalis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli mflobelisaTvis mogebis motanaa, xolo misi grZelvadiani dabandeba anu investireba am saSualebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi formaa. investors anu kapitalis mflobels SexedulebiT. investirebis arsi mdgomareobs „‟res‟‟ mogebaze uaris Tqmaze‟‟xval‟‟ sanacvlod. investireba bankis mier sesxis gacema analogiuria. Sesabamisad, kapitalis, grdzelvadiani dabandebis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebelia iseTi informaciis floba, romelic ama Tu im droneze amtkicebs or fuZemdebel debulebebs: 1) Cadebuli fuli aucileblad, mTlianad unda iyos amoRebuli. 2) am operaciis Sedegad miRebulma mogebam unda aanazRauros sesxebis droebiT gamouyenebloba, da aseve is riski, romelic, warmoiqmdeba saboloo Sedegisgaurkvevlobis gamo.. amgvarad, investiciebze gadawyvetilebis miReba mdgomareobs movlenaTa savaraudo ganviTarebis gegmis SefasebaSi im TvalTaxedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba saboloo miznis gegmis Sinarsi da misi ganviTarebis SesZlo Sedegebi. saerTo azriT, sainvesticio proeqti ewodeba kapitalis dabandebis gegmas Semdgomi mogebis 100 miRebis mizniT. finansebi (laT. financia - fuli, Semosavali) — yvela materialuri resursis erToblioba, moqceuli calkeuli piris, organizaciis an saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi. arsebobs aseve amave saxelwodebis vrceli mecniereba - finansebi. sityva finansebi yofierebaSi xSirad ixmareba, rogorc fulis aRmniSvne lisityva. zmna dafinanseba niSnavs «fulis miwodebas». finansebis sferos umniSvnelovanesi cnebaa - biujeti.finansebi, rogorc mecnierebis dargi Seiswavlis fuls da socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobebs, romelebic ukavSirdeba materialuri resursebis formirebas, ganawilebas da moxmarebas. finansebi — es aris ekonomikuri, gamoyenebiTi disciplina.finansebi, tradiciulad iyofa - sazogadoebriv da kerZo kategoriebad.pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba: saxelmwifo finansebi da adgilobrivi, municipaluri finansebi. meore jgufs miekuTvneba: piradi da ojaxis finansebi; mcirebiznesis, korporaciuli (sawarmoebis da biznesis finansebi), sabanko (sabako saqme) da arakomerciuli organizaciebis finansebi. sazogadoebriv finansebSi pirveladi ganxilvis sagania ”gasavlebi”, ramdenadac am saxis organizaciis mier xorcieldeba mkacrad reglamentirebul sazogadoebriv amocanaTa finansireba. kerZo finansebisTvis pirveladi Semosavlis miReba d asaqmianobis srulad warmarTva am Semosavlis misaRebad, romelic ganapirobebs mogebas da romelic, Tavis mxriv ixarjeba misi mflobeli piris (pirebis) gaTvaliswinebiT. finansebis marTvas (zogadad) da SeiZleba iTqvas marTvis xelovnebas, swavlobs mecniereba - finansuri menejmenti. sabanko finansebis marTva Seiswavleba sabanko saqmis mecnierebis farglebSi. finansur bazrebs swavlobs mecniereba, romelsac ewodeba finansuri ekonomika. statistikis mcire, Tanamosaxele nawili Seiswavlis finansur statistikas. finansuri informaciis damuSavebis meTodebs Seiswavlis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis mecniereba. finansuri nakadebis kontroli Seiswavleba finansuri kontrolis disciplinis farglebSi. gamoyenebuli literatura 1 gregori menqiu Tb. 2010w. 2 sajaro finansebi. i. mesxia; d. WiotaSvili. Tb. 2012 weli. Savings, Investments and Financial System Tamar Didbaridze Resume The work discusses issues of savings and investments and generally - financial system. Appropriate analysis is made and ways of improving financial system are proposed. 101 sabanko menejmenti daviT kvirkvelia – suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 kursis studenti besarion nayofia _ suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 599 71 63 57 sabanko menejmentis arsi da elementebi, roca vsaubrobT sabanko saqmianobis marTvaze, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoTmisi ori mWidrod dakavSirebuli nawili: 1. mTlianad sabanko sistemisa da misi calkeuli elementebis marTva centraluri bankisa da sabanko sferos centralizebuli marTvis sxva specializebuli organoebis mxridan; 2. komerciuli bankebisa da sxva safinanso-sakredito organizaciebis mier Tavisi saqmianobis marTva.cntraluri bankisa da sabanko sferos centralizebuli marTvis sxva specializebuli organoebis mier sabanko saqmianobis marTva moicavs: sakuTari saqmianobis, rogorc sabanko sistemis mTavari elementis, yovelmxriv marTvas;qveynis mTeli sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis strategiul marTvas; yvela komerciuli bankis da arasabanko safinanso-sakredito organizaciebis mimdinare saqmianobisa da ganviTarebis marTvas(operatiul saqmianobaSi Caurevlad),funqcionirebis yvelasaTvis savaldebulo konkurentuli wesebisa da mTeli rigi umTavresi parametrebis(raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi SezRudvebis)formulirebis gziT; agreTve maTTvis saTanado meToduri daxmarebis gaweviT, im gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, romlebic kanonmdeblobiT centraluri bankis da Sesabamisi organizaciebis normatiuli aqtebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli da ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanonmdeblobas_ calkeuli safinanso-sakredito organizaciebis saqmianobis operatiul marTvas. marTva, romelsac axorcieleben ara garedan da ara bankis mimarT gare subieqtebi,aramed TviT sabanko sistemis elementebi, aris TviTmmarTveloba_ bankis mier Tavisi Tavis marTva. am dros isini xelmZRvaneloben sakuTari mosazrebebiT,SefasebebiT, interesebiT da iyeneben maTTvis misaRebsa da xelmisawvdom meqanizmebs. am dros marTva or doneze xorcieldeba_ mTlianad sabanko sistemis(an misi im msxvili nawilebis, romlebic sakredito organizaciebis masStaburi asociaciebiT an kavSirebiTaa warmodgenili) an calke aRebuli bankebis doneze.bankebis mier TviTmmarTveloba da garedan bankebis marTva sabanko sistemis arcerT doneze ar xorcieldeba avtonomiurad da paralelurad. piriqiT, yovel maTganze xdeba garedan marTvisa da TviTmmarTvelobis elementebis erTmaneTTan Serwyma-Sexameba. garedan marTva da TviTmmarTveloba sabanko sferoSi iseTi procesebia, romlebic mWidro da ganuyofel kavSirSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan, gadadis erTmaneTSi da erTmaneTisagan 102 aris warmoebuli. mTlianad sabanko TviTmmarTveloba da calke aRebuli bankis doneze ganxorcielebuli TviTmmarTveloba SegviZlia warmovidginoT moqmedebaTa garkveuli derefnis farglebSi im mmarTvelur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesad, romlis parametrebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi ar eqvemdebareba TviT bankebs(iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda). aseTi faqtorebi uamravia, magram maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania Semdegi: erovnuli ekonomikis arsebuli mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi; saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika; centraluri bankis damoukideblobis xarisxi; erovnuli valutis stabiluroba; sazogadoebas, ekonomikasa da sabanko sferoSi martlwesrigis done; sabanko monopolizaciis done; centraluri bankis sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da komerciul bankebTan misi damokidebulebis xarisxi da sxv. TiToeuli am faqtorTagani mudmivad icvlis Tavis intensivobas, mimarTulebasa da niSnebsac ki, Tanac es iSviaTad xdeba SeTanxmebulad, Sedegad xdeba e.w. «TamaSis wesebis» metnaklebad seriozuli ganaxleba. sabanko saqmianobis marTvis sistemaSi mniSvnelovania misi xarisxisa da donis sakiTxi. marTvis xarisxi unda gvesmodes, rogorc im arsebiTi Tvisebebis erToblioba, romlebic axasiaTebs marTvis unars, daakmayofilos samarTavi obieqtis moTxovnilebebi, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi_ bankis saqmianobis procesSi gaCenili moTxovnilebebi. sabanko marTvas mis nebismier aspeqtSi yvelaze zogadad SegviZlia wavuyenoT Semdegi xarisxobrivi moTxovna_ igi im miznebisa da amocanebis adeqvaturi unda iyos, romlebic marTvis obieqtis moTxovnilebebs upasuxebs da marTvis organoebis winaSe dgas. marTvis xarisxi sabolood Semdeg maxasiaTeblebSi vlindeba: • socialur-ekonomikuri (rentabeloba, ekonomikaSi integrireba, klientebTan urTierTobis xasiaTi); • organizaciuli (saimedoba, organizaciuloba, Semguebloba da sxv.); • teqnologiuri (formalizaciis done, profesionalizmi, inovaciuroba, avtomatizaciis done); kadrebis • socialur-fsiqologiuri (korporatiuloba, kulturis done, socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati, xelmZRvanelobis stili, xelmZRvanelTa qcevis eTikuroba). sabanko menejmenti SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc sakredito resursebis moZraobis uwyvetobisa da Tanadroulobis uzrunvelsayofad Sesabamisi saorganizacio struqturebis mier miRebuli mmarTvelobiT RonisZiebaTa sistema, romelTa mizans warmoadgens mikro da makroekonomikuri prioritetebis miRweva. 103 mikroekonomikur prioritetebs miekuTvneba: sabanko dawesebulebebis saimedooba simyare, bankisa da misi klientebis resursebis daculoba da Semosavlianoba. makroekonomikuri prioritetebi devs erovnuli fuladi erTeulis stabilizaciis, ekonomikaSi materialuri da fuladi resursebis gamoyenebis maqsimaluri aqtivizaciis sferoSi. xarisxian, efeqtur da adeqvatur sabanko menejments ZaluZs ara mxolod w in aRudges negatiuri makro da mikroekonomikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebas, ara mxolod gaaneitralos is, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos is Tavisi miznebisaTvis. amitomac bankis mier amgvari menejmentis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens misi simyaris, saimedoobis da efeqturi muSaobis ZiriTad pirobas da garants. maCveneblebi, romelTa iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad: mixedviTac fasdeba sabanko • raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi(m.S. socialuri); • obieqturi da subieqturi; • formaluri da araformaluri. menejmenti, • im SemTxvevaSi, roca bankis menejmenti uxarisxod xorcieldaba, is xSirad xdeba sabanko krizisis mTavari mizezi, misgan gamomdinareobs bankebisa da misi klientebis zarali da bolos ekonomikuri disproporciebi. aseTi«cudi» menejmentis aRsaniSnavad arsebobs termini«mismenejmenti»_ menejmentis saxe, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc uneblie Secdomebi, aseve bankis personalis winaswarganzraxuli kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebi, saWiro kontrolis ararseboba, zedamxedvelobis araadeqvaturi uflebamosilebani da a.S. makrodoneze mTlianad ekonomikuri sistemis gamanadgurebeli saerTo finansuri krizisis pirobebSi mismenejments mivyavarT zaralis gadidebis,resursebis arasworad ganlagebis, operaciebis gaumarTlebeli riskis da saprocento ganakveTis gadidebis xarjze inflaciis gaZlierebis gamo bankebis krizisis gaRrmavebamde. mismenejments yofen bankis krizisis maxasiaTebel oTx jgufad (kategoriad): • teqnikuri mismenejmenti; • kosmetikuri mismenejmenti; • avantiuruli mismenejmenti; • TaRliToba. etapobrivi gaRrmavebis teqnikuri mismenejmentisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia bundovani mizandasaxulobani, misTvis niSandoblivia realuri situaciisaTvis araadeqvaturi zomebis miReba, magram teqnikuri mismenejmentis yvelaze 104 naTeli gamovlinebaa_ araadeqvaturi politika, Sida kontrolis nakleboba da susti dagegmareba, personalis gaumarTlebeli zrda da a.S.kosmetikuri mismenejmentisas banki faravs wina da amJamindel danakargebs imisaTvis, rom SeinarCunos misdami ndoba, moigos dro da ipovos gamosavali arakeTil-saimedo situaciidan. kosmetikuri mismenejmentis mizania, Seqmnas banksi normaluri viTarebis arsebobis STabeWdileba saangariSgebo dokumentaciaSi mTeli rigi sakvanZo maCveneblebis, mag., bankis aqcionerebisaTvis dividendebis gacemis ucvlelad datovebis, angariSis sxva maCveneblebTan manipulaciis xarjze,rasac araferi aqvs saerTo realur monacemebTan. kosmetikuri mismenejmenti saSisroebas warmoadgens bankis klientebisa da partniorebisaTvis, qmnis problemebs maTze zemoqmedebis mxriv, radgan Zneli xdeba Seqmnil situaciaze reagireba. «avanturuli» mismenejmenti (krizisuli mmarTveloba) warmoadgens operaciaTa kompleqss, romelsac bankis menejmenti mimarTavs maSin, roca kosmetikur menejments ukve aRar ZaluZs kapitalis dakargvisa da dividendebis Semcirebebis damalva. am operaciebis mizania_ SesaZlebloba misces banks, Tundac mokle droiT koncentracia gaukeTos resursebs, moigos dro da xelsayrel garemoebaTa wyalobiT gamoasworos mdgomareoba. TaRliToba warmoadgens sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saSiS mismenejmentis saxes.TaRliTobas vxvdebiT sabanko krizisis sxvadasxva stadiaze, magram metwilad ara ukanasknel stadiaze. mTeli rigi xerxebis meSveobiT(fiqtiuri firmebisa da yalbi pirebis dakreditebiT, korporaciis SigniT«monaTesave» firmebSi saxsrebis«gadaqaCviT» da a.S.), xdeba bankebidan Tanxebis amoReba da klientTa da meanabreTa samarTliani pretenziebis dakmayofilebis nacvlad midian sakuTari finansuri mdgomareobis TaRliTuri gaumjobesebis gziT. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. sabanko saqme v.mosiaSvili, f.lomiZe, f.qoqosaZe 2. sabanko saqmianobis safuZvlebi l.qoqiauri, 3. sabanko menejmenti r.beriZe. Bank Management David Kvirkvelia Resume The work discusses theoretical principles of bank management, its forms and methods. Some ways for their improving and developing are offered in Georgia. 105 programuli biujetirebis mniSvneloba saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis srulyofisaTvis Smagi xijakaZe suxiSvilis universitetis biznesis administrirebis III kursis studenti ivane oqromWedliSvili suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori E- mail: [email protected] Tel: 599 11-55-07 msoflio ekonomikis arastabilurobis da SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saxelmwifo finansebis marTvis xarisxis da sabiujeto xarjebis efeqtianobis amaRleba. amis miRweva SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo sabiujeto procesis ganviTarebis da srulyofis gareSe. saxelmwifo biujeti warmoadgens finansur gegmas, romelic moicavs saxelmwifo seqtoris dawesebulebebs, romelTa dafinanseba ZiriTadad xdeba gadasaxadebis xarjze. programuli (Sedegze orientirebuli) biujetireba warmoadgens biujetis formirebis (Sesrulebis) sistemas, romlis erTerT umTavres princips warmoadgens urTierTkavSiri dagegmil (gaweul) sabiujeto xarjebsa da mosalodnel (miRweul) Sedegebs Soris. es aris saxelmwifo finansebis marTvis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mZlavri instrumenti, romelic iZleva saSualebas movaxdinoT dafinansebis koncentrireba prioritetul mimarTulebebze, mivaRwioT dasaxul miznebs da miviRoT dagegmili Sedegebi. programuli biujetirebis ZiriTadi mizani mdgomareobs sabiujeto xarjebis socialuri da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis zrdaSi. tradiciulTan SedarebiT, programuli biujetirebis upiratesobas warmoadgens fiskaluri mdgradobis amaRleba, dargobrivi uwyebebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis zrda, biujetis ufro mWidro kavSiri strategiul amocanebTan. programuli biujetirebis safuZvels warmoadgens xarjebis programuli klasifikacia, romlis struqtura ganisazRvreba socialur-ekonomikuri politikis miznebiT da amocanebiT. programuli biujetis formirebisaTvis, saministroebis da uwyebebis xarjebi unda daiyos maT winaSe mdgari saxelmwifo amocanebis Sesasruleblad gansaxorcielebeli saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT. saqmianobis yvela saxeobisaTvis SemuSavdeba programa. is unda moicavdes miznebis da amocanebis, maT misaRwevad saWiro resursebis aRweras, aseve programis Sesrulebis Sedegianobis maCveneblebs da maTi Sefasebis procedurebs. sabiujeto ganacxadebis Sedgena programuli biujetirebisas xdeba miznebis da programebis WrilSi. 106 tradiciuli biujetis Sedgena xdeba ,,qvemodan-zemoT”. uwyebrivi biujetebis jami (qveda done) iZleva mTavrobis biujets (zeda done). am SemTxvevaSi rTulia mTeli biujetis, misi saldos da sxva monacemebis gakontroleba; rTulia sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawilebis gakontroleba seqtorebs Soris (erovnuli Tavdacva, ganaTleba, jandacva da sxva). programuli biujetis Sedgena xdeba ,,zemodan_qvemod”. pirvel rigSi, mTavroba ,,uSvebs” xarjebis agregirebul limitebs: ramdeni daixarjeba sul, ramdeni _ investiciebze, rogori iqneba inflacia, sabiujeto deficiti da a. S. meore rigSi, mTavroba ,,uSvebs” seqtorul limitebs, anu anawilebs xarjebs ZiriTad seqtorebs Soris, amasTan, seqtoris CarCoebSi axali iniciativebi SesaZlebelia dafinansdes Zveli programebis xarjze. mesame rigSi, mTavroba adgens Sidaseqtorul limitebs _ ,,Werebs” uwyebrivi biujetebisaTvis. da bolos, mTavrobas SeuZlia pragramebis calkeuli komponentebis limitirebac, magaliTad mimdinare xarjebis (romlebsac uwyebebi aniWeben upiratesobas kapitaluri xarjebis sazianod). programul biujetirebaze warmatebuli gadasvla Sedgeba ori principisagan _ ndoba da angariSvaldebuleba _ da oTxi elementisagan _ lideroba, swori finansuri menejmenti, monawileoba da instrumentari. ndoba _ programuli biujetirebis fuZemdebeli principia. aRniSnul konteqstSi es sityva niSnavs imas, rom mTavrobas da uwyebis xelmZRvanelobas sjeraT programebis menejerTa SesaZleblobebis, miiRon saWiro Sedegebi yvelaze efeqturi da ekonomiuri saxiT (fasis da xarisxis saukeTeso kombinaciiT). saWiro Sedegebis miRebis SesaZlebloba damokidebulia aRniSnuli miznisaTvis xelmisawvdom resursebze, da uwyeba mzad aris gadasces isini programebis menejerTa gankargulebaSi. angariSvaldebuleba _ programis menejerebma unda agon pasuxi sakuTar gadawyvetilebebze, moqmedebebze da maT Sedegebze. maT unda hqondeT motivi iyvnen angariSvaldebulebi. sasjelebis da waxalisebebis sistemis gareSe programuli biujetireba ar iqneba warmatebuli. lideroba _ programuli biujetirebis danergvisas aucilebelia Zlieri liderobis gamomJRavneba yvelaze maRal doneze. mTavrobam unda ganacxados Tavisi gadawyvetileba xmamaRla da mkafiod da mTlianad CaerTos sabiujeto reformaSi. finansTa saministrom unda miuTiTos moqmedebis mimarTulebebi da Caudges saTaveSi uwyebebis gadasvlas programul biujetirebaze, xolo uwyebebi unda gayvnen liders. monawileoba _ programuli biujetirebis danergva moiTxovs yvela saxelmwifo moxelis, gansakuTrebiT programebis menejerebis monawileobas. es ar aris ubralod sistemuri cvlileba. es aris axal paradigmaze gadasvla: aprioruli kontrolis nacvlad _ ndoba, pasiuri molodinis nacvlad _ uwyebrivi kreatuloba. administraciuli sistema unda iyos 107 moqnili da imavdroulad SeeZlos mkafio politikis da mkacri direqtivebis SemuSaveba. swori finansuri menejmenti _ unda iyos prioritetuli finansuri informaciis kompiuterizebuli sistemis, saimedo da yovlismomcveli sakaso menejmentis, sabuRaltro aRricxvis da fiskaluri reportaJis ganviTareba. swori finansuri menejmentis ZiriTadi elementebis gareSe ver miiRweva programebis menejerebisa da saprogramo miznebis angariSvaldebuleba. instrumentari _ axali instrumentebis danergva ar aris yovelTvis SesaZlebeli, magram yovelTvis sasurvelia. programuli biujetireba moiTxovs informaciis did moculobas da axdens mis generirebas, rac saWiroebs saimedo da farTo informatikul infrastruqturas. programuli biujetirebis principebis danergva warmoadgens saqarTvelos mTavrobis erTerT umTavres prioritets, vinaidan sabiujeto dagegmvis tradiciuli modeli ar pasuxobs qveynis mimdinare moTxovnilebebs. gasul periodSi gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi saxelmwifo seqtoris finansebis da biujetis marTvis gaZlierebis mimarTulebiT. 2004 wlidan sabiujeto procesebis gasaumjobeseblad saqarTvelos mTavroba muSaobs biujetis marTvis saerTaSoriso praqtikis da GFS 2001 klasifikaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. sabiujeto sistemis gaZlierebisaTvis saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom 2005 wlidan daiwyo MTEF-is (saSualo vadiani xarjebis CarCo) principebis danergva. aRniSnuli procesi amkvidrebs strategiuli biujetirebis midgomas fiskalur politikaSi da qmnis process, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos resursebis saxelmwifo prioritetebisken mimarTva da unda Seqmnas stabiluri mravalwliani dafinansebis paketi saxelmwifo programebisaTvis. strategiuli biujetirebis procesma sabiujeto procesSi daamkvidra ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebis dokumenti (BDD). aRniSnuli dokumenti aerTianebs saxelmwifo prioritetebs da saxelmwifo programebs da gansazRvravs 4 wlian finansirebis Werebs maTTvis. ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisa da monacemebis dokumenti mniSvnelovnad daixvewa misi SemoRebis Semdeg da dReisaTvis aerTianebs yvela mxarjavi dawesebulebis programebs da prioritetebs. 2007 wlis sabiujeto xarjebis ganawileba moxda funqciuri sferoebis mixedviT, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis xarjebis calke Cveneba. amiT dagegmvis procesi gaxda ufro detaluri, gamWvirvale da mizanmimarTuli. 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis fuladi saxsrebis nawili srulad Seesabameba GFS 2001 klasifikacias. strategiuli biujetirebis procesis mxardasaWerad gatarebul iqna mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi. 2009 wlis 25 dekembers miRebul iqna sabiujeto kodeqsi, romelmac Secvala mTeli rigi arsebuli kanonebisa da erT sakanonmdeblo dokumentSi gaaerTiana sabiujeto kanonmdebloba. sabiujeto kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba 108 strategiuli biujetirebis procesSi. sabiujeto sistemaSi moxda programuli da kapitaluri biujetebis danergva. kodeqsis Tanaxmad, programuli biujeti aris mxarjavi dawesebulebis mier dasaxuli prioritetebis misaRwevad gansaxorcielebeli programebis, proeqtebis, RonisZiebebis da biujetebis mosalodneli Sedegebisa da Sefasebis indikatorTa erToblioba, xolo kapitaluri biujeti aris sainvesticio xasiaTis programuli biujeti. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2010 wlis 10 martis #284 gankargulebiT damtkicda programuli biujetis danergvis gegma, romlis Tanxmad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis dafinansebaze myofma mxarjavma dawesebulebebma unda moaxdinon etapobrivad programul biujetirebaze gadasvla. aRniSnuli gankargulebiT damtkicebuli gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis zedamxedveloba da gegmis Sesrulebis saerTo koordinacia daevala finansTa saministros. 2012 wlidan saxelmwifo biujeti srulad gadavida programul dagegmarebaze, rac imas niSnavs, rom sabiujeto xarjebis gaweva unda moxdes ara romelime saministros konkretuli xarjisaTvis, aramed konkretuli programisTvis. programuli biujetirebis erTerT mTavar Tvisebas warmoadgens mxarjavi dawesebulebebisaTvis sabiujeto asignebebis aTvisebis procesSi Tavisuflebis miniWeba xarjebis ekonomikuri klasifikaciis muxlebs Soris Tanxebis gadanawilebis sakiTxSi. aqcenti am SemTxvevaSi keTdeba Sedegebze, romelTa miRwevas apirebs dawesebuleba, da ara xarjebis muxlebis detalur kontrolze da procesebze, romelTa meSveobiTac saministro asrulebs dagegmil amocanebs. aRniSnuli midgoma gulisxmobs saministroebisaTvis da iq momuSave menejerebisaTvis meti Tavisuflebis miniWebas miznebis misaRwevad saWiro sawyisi resursebis SerCevis sakiTxSi. am pirobebSi aucilebelia miRweuli SedegebisaTvis angariSvaldebulebis maRali xarisxi. saqarTvelSi programuli biujetirebis danergvis process Tan axlavs garkveuli xarvezebi da sirTuleebi, rac ar aris gasakviri, vinaidan es procesi moiTxovs dros da masSi CarTuli yvela mxaris did Zalisxmevas. magaliTad, safrangeTSi axali safinanso kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebasa da miRebas dasWirda 10 weliwadi. Zalian mniSvnelovania am procesSi finansTa saministros roli. man unda moaxdinos Sesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebis, instruqciebis SemuSaveba da treningebis Catareba. biujetis dagegmva iwyeba mxarjav dawesebulebebSi da Sesabamisad, saministroebsa da uwyebebSi menejmentis Tanamedrove sistemis danergvis, organizaciuli struqturis srulyofis, buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemis programuli biujetirebis moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis, praqtikuli codnis, gamocdilebis da meTodologiis daxvewisa da personalis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis gareSe programuli biujetirebis danergva SeuZlebelia. arc finansTa saministro da arc sxva romelime organizacia ar marTvas regularul treningebs da samuSao Sexvedrebs adgilebze, romlebzec mxarjavi dawesebulebebis 109 personals da ministrebis pasuxismgebel moadgileebs auxsnian da Seaswavlian programuli biujetis Sedgenis meTodikas. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia finansTa saministroSi Seiqmnas specialuli samsaxuri, romelic gardamaval periodSi aRmouCens mxarjav dawesebulebebs praqtikul daxmarebas programuli biujetebis Sedgenis sakiTxSi da aseve ganaxorcielebs arsebuli programebis Sesrulebis monitorings. programul biujetirebaze gadasvlam xeli unda Seuwyos qveynis safinanso sistemis srulyofas, biujetis fokusirebas socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebze, arsebuli resurebis optimalurad gamoyenebas dasaxuli strategiuli miznebis misaRwevad, unda gaamartivos biujetis struqtura, gazardos misi gamWvirvaloba da xelmisawvdomoba yvela dainteresebuli pirisTvis. amasTan, programuli biujetirebis danergvisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba aRniSnul sakiTxSi, raTa maqsimalurad avicilod Tavidan mosalodneli sirTuleebi. Importance of program budgeting for improvement of State finance system Shmagi Khidjakadze Resume State budget policy represents the main part of the country’s finance policy. Sustainability of the state finance system mainly is defined by condition of the budget process, and by planning, validation and implementation rules in expenditure part of the state budget, and also by controlling its accomplishment. We should consider budget practice improvement as an important tool for increasing State finance effectiveness. The strong tool for improving budget process and general public finance management quality is establishment of program budgeting principles in the state finance management system, and its main goal is to increase social and economical effectiveness of expenditures. Comparing to the traditional ways, the program budgeting advantage includes fiscal stability raising, perfection of department’s branch effectiveness, and tight connection between the state budget and the strategic missions. Transition to the program budgeting should assist in improvement of state finance system, budget focusing on social-economical development aims, optimal use of available resources for achievement of assigned strategic aims; it should simplify the budget structure, and increase its transparency and availability for every concerned person. M 110 makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi da ekonomikuri keTildReoba irine goCaSvili suxiSvilis universitetis biznesis administrirebis me-3 kursi lali osaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri zrda-ganviTareba miiRweva warmoebisa da kvlavwarmoebis safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gardauvali Sedegia mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba. erTi romelime ekonomikuri maCvenebliT mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gamoxatva SeuZlebelia da amisaTvis gamoiyeneba socialur-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa kompleqsi, igi asaxavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mocemul etapze mosaxleobis erT sulze materialuri dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebis donesa da xarisxs. nebismieri ekonomikuri sistemis dros, nebismier qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis saboloo Sedegebs gviCvenebs iseTi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) wminda erovnuli produqti (wep) mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erovnuli Semosavali (eS) wminda ekonomikuri keTildReoba (wek) erovnuli simdidre (es) mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) gviCvenebs nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis saboloo Sedegebs drois garkveul monakveTSi mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) aris wlis ganmalobaSi ama Tu im qveynis SigniT mTeli warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis da sazRvargareT wasul fizikur da iuridiul pirTa Semosavlebis sabazro Rirebulebis jami. dReisaTvis cnobilia (mep)-is gamoTvlis sami meTodi. warmoebis anu xarjebis mixedviT; Semosavlebis anu ganawilebis mixedviT; saboloo moxmarebis mixedviT warmoebis anu xarjebis mixedviT gamoTvlili mTliani erovnuli produqti aris wlis ganmalobaSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli mTeli saqonlisa da 111 momsaxurebis da sazRvargareT wasul fizikur da iuridiul pirTa Semosavlebis sabazro Rirebulebis jams gamoklebuli Sualeduri moxmarebis produqciis Rirebuleba. anu mep - Sualeduri moxmarebis produqciis Rirebuleba Semosavlebis anu ganawilebis mixedviT gazomili (mep) aris faqtoruli Semosavlebis jami (muSakebis xelfasi, sargebeli firmis mogeba, renta sazRvargareT warmoebuli wminda faqtoruli Semosavlebis jami) saboloo moxmarebis mixedviT gamoTvlili (mep) aris im mTliani saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebulebis jami, romelsac iZenen saojaxo meurneobebi, firmebi da mTavroba. (mep)-is RirebulebiTi maCvenebeli damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor icvleba fulis kursi da ganvmartoT. am momentis gamo aRniSnuli meTodebiT gaangariSebuli (mep) ver asaxavs realur mdgomareobas, amitom realuri mdgomareobis asaxvisaTvis mimarTvaen mep-is gamoTvlis2 meTods nominaluri mep-i realuri mep-i nominaluri mep-i gaiangariSeba mimdinare sabazro fasebiT. realuri fasebiT. mep-i gaiangariSeba sabaziso wlis Sesadari (ucvleli) mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebuli mep-is raodenoba gviCvenebs mosaxleobis keTildReobis dones, magram mTlad zustad ver gviCvenebs qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa sazogadoebis keTildReobis dones Semdegi garemoebebis gamo: mepi-iT gaiangariSeba saboloo produqciis moculoba sabazro fasebiT, romelic xSirad icvleba da amitom ver gamoxatavs realur mdgomareobas mep-Si araa gaTvaliswinebuli qveynis Semosavlebis doneTa uTanabroba. im qveyanaSi, sadac mep-i qveynis moqalaqeebs Soris uTanabrod aris ganawilebuli, am maCveneblis mixedviT mTeli mosaxleobis keTildReobaze laparaki mTlad safuZvliani ar aris, radgan dabalia socialuri viTareba mep-is uTanabro ganawilebis gamo. saboloo produqtze fasebi swrfad icvleba. Tu aviRebT or iseT qveyanas sadac mep-is moculoba erTnairia, davinaxavT rom im qveynebSi sadac fasebi SedarebiT dabalia sazogadoebis keTildReobis done maRalia da piriqiT mep-is maCvenebels erTi erTi xarvezic aqvs – igi moicavs ZiriTad kapitals, Senoba-nagebobebis aRsadgen amortizaciis anaricxebs, rac 112 xelovnurad zrdis mis moculobas wminda erovnuli produqti odenobis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba. (wep) saboloo produqtis realuri wminda erovnuli produqti (wep) aris sxvaoba mTlian erovnul produqtsa da saamortizacio anaricxebis sidides Soris. igi SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegi formuliT: wep = mep _ a (amortizaciis Tanxebi) mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) aris qveynis teritoriis SigniT drois garkveul periodSi mxolod am qveynis warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTliani moculobis sabazro Rirebulebis jami. mSp gviCvenebs ojaxis mier miRebul mTlian Semosavals da ekonomikaSi warmoebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gaweuli xarjebis moculobas mTlian Sida produqtSi, iseve rogorc mep-Si Sedis mxolod axali warmoebis Sedegebi da masSi ar Sedis adre warmoebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi. mTlian Sida produqtSi ar Sedis, agreTve, Sualeduri moxmarebis produqciis Rirebuleba. mSp moicavs xarjebis oTx komponents: moxmarebis xarjebi sainvesticio xarjebi saxelmwifo Sesyidvebze gaweuli xarjebi wminda saeqsporto xarjebi moxmarebis xarjebi Sedgeba saojaxo meurneobebis mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebisagan sainvesticio xarjebis gaweva saWiroa Senobebis, mowyobilobebis da sxva sainvesticio saqonlis SeZenisaTvis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjebi moicavs adgilobrivi Tu feodaluri mTavrobis mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis xarjebs wminda saeqsporto xarjebi wrmoadgens ucxoelTa mier erovnul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gaweul xarjebsa da am qveynis moqalaqeTa mier ucxour saqonelsa da momsaxurebze gaweul xarjebs Soris sxvaobas mSp-s moculoba gamoixateba mimdinare da mudmivi fasebiT, mSp-is moculobas, gamoxatuls mimdinare fasebiT nominaluri mSp-i ewodeba, xolo mudmivi fasebiT gamoxatuls realuri. diagramis saSualebiT gamoxatulia saqarTveloSi mSp-s struqtura da 113 mSp-s ganviTarebis dinamika 2003-2011 wlebSi. bolo aTwleulSi STambeWdavi ekonomikuri zrdis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi kvlav progresis nakleboba igrZnoba, zogierT wamyvan sferoSi. magaliTad, adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT, saqarTvelo amJamad 75e adgilzea 187 qveyanas Soris (gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis angariSebi, 2011). amave dros, ,,cxovrebis xarisxis” msoflio kvlevis mixedviT, romelic sxvadasxva qalaqebis politikur, ekonomiur da socialur-kulturul mdgomareobas iTvaliswinebs, Tbiliss yvelaze dabali reitingi hqonda evropul qalaqebs Soris da 214-e adgilze iyo (www.mercer.ge). erovnuli Semosavali aris erovnuli warmoebidan mirebuli yvela saxis faqtiuri Semosavlis jami _ mogeba, sargebeli, renta, xelfasi. wminda ekonomikuri keTildReoba aris erovnuli warmoebis iseTi zusti maCvenebeli, romelic moicavs moxmarebisa da investiciebis zrdis amsaxvel zogierT metad mniSvnelovan muxls. (wek)-i SedarebiT axali maCvenebelia ekonomikur mecnierebaSi. aq yuradReba eqceva cxovrebis xarisxobriv mdgomareobas, mas kompleqsuri xasiaTi aqvs. adamianTa keTildReobis donis daxasiaTebisaTvis gamoiyeneba 37 114 maCvenebeli. esenia: pirovnuli Tavisufleba, kaloriebis moxmareba, bavSvTa sikvdilianobis done, dasaqmebis done, energetikis moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze, wyliT uzrunvelyofa da a.S. msoflioSi (wek)-is maCvenebeli gaiangariSeba, rogorc mep-s damatebuli fuladi formiT gamoxatuli arasabazro saqmianoba (Crdilovani ekonomika) da Tavisufali dro. wek-s yvelaze zustad gviCvenebs Semdegi maCveneblebi: mosaxleobis Semosavali erT sulze gaangariSebiT, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba da ganaTlebis done. erovnuli simdidre aris sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTeli istoriis manZilze Taobebis mier Seqmnili da dagrovili is materialuri da sulieri dovlaTi da kvlavwarmoebis procesSi CarTuli bunebrivi resursebi, romelsac flobs sazogadoeba mocemuli peroidisTvis. erovnuli simdidris ZiriTadi struqturuli elementebia:qveynis ekonomikaSi arsebuli kapitali, materialuri maragebi da rezervebi, sacxovrebeli fondebi,kulturuli da socialuri daniSnulebis Senoba nagebobebi, xangrZlivi gamoyenebis sayofacxovrebo danisSulebis sagnebi, benebrivi resursebi (CarTuli brunvaSi), mosaxleobis piradi qoneba, sazogadoebis mier dagrovili codna, muSakTa sawarmoo gamocdileba. rogorc aRvniSneT,Oqveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) raodenobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, Tumca, igi ekonomikuri keTildReobis specifikur maCveneblad aris miCneuli, radgan is mxedvelobaSi ar Rebulobs iseT mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs, rogoricaa Tavisufali dro, garemos mdgomareoba, Tavisufleba an socialuri samarTlianoba. cxovrebis donis saerTaSoriso SedarebisaTvis xSirad erT sul masaxleze mSp-s maCvenebels- msyidvelobiTi unaris paritets(ppp), iyeneben. msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti saSualebas iZleva, dadgindes, ramdeni fulia saWiro erTi da imave odenobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. Aamrigad, ppp yvelaze obieqturi sazomia sxvadsaxva qveynis cxovrebis standartebSi gansxvavebis Sesadareblad, radgan es sazomi iTvaliswinebs qveyanSi cxovrebis Rirebulebas da inflaciis maCvenebels da ara gacvliT kurss, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos warmomadgenlobiTi sazomi Semosavlebs Soris realuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. 2011 wlis mdgomareobiT saqarTvelo, romlis erT sulze mSp-is maCvenebli (ppp) 5,459 saerTaSoriso dolars Seadgenda me- 11-e adgilze iyo 181 qveyanas Soris. Ees maCvenebeli bevrad Camouvardeba msoflios saSualo mSp-s erT sulze (ppp), rac amJamad 10,700 saerTaSoriso dolaris tolia. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, saqarTveloSi cxovrebis done msoflios saSualo standartze dabalia. 115 gamoyenebuli literatura: 1.menqiu g. ekonomikis principebi, gamomcemloba“diogene”, Tb.2008w 2. saqarTvelos statistikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebi-2011w, Tb.2012w 3. gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis angariSebi, 2011, Tb.2012w 4. www.eprc.ge 5.www.geostat.ge 6.www.mercer.ge Macro Economical Index and Economical Welfare Irine Gochashvili Resume Above mentioned article is about the development of the country that is determinable according the quantity of inner product, though it is considered as a special index of economical welfare. For comparing of international living standard a one inhabitant, the capacity of buying parity (p.p.p) is used. saqarTvelos sagareo valis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi Sefaseba qeTevan SanSiaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 kursis studenti E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 77 07 72 ioseb falelaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis doqtori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 599 70 40 26 qveynis ekonomikuri keTildReobis gazomvaSi sagareo vals erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs. sagareo vali warmoadgens drois garkveuli momentisTvis saxelmwifo seqtoris (mTavrobis, centraluri da adgilobrivi samTavrobo organizaciebis agreTve, actonomiuri danyofebis, saxelmwifo organizaciebis sawarmoebisa da sxva dawesebulebebis) mier gamoyenebul magram daufarav savalo valdebulebaTa jams. sagareo vali sajaro valis erTerTi Semadgeneli nawilia. igi warmoiSveba maSin roca mTavroba imaze bevrs xarjavs vidre gadasaxcadebidan iRebs. saqarTvelos xelisufleba gvevlineba rogorc msesxeblis aseve kreditoris da garantis rolSi. misi saqmianoba 116 regulirdeba 1998 wlis 5 martis saqarTvelos kanoniT „saxelmwifo valis Sesaxeb.“ sakredito urTierTobebi viTardeba aramarto qveynis SigniT aramed qveynis gareTac anu saxelmwifoTa SoriTac. saerTaSoriso krediti saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sferoSi sasesxo kapitalis moZraobis formaa. saqarTvelos sagarareo valebi moicavs rogorc xelisuflebis mier aRebul kredits aseve misi garantiT aRebul kreditsac. Tavis mxriv, xelisuflebis mier Rebuli krediti ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1. mravalmxrivi krediti; 2. ormxrivi krediti. mravalmxrivi kreditis kreditorebi arian: saerTaSoriso sakredito- safinanso organizaciebi, xolo ormxrivi kreditis - sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebi da iuridiuli pirebi. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos 17 kreditori hyavs, romelTa mimarTac qveynis davalianeba sxvadasxvaa. es qveynebia: avstria, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, irani, ruseTi, uzbekeTi, somxeTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, CineTi, niderandebi, germania, iaponia, quveiTi, aSS, safrangeTi, TurqeTi. saxelmwifo biujetis dasafinanseblad saxsrebis moZieba saerTaSoriso bazrebzec SeuZlia. dafinansebis metad gavrcelebul saSualebebs warmoadgenen msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. aseve evro gaerTianeba, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi, evropis rekonstruqcisa da ganviTarebis banki, azis ganviTarebis banki, msoflio banki-ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso asociacia, msoflio banki-rekonstruqcisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso asociacia, evropis sainvesticio banki, saxelmwifo sagareo vali xan zrdis tendeciT xasiaTdeboda xanac klebiT raTqmaunda sxvadasxva wlebSi. 2003 wlidan saxelmwifo vali koeficientebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, Semdgom wlebSi amas mohyva koeficientebis droebiTi zrda 2008-2010 wlebSi globaluri finansuri ekonomikuri krizisis fonze, romelmac uaryofiTaT imoqmeda ekonomikuri zrdis tempebze, aramarto saqarTveloSi aseve 2008 wlis agvistos ommac imoqmeda saqarTvelos ekonomikaze, romelmac qveyana ukan daswia ekonomikuri siZlieris TvalsazrisiT. valis koeficietebis klebis tendecia gagrZelda 2011 wlidan saqarTveloSi ganaxlebuli swrfi ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi saxelmwifo valis gonivruli marTvidan gamomdinare, romlis mizania saxelmwifo valis SenarCuneba saTanado limitis farglebSi. saxelmwifo kreditis marTvis qveS igulisxmeba saxelmwifos saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia sasesxo kapitalis bazarze axali sesxebisaTvis koniuqturis Seswavlasa da am sesxebis pirobebis damuSavebasTan. igi mocavs agreTve sesxebis konversiisa da konsolidacis, maTi formebisa da sesxebis saxebis gansazRvris, sargeblis procentisa da obligacis kursis dadgenis, axlad gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis kreditorebs Soris ganTavsebis, momsaxurebis xarjebis, daricxva anazRaurebis Taobaze dokumentacis momzadebis, vadadamdgari sesxebis dafarvis wyaroebis gansazRvris da mraval sxva sakiTxs. saxelmwifo valis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba: qveynis gadaxdisunarianobis da likvidurobis maCvenebeli. gadaxdis unarianobaSi 117 igulisxmeba debiTori qveynis unari da SesaZlebloba aRebuli sesxebis maRalefeqtiani gamioyenebis gziT ekonomikis zrdis maRali da stabiluri tempis uzrunvelyofa, razec uSualod damokidebulia saxelmwifo valis drouli gadaxda. rac Sexeba likvidurobas aq igulisxmeba gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg qveyanaSi sakmarisi fuladi saxsrebis arseboba, raTa man droulad dafaros mimdinare savalo valdebulebebi. misi Sefaseba xdeba saxelmwifo valis mimdinare gadasaxdelebis sididesa da qveuanaSi likviduri saxsrebis (saeqsporto Semosavlis, oqrosa da ucxouri valutis rezervebis da sxva) arsebul moclobas Soris SefardebiT. 2013 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavroba didi fiskaluri gamowvevis winaSe dgas. 2013 wels iwyeba sagareo valebis momsaxurebis gadaxda, rac moiTxovs biujetSi Sesabamisi Tanxebis arsebobas. finansTa saministros monacemebiT 2012 wlis 31 oqtombris mdgomareobiT qveynis sagareo vali 4.373.121 000 aSS dolari iyo. mTliani sagareo validan 3.948.848 000 aSS dolaria mTavrobis sagareo vali, xolo 424.273 000 aSs dolari ki saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis. erovnuli bankis mTliani vali saerTaSoriso savaluto fondze modis. garda amisa, 2013 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifos rogorc Sida ise sagareo valdebulebebi 818 mln lariT gaizrdeba. amis Sesaxeb qveynis 2013 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb kanon-proeqtis ganmartebiT baraTSia naTqvami. misi mixedviT 2013 wlisaTvis valdebulebebis cvlileba 281.7 mln lars Seadgens, maT Soris valdebulebebis zrda- 818 mln lars. maTgan sagareo wyaroebidan miRebuli kreditebi 718.0 mln lariT aris gansazRvruli, saidanac 650 mln lari sainvesticio proeqtebis dasafinanseblad miRebuli grZelvadiani SeRavaTiani kreditebia 68 mln lari ki - msoflio bankis sabiujeto daxmareba. rac Seexeba valdebulebebis klebas igi 536.3 mln lariT aris gansazRvruli, saidanac 473 mln lari sagareo valis dafarvaze miemarTeba, xolo 63.3 mln saSinao valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. mouxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo sagareo valis mdgradoba saqarTvelos suverenuli sakredito reitingis Zlieri mxarea, rac aRiarebulia saqarTvelosTan momuSave sareitingo saagentoebis standard a p&rs-is, fitch-is da moody’s-is mier. eqspertTa SefasebiT, mdgomareoba mainc sayuradReboa da xelisuflebam Tu Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi saswrafod ar gaatara, SeiZleba evropis bevri qveynis msgavsad saqarTveloc savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. malxaz Ciqobava, nazira kakulia - ,,makroekonomika~, Tb. 2009 w. 2. a. jibuti – ,,sajaro finansebi~, Tb. 2009 w. 3. samecniero – analitikuri Jurnali - ,,saqarTvelos ekonomika~ #-11 (176) 2012 w. gv. 5-7. 4. mof.ge 118 Modern Condition of Georgia‟s External Debt and its evaluation Ketevan Shanshiashvili Resume One of our country - a long-term priority of a market economy based on sustainable rates of economic growth reach a significant role in the regulation falls within the national debt. State the functions of the executed process often finds himself in a situation when their financial resources are not sufficient to set goals and assignments. Under these conditions the use of domestic and foreign loans to cover the budget deficit, which in turn leads to binding debt tsarmobas. The rapid growth of the national debt has become a major problem in the modern market economy. Hence, the present conditions of study and assessment of external debt, our country is an important issue. The plan was produced by the author of the accounting and paktorbrivi data allows the correct conclusions, which are properly fulfilled its author. antimonopoliuri regulirebis fenomeni da Taviseburebebi oTar vardiaSvili Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis bakalavri [email protected] solomon pavliaSvili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori sabazro urTierTobaTa sistemis regulireba, romlis formirebac xdeba dReisaTvis Cvens qveyanaSi, xorcieldeba rogorc stiqiurad, ise mizanSewonilad. stiqiuri regulireba (anu TviTregulireba) efuZneba obieqtur kanonebs, pirvel rigSi ki moTxovna-miwodebis kanons, aRiarebulia, rom sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri interesebis TvalsazrisiT am kanonebis zemoqmedebas yovelTvis ar moyveba sasurveli dadebiTi efeqti. amitom, sabazro stiqiis negatiur gamovlinebaTa Semcirebis mizniT, aucilebelia TviTregulirebis koreqtireba da misi mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebis zomebiT Sevseba. aseTi zegavlena xorcieldeba ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis daxmarebiT, romlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saxes warmoadgens samarTlebrivi antimonopoliuri regulireba. Mmisi umTavresi daniSnulebaa konkurenciis stimulireba, ekonomikuri procesebis monawileTa mxridan konkurentuli brZolis meqanizmis xelmyofi samarTalsawinaaRmdego saqmianobis Tavidan acileba da aRkveTa. Mmizezs, romelic ganapirobebs saxelmwifos mxridan antimonopoliuri regulirebis zomebis realizebas, warmoadgens sabazro urTierTobaTa konkurenciuli safuZvlebis mxardaWeris aucileblobisadmi sajaro interesi. 119 qveyanaSi srulyofili sabazro ekonomikis Camosayalibeblad aucilebelia konkurenciis dacva, xelSewyoba da ganviTareba. swored amitom, msoflios ganviTarebul saxelmwifoTa erT-erT upirveles amocanas warmoadgenda da dResac warmoadgens samarTlebrivi regulirebis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Sesabamis sasaqonlo bazrebze dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebis gamovlenasa da aRkveTas da keTilsindisieri konkurenciis xelSewyobas. saxelmwifos mxridan konkurenciis mxardaWera obieqturad qmnis monopoliis ganviTarebis winapirobebs. Aamgvari paradoqsaluri urTierTkavSiri SemCneulia jer kidev ekonomikuri Teoriis klasikosebis mier, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom monopoliis niSnebiT trestebis umravlesoba iqmneboda damoukidebel sawarmoTa SeerTebis gziT. A aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifom aramarto xeli Seuwyos keTilsindisier konkurencias, aramed aRkveTos iseTi ekonomikuri saqmianoba, romelic mimarTulia monopolizirebisa da arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisaken. monopoliebi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobisa da adamianTa saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi arsebobda, magram is Sinaarsi, ,,ekonomikuri aRnagoba‟‟ da funqcionirebis xasiaTi, romelic amJamad aqvT, am gaerTianebebma mxolod XX saukuneSi SeiZines. cnobilia bazris struqturis Semdegi tipebi: srulyofili konkurenciis, monopolisturi konkurenciis, oligopoliuri da monopoliuri bazari. sameurneo erTeulTa horizontaluri integrirebis anu dargobrivi monopoliebis ZiriTadi organizaciuli formebia: karteli, sindikati, tresti, koncerni. monopoliis dros fasi, rogorc wesi, ufro maRalia vidre konkurenciis dros (monopoliuri fasi zRvrul fasze maRalia), xolo produqciis warmoeba naklebia. Mmagram monopolists ar SeuZlia ganusazRvrelad gazardos fasi, mas moTxovnis elastiuroba zRudavs. monopoliebis warmoSobas mravali yveyana ewinaaRmdegeba. amJamad monopolia arakanonierad iTvleba, Tumca zogierT monopolias kanoni arsebobis nebas rTavs, maT bunebrivi monopoliebi ewodeba. bunebrivs miekuTvneba sazogdoebrivi sargeblobis sawarmoebi. arasrulyofili konkurencia bazris iseTi struqturaa, sadac gamyidvelebs fasebis dawesebis ufro meti Tavisufleba aqvT, vidre srulyofili konkurenciis dros. Tumca, amasTan erTad, maT ufro naklebi Tavisufleba aqvT, vidre wminda monopoliis dros. Aam Tavisuflebis winapirobaa is, rom saqoneli iyideba monopolisturi konkurenciis an oligopoliis pirobebSi. monopoliebis ekonomikuri potencialisa da gavlenis zrdis kvalobaze 120 sul ufro Zlierdeba maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli negatiuri procesebi. Sesabamisad, Zlierdeba sazogadoebis interesebisadmi monopoliebis dapirispireba da ekonomikur progresze maTi uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba. Aamitom, saxelmwifo iZulebuli xdeba Caerios sameurneo cxovrebaSi. igi sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs axorcielebs srulyofili konkurenciisaTvis (misi maxasiaTeblebisaTvis) mxardaWeris da monopoliebis Zalmomreobisagan misi dacvis mizniT. Aam RonisZiebaTa erTobliobaSi vlindeba saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqcia, romelic Sesabamisi instanciis mier SemuSavebul da damtkicebul kanonebs emyareba. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba e.w. antimonopolias da antitrestul kanonebs, normatiul aqtebs da sxva samarTlebriv dokumentebs. monopoliebis funqcionirebas negatiurTan erTad pozotiuri aspeqtebic aqvs, maT Soris, samecniero-kvleviTi muSaobis masStaburi programebis dafinanseba, mowinave teqnikisa da progresuli teqnologiis farTo danergva, Sromis mecnieruli organizaciisa da sxva siaxleTa gamoyenebis safuZvelze warmoebis efeqtianobis zrda da a.S. amitom, antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas saxelmwifo emyareba am sapirispiro aspeqtebisa da Sesabamisi Sedegebis Tanafardobas. Tu monopoliebis mier srulyofili konkurenciisaTvis miyenebuli ziani aRemateba antimonopoliuri kanondeblobis Sesabamisad maTi funqcionirebis SezRudviT gamowveul zians, maSin aseTi kanonmdebloba da saxelwifos antimonopoliuri politika efeqtiani da ekonomikurad gamarTlebulia, xolo Tu piriqiT xdeba, maSin mizanSewonilia antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobisa da saxelmwifos Sesabamisi politikis gadasinjva. optimaluri antimonopoliuri regulireba, rogorc ekonomikuri politikis sabazo komponenti, Tavisi arsiT, moiTxovs Zalian faqizi balansis dacvas regulirebis tvirTsa da sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris. ucilebelia ucxouri praqtikis Seswavla da Tavisufali konkurenciis rolis Sefaseba ekonomikuri politikis warmatebaSi, agreTve im indikatorebis gamovlena, romlebic adekvaturad asaxaven warmatebis xarisxs 2(60). antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba ver iqneba momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis universaluri instrumenti, magram, igi Seavsebs dargobriv regulaciebs swored arasabazro konkurenciis meTodebis negatiuri gavlenis dasaZlevad. Uufro metic, samomxmareblo uflebebis dacvis Tanamedrove koncefciebi ar Semoifargleba mxolod ,,paternalisturi‟‟ midgomiT, romlis farglebSi, momxmarebeli ganixileba rogorc susti subieqti, romelsac sistematuri mxardaWera sWirdeba misi interesebis dasacavad. bevria argumenti, Tu ratom aris xSir SemTxvevaSi regulireba aucilebeli mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis misaRwevad, Tumca, am argumentebis miRma kvlavac aqtualuri rCeba kanonzomiereba _ rac ufro aqtiuria saxelmwifos maregulirebeli Careva ekonomikaSi, miT ufro didia Secdomis albaToba da ufro savalalo am Secdomis Sedegebi. Aaraefeqtianma 121 regulirebam an mikerZoebulma gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba imaze meti negatiuri efeqti gamoiwvios, vidre absoluturma deregulaciam. amitom, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisufali konkurenciis xelSewyobis sferoSi yvelaze warmatebuli mxolod minimaluri aucilebeli Carevis strategia SeiZleba iyos 2(65). Mmagram, iq, sadac Careva aucilebelia, dauSvebelia arasruli an Sualeduri politikis gatareba. piriqiT, mxolod gaazrebuli, srulfasovani da Tanmimdevruli politika SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli. arasabazro konkurenciis praqtika 4 jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: horizontaluri garigeba _ rodesac bazris ramdenime moTamaSe, romelic msgavs produqts awvdis momxmarebels, Tanxmdeba fasis an produqciis arasabazro moculobis dadgenaze; vertikaluri garigeba _ rodesac miwodebis jaWvis sxvadasxva doneze myofi subieqtebi Tanxmdebian produqciis an momsaxurebis SeZenis da realizaciis arasabazro pirobebze; sabazro Zalauflebis arakeTilsindisieri, monopoliuri gamoyeneba _ rodesac gansakuTrebuli sabazro Zalauflebis an bunebrivi monopoliis mflobeli awesebs arasabazro fass; arasabazro gaerTianeba da STanTqma _ rodesac kompaniebi erTiandebian, an STanTqaven konkurents gansakuTrebuli sabazro Zalauflebis an monopoliis mopovebis mizniT. antimonopoliuri regulirebis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi, erT-erTi ganxilvis sagania karteluri SeTanxmebis monawileTa winaaRmdeg adekvaturi sanqciebis gansazRvra. naTelia, rom Tu amgvari sanqcia srulad ar Seesabameba ekonomikisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis odenobas, maSin antimonopoliuri regulirebis Rirebuleba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, radgan kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri sargeblianobis faqtori. Mmeore mxriv, maregulirebeli valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos monopoliis arapirdapiri negatiuri efeqtis Rirebulebac. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, antimonopoliuri organos amocana SeiZleba iyos ara marto karteluri garigebebis monawileTa dajarimeba, aramed dazaralebul momxmarebelTa xelSewyoba individualuri davebis sawarmoeblad. rogorc wesi, karteluri garigebebi oligopoliur sabazro sistemas axasiaTebs, sadac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebasTan afilirebuli ramdenime kompania axerxebs saerTo enis gamonaxvas arasabazro fasebis dadgenis mizniT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra konkretul gamovlinebas poulobs arasabazro meTodebis gamoyeneba, Sedegad vRebulobT gazrdil ,,tvirTs‟‟ sazogadoebasa da, zogadad ekonomikaze. 2003 wlidan saqarTveloSi antimonopoliuri samsaxuris saqmianoba Seferxda da SemdgomSi gauqmda. 2004 wlamde saqarTvelo sabazro ekonomikis regulirebis iseT institucionalur bazas ayalibebda, romlis msgavsic evropaSi an amerikaSi iyo. saqarTvelos nakisri aqvs valdebulebebi, sakuTari 122 kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb, amdenad evropuli modelidan gadaxveva, qveynis miswrafebas, sakuTari Rirseuli adgili daikavos evropul ojaxSi, seriozuli safrTxis winaSe aynebs.Aantimonopoliuri samsaxuris gauqmebis miznad bazarze konkurenciisaTvis xelSewyoba dasaxelda. Aargumenti ki is iyo, rom monopolia investorisaTvis signalia, rom dargi momgebiania da isini (investorebi) swored amgvar dargebSi ganaTavseben investiciebs. dRes realurad aravin kamaTobs imaze, rom bazari resursebis ganawilebis saukeTeso saSualebaa da rac ufro metad ereva saxelmwifo bazris funqcionirebaSi, miT ufro cudad anawilebs bazari resursebs da resursebis nawili korufciul garigebebs xmardeba. Aamave dros, bazris funqcionirebas axasiaTebs e.w. ,,vardnebi‟‟ da bazari resursebs xSir SemTxvevaSi efeqtianad da, ufro xSirad ki, samarTlianad ver anawilebs, amitom saxelwifos mxridan Careva gardauvalia. Aam yvelafris miuxedavad, saqarTvelos parlamentma gaauqma saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba da mis nacvlad miiRo kanoni ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb‟‟. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtTa arseboba gamonaklisi sulac ar aris da aseT sawarmoebs, realurad, ekonomikis bevr sferoSi SevxvdebiT. saqarTvelos bazari ki imdenad pataraa, rom romelime ucxouri gigantis dainteresebis Sansi mcirea, patara sawarmo ki, konkurencias ver gauwevs ukve Camoyalibebul Zlier kompaniebs. Sedegi sabazo Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis darRvevaa. G gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. gogiaSvili S., fetelava s., konkurencia da antimonopoliuri regulireba, Tb., 2007. 2. Eekonomikuri problemebis kvlevebis centri, Centre for Economic Problems Research, 2012. 3. xaduri n., saqarTvelos ekonomikis deregulirebis makroekonomikuri aspeqtebi, Jurn. ,,ekonomisti‟‟ #1, 2009. Phenomenon and peculiarities of antimonopolic regularities Otar Vardiashvili Resume Holding the competition within the civilized framework is the main priority of the state and the antimonopolic organs. Antimonopolic service is obliged to prevent the occurrence of antisocial monopolism and to count out dishonest methods of competition. The dominant state of economic agent in Georgia’s judicatory system and the existence of market power are not aganst the law. What is aganst the law is the monopolic activity, i.e. if the economic agent takes advantage of his market power in order not to admit or to restrict competition. 123 mcire biznesis arsi da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSi M nino berozaSvili, mariam gagloSvili sajaro mmarTvelobis I kursis studentebi Mmedea pavliaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, asocirebuli profesori Email: [email protected], Tel: 595 771 55 jer kidev uZvelesi droidan adamianebis marTvაs miiCnevdnen yvelaze rTul da amaRlebul xelovnebad. marTlac dReisaTvis mewarmisa da biznesmenis profesia metad rTuli saqmea. am profesias uwodeben kompleqsurs, imitom rom is adamianisagan moiTxovs mravali da gansxvavebuli siaxleebis SemuSavebisa da winaswarxedvis unaris flobas. warmatebuli biznesis Seqmnis ambiciis mqone adamianma unda icodes TiTqmis yvelaferi _ dawyebuli marketingisa da menejmentis saidumloebebidan _ finansuri mecnierebis niuansebamde, Tanamedrove warmoebis organizaciis meTodebidan adamianis fsiqologiis saidumloebebamde. adamianTa yoveldRiur yofaSi damkvidrda sityva `biznesi~, romelsac aqvs mravali saintereso etimologiuri ganmarteba. `biznesis~ısamSoblod aRiarebulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. dReisaTvis am terminma mTeli msoflio moicva da uamravi monaTesave terminTa mniSvneloba SeiTavsa; is aris profesia, saqme, mewarmeoba, garigeba, saqmiani wreebi, saqmiani cxovreba, ubralod Semosavlis wyaro da a.S. amdenadĐ`biznesi~ niSnavs saqmianobas, romelic efuZneba mravalmxriv urTierTobebs da iZleva mogebas, Semosavals. es aris adamianis potencialis realizacia ekonomikur aspeqtSi.Bbiznesmenis saqmianobis ZiriTadi motivia mogebis miReba, romelic gviCvenebs biznesmenis saqmianobis efeqtianobas. Aarsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi, romlis Tanaxmad: _ biznesi _ es aris saqmis gaZRolis sistema da adamianebisaTvis saWiro produqciisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba. biznesi - sxva araferia, Tu ara samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, sabanko, iuridiuli konsultaciis, samecniero kvleviT da sacdelsakonstruqturo dawesebulebis, sagamomcemlo, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo da sxva saxis sawarmos Tu dawesebulebis Seqmna. `biznesi aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba (ganawileba, gacvla, moxmareba) mogebis miRebis mizniT~. (oTinaSvili 2010:133). biznesi warmoebis organizaciis, marTvisa da analizis axali safexuria, warmoebis organizaciis uaxlesi stadiaa, romelic dakavSirebulia kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobasTan, xorcieldeba konkurenciis pirobebSi da dakavSirebulia riskTan~. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 14). `biznesi aris sameurneo saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad dovlaTi an misi nawili iwarmoeba ara sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvlelad da am gziT raime sargeblis miRebisaTvis. ufro mokled, biznesi farTo gagebiT aris saqonelwarmoeba~. (samadaSvili 2009: 19). `biznesi aris damoukidebeli, sakuTari riskiT ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba, romelic mimarTulia mogebis sistematiur miRebaze qonebis gamoyenebis, saqonlis gayidvis, samuSaos Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis gawevis gziT im pirebis mier, romlebic 124 daregistrirebulni arian dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad.”(mesxia 2011:21). Cven migvaCnia, rom biznesi aris winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba, urTierTobaTa erToblioba, romelsac moaqvs individis materialuri da sulieriı moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavali, is amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis Tvisebis matarebelicaa, radganac yoveli ıindividis kanonieri interesebis dakmayofileba aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis interesebsac. `biznesi~ da `ekonomika~ urTierT dakavSirebuli cnebebia. ,,ekonomika~ ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre ”biznesi”, is moicavs mikro, makro, mezo da megaekonomikur doneebs.. `biznesi~ aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ufro konkretuli forma, romelic viTardeba gansazRvrul subieqtebs Soris, individualuri da jgufuri konkurenciis safuZvelze. `ekonomikisaTvis~ ara aqvs mniSvneloba konkurentul urTierTobaSi myofi subieqtebis xasiaTs. igi yuradRebas afiqsirebs am urTierTobaTa mxolod arsebobaze, SemoisazRvreba miTiTebebiT konkurenciis aucileblobaze. “biznesisaTvis” ki mniSvnelovania konkurenciaSi gasamarjveblad konkretuli brZolis meTodebis gamoyeneba. “ekonomika” mxolod afiqsirebs samarTlebrivi normebis arsebobas, “biznesisaTvis” isini warmoadgenen moqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors. bizness gaaCnia strategia da taqtika. biznesis strategia mdgomareobs mogebis maqsimizaciaSi, misi eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebis dacvis gziT. taqtikuri mizania strategiuli mimarTulebis realizacia konkretuli xerxebis da meTodebis gamoyenebiT. biznesSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs Seadgenen misi subieqtebi, romlebSic, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, igulisxmebian biznesis uflebebisa da movaleobebis matareblebi: _ mewarmeebi, anu is pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben iniciativianinovaciur saqmianobas, TavianTi riskiT, iuridiuli da ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobiT; _ samewarmeo asociaciebi da mewarmeobrivi koleqtivebi; produqciisa da momsaxurebis individualuri da koleqtiuri momxmareblebi, momxmarebelTa kavSirebi da asociaciebi; saxelmwifos is struqturebi, romlebic biznesis procesSi SemkveTis rolSi gamodian. (Sengelia 2008:32) unda aRiniSnos, rom terminebi “biznesi” da “mewarmeoba” Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTTan axlos dganan. AamasTan, cneba “biznesi” gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre “mewarmeoba”. biznesis amosavali wertilia mewarmeoba. dReisaTvis Zalzed rTulia da TiTqmis arc arsebobs mewarmeobis aRiarebuli gansazRvreba. Sumpeteris azriT `iyo mewarme niSnavs akeTo is, rasac sxvebi akeTeben da ara ise, rogorc sxvebi akeTeben, aramed, mewarme aris Semoqmedi, mngreveli, romelic amsxvrevs Zvel wesebs, magram amavdroulad qmnis axals.~ (Sumpeteri 2007: 48) Tanamedrove menejmentis mamis p. drukeris azriT mewarmeoba araa arc mecniereba da arc xelovneba. esaa konkretuli saqmianoba, romlis mizania mogebasTan erTad siaxleebis danergva, misi moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi. (drukeri 1992:36). Mman gamijna erTmaneTisagan cnebebi mewarmeoba da biznesi. Tu pirvels man miakuTvna SemoqmedebiTi, siaxleebis matarebeli saqmianoba, 125 meores miakuTvna Sablonuri rutinuli saqmianoba. ekonomikur literaturaSi ganixileba biznesis sami ZiriTadi zoma: mcire, saSualo da msxvili, Tumca msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciam Seqmna biznesis sruliad axali forma, saerTaSoriso, anu globaluri biznesi. amdenad, dRes sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi biznesi funqcionirebs mcire, saSualo, msxvili da globaluri biznesis formiT. biznesis Aam formebs Seesabameba mcire, saSualo, msxvili sawarmoebi da transnacionaluri korporaciebi. (abesaZe . . .2008: 9) biznesis mocemul formaTagan mcire biznesi Tavisi moculobiT ekonomikis erT-erT umsxviles seqtors warmoadgens. Đigi rogorc biznessistemis, aseve mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis formirebis, ganviTarebisa da stabilurobis erT-erTi pirvelwyaroa. nebismieri qveynis aRorZineba SeuZlebelia ekonomikis mocemuli seqtoris Sesabamisi ganviTarebis gareSe, radganac mcire mewarmeoba warmoadgens im mZlavr segments, romelic SemdgomSi iwvevs qveynis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas. mcire biznesis ganviTareba pasuxobs moqnili Sereuli ekonomikis formirebis zogadmsoflio tendenciebs, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebisa da maTi adekvaturi meurneobis modelebis SeTanawyobas, romlebSic realizdeba konkurenciuli sabazro meqanizmisa da msxvili, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebis saxelmwifo regulirebis rTuli sinTezi. mcire biznesi, rogorc termini, warmodgeba ara iqidan, rom mcire biznesi erTobliobaSi produqciis mcire raodenobas qmnis, aramed iqidan, rom mis organizaciul formas warmoadgens mcire sawarmo. ganviTarebuli qveynebis monacemebi mowmobs, rom mcire biznesSi iwarmoeba am qveynebis mSp-is naxevarze meti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom amJamad aSS-sa da germaniaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi iqmneba mTliani Sida produqtis 50-52%, iaponiaSi – 52-55%, safrangeTSi – 55-62%, did britaneTSi – 50-53%, italiaSi_ 57-60%, evrokavSiris qveynebSi – 63-67%; mcire da saSualo sawarmoebze modis mrewvelobis gayidvaTa saerTo moculobis 50%, momsaxurebis sferoSi 67%, mSeneblobasa da vaWrobaSi – 90%. Aaranakleb sayuradReboa, rom mcire biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis sagrZnobi nawili. kerZod germaniaSi mcire sawarmoebSi muSaobs samuSao Zalis 46%, did britaneTSi – 49%, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si -54%, italiaSi– 73%, iaponiaSi – 78,8%. (SurRaia 2010:141). pirveli werilobiTi wyaro mcire biznesis Sesaxeb gaCnda 4000 wlis win. es iyo imis aRwera, Tu rogor iZleodnen bankirebi sesxs procentiT. am droidan moyolebuli mewarmeebma uTvalavi dro daxarjes, raTa TavianTi produqcia da momsaxureba miewodebinaT momxmareblisaTvis. (siropolisi 1996: 37) mcire biznesi TiTqmis yvela uZveles kulturaSi yvaoda. arabebi, babilonelebi, egviptelebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, finikielebi da romaelebi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen am saqmeSi. 1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi mcire biznesis prestiJma mTels msoflioSi daiwyo amaRleba, rac gamowveuli iyo mis mier axali teqnologiebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis unariT. saqarTveloSi 2002 wlis 4 ivliss miRebuli kanoniT `mcire sawarmoTa mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ mcire sawarmod iTvleboda yvela saxis organizaciul126 samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSic dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateboda 20 kacs da wliuri brunva Seadgenda 500 000 lars. aRniSnuli kanoni gauqmda 2006 wels da 2011 wlamde saqarTveloSi ar moqmedebda normatiuli aqti, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda mcire biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas. TumcaRa kanonSi `saqarTvelos erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos Sesaxeb~ mocemuli iyo mxolod mcire biznesis definicia. 2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, mcire bizness miekuTvneba fizikuri piris saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac ar aRemateba 100 aTas lars. sabazro meqanizmis sferoSi mcire biznesis roli imaSi vlindeba, rom igi axerxebs brZolas monopoliasTan, rasac aRwevs cvalebad sazogadoebriv moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobiT. mcire biznesis amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis srulyofili bazris Camoyalibebas. igi aris sabazro sistemis pirvelwyaro, romelic funqcionirebs ekonomikis nebismier seqtorSi da mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs, mTliani erovnuli produqtis struqturas, dasaqmebis zrdas, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali saxeebis warmoSobasa da momxmarebelze miwodebas. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. abesaZe ramaz, kakulia eTeri, “mcire biznesis makroekonomikuri regulirebis meqanizmi saqarTveloSi”. Paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.; 2008 2. globalizacia da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba: gamowvevebi da SesaZleblobebi, gamomcemloba “universali” Tb.;2008 3. erqomaiSvili gulnazi, “mewarmeobis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi”, Tb.;2004 4. mesxia i. xmalaZe k. “mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis makroekonomikuri problemebi”, Tb.;2007 The sence and Importance of Small Business in the Contemporary market System Nino Berozashvili, Mariam Gagloshvili Resume Georgia will develop purposeful and oriented on result economic and social politics at all stages of political developing. Its directions foresee country and separate regional level to increase the gross domestic product of country, to use potential optimal of regional enterprise, to increase purchasing ability of population, to improve international image. On the contemporary level in Georgia developing social programs, which are directed to overcome poverty, it is natural, that by one-time compensations and helpings it is impossible, it must implement by actual employment, which relates to expedited development of business and raising. According to above mentioned, we consider, that the main function of Georgian State is to contribute of business. According to geographic and farming features of country, natural resources diversity, take into account traditions, we consider, that to develop small business it is perspective. 127 ucxouri investiciebi da globaluri ekonomika mzia CxartiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti biznesis administrirebis III kursi xelmZRvaneli: medea pavliaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, asocirebuli profesori Email: [email protected], Tel: 595 771 553 ekonomikis globalizacia Tanamedrove moflios erT-erTi ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa. igi erTmaneTTan aaxloebs da urTierTdamokidebuls xdis qveynebs. Gglobalizaciis pirobebSi izrdeba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi. Aam procesSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba adgilobrivi da ucxouri kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobas ,mis xelmisawvdomobas, misTvis sasurveli garemos Seqmnas. globalizacia sameurneo cxovrebis internacionalizaciis Tanamedrove rTuli formaa. swored bolo wlebSi, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dagrovilma raodenobrivma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia Tvisebrivi naxtomi, ekonomikurma cxovrebam axali Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva SeiZina. Uucxouri inveticiebis dros kapitali gadis qveynis sazRvrebs gareT. E procesi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba saqonlis gadadadgilebisagan, romelic sxvadasxva siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Mmag, sabaJo formalobaTa Sesruleba, transportireba da sxva. aRniSnulis gamo, ucxouri investiciebi sul ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi. gamoyofen ekonomikuri saqmianobis globalizaciis Semdeg ZiriTad formebs: 1. saerTaSoriso vaWroba (saqonlis, momsaxurebiT, teqnologiebiT, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebiT); 2. warmoebis faqtorebis saerTaSoriso moZraoba (pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saxis mqone kapitals; samuSao Zalis – rogorc arakvalificiuri da naklebad kvalificiuri muSebis stiqiuri migraciis, ise `gonebis gaJonvis~ saxiT); 3. saerTaSoriso finansuri operaciebi (portfeluri ucxouri investiciebi, kreditebi, sawarmoo finansuri instrumentebi: fiuCersebi, opcionebi, savaluto operaciebi). rogorc cnobilia, bolo wlebSi arsebiTad Seicvala aRniSnul formebs Soris Tanafardoba. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom aRniSnul sam mimarTulebas Soris yvelaze swrafad izrdeba saerTaSoriso finansuri operaciebis moculoba, Semdeg – kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba (pirdapiri investiciebi) da, bolos, saerTaSoriso vaWroba. ekonomikis globalizaciaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobs ara saerTaSoriso finansuri operaciebi, aramed swored kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba. globalizaciis safuZveli, misi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala da mTeli Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso ekonomikis xerxemali transnacionaluri korporaciebia (tnk). maTi pirdapiri sazRvargareTuli investiciebi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSoben mravali erovnuli meurneobis SeerTebaSi da integrirebuli internacionaluri sawarmoo sistemis – globalizebadi 128 msoflio ekonomikis mwarmoebluri birTvis SeqmnaSi. transnacionaluri korporaciebi Seqmnilia erTi qveynis kapitaliTa da mmarTvelobiTi kontroliT. tnk-is meTauri kompania ganlagebulia bazirebis qveyanaSi, xolo Svilobili kompaniebi da filialebi _ mTel msoflioSi. Ppirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi tnk-is ucxoeTSi saqmianobis safuZvelia. TviT tnk-is warmoqmna da swrafi ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxda pirdapiri investiciebis farTomasStabiani eqsportisa da amis safuZvelze saerTaSoriso warmoebis aRmocenebis Sedegad. Ppirdapiri investiciebi gamoiyeneba axali sawarmoebis asaSeneblad da arsebulis Sesasyidad an STanTqmisaTvis. tnk-is maxasiaTebeli niSnebia: wliuri brunva (gayidvebis moculoba) 1 miliard dolarze meti; filialebi ara nakleb 6 qveyanaSi; ucxouri aqtivebis wili yvela aqtivis mTlian RirebulebaSi-ara nakleb 25-30 %; sagareo operaciebis moculoba saqonelbrunvis mTlian moculobaSi anu realizacia rezidenti qveynis farglebs gareT ara nakleb 1/5 _ 1/3. tnk-ebma Tavisi arsebobis periodSi seriozuli evolucia ganicades. amJamad viTardebian mexuTe Taobis tnk-ebi, romlebic ara marto msoflio meurneobis damoukidebeli subieqtebi arian, aramed, agreTve, saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad moqmedeben. kapitalis gatana daiwyo mTavrobebisa da firmebisaTvis kreditebis, mowyobilobebis miwodebiT da investorebisaTvis mimzidveli, sazRvargareT arsebuli sawarmoebis, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabadoebisa da a.S. SeZeniT. man istoriulad mokle vadaSi arsebiTad gaafarTova Tavisi formebisa da mimarTulebebis wre. ucxouri investiciebis yvelaze `energiulad~ ganviTarebadi formaa ama Tu im qveyanaSi transerovnuli korporaciebis filialebis Seqmna. amJamad maTi jamuri kapitali fantastikuri TanxiT – 9 trln. dolariT fasdeba, dagrovili pirdapiri sazRvargareTuli investiciebis mTlianma Tanxam ki jer kidev 1996 wels gadaaWaraba 3,2 trln dolars. amrigad, ucxouri investiciebi uzarmazar gavlenas axdenen ekonomikis mdgomareobaze, misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebsa da zrdis tempebze. aseve aSkaraa maTi urTierTkavSiri, rac araerT aspeqtSi vlindeba: 1. ucxouri investiciebi dRes sagareo bazrebze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mowodebis mTavari instrumenti da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sferoa. isini sul ufro mzard gavlenas axdenen msoflio kavSirebis masStabebze, mimarTulebebsa da struqturaze. aseT viTarebaSi sagareo vaWrobaze did gavlenas axdens ucxouri investiciebis regulirebac; 2. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi ucxouri investiciebis rols sul ufro meti qveyana aRiarebs. amave dros, ucxouri investiciebis nakadebis masStabebze, mimarTulebebsa da struqturaze gavlenas axdens sagareo vaWroba da sagareo savaWro politika. sagareo vaWrobisa da ucxouri investiciebis urTierTkavSiri vlindeba internacionalizaciis procesSi. ekonomikis realur seqtorSi firmebi, rogorc wesi, saqmianobas iwyeben saqonlis warmoebiT da saSinao bazarze misi realizaciiT. internacionalizaciisken gadadgmuli maTi pirveli 129 nabijia saqonlis eqsporti, gamsaRebeli filialebis Seqmna sazRvargareT, licenzireba da ucxour partniorebTan sakontaqto urTierTobaTa sxva formebi. mxolod amis Semdeg xdeba sazRvargareTul warmoebaSi pirdapir investirebaze gadasvla. ucxouri investiciebis gamoyeneba mravalwaxnagovani movlenaa. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi ucxouri sesxebisa da kreditebisgan gansxvavebiT damatebiT sawarmoo moTxovnas warmoqmnis erovnul bazarze da xels uwyobs finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis stabilizacias recipient (mimReb) qveyanaSi. ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis msoflio praqtikis Sesabamisad, miznobriv normativad, rogorc wesi, investiciebis mTlian moculobaSi maTi xvedriTi wonis 10%-s iReben. amas gansazRvravs kapitalis msoflio bazris mdgomareoba, mZafri konkurencia da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis sazRvrebi. cnobilia, rom pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli ganviTarebul qveynebSi: maTze modis sazRvargareT dabandebuli kapitalis 91%, TviT am qveynebSi ki ucxour investiciaTa 70%-ia dabandebuli. Tumca aqve aRvniSnavT, rom bolo wlebSi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi meti dabandebebi xorcieldeba, vidre adre. saerTaSoriso korporaciebi eZeben iseT bazrebs, romlebic xelsayrelia da maT aqcionerebs maRal Semosavals hpirdeba, Tumca am qveynebs stabiluri demokratiuli ganviTarebis didi istoria ara aqvT da, SeiZleba iTqvas, igi Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia. Ggardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi, iseTi rogorc saqarTveloa, nela viTardeba mcire da saSualo biznesi, maRalia umuSevrobis done, dabalia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebeli da Sesabamisad Sromis anazRaureba, rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis danazogebis simcires da qveyanaSi mwiri adgilobrivi kapitaldabandebebis ESesaZleblobas. dRes, mimdinare kapitalis moZraobis saerTaSoriso procesi mWidro kavSirSia mowinave teqnologiebis, sxvadasxva dargSi mecnieruli miRwevebis gavrcelebasa da danergvasTan, rac aucilebelia saqarTvelos ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. Aarada, msoflioSi mimdinare globalizacia xels uwyobs calkeuli qveynis am procesSi sxvadasxva saSualebebiT CarTvas. aseTi saSualeba investiciebia, romelic qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis stimulad unda iqces. Lgamoyenebuli literatura: 1. yorRanaSvili l., samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. Tb, saerTaSoriso 2006 biznesis organizaciul- 2. Sengelia T., biznesi da globalizacia. Tb, 2011 3. Sengelia T., saerTaSoriso biznesi. Tb, 2012 4. grifini p., pastei m., saerTaSoriso biznesi. inglisuridan Targmani. 2006. 5. Mpoliakova v., msoflio ekonomika da saerTaSoriso biznesi. 2008 130 Foreign Investments and Ghlobal Economics MMzia Chkhartishvili Resume At the time of attracting foreign investments the country should use flexible politics, which will combine effective control with awarding measures. Such control means purposeful formation of organizational-legal prerequisites of convenient investment environment. mwvane ekonomika da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi mariam jRiraZeM goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti sabuRaltro da sagadasaxado saqme E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 54 12 55 naTia iluriZe, biznesis administrireba da marTva E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 89 97 77 xelmZRvaneli: asoc.profesori maka sosaniZe gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi arsebuli garemos progrmis Tanaxmad, mwvane ekonomika adamianebis keTildReobisa da socialuri Tanasworobis mTavari Sedegia, rameTu is aris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis is modeli, romelic damyarebulia mdgrad ganviTarebasa da ekologiuri ekonomikis codnaze. Mmwvane ekonomika ekonomikis sxva dargebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom pirdapir afasebs qveynis bunebriv kapitals, romelsac aqvs ekonomikuri Rirebuleba. mwvane ekonomika qmnis mwvane samuSao adgilebs, uzrunvelyofs realur, mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebas da amcirebs garemos dabinZurebas, globalur daTbobas, garemos degradacias da aferxebs resursebis gamolevis saSiSroebas. Mmwvane ekonomika stimuls aZlevs da mitivacias uqmnis bizness, awarmoos mwvane produqti da momsaxureba. mwvane ekonomika saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtors erTmaneTisagan ar mijnavs. igi cdilobs moZebnos ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis pozitiuri alternativa. Mmwvane ekonomikis mTavari regulatori ara saxelmwifo an kerZo biznesia, aramed sazodadoeba, romelic irCevs da Tavad marTavs mas. mravali specialistis azriT, mwvane ekonomika eqvs mTavar seqtors moicavs: 1. ganaxlebadi energia (mzis, qaris, geoTermuli, sazRvao, maT Soris talRebis, biogazis da siTburi ujredebis energia); 2. mwvane Senobebi produqtebi da masalebi); (energies mwvane modifikatorebi, mwvane 3. sufTa trasporti (alternatiuli sawvavi, sazogadoebrivi transporti, hibriduli da eleqtro satransporto saSualebebi); 4. wylis menejmenti (wylis da wvimis gamwmendi sistemebi, 131 Sida wylis landSafti, wylis gamoyeneba); 5. narCenebis menejmenti (utilizacia, municipaluri narCenebis masalebis gamoyeneba, niadagis nayofierebis gaumjobeseba, gawmenda); 6. miwis menejmenti (organuli soflis meurneoba, urbanuli tyeebi da parkebi, tyis ganaSenianeba). gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis garemos programis farglebSi 2008 wels Seiqmna mwvane ekonomikis iniciativa, romelic ramdenime komponents moicavs. maTi erToblivi mizani mwvane seqtorSi mimdinare sainvesticio da reformebis politikis makroekonomikuri analizia. mocemuli iniciativis farglebSi dagegmilia ramdenime saxis saqmianoba, kerZod: 1. mwvane ekonomikis angariSis momzadeba, sadac gaanalizebuli iqneba mwvane seqtorSi Cadebuli investiciebis Sedegebis gavlena makroekonomikasa, mdgrad ganviTarebasa da siRaribis Semcirebaze; 2. sakonsultacio momsaxurebis ganxorcieleba calkeuli komponentebis gaumjobesebis mizniT; mwvane ekonomikis 3. samizne kvlevebis Catarebis mizniT, mravali mxaris CarTulobis uzrunvelyofa, maT Soris arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, biznesisa da nebismieri daiteresebuli partniorobisa. ekonomikis gamwvaneba mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels ekonomikur gajansaRebas, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, socialuri uTanasworobisa da garemos gamowvevebis aRmofxvras. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis warmomgidgenT ramdenime ganviTarebadi qveynis magaliTs, sadac ,,mwvane ekonomika‟‟ warmatebiT ganxorcielda: ganaxlebadi energia CineTSi. CineTSi warmatebulad xorcieldeba ganaxlebadi energies wyarobis moZieba. Aam sferoSi mniSvnelovani moculobis investiciebi iqna mimarTuli. Ggegmis Tanaxmad, CineTis mTavroba imedovnebs, rom 2020 wlisaTvis ZiriTadi energiis daaxloebiT 16%-s swored rom ganaxlebadi wyaroebi awarmoeben. organuli soflis meurneoba ugandaSi. ugandaSi mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga soflis meurneobis warmoebis organuli fermeruli meurneobiT Canacvlebis mizniT, rac Zalzed momgebiania rogorc qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, aseve sazogadoebisa da garemosaTvis. Uuaryofilia iseTi sinTetikuri masalebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa Sxam-qimekatebi, pesticidebi da sasuqi. uganda aseve yvelaze mcire raodenobis sasuqs moixmars msoflioSi. ekologiurad sufTa infrastruqtura indoeTSi. indoeTis urbanuli ganviTarebis saministros mier xorcieldeba specialuri programa, romelic gamiznulia ekologiurad sufTa infrastruqturis Seqmnasa da gaumjobesebaze. 132 tyeebis marTva nepalSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom nepalis teritoriis (xmeleTis) daaxloebiT 40%-s tyebi moicavs. qveyanaSi Seqmnilia satyeo meurneobis specialuri jgufi, romelic marTavs da Tvalyurs adevnebs satyeo resursebs. organuli meurneoba kubaSi. aSS-sa da kubas Soris arsebuli embargos Sedegad kubaSi navTobis, pesticidebisa da sasuqis naklebobaa. Amitomac meurneobebi Tavad zrunaven sakuTar produqciaze. aRniSnuli ekonomikuri faqtorebis gamo isini bevrad ufro ,,mwvane meurneobas‟‟ axorcieleben. globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis dros, gaeros globaluri programis farglebSi, saxelmwifoebs rekomendacia gaewiaT moexdinaT ekonomikuri transformacia mwvane ekonomikisaken. Seiqmna ekonomikuri stimulirebis paketebi, rac ramdenime komponents iTvaliswinebs: ganaxlebad energiaze gadasvla; mdgradi satransporto saSualebebis gazrda; mdgradi soflis meurneobis, organuli warmoebis mxardaWera; ekologiuri infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba. naTelia rom mwvane ekonomika ar arsi abstraqtuli koncefcia, is realobaa, rasac namdvilad samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da ekonomikuri zrdisken mivyavarT. sufTa energies gegmis SemuSavebsas, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, kerZod kaliforniis StatSi 500,000 axali mwvane samuSao adgili Seiqmna. rogorc vxedavT, msoflio finansuri krizisis drosac ki mwvane seqtorSi samuSao adgilebi iqmneba. mwvane ekonomika aqtiurad vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi, aucilebelia yvela qveyana aqtiurad Caebas am uwyvet procesSi, Soris saqarTveloSic. saqarTvelosaTvis mwvane zrda niSnavs misi mdidari bunebrivi, kulturuli da adamianuri kapitalis gaxsnas axali biznesSesaZleblobebisaTvis, romlebic ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenen da imavdroulad, imis uzrunvelyofas, rom es aqtivebi ar Sewyveten resursebisa da momsaxurebis miwodebas, rasac emyareba Cveni keTildReoba. mwvane zrdis iniciativa warmoadgens Semdgom nabijs mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzaze, rac xels uwyobs rogorc ekonomikur zrdas da siRaribesTan brZolas, aseve globaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebis dacvas (mag. Bbiomravalferovnebis dacvisa da klimatis cvlilebasTan brZolis saSualebiT). swored amitom rogorc mimdinare tendenciebi aCvenebs, msoflios bevri qveyana aqtiurad miiswrafis mwvane ekonomikis danergvisaken. mwvane ekonomika aris 21-e saukunis biznes SesaZlebloba. Ggamomdinare iqidan, rom msoflios mosaxleoba mudmivad izrdeba, maSin rodesac bunebrivi resursebis moculoba igive rCeba da mcirdeba kidec, mwvane biznesis ganxorcieleba aqtualuria rogorc arasodes. G 133 gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis garemos ekonomikis angariSi (2010) oficialuri veb-misamarTi: programa. mwvane http://www.unep.org/GreenEconomy/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JvDFtjopXsA%3d&tabid=135 0&language=en-US 2. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis garemos ganviTarebuli qveynebis magaliTebi (2010). veb-misamarTi: programa. http://www.unep.org/pdf/GreenEconomy_SuccessStories.pdf 3. mwvane ekonomikis http://greeneconomics.org.uk instituti. oficialuri veb-misamarTi: 4. saerTaSoriso Jurnali mwvane ekonomikis Sesaxeb. Ooficialuri veb-gverdi: http://www.inderscience.com/ijge 5. mwvane ekonomisti. http://www.greeneconomist.org 6. Ooficialuri veb-gverdi: mwvane saqarTvelo: http://greengeorgia.ge/?q=ka/about Green economy and the prospects of its development Mariam Jgiradze Natia Iluridze Resume Green economy is the main result of human well-being and social equity. Green economy creates green jobs, provides real, sustainable economic development and reduces environmental pollution, global warming, and environmental degradation. It stimulates and creates an incentive for businesses to produce green products and services. A green economy are distributed around the world, all countries need to actively engage in a continuous process. Green growth means to open of its rich natural, cultural and human capital for new business opportunities For Georgia. 134 barambos Sokoladi qarTul bazarze Teona gogiSvili, rusudan xeTaguri suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti biznesi da marTva II kursi E-mail: [email protected] xelmZRvaneli: asoc. profesori maka sosaniZe mas xSirad moixsenieben rogorc mefeTa sasmels. misi dagemovneba yvelas surs da dagemovnebis Semdeg kidev da kidev am aromatis SegrZneba. saerTaSoriso Sokoladis kakaos gayidvebi organizacia msoflioSi miaxloebiTi 2009 wels angariSiT iyo 74.45 adgens, mlrd. rom dolari. Sokoladis moxmareba erT sulze qvynebis mix 2009w (kg/weliwadSi): germania 11.12kg, belgia - 11.03kg, Sveicaria - 10.74 kg, gaerTianebuli samefo - 10.22 kg, avstria - 9.43 kg. evropis masStabiT Sokoladis yvelaze didi bazrebia: gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, safrangeTi. 2009 wlis monacemebiT erTi adamianis mier gaweulma xarjma Sokoladze saSualod Seadgina: SveicariaSi - $206, inglisSi - $106, belgiaSi - $90, aSS-Si - $55, argentinaSi - $35. Cvens qveyanaSi bolo periodamde qarTuli Sokoladis bazari mxolod importuli produqciiT iyo warmodgenili.mesame welia, rac qarTul bazarze sakonditro qarxana «barambo» gamoCnda. Tumca qarTuli Sokoladis istoria mxolod «baramboTi» ar Semoifargleba. 2009 wels «barambos» qarxnis mSenebloba 100%-iT qarTuli investiciiT ganxorcielda, ramac 30 mln. dolari Seadgina, xolo manqana-danadgarebi ZiriTadad germaniidan Camoitanes. Sokoladis «barambo» xazi belgiuria, xolo SesafuTi masalebi italiuri. Tanamedrove evropuli teqnologiebis mqone pirveli sakonditro kompaniaa amierkavkasiaSi, romelic mravalferovani asortimentiT gamoirCeva. igi 2009 wlis 11 marts daarsda, xolo bazarze 2010 wlis 8 Tebervals gamoCnda. qarxana sofel nataxtarSi mdebareobs. ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasiaSi ar arsebobs aseTi simZlavrisa da teqnologiebiT aRWurvili Sokoladisa da tkbileulis fabrika, rogoric "baramboa". «barambos» produqcia nebismieri momxmarebelzea orientirebuli. dolaris Rirebulebisaa, asakisa Tu Semosavlebis adgilobrivi tkbileulis bazari 100mln. romelic TiTqmis produqcias ekava «barambos” gamoCenamde. mTlianad importirebul TiTqmis 15-wliani pauzis Semdeg bazarze isev gamoCnda adgilobrivi warmoebis Sokoladi da karameli, amitom "barambom" swrafad daipyro momxmareblis guli da bazris didi wili. 135 TiTqmis karameli, yvela amitom bavSvs yvela uyvars tkbileuli, ocnebobs erTxel Sokoladi mainc iqneba moxvdes es iq, Tu sadac tkbileulis uricxvi raodenobaa, Tumca aseTi survili SesaZloa ufrosebsac hqondeT. sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, barambo “tkbili mols, futkarTmolis niSnavs anu esaa adgili, sadac Sromismoyvare mwerebi Taflis damzadebaze muSaoben - es adgili zedmiwevniT zustad amarTlebs mis saxelwodebas, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom aq adamianebi amzadeben TafliviT tkbilsa da sasargeblo produqcias qarTuli saxelwodebiT - "barambo". “barambmo” gamoirCeva Tavisi mravalferovani asortimentiT: Sokoladis fila, Sokoladis batoni, sxvadasxva Sokoladis kanfeti, asorti, karamelis kanfeti da sxv. Catarebuli iqna qarTuli Sokoladis bazris mdgomareobis gamokvleva. gamokiTxul iqna orasamde adamiani ,maT Soris rogorc uSualod kiTxvarebiT agreTve onlain gamokiTxviT saitze conference.ge kvlevis Sedegebi aseTia: 1) Sokoladis nawarmis yidvis intensivoba yoveldRe - 10%; kviraSi 3-jer - 36%; kviraSi erTxel - 20%; iSviaTad 30%; saerTod ar vyidulob - 4%. 2) saSualoTviuri danaxarji Sokoladis nawarmze 3) gamokiTxulTa loialuroba brendebis mimarT «alpen goldi» - 21%; «nestle» - 16%; «barambo» - 7%; «korona» - 3%; «roSeni» - 2%; sxva brendebi - 1%. 4) barambos yidvis intensivoba yoveldRe - 10%; kviraSi 3-jer - 6%; kviraSi erTxel - 14%; iSviaTad - 48%; saerTod ar vyidulob - 22%. 5)gamokiTxulTa damokidebuleba «barambos» nawarmis mimarT momxmarebeli ufro metad loialuria adgilobrivi warmoebis mimarT garkveul wilad barambos ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, Tumca momxmarebels mxolod patriotuli grZnobebis gamo ver SeinarCuneb. «barambo» am mimarTulebiT bevrs muSaobs da cdilobs srulad daakmayofilos mravalferovani momxmareblis mravalferovani moTxovnilebebi. efeqtiani sareklamo kampania «barambos» warmatebis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. pirvelma reklamam «ra aris barambo», romelic intensiurad gadioda satelevizio eTeriT, momxmarebelSi didi interesi gamoiwvia. Cveni informaciiT misi mizani iyo 8 dReSi mosaxleobis 60%-s codnoda ra miuxedavad imisa, sazeimod aris gaxsna «barambo». da es yvela wamyvani rom prezidentma qarxana telekompaniis eTeriT gaSuqda sazogadoebaSi am sareklamo kampaniis dawyebamde brendis cnobadoba mxolod 5% iyo. «ra aris barambo» im 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi pasuxebis 12 gverdi gaCnda guglSi. forumebi savse iyo «baramboze» saubriT. pirvelma saimijo reklmam gamoiwvia arnaxuli Sedegi,jamSi 20 dReSi 136 cnobadobam miaRwia 80%-s TbilisSi. Semdgomi reklama«barambosi» iyo personaJebi, romlebic ganasaxierebdnen ama Tu im asortiments. es reklama negatiurad iqna sazogadoebis aRqmuli, mxridan, kerZod ZiriTadad fraza «nu mSoblebis daujerebT mier mSoblebs». mosalodneli Sedegi kompanias kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli, Tumca isini darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom Tuki momxmareblebi gasinjavdnen, imdenad moewonebodaT «barambos» produqti, rom ufrosebs negativi daaviwydebodaT, patarebs ki saerTod arc gasCeniaT, piriqiT personaJebis saxiT SeiZines megobrebi. sareklamo fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi principi gulisxmobs, rom «ar SeiZleba reklama Seicavdes arafers iseTs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul eTikur-fsiqo normebs» aRniSnuli principis darRveva aris swored «barambos» sareklamo kampaniis mowodeba «nu daujerebT mSoblebs». es firmis imijze Zalian cudad aisaxa. kompania mudmivad exmareba sxvadasxva saqvemolmoqmedo organizacias, bavSvTa saxlebsa da socialurad daucvel pirebs. aseve, ewyoba sxvadasxva marketinguli da PPR aqciebi. kompanias, rodesac grZevadian funqcionirebaze aqvs pretenzia, mniSvnelovania Seqmnasa da SeinarCunos dadebiTi imiji, rac SemdgomSi mis saqmianobaze pozitiurad aisaxeba. Cveni azriT reklamis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, rac gamorCa «barambos» aris is, rom reklama konkretuli mesijis matarebeli unda iyos. masSi unda iyos gamokveTili is upiratesoba, riTac jobia konkretuli produqti konkurentisas. maT reklamis saSualebiT unda gamokveTon da daamtkicon maTi gamorCeuloba, ratom unda SeviZinoT «barambo» im fasad ra fasadac gvTavazoben. momxmarebelSi yvelaze did ukmayofilebas iwvevs fasebi. gamokiTxulTa mixedviT «barambos» fasisa da xarisxis Sesabamisoba Semdegnairad gamoixateba. «barambos» marketingis menejeris gancxadebiT «iqedan gamomdinare, rom ,,CvenTvis swored Tavidanve prioritets maRali xarisxi warmoadgenda, fasebic produqciis xarisxis Sesabamisia, Cven gadavxedeT bazarze arsebul fasebs da vecadeT maT farglebSi CavmjdariyaviT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni produqciis xarisxi ufro maRalia vidre bazarze arsebuli saqonlisa». «barambo» yovelgvari masobriv marketings segmentirebisa pozicionirebis garaSe konkurenciis pirobebSi. da axorcielebs, upiratesobis cdilobs daikavos yvelaferi warmoCenis Tavisi - yvelas gareSe, adgili anu maRali «barambo» bazris 20% is dakavebas gegmavda, Tumca misi marketingis menejeris gancxadebiT, Sedegma molodins gadaaWarba da isini ukve Sokoladis bazris 25%s ikaveben. maT gaxsnisTanave ganacxades, rom mxolod saqarTvelos bazriT ar Semoifarglebodnen. 137 pirveli qveyana, romelSic“barambo”-m produqcia gaitana azerbaijania,radgan iq, Sokoladis moxmarebis mxriv ufro didi bazaria vidre saqarTveloSi da karamelis moxmarebiTac ramdenjerme aRemateba. 2011wels nayinis bazarze kompania "barambos" saxiT axali moTamaSe gamoCnda da agresiuli sareklamo kampaniiT Tu farTo sadistribucio qseliT maleve daikava bazris mniSvnelovani wili. nayinis mwarmoeblebsac safiqrali gauCndaT: isedac Semcirebuli realizaciis fonze, "barambom" maT momxmareblebis konkurents nawili produqciis waarTva. xarisxs marTalia, ar adgilobrivi uwoneben, magram mwarmoeblebi Tavad kompaniaSi miaCniaT, rom bazris moTxovnebs zedmiwevniT akmayofileben da ambicia aqvT, rom male mTeli bazris naxevari daikavon. kompania am etapze oTxi saxeobis nayins awarmoebs, xolo gemovnuri Tvisebebis mixe"ekopalitram" ki gamokiTxva moawyo internetportalze "ambebi.ge", romelSic 13-dan 17 ivnisis CaTvliT 2751-ma internetmomxmarebelma miiRo monawileoba. daisva SekiTxva: romeli mwarmoeblis nayins aniWebT upiratesobas? gamokiTxvis monawileTa yvelaze meti xma kompania "gurjaanis nayinma" moagrova. kompania "barambos" meore adgili ergo. mas mohyvebian "Tolia", "ioli", "kampara" da sxv.dviT asortimenti 15 aRwevs. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2. 3. 4. mRebriSvili b, Todua n. www.barambo.ge www.Commersant.ge www. conference.ge - marketingis safuZvlebi‟‟ - 2009w “Barambo” chocolate in Georgian Market Teona Gogishvili Rusudan Khetaguri Resume Georgian chocolate market in our country until recently was only imported products. Three years ago the market for confectionery factory «Barambo» opened. The paper discusses, Bar ambo''-s marketing strategy, by which it achieved great success. 138 marketinguli saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi sofiko jojiSvili mari mujiriSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti biznesis administrirebis II kursi maka sosaniZe suxiSvilis universitetis asocirebuli profesori saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam ganapiroba kerZo, komerciul, saxelmwifo da sxva sawarmoTa struqturebSi marketinguli midgomebis Camoyalibeba. sabazro urTierTobebze saqarTvelos ekonomikis gadayvanisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba marketingis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi sazRvargareT, pirvel rigSi aSS-Si dagrovil gamocdilebas. am gamocdilebis codna aucilebelia ara marto ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis, aramed biznesis yvela sferosaTvis. unda aRiniSnos is, rom Cveni sawarmoebi jer kidev saTanadod ver floben axal pirobebSi muSaobis principebs, formebsa da meTodebs, specialur RonisZiebaTa kompleqss, rac uzrunvelyofs maT warmatebul saqmianobas bazarze. bazarze saqmianobis Teoria da praqtika, romelsac erTi saukunea iyeneben dasavleTis qveynebi, aris marketingi. sazRvargareTis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom marketingi yovelmxriv uwyobs xels ara marto ekonomikis calkeuli sferos sawarmoTa saqmianobis srulyofas da efeqtian funqcionirebas, aramed mTeli erovnuli ekonomikis aRorZinebas da ganviTarebas. Cveni mizania SeviswavloT da gamovikvlioT, Tu ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi marketingis praqtikulad gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT da ra perspeqtivebi aqvs mas momavalSi. amJamad, saqarTveloSi 90-ian wlebTan SedarebiT gaizarda interesi marketinguli saqmianobis mimarT. sabazro urTierTobebi moiTxovs aqtiur marketingul saqmianobas, romlis SesaZleblobebi ganpirobebulia Semdegi garemoebebiT: jer erTi, aucilebelia sawarmoebis mier bazarze efeqturad muSaobis me-Todebis aTviseba; meore, marketingi, rogorc sabazro saqmiano-ba, damaxasiaTebelia rogorc gajerebuli ise gaujerebeli bazrisTvis. saqarTveloSi, sadac jer kidev `gamyidvelis bazaria‟‟ gabatonebuli, bevri mwarmoebeli ignorirebas ukeTebs marketings. amasTan is darwmunebulia, rom momxmarebeli mainc SeiZens mis saqonels, vinaidan arCevanis SesaZlebloba ar aris. saqarTveloSi marketinguli saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis saWiroa samrewvelo da savaWro sawarmoebSi Seiqmnas marketingis samsaxurebi. aseTi samsaxurebi dRei-saTvis bevr sawarmoebSi arsebobs, Tumca zogi maTganis saqmianoba formalur xasiaTs atarebs. Cven SevecadeT gamogvekvlia 139 ra RonisZiebebi tardeba marketinguli saqmianobis mimarTulebiT. gamokiTxul iqna q. Tbilisis, goris da rusTavis 50-mde samrewvelo da savaWro sawarmoTa xelmZRvaneli muSakebi da specialistebi. gamokiTxul sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi da specialistTa erTi nawili aRiarebs, rom sawarmoSi marketinguli samsaxuris arseboba da marketinguli saqmianobis gaSla aucilebeli da sasargebloa. gamokiTxulTa didi nawili aradamakmayofileblad afasebs aseTi samsaxuris kvalificiuri kadrebiT uzrunvelyofis mdgomareobas. maTi 90% Tvlis, rom aRniSnuli samsaxuris muSakebi srulyofilad ver arTmeven Tavs TavianT saqmes, xolo gamokiTxulTa 100% Tvlis, rom sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT saWiroa marketingis samsaxuris Seqmna da muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba. dasavleTis mowinave gamocdilebis Sesabamisad sawarmoebi kiTxvaze, axdenen Tu ara sawarmoebi gasaRebis bazris gamokvlevas, dadebiTad upasuxa gamokiTxulTa 43%-ma. amasTan, am sawarmoTa umravlesobaSi am xaziT gaweuli saqmianoba ZiriTadad momxmarebelTa moTxovnis Seswavlis, momgebianobis gansaz-Rvris da gasaRebis bazris Ziebis RonisZiebebiT amoiwureba. kidev ufro cudi mdgomareobaa sawarmos saqmianobis gamokvlevis sferoSi. saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva aseve sawarmos saqmianobis strategiis, taqtikis SemuSavebasa da realizacias. gamokiTxul sawarmoTa marketinguli saqmianoba ZiriTadad amoiwureba sareklamo RonisZiebebiT, rasac isini axorcieleben masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis meSveobiT. bevri sawarmo aseve iyenebs gasaRebis stimulirebis meTodebs, rogoricaa: fasdaklebebi, saqonlis premialuri gayidvebi. sabednierod, saqarTveloSi saqmianobaSi aqtiurad iyeneben saqmianobis warmatebas bazarze. arseboben marketings, firmebi, romlebic Tavis rac uzrunvelyofs maTi bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis bazarze gamoCnda uamravi sazRvargareTuli literatura biznesis, marketingis da menejmentis Sesaswavlad. Tu sazRvargareTul Teoriebs, xerxebsa da meTodebs adgilobrivi mewarmeebi qarTuli specifikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, pirdapir gamoiyeneben, am faqts dadebiT SedegebTan erTad negatiuri Sedegebic SeiZleba moyves. amitom samamulo sawarmoebSi maTi danergvisas aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iyos saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo baza, erovnuli xasiaTi, adamianTa wes-Cveulebebi, maTi samomxmareblo da yofiTi qcevis stereotipebi, anu yvelaferi is, rasac ewodeba qarTuli mentaloba. TviT marketingis fuZemdebeli f. kotleri aRniSnavs, rom marketingisaTvis sruliad ar aris ucxo erovnuli Taviseburebebi dakavSirebuli qveynis unikalurobasTan, mis ekonomikasTan, konkurenciis mdgomareobasTan, CvevebTan da adamianTa moxmarebis standartebTan. es yvelaferi mxolod fuWi sityvebi rodia, sazogadoebis erovnuli samamulo sawarmoebisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze 140 sust mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos maTi daSoreba momxmarebelTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens sawarmoebSi faqtiurad ar xdeba momxmarebelTa moTxovnis detalurad Seswavla, xolo sawarmoo da kvleviTi programebi ar moicavs sabazro koniunqturis cvlilebis analizs, ris gamoc mniSvnelovnad izrdeba maTi komerciuli warumateblobis riski saqonlis realizaciisas. amitom yvela samamulo sawarmom unda Seqmnas specialuri marketinguli qvedanayofebi mosaxleobis moTxovnis Seswavlisa da prognozi-rebisaTvis. am sabazro monacemebis safuZvelze Sedgenili sawarmoo programebi gamorCeuli iqneba Tavisi realurobiT, xolo sawarmoSi maT realizaciaze gaweuli Tanxebi ar iqneba tyuil-ubralod gaxarjuli. imis gamo, rom samamulo sawarmoTa umetesi nawili ar funqcionirebs, qveyanaSi ZiriTadad realizdeba importuli saqoneli. am sazRvargareTulma saqonelma aqtiuri sareklamo kompaniis fonze samamulo saqonelTan SedarebiT Seiqmna mSvenieri imiji, miuxedavad imisa, rom samamulo produqcia xarisxobrivad realurad aRemateba importuls. amitom qarTvelma mewarmeebma samTavrobo struqturebTan erTad unda izrunon samamulo produqciis imijzec, raSic daexmareba maT aqtiuri reklama da gasaRebis stimulirebis meTodebis gamoyeneba. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. marketingi _ saxelmZRvanelo prof. g. SublaZis re-daqciiT, Tb. 1999; 2. “marketingis safuZvlebi” xaraziSvili, Tb. 2005; _ r. javaxiSvili, n. oqruaSvili, n. 3. “marketingis safuZvlebi”- n.Todua, d.mRebriSvili 2009; 4. «Маркетинг» - под ред. Н. Эриашвили, Юнити 2005; The main directions of the marketing activities in Georgia Sofiko JoJishvili Mari Mujirishvili Resume The transition to a market economy has led Georgia to private, public and commercial structures and marketing approaches. The paper discusses the situation in Georgia in terms of marketing practice. 141 dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis problemebi saqarTveloSi Tornike burduli suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti sajaro mmarTveloba lali sreseli suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli maswavlebeli umuSevroba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis centraluri problemaa. umuSevrobis maRali done niSnavs resursebis nawilobriv gamoyenebas da mosaxleobis dabal Semosavlebs. es amwvavebs socialur situacias, ojaxur urTierTobebs da amasTan sazogadoebaSi emociur daZabulobas zrdis. Ekonomikuri ciklis bazebis mixedviT umuSevrobis done xan dabalia, xan maRalia, xan ki-normaluri, e.i iseTi rogorsac bunebrivs uwodeben. gardamaval periodSi Seqmnil problemebs Soris dasaqmebis problema yvelaze mwvavea da Tavisi masStaburobiT sazogadoebaSi feTqebad saSiS xasiaTs iZens. Warmoebis donis mkveTrad dacemam, bunebrivia, dasaqmebis problemebisadmi adre socialisturi ekonomikis fonze Camoyalibebuli stereotipebis (midgomebis) Secvla gamoiwvia. Sabazro principebis damkvidrebis procesSi sazogadoebaSi adamianTa qcevis sruliad axali formebi gamoikveTa, sxvadasxva interesTa dapirispirebam socialuri dazabuloba gaaRrmava. Saxelmwifom ver SeZlo dapirispireboda ekonomikuri krizisis gamowvevebs da dasaqmebis regulirebis procesi, saxelmwifos erTerTi ZiriTadi funqcia, TviTdinebaze miuSva. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, dasaqmebulad iTvleba fizikuri piri, romelic pirad da sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT ewva saqmianobas, romelic akrZaluli ar aris da iRebs anazRaurebas fuladi an materialuri formiT. rac Seexeba umuSevars, igi gansazRvruli samuSao asakis Sromis unariani piria, romelsac ar aqvs samuSao, eZebs mas da mzad aris samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba 2008 wels Sedgenda 1917,8 aT.kacs, dasaqmebuli --- 1601,9aT.kacs, umuSevari --- 315,8aT.kacs, umuSevrobis done --- % ---Si—16,5 %. 2009 wels ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba ---1991,8 aT kacs. dasaqmebuli --- 1656.1 aT kacs. umuSevari --- 335,6 aT kacs. umuSevrobis done ---%---Si 16,9 % 2010 wels ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba Seadgenda 1944,9 aT.kacs. 142 dasaqmebuli --- 1628,1 aT.kacs. umuSevrobis done ---16,3 % saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis donis maCvenebeli 2010 wels 2009 wlis analogiur maCvenebelTan mimarTebaSi 0.6 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda. 2008 wlis agvistos omisa msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad 2008-2009 wlebSi umuSevrobis done saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. 2010 wels umuSevrobis donis Semcireba ekonomikis stabilizaciis erT_erTi maniSnebelia. umuSevrobis donis SemcirebasTan erTad ariniSna mosaxleobis aqtiurobisa da dasaqmebis doneebis zrda. 2010 wels 2009 welTan mimarTebaSi aqtiurobis da dasaqmebis doneebi, sesabamisad 0,6 da 0,9 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda. aRniSnuli maCveneblebis zrda ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi Sesabamisi maCveneblebis zrdiT. tradiciulad, dasaqmebulebSi Warbobs TviT dasaqmebulTa wili, Tumca 2010 wels 2009 welTan mimarTebaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa raodenobis zrda da TviT dasaqmebulTa raodenobis Semcirebam aRniSnuli Tanafardoba 2 procentuli punqtiT Secvala. iqidan gamomdinare, rom soflis mosaxleobis afsoluturi umravlesoba eweva SromiT saqmianobas sakutar mamulSi, meurneobaSi, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis meTodologiis mixedviT samuSao Zalis arsebiTi nawili TiTqmis ucvlelad aris dasaqmebuli. Aaqedan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis done gacilebiT dabalia soflis mosaxleobaSi, vidre qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. amasTan qveyanaSi umuSevrobis donis kleba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi Sesabamisi maCveneblis klebiT (1,6 punqtiT) vinaidan soflis tipis dasaxlebebSi umuSevrobis done praqtikulad ar Secvlila. rac Seexeba umuSevrobis donis maCvenebels regional WrilSi, aRsaniSnavia misi kleba aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi 4.2 procentuli punqtiT da Sida qarTlis regionSi 3.9 procentuli punqtiT. dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis maCveneblebis sqesobriv WrilSi ganxilvisas aRsaniSnavia, rom 2010 wels 2009 welTan mimarTebaSi umuSevrobis done qalebSi 1 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda. maSin rodesac kacebSi aRniSnuli maCveneblis kleba 0,2 procentuli punqtis doneze dafiqsirda. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom tradiciulad qalebSi umuSevrobis done naklebia vidre kacebSi. Amis ZiriTadi mizezia is rom qalebi romlebic ar arian dasaqmebulebi. ZiriTadad warmoadgenen diasaxlisebs da Sesabamisad araaqtiuri misaxleobis kategorias miekuTvnebian. Amgvarad, kacebTan SedarebiT qalebSi dabalia rogorc dasaqmebis done, aseve aqtiurobis done. dasaqmebis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. igi yvelaze maRalia TbilisSi da TiTqmis oTxjer aRemateba 143 samegrelo _zemo svaneTs, 3,5-jer – qvemo qarTls, 2,2-jer aWaris maCveneblebs. sayovelTao aRiarebiT, umuSevroba aris iZulebiTi dausaqmebloba, romelic warmoiqmneba Sromaze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris wonasworobis mudmivad darRvevis Sedegad. umuSevroba rogorc ekonomikuri da socialuri movlena, damaxasiaTebelia yvela qveynis day vela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis. ganviTarebul qveynebSi umuSevrobis bunebriv doned 6-7 % iTvleba. amasTan ganasxvaveben umuSevrobis sam saxes: friqciuls, struqturuls da ciklurs. _ friqciuli umuSevroba warmoiSveba adamianis nebayoflobiTi gadaadgilebisas erTi samusaodan meoreze, rodesac ma Tar surt muSaoba SeTavazebul pirobebSi. umuSevarTa am kategorias nebayoflobiT umuSevrebs uwodeben. _ struqturuli umuSevroba warmoiSveba maSin rodesac moTxovnis struqtura ar emTxveva misi miwodebis struqturas. Sromaze _ ciklur umuSevrobas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac Sromaze saerto moTxovna dabalia. saqarTveloSi gardamaval periodSi umuSevrobis samive saxe koncentrirebuladaa. Warmodgenili da faqtobrivad gansazRvravs tranformaciuli procesebis socialur—ekonomikur Sinaarss. Swored amitom dasaqmebis saxelmwipoebrivi regulireba moiTxovs, rogorc kompleqsur ise diferencirebul e.w. wertilovan midgomebsac. Cneba `sruli dasaqmeba~ xSirad kamaTis sagani xdeba. srul dasaqmebaSi ar igulisxmeba 100%-iani dasaqmeba. miCneulia, rom dasaqmeba srulia maSin. rodesac umuSevarTa raodenoba udris friqciur da sruqtirul umuSevarTa jams, rodesac dabalansebulia samuSaos maZiebelTa da samuSaos adgilebis raodenoba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi umuSevroba, rogorc problema globaluri xasiaTisaa, igi uSualod zemoqmedebs socialur stabirulobaze. umuSevrobis Sedegad ikargeba produqciisa da momsaxurebis moculobis warmoebis SesaZlebloba, potenciali, rac xels uwyobs siRaribis zrdas. umuSevroba, rogorc globaluri movlena, uSualod dakavSirebulia iseT negatiur procesebTan, rogoricaa sazogadoebis zneobrivi degradacia, saSiSi daavadebebis, TviTmkvlelobebis da mokvdaobis maCvenebelTa zrda, genofondis gauareseba—qorwinebisa da Sobadobis raodenobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. umuSevrobis rogorc movlenis socialur – ekonomikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovidginoT: aferxebs sazogadoebriv process, xels uSlis adamianis potencialis Semcirebas, rac sabolood auaresebs cxovrebis xarisxs, xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi adaptirebuli socialuri normebis darRvevas, adamianis mier sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseulobebis ugulebelyofas. Amotom umuSevrobis donis sistematiuri Semcireba 144 strategiuli amocanaa, rogorc ganviTarebul, ise ganuviTareblad, gansakuTrebiT ki postsocialistur qveynebSi. Nebismieri qveyana socialur— ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis adekvatur dasaqmebis politikas SeimuSavebs da ganaxorcielebs. Tumca saxelmwifo garkveulwilad SezRudulia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier aRiarebuli fuZemdebluri principebiT, romelTa dacva aucilebelia. Ees principebia: yvela moqalaqisaTvis Sromis uflebebis ganxorcielebi Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa. moqalaqisaTvis xelSewyoba da umuSevrobis SemcirebisTvis zrunva, umuSevrobis socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa, dasaqmebis sferoSi da socialur_ekonomikuri politikis sxva mimarTulebiT gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa koordinacia, dasaqmebis regulirebis mizniT saxelmwifos,profkavSirebisa da mewarmeta asociaciebis aqtiuri TanamSromloba dasaqmebis problemaTa gadaWraSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. Sromis bazarze dasaqmebis politika erTmaneTTan axamebs aqtiur da pasiur politikas. Aqtiuri dasaqmebis politika miznad isaxavs umuSevarTa Cabas SromiT saqmianobaSi. amisTvis saxelmwifo axorcielebs rig mizanmimarTul RonisZiebebs, kerZod dasaqmebis samsaxuris Seqmnasa da misi meSveobiT umuSevarTa Cabmas SromaSi, organizacias ukeTebs samuSaos maZiebelTa momzadebas, gadamzadebas kvalifikaciis amaRlebas, droebiTi sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis Sesrulebas, axali samusao adgilebis Seqmnas. aqtiuri politika xorcieldeba sainvesticio, safinanso—sakredito, sagasasaxado berketebis gamoyenebiT. rac Seexeba dasaqmebis pasiur politikas, igi iTvaliswinebs vakantur samuSao adgilebis dakavebaSi xelSewyobas, Sezruduli fiansuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi umuSevrobisaTvis Semweobis gacemas. Sromis bazris saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis aucileblobas ganapirobebs ekonomikuri da socialuri maxasiaTeblebi. Sromis bazari sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT uSualod dakavSirebulia adamianiseul faqtorTan. Sromis bazaris socialuri mxare gansakuTrebuli formiTa da simwvaniT gamoCnda posTsocialistur qveynebSi da politikuri xasiaTic miiRo. amas adasturebs `axal mdidrebsa~ da `axal Raribebs~ Soris politikuri dapirispirebis dRevandeli masStabi. dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi sadac, ekonomikis humanizaciisa da socializaciis principebze yalibdeba axali tipis Sromis bazari. A gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris kvleva – dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi. 2011 w noemberi 2. Sromis bazari saqarTveloSi.2010 weli. Statistikuri publikacia Tb. 2010 w. saq.ekonomikuri ganvitarebis saministro. statistikis departamenti. 145 internet-resursebi: 1. 2. 3. www.ekonomy.ge www.bfm.ge www.geostat.ge Unemployment and Employ Problems in Georgia Tornike Burduli Resume Unemployment today in Georgia introduce important socially-economically problems. Georgia economic in high level of unemployment .last years there is no changed level of shabbygranted. Since the creation of country, existed resolutely social problems, is important to solve employ people on some work and auspices them. Fundamental antecedent must be to solve this problem. globalizacia da erovnuli ekonomikis problemebi Teona sandroSvili nino berozaSvili sajaro mmarTvelobis I kursi lali sreseli suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli maswavlebeli Tel: 598 644 366; 595 95 44 76 globalizacia Cveni epoqis sakvanZo terminia, magram misi naTeli da erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvreba dRemde araa Camoyalibebuli. zogierT gansazRvrebebSi xazgasmulia institucionalur – civilizaciuri aspeqtebi da globalizacias uwodeben istoriul masStabSi sxvadasxva civilizaciis TandaTan mzard urTierTqmedebis da urTierTSeRwevis process, romlebic Camoyalibda met-naklebad teritoriul sazRvrebSi, gansazRvruli eTnosebis bazaze. sxva gansazRvrebebSi aqcenti keTdeba ara procesze, aramde saerTo problemebze, romlebic kacobriobis winaSe dgas. aseT SemTxvevaSi globalizacia niSnavs saerTo, Sinaarsis mixedviT msgavsi problemebis warmoSobas msoflios sxvadasxva regionebisaTvis (mag.ekologiuri, sasursaTo, demografiuli, migraciuli, jandacvis da a.S) saxelmwifoTa mudmivad ormxriv (saziaro) socialur-ekonomikur damokidebulebas da saerTo interesTa vrceli zonebis warmoqmnas. globalizacia es moduri termini, miuxedavad Tavisi abstraqtulobisa, metad aqtualuria saqarTvelosTana mcire qveynisaTvis. Qartul sazogadoebas uCndeba kiTxvebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,Tu rogor SeZlebs mcirericxovani eri Tavisi identobis SenarCunebas, globalizebul samyaroSi,ramdenad iqneba daculi Cveni erovnuli TviTmyofadoba. globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi Tviseba – planetaruli erTianobaa. 146 ,,globalizacia planetaruli masStabiT mimdinare urTierTdakavSirebuli procesebis kompleqsia, romelTagan TviToeulSi arsebobs TviTregulaciis meqanizmebi” (prof. a. movsesiani, prof. s. ognivcevi). finansuri globalizacia – es sayovelTao globalizaciis erT-erTi mkafio elementia. planetaruli eleqtronuli qselebis saSualebiT finansuri nakadebis meyseulad gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobam kardinalurad Secvala sameurneo saqmianobis pirobebi. kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba sesxebis, kreditebis, fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWrobis, savaluto operaciebis da a.S. saxiT 50-jer aWarbebs saerTaSoriso tvirTbrunvas. amJamad saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi Cadebul TiTo dolarze modis wminda finansur brunvaSi CarTuli 8-9 dolari. ra faqtorebi ubiZgebs erovnuli meurneobebis CarTvas globalizaciis procesSi? globalizaciis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare es faqtorebia: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moZraoba qveynebsa da ekonomikis seqtorebs Soris; adamianebis gadaadgileba qveynebs Soris, romelic gamowveulia ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxorcielebis saWiroebiT; inteleqtualuri produqciisa da ideebis moZraoba samecniero – kvleviT da saswavlo centrebs Soris. qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebi mravalwaxnagovani da mravalferovania. sagareo-ekonomikuri integraciis sferoSi erT-erTi mTavari da wamyvania vaWroba. msoflio vaWrobis moculoba msoflio warmoebasTan SedarebiT ufro maRali tempebiT izrdeba. ase, rom Ria ekonomikam didi xania daadastura Tavisi upiratesobebi, romlebic ar gaaCnda daxuruli, izolirebuli qveynebis ekonomikas. ekonomikisa da gansakuTrebiT finansebis globalizaciis obieqturma garemoebebma ganapiroba evrokavSiris qveynebis mier valutaTa kursis meryeobiT Seqmnili problemebidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT erTiani valutis - evros SemoReba. vaWrobasa da finansebSi globalizaciis sargebloba SeiZleba Zalian SesamCnevi iyos, Tu msoflio ekonomika ipovis sistemuri ganviTarebis dinamukur da umtkivneulo gzas. usargebloa finansuri bazrebis totaluri daregulirebis meTodi. gardamavalma qveynebma ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis stabiluroba unda uzronvelyon winaswar aprobirebuli reformebis gziT. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis istoriulad mokle periodSi saqarTvelos meurneobrivi cxovreba organul kavSirSia finansur ekonomikasTan, msoflio finansur da fulad – sakredito urTierTobebTan da yovelive es ukanasknel aTwleulSi finansuri sistemebis rolis mniSvnelovani zrdiT ganisazRvreba, rac kidev ufro gaaZliera 1998 wels datrialebulma finansurma kataklizmebma. am movlenebis uSualo mizezebad SeiZleba miviCnioT 1997 wels samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi dawyebuli finansuri krizisi. 1998 wlis agvistoSi finansuri krizisi moedo ruseTs, romelic gavrcelda dsT-s sxva qveynebzec. regionuli finansuri krizisebi Tavisi damangreveli ZaliT daagvirgvina braziliis 147 Sesabamisma krizisma da sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxiT miviReT msoflio finansuri krizisi, romelmac Tavisi koncentrirebuli gamoxatuleba hpova niu-iorkis, londonis, tokios, parizis safondo birJebis funqcionirebaSi. postsocialistur qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, finansuri ekonomikis msoflio ferxulSi CarTva warimarTa globalizaciis procesebis zemoqmedebis niSniT. ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikis aRmavlobisa da sabazro urTierTobaTa formirebis procesSi aucilebeli gaxda saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendaciebisa da principebis koncefciuri gadasinjva. ssf-is ,,standartuli stabilizaciis programa” gardamavali qveynebisTvis iTvaliswinebs dinamikurad ganviTarebadi kerZo seqtoris Seqmnas da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebas. Cvens qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli da momavalSi gansaxorcielebeli ekonomikuri reformebis radikaluri srulyofa aucilebelia. ZiriTadi problema isaa, rom ekonomikur reformebs mieniWos Sinaarsobrivi simtkice gardaqmnis mizani pirdapir unda daukavSirdes qveynis socialur – ekonomikur interesebs, gamoxatos xalxis interesebi. movlenebis centrSi ZiriTadi aRmoCnda brZola sakuTrebis gadanawilebisaTvis da ara qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisaken ltolva. finansuri ,,stabilizaciis” amocana faqtobrivad permanentul miznad gardaiqmna. saWiro iyo wina planze wamogvewia sazogadoebrivi kvlavwarmoebis parametrebi. igulisxmeba warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis fazebis urTierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTSeTanxmebuli ganviTareba. safinanso biznesis ganviTarebis areali saqarTveloSi SezRudulia. ar arsebobs ganviTarebuli finansuri bazari – fuladi, savaluto, sakredito, sainvesticio, fasiani qaRaldebis, kapitalis bazrebis saxiT. jer kidev daumuSavebelia finansur bazarze riskis kontrolis meqanizmi, rac aiZulebs erovnul kapitals dabandebis gzebi sazRvargareT eZios. ra elis saqarTvelos finansebs globalizaciis pirobebSi? ramdenadac erovnuli meurneoba ar SeiZleba finansuri ekonomikis gareSe arsebobdes, mTavaria dazustdes misi adgili da roli globalur finansur ierarqiaSi arsebuli (marTvadi an stiqiuri) dinamikidan gamomdinare. amisaTvis saWiroa sworad gaverkveT Tanamedrove socialur – politikurad da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sami rigis winaaRmdegobaSi. 1. winaaRmdegoba saqarTvelosa da e.w. ,,civilizebul msoflios” Soris. winaaRmdegobis sagania finansuri rentis sidide, romelic qveyanam unda gadasces finansur centrs da romelsac igi moiTxovs. esenis: valis da procentis anazRaureba, ,,tvinis gadineba”, eqsporti. 2. winaaRmdegoba centra da regionebs Soris. am winaaRmdegobis gamwvaveba dakavSirebulia saqarTveloSi finansuri ekonomikis faseulobebTan SerwymasTan. saqme exeba finansuri kapitalis didi nawilis Tavmoyras centrSi. es ki xels uSlis regionebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. 3. winaaRmdegoba saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebs Soris. imis gamo, rom 148 saxelmwifo mosaxleobis winaSe ar asrulebs sruyofilad Tavis valdebulebebs, es ukanaskneli ar ixdis gadasaxads. qveyanas yvelaze didi ziani miayena mosaxleobis saxelmwifosadmi undoblobis gaZlierebam totaluri privatizaciis gamo. saxelmwifosadmi ndobis aRdgena metad rTulia, arada, mis gareSe danazogis investiciad gardaqmna SeuZlebelia. Tanamedrove geopolitikuri sivrce axal-axal SesaZleblobebs uqmnis postocialistur qveynebs efetqiani erovnuli ekonomikis formirebisaTvis. am gardaqmnebis procesSi bevri problema dagrovda. romelTagan mTavaria Semdegi: 1. qveynis sameurneo da finansuri potencialis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis donis amaRlebis drosa da sivrcesSi daSoreba, romlis mTavari mizezi msoflio finansur meqanizmSi unda veZioT. wamyvani qveynebi am meqanizmis meSveobiT perioderiebidan intensiurad awarmoeben resursebis ,,gadaqaCvas”, rac ganviTarebad qveynebSi arastabilurobas da umyarobas iwvevs. 2. strategiasTan dakavSirebul gardaqmnaTa problemebi, romlebsac ukavSirdeba gansaxorcielebeli gardaqmnebis dros moTxovnebTan adekvaturoba. im urTules problemebs Soris, romlebic gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi mkveTrad iCens Tavs, aris finansebis marTvis codnis deficiti, rogorc centralizebuli fondebis, anu saxelmwifo biujetis marTvaSi, ise mikrodonis samewarmeo finansur urTierTobebSi. qveyanaSi, romelic sabazro ekonomikis gardamaval etapzea, dRis wesrigSi dgas ekonomikisa da finansebis gaZRolis Teoriisa da praqtikis Seqmna. es ki gulisxmobs ucxouri Teoriisa da praqtikis Rrma codnas, mis analizs da saqarTvelos pirobebTan adaptacias. saWiroa SemuSavebul iqnes qveynis ganviTarebis namdvilad mecnieruli strategia uaxlesi wlebisaTvis. am fundamenturi problebis gadawyveta martivi ar aris, Tundac Teoriuli poziciebidan. garaqmnis arc erTi safexuri mecnieruli damuSavebis gareSe ar unda ganxorcieldes. Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. r.asaTiani – globalizacia,ekonomikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo. gamomcemloba”siaxle”Tb2010 w 2. a.abralava – erovnuli ekonomika da globalizacia. Tb. “inovacia” 2005w. 3. e.ismailovi, v.papava – centraluri kavkasia: geopolitikuri ekonomiis narkvevebi.Tb. “diogene” 2007w 4. msoflio ekonomika – S.veSapiZe, e.lekaSvili, a.griSikaSvili, n.aslamaziSvili. Tb.2008 w. 149 Globalization and Problems of National Economy Teona Sandroshvili Nino Berozashvili Resume Globalization is contemporary world important tending process of globalization, is abruptly different, there is inside contradictions, which appointees, annuitant. They par excellence duns transit countries; Georgia has many questions the whole complex of problems. In this complicated problems Georgia must keep regime independence its own economic development. turizmis roli saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi rusudan muradaSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli universiteti (seu), specialoba: turizmi, xelmძRvaneli: titviniZe Sorena (inglisuri enis ufrosi maswavlebeli) Email: [email protected], tell: 598 31 03 89 ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli mniSvnelobisa da zrdis gamo turizmi miCneulia me 20 saukunis aRmoCenad. msoflioSi mogzaurobebis saagentos mier Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom turizmSi muSaobs dedamiwaze dasaqmebulTa yoveli me-10 adamiani. unikaluria turizmis zrdis tempi, romelic bevrad aWarbebs msoflioSi zogadad ekonomikis temps. kerZod, ukanasknel 50 weliwadSi msoflio turizmi gaizarda 35 jer. aseTi zrda ar ganucdia ekonomikis arcerT sxva dargs. saqarTvelom, rogorc gardamavali ekonomikis etapze myofma qveyanam, aucileblad unda gamoiyenos turizmis sferos aseTi SesaZlebloba. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centris mier adgilobriv mewarmeTa da ucxoel investorTa Soris Catarebulma gamokvlevam ukve daadastura turizmis prioritetuloba. gamokiTxulTa 66% miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelosTvis turizmi yvelaze perspeqtiuli dargia qveynis ganviTarebis da mewarmeTa dasaqmebis kuTxiT. saqarTvelos turizmis ganviTarebis araCveulebrivi adgilmdebareoba da klimati axasiaTebs. aq SeiZleba rogorc mTiani regionebis ganviTareba ise vake dablobebis da Savi zRvis teritoriebis aTviseba. Cveni qveynis turistuli qveynis bazari 14 samogzauro segmentadaa dayofili. 2009 wels saqarTveloSi million-naxevari ucxoeli mogzauri Camovida, rac gasul welTan SedarebiT 16%-iT metia. aWaris zRvispira kurortebs dasvenebis mizniT 60 636 somexi turisti ewvia. saqarTvelos sazRvao kurortebze imyofeboda TbiliselTa 24.8%, xolo zamTris kurortebze – 150 19,8%. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi turistTa Semoyvanaze 95 turistuli kompania muSaobs. saqarTveloSi 1999-2003 wlebis ganmavlobaSi aSenda 300 sastumro da sastumro saxli, 4340 sastumro nomriT 10000 sawol adgilze. aRsaniSnavia TbilisSi eqspluataciaSi Sesuli “mariotis” jgufis ori sastumro, sastumroebi “Zveli Tbilisi”, “primavera”, “kopala”, vere-mcxeTa-bakurianis “palasis” sistemis sami sastumro, agreTve rigi maRali domis axali sastumro aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi. eqspertebis SefasebiT saerTo jamSi, mozidulia investiciebi 250 mln. aSS dolaris odenobiT. Aaqedan ucxoeli investorebis mier dabandebulia 100 mln. aSS dolari. saqarTveloSi turizmisganviTarebis ekonomikuri mimoxilva pirveli statistikuri monacemebi Cndeba 1995 wels, roca dafiqsirda wlis ganmavlobaSi Semosuli 85000 vizitori. Uukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi maTi ricxovnoba gaizarda 4,5-jer da 2000 wlis monacemebiT miaRwia 387000-s. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom 1999 wlidan qveyanaSi SemosulT raodenobam gadaaWarba gasulTa raodenobas. 1998 wlidan iwyeba turizmidan qveyanaSi miRebuli saerTo Semosavlebis daTvla miRebuli saerTaSoriso meTodologiiT turizmidan qveyanaSi miRebuli saerTo Semosavlebis dinamika 1998-2000 wlebSi aseTia: 1998w. 750,0 1999w. 800,9 2000w. 826,7 turizmidan miRebuli saerTo Semosavlebis xvedriTma Wilma qveyanaSi warmoebuli prduqciisa da momsaxurebis saerTo moculobaSi 2000 wels Seadgina 13,8%. 2000 wlis monacemebiT daiTvala turistuli saqmianobidan qveynis biujetSi Setanili wvlilis odenobac, man Seadgina 115,6 mln. lari. ucxoeTidan Semosuli turistebis danaxarjebs qveynis ekonomikaSi myari valuta Semoaqvs da amdenad warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan berkets. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis ZiriTadi xelis SemSleli faqtorebi: turizmis ganviTarebis procesSi mniSvnelovania Seswavlil iqnas dargis winaSe mdgari problemebi da misi susti mxareebi. Mmxolod arsebuli problemebis Semdeg gaxdebaSesaZlebeli maTi gadaWrisgzebis dadgena. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi turizmisa da kurortebis dargis winaSe arsebuli problemebi pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad, romelTagan TiToeulSi gamoiyofa ramodenime qvejgufi. Sqematurad ki ase gamoisaxeba: 151 turistul produqtTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebi mravalferovneba xarisxi Turistuli moTxovnebi Transportirebis problemebi marSrutis aRqma bazris marketingi usafrTxoeba Rirebuleba simZlavre Semomyvani turoperatorebi mravalferovneba miuxedavad am problemebisa, turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis cnobiT 2010 wlis sezonma gaamarTla. 2009 welTan SedarebiT turistebis raodenoba 110 992-iT gaizarda. 2009 wlis pirvel kvartalSi Tu zamTris kurortebs 239 521 turisti stumrobda am maCvenebelma 2010 wels 350 518-mde miaRwia. turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi turistebis raodenoba wlebTan erTad kidevufro izrdeba. maTi informaciiT 2003 wlidan, miuxedavad 2008 wels gadatanili omisa da qveyanaSi mZime socialur-politikuri mdgomareobisa, turistebis raodenoba iqamde gaizarda, rom milionsac ki gadaaWarba. 2009 wels ki maTma saerTo ricxvma millionnaxevars miaRwia. Rac Seexeba procentul maCvenebels, 2007-2009 wlebSi turistebis raodenoba 42%iT gaizarda. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. v. SublaZe, saqarTvelo da turizmi, 2004 2. www.tarieli.blogspot.com 3. www. Wikipedia.com 4. larisa dolokaSvili, malxaz Rvinjilia, nino jaSiaSvili “turizmisa da sastumroebis ekonomika” The Role of Tourism in Georgia‟s Economics Rusudan Muradashvili Resume The above represented article speaks about the role of tourism in Georgia’s economy. It gives all the problems that are connected with the subject and highlights the statistics of the entrance of tourists and visitors in our country during the last years. The author brings all the important facts that helps to risen the country’s economy with the help of development of tourism as the important field of its economy. 152 Sromis anazRaurebis regulirebis problemebi da maTi gadawyvetis gzebi saqarTveloSi mzia CxartiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis safinanso, sabanko da sadazRvevo saqmis specialobis me-3 kursi merab vaniSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 113 753 Sromis anazRaurebas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia socialur-SromiTi sferos struqturasa da socialuri politikis prioritetebSi, rac, upirveles yovlisa, aixsneba misi didi mniSvnelobiT adamianis cxovelqmedebis uzrunvelyofaSi da, im specifikuri funqciebiT, romlebsac is asrulebs ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. amave dros, igi Cveni qveynisTvis warmoadgens erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas. dReisaTvis Sromis anazRaurebasa da mis organizaciaSi dagrovilia mravali naklovaneba da mwvave problema, romlebic arsebiTad aqveiTeben mis Sedegianobas xsenebuli amocanebis gadaWraSi. maTi Tavidan acilebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba iseTi sakvanZo socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa – sapensio reforma, sabinao-komunaluri meurneobis modernizacia da a.S. aRniSnul sakiTxSi ukeT garkvevis mizniT, gamovyofT Sromis anazRaurebis sferoSi arsebul im ZiriTad problemebs, romlebic Se-iZleba mTeli rigi negatiuri problemebis mizezebad mogvevlinon: Seferxebebi xelfasis gacemaSi (erTi Tvidan erT wlamde da meti); Sromis anazRaurebis dabali kvlavwarmoebiTi funqcia; qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, warmoebis moculobis zrdaSi, muSakTa fizikuri da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis realizaciaSi Sromis anazRaurebis mastimulirebeli rolis mkveTri dacema; muSakis erTobliv SemosavalSi misi SromiTi wilis Semcireba, rac misi prestiJulobis daqveiTebis niSania; diferenciacia Sromis anazRaurebaSi. aRniSnuli problemebidan, gamomdinareobs mravali sxva, warmoebuli problema da winaaRmdegoba, romlebic dakavSirebulia socialuri samarTlianobis principebis darRvevasTan, regionuli Taviseburebebis, Sromis pirobebis, sabiujeto da arasabiujeto sferoebs Soris gansxvavebebis gauTvaliswineblobasTan da a.S. gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia SevCerdeT Sromis anazRaurebis sakvanZo funqciebze da maTi Taviseburebebis gamovlenaze. SeiZleba gamovyoT xelfasis oTxi ZiriTadi funqcia: kvlavwarmoebiTi, romelic mdgomareobs samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofaSi; 153 mastimulirebeli (motivaciuri), romelic mimarTulia warmoebis ganviTarebaSi dainteresebis amaRlebaze; socialuri, romelic ganapirobebs socialuri samarTlianobis principebis realizacias; saaRricxvo-sawarmoo, romelic axasiaTebs cocxali Sromis monawileobis zomas produqtis fasis warmoqmnis procesSi, mis wils warmoebis erTobliv danaxarjebSi. zogadad, ekonomikuri politikis Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba mo¬saxleobis Semosavlebsa da socialur struqturaze. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2004-2010 wlebSi mSp gaizarda 2.2-jer, xolo yovelwliuri inflacia – saSualod 7.5%-iT. aman mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda mosaxleo-bis Semosavlebsa da socialur struqturaze. saSualo xelfasi 156.6 laridan 2004 wels mkveTrad gaizarda 556.8 laramde 2010 wels. ekono-mikurma zrdam saSualeba misca xelisuflebas, gaezarda pensiebi da socialuri xarjebis dafinanseba. 2005 wels wina welTan mimarTebaSi saSualo pensia gaizarda 18-dan 37.3 laramde, 2009 wels ki – 77.6 laramde. 2011 wlis bolodan pen-siam 100 lari Seadgina, 2012 wlis seqtembridan ki - 125 lari. mTlianad, 2003 - 2012 wlebSi pensiebi gaizarda 5.5-jer. yovelive aRniSnulma gamoiwvia cvlilebebi ojaxis Semosavlebis struqturaSi. 2004-2010 wlebSi saSualo yovelTviur Semosavlebs erT sul mosaxleze hqonda zrdis tendencia. fuladi Semosavlebi da transferebi nominalur ga-moxatulebaSi TiTqmis gasammagda, aseve, mkveTrad gaizarda Semosavlebi dasaqmebidan da TviTdasaqmebidan. fuladi gzavnilebi ucxoeTidan gaizarda TiTqmis orjer. 2004-2010 wlebSi fuladi da arafuladi Se-mosavlebi erT sul mosaxleze gaizarda 2.2-jer, magram es maCvenebeli jer kidev dabalia minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad zrdis tendenciisa, mosaxleobis umetesobis fuladi Semosavlebi jer kidev mcirea. 2010 wels fuladi Semosavlebi erT sul mosaxleze Seadgenda dasaqmebuli mamakacis saarsebo minimumis 98,4%-s. amave dros, naTesavebisgan da axlo megobrebisgan naCuqari fulis da aseve sesxis odenoba izrdeba, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom izrdeboda maTi mniSvneloba cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebis riskebis SemcirebaSi. amasTan, farTovdeboda sabanko kreditebis masStabi Sinameurneobebis ganviTarebaSi, maTi droulad dafarvis problemebi ki arastabilur xasiaTs aZlevda maT Semosavlebs. dadebiTi tendencia iyo TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wilis Semcireba da paralelurad xelfasis wilis zrda mTlian SemosavlebSi. Tumca, Semosavlebi daqiravebuli Sromidan jer kidev ar aris saerTo Semosav-lebis ZiriTadi wyaro. miuxedavad garkveuli zrdisa, Semosavali daqiravebuli Sromidan umniSvneloa mosaxleobis meoTxedisaTvis. Tu, qalaqad igi saerTo Semosavlis 42%-ia, soflad es cifri Zalze dabalia da mxolod 17.3%-s Seadgens. 2004-2011 wlebSi xelfasi da Semosavlebi daqiravebiT dasaqmebidan ufro swrafad gaizarda, nominaluri mTliani Sida produqtisa da 154 Sinameurneobebis mTliani Semosavlebis zrdasTan SedarebiT. Tumca, Semosavali xelfasidan Seadgenda saerTo Semosavlis mxolod 1/3-s. dRes qalaqis aqtiuri mosaxleobis mxolod 21.8% da soflis 9.9% Rebulobs xelfass daqiravebuli Sromidan. saqstatis monacemebiT, mosaxleobis Semosavali maTi xelfasebidan Seadgens saqarTvelos nominaluri mTliani Sida produqtis mxolod 13.6%-s. saxelmwifo transferebis wili ojaxis Semosavlebis struqturaSi dabalia, magram pensiebi da socialuri daxmarebebi TandaTanobiT izrdeba. “aratradiciuli Semosavlebi”, rogorebicaa qonebis ijara, gzavnilebi sxva qveynidan, piradi transferebi, Semosavlebi kerZo sakuTrebis gayidvidan, fuladi sesxebi da danazogebi, uaxlovdeba Semosavlebs daqiravebuli Sromidan. araformaluri Semosavali izrdeba TviTdasaqmebidan, soflis meurneobis produqtebis gayidvidan, qonebis gayidvidan, fuladi transferebidan (naTesavebisagan da sesxebidan). es Se-mosavlebi warmoadgens ojaxebis riskebis dacvis ZiriTad saSualebas. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze Sromis anazRaurebis yvelaze prioritetul funqciebad, pirvel rigSi, unda miviCnioT misi kvlavwarmoebiTi da mastimulirebeli funqciebi, amitom swored isini unda gavaaqtiuroT da gavaZlieroT. Sromis anazRaurebis kvlavwarmoebiTi funqcia mdgomareobs xelfasis unarSi _ moaxdinos adamianis SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi daxarjuli Sromis kompensireba. Tu is arasakmarisia samuSao Zalis martivi kvlavwarmoebisTvisac ki, maSin mocemul SemTxvevaSi xelfasi ver asrulebs Tavis kvlavwarmoebiT funqcias. kvlavwarmoebiTi funqciis realizaciis xarisxi SeiZleba SevafasoT muSakis mier miRebuli xelfasis odenobis saarsebo minimumis donesTan TanafardobiT. Tu, Sromis anazRaurebis kvlavwarmoebiTi funqciis realizaciisaTvis mTavar pirobas warmoadgens misi odenoba, mastimulirebeli funqcia ganisazRvreba sul sxva meqanizmebiTa da damokidebulebebiT. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze umniSvnelovanes amocanad SeiZleba miviCnioT Sromis anazRaurebis mastimulirebeli funqciis gaZliereba. xelfasi proporciulad dakavSirebulia uSualod da¬xarjul SromasTan. am funqciis gonivrulad gamoyeneba xelfass gadaaqcevs warmoebis Sedegianobis amaRlebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis erT - erT umniSvnelovanes berketad. Sromis anazRaurebis mastimulirebeli funqcia Sromis ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevisken ubiZgebs muSakebs, SromiTi wvlilisa da Sromis sazRauris odenobebs Soris urTierTkavSiris uzrunvelyofis gziT. Sromis anazRaurebis mastimulirebeli roli mJRavndeba muSakis SromiTi saqmianobis saboloo SedegebTan Sromis anazRaurebis odenobis ur-TierTkavSiris uzrunvelyofaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom ukanasknel dromde, upiratesad ikvlevdnen warmoebis nivTobrivi faqtorebis (kapitaluri dabandebebis, ZiriTadi fondebis, teqnikis, materialuri resursebis da a.S.) efeqtianobas, Sromis anazRaurebis efeqtianoba ki Seiswavleboda arasakmarisad. Sromis anazRaurebis efeqtianobis kvlevis aucilebloba, uwinares 155 yovlisa, ganpirobebulia mewarmeobisa da sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebiT. Sromis anazRaurebis efeqtianobis formula SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rogorc Seqmnili produqtis (Sedegis, efeqtis) Tanafardoba am produqtis warmoebisaTvis gadaxdil xelfasTan, anu, rogorc xelfasukugeba. efeqtianobis gansazRvrisadmi aseTi midgoma saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT racionalurobis xarisxi Sromis anazRaurebis fondis xarjvaSi sazogadoebrivi produqtis Seqmnisas da SevafasoT anazRaurebis mastimulirebeli roli. Sromis anazRau-rebis efeqtianobis amaRleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom anazRaurebis zrdas Tan sdevdes sawarmoo maCveneblebis winmswrebi gaumjobeseba. xelfasi, rogorc Sromisa Tu samuSao Zalis fasi – es aris muSakis sasicocxlo sa¬SualebaTa fondis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic mas xvdeba (nawildeba) daxarjuli Sromis raodenobisa da xarisxis Sesabamisad. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ganviTarebulma qveynebma daagroves sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebebsa da organizaciebSi xelfasisa da Sromis motivaciis sxvs formebis organizaciis didi da mravalferovani gamocdileba, romelic, garkveulwilad, SeiZleba Cvenc gamovi-yenoT. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom Cven gvaqvs Cveni tra-diciebi da xelfasis organizaciis sakuTari gamocdileba, romelTa mTlianad ignorireba SeuZlebelia da, aseve unda gaviTvaliswinoT gardamavali periodis Taviseburebani. ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-Si, safrangeTsa da sxva qveynebSi farTo gavrceleba hpova damsaxurebis Sefasebaze dafuZnebulma xelfasis individualizaciam. damsaxurebis Sefasebis azri mdgomareobs SemdegSi: muSakebs, romlebsac aqvT erTnairi kvalifikacia da ukaviaT erTnairi Tanamdebobebi, Tavisi bunebrivi SesaZleblobebis, staJis, mizandasaxu-lobis, motivebisa da miswrafebebis wyalobiT, SeuZliaT miaRwion gansxvavebul Sedegebs. am gansxvavebebma asaxva unda hpovos xelfasSi, rac miiRweva sargoebis diferenciaciiT Tanrigis (an Tanamdebobis) CarCoebSi. damsaxurebis Sefasebis gamoyenebis praqtikis analizma gviCvena, rom gafarTovda im muSakTa kontingenti, romelzec is vrceldeba. pirvelad, damsaxurebis Sefaseba gamoiyeneboda xelmZRvanel muSakebsa da mosamsaxureebze, romelTa Sromis Sedegebis asaxva SeuZlebeli iyo raime zusti maCveneblebiT. Tumca, fizikuri da gonebrivi Sromis muSakTa Sromis Sinaarsis daaxloebis obieqturi procesis msvlelobisas moxda maTi anazRaurebis meTodebis daaxloebac. Sromis anazRaurebis individualizaciis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba moiTxovs Sromis Sefasebis meTodebis srulyofas muSakis sakma-risi motivaciisaTvis da Sromis anazRaurebis mudmiv da cvalebad nawilebs Soris gansazRvruli Tanafardobis dadgenas im “fsiqologiuri zRvaris” gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis qvemoTac xelfasi kargavs Tavis mastimulirebel rols da ar aRiqmeba, rogorc adekvaturi jildo SromisaTvis. migvaCnia, rom zemoaRniSnuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sromis anazRaurebis sistemis swori strategia uzrunvelyofs uSua-lod adamianTa 156 dafasebas, maTi uflebebis dacvas da zogadad, qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas. yovelive es ki saxelmwifos pirdapiri movaleobaa, miT ufro socialurad orientirebul qveynebSi. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. - Tbilisi, 1995 wlis 24 agvisto // http://codex.ge/1055. 2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi. - Tbilisi, 1997 wlis 26 ivnisi. N786 – IIs // http://codex.ge/2790. 3. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni “saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi”. Tbilisi, 2010 wlis 17 dekemberi. №4113-rs // http://codex.ge/152. 4. saqarTvelos kanoni “socialuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb”. – Tbilisi, 2006 wlis 29 dekemberi. N№4289–rs // http://codex.ge/1389. 5. baraTaSvili e., da sxv. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba (Teoriul-meTodologiuri aspeqtebi, meqanizmebi da resursuli baza). saxelmZRvanelo. wigni II. - Tb., 2012, gv. 153-170. 6. Волгин Н.А. Социальная политика. Учебник. Под общ. ред. Н.А. Волгина. – Москва: Издательство «Экзамен», 2003, с. 253-270. 7. Волгин Н.А., Дудников С.В. Оплата труда государственных служащих: анализ, зарубежный опыт, новые подходы. - М, 2000. Regulation problems of salary adjustment and ways of their Solutions in Georgia Mzia Chkhartishvili Resume Remuneration of a special place - the structure of the labor and social policy priorities in the area, which is primarily due to its great importance in ensuring the viability of the specific features for which it serves as the development of economy and society. In general, wages have four main functions, which affect the person and the whole country's economy. Priority should be regarded as the most advanced stage of development remuneration for his industrial and stimulating functions, therefore, first of all, that they should intensify and strengthen. Work motivation in developed countries accumulated salary and other forms of organization of large and varied experience, which, to some extent, can we use the experience of their own national traditions and the salaries of the organization. The authors' opinion, the remuneration system for proper national strategy to ensure the people's appreciation of their rights and, in general, the country's economy. All this is a direct obligation of the state, the more socially-oriented countries. 157 saSemosavlo gadasaxadis arsi da adgili saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemaSi sofo jojiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-2 kursi merab vaniSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Telefoni: 598 113 753 saSemosavlo gadasaxadi saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi pirdapiri gadasaxadia fizikuri piris mier miRebul Semosavlebze. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi arian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis obieqti aris dasabegri Semosavlis miReba rogorc rezidentisaTvis, ise ararezidentisaTvis.5saSemosavlo baza rezidentisaTvis _ dasabegri Semosavali (erToblivi Semosavali minus gamoqviTvebi), ararezidentisaTvis _ dasabegri Semosavali (saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyarodan miRebuli erToblivi Semosavali minus gamoqviTvebi). erToblivi Semosavali aris xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebi, ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavlebi, sxva Semosavlebi, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli daqiravebiT muSaobasTan da ekonomikur saq-mianobasTan. erTobliv SemosavalSi ar aisaxeba saxelmwifosTvis (adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis) saqonlis usasyidlod miwodeba, momsaxurebis usasyidlod gaweva, saqonlis miwodeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebi aris fizikuri piris mier daqiravebiT muSaobis Sedegad miRebuli sazRauri (fuladi an materialuri formiT), sargebeli (damqiraveblisgan sesxis SeRavaTiani pirobebiT miReba, valis patieba, saqonlis an momsaxurebis usasyidlod miReba, avtomanqanis an binis pirad sargeblobaSi miReba, swavlis an mkurnalobis xarjebis miReba da sxva).6 ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavlebi aris saqonlis miwodebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi, momsaxurebis gaweviT miRebuli Semosavlebi, procentebis, dividendebis, roialtis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebi, qonebis realizaciiT miRebuli nameti Semosavlebi, qonebis lizingiT, uzurfuqtiT, ijariT, qiriT gadacemiT miRebuli Semosavlebi, valis patiebiT miRebuli sargebeli da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavlebi. Semosavlebs, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli daqiravebiT muSaobasTan 5 rezidentebi _ fizikuri piri, romelic faqtobrivad imyofeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze 183 dRe an met xans nebismieri uwyveti 12 Tvis periodSi, romelic mTavrdeba am sagadasaxado wels an imyofeba ucxo qveyanaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi. ararezidentebi _ fizikuri piri, romelic ar aris rezidenti. 6 xelfasis saxiT miRebul SemosavlebSi ar Sedis dadgenili normebis farglebSi miRebuli Semosavlebi samivlinebo xarjebis dasafaravad da warmomadgenlobiTi xarjebis dasafaravad. 158 da ekonomikur saqmianobasTan, miekuTvneba nebismieri Semosavali da sargebeli garda: partniorTa Senatanebisa sawarmos kapitalSi; mzRvevlis mier dazRveuli fizikuri pirisaTvis gadaxdili sadazRveo anazRaurebisa; sakontrolo Sesyidvis mizniT SeZenili saqonlis (momsaxurebis) Rirebulebisa da am fizikuri piris faruli Semosavlebisa, romelic farulad exmareba sagamoZiebo organoebs. gamoqviTvebi erToblivi Semosavlebidan misaRebad erToblivi Semosavlidan gamoiqviTeba Semosavlebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli dokumenturad dadasturebuli xarjebi, garda: xarjebisa, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli ekonomikur saqmianobasTan; xelfasis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebisa; saSemosavlo da mogebis gadasaxadebisagan ganTavisuflebuli Semosavlebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebisa; azartuli da momgebiani TamaSobebidan miRebul mogebebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebisa; mikro biznesis statusis mqone pirisgan SeZenil saqonelze gaweuli xarjisa; pirad moxmarebaze da garTobaze gaweuli xarjebisa; sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli sanqciebis Tanxebisa. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTebia: 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan 2013 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 20%, 2013 wlis ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 18%, 2014 wlis 1 ianvridan _ 15%. dividendis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris ganakveTebia: 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan 2013 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 5%, 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 3%, 2014 wlis 1 ianvridan _ 0%. procentebis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris ganakveTebia: 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 5%, 2014 wlis 1 ianvridan _ 0%. roialtis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris ganakveTebia: 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan 2013 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 20%, 2013 wlis ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde _18%, 2014 wlis 1 ianvridan _ 15%. ijaris saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris ganakveTebia: 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan 2013 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 20%, 2013 wlis ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 18%, 2014 wlis 1 ianvridan _ 15%. ararezidentebis Semosavlebis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris ganakveTebi warmodgenilia Semdegnairada: xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavlebisa, dividendebisa da procentebisaTvis _ rezidenti pirebisaTvis gansazRvruli ganakveTebi; saerTaSoriso kavSirgabmulobis, telesakomunikacio momsaxurebisa da saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis satransporto momsaxurebidan miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis _ 10%; qvekontraqtorebis mier navTobisa da gazis operaciebidan miRebuli SemosavlebisaTvis _ 4%; sxva SemosavlebisaTvis _ 15%. kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, kerZod: gada159 saxadisagan gaTavisufleba (gamoiyeneba calkeuli Semosavlebis mimarT), daubegravi minimumis gansazRvra (gamoiyeneba gadamxdelTa calkeuli jgufebis mimarT). saSemosavlo gadasaxadis wliuri deklaraciis wardgena evaleba: 1. pirebs, romleTa Semosavlebic ar ibegreba saqarTveloSi arsebul gadasaxadis wyarosTan _ sagadasaxado wlis momdevno wlis 1 aprilamde; 2. mewarme fizikur pirs, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sewyvetisas _ 30 samuSao dRis vadaSi; 3. pirs, romelic ar aris valdebuli waradginos deklaracia, SeuZlia waradginos igi gadasaxadis gadaangariSebisa da dabrunebis moTxovniT.7 saSemosavlo gadasaxadis biujetSi gadaxdis valdebuleba ekisreba 8 sagadasaxdo agents an Semosavlebis mimReb pirs (subieqts, gadamxdels)9. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda xorcieldeba Semdegnairad: sagadasaxado agentis mier gadamxdels gadasaxadi daukavdeba gasacemi Tanxidan da gadairicxeba biujetSi Semosavlis miRebamde; Semosavlebze, romlebic ar ibegreba saqarTveloSi arsebul gadasaxadis wyarosTan, gadasaxadi gadaixdeba wliuri deklaraciis wardgenis vadaSi; III da IV rigis memkvidreebis mier 150000 laris an meti Rirebulebis qonebis CuqebiT an/da memkvidreobiT miRebis SemTxvevaSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi eqvemdebareba gadaxdas 2 kalndaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi; mewarme fizikuri pirebi valdebulni arian saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mimdinare gadasaxdelebis Tanxebi biujetSi Seitanon gasuli sagadasa-xado wlis wliuri gadasaxadis mixedviT, Semdegi odenobiT: 1. araugvi-anes 15 maisisa _ 25%; araugvianes 15 ivlisisa _ 25%; araugvianes 15 seqtembrisa _ 25%; araugvianes 15 dekembrisa _ 25%. dabolos, saSemosavlo gadasaxadisaTvis sagadasaxado agenti aris: 1. piri, romelic daqiravebuls uxdis xelfass, arasaxelmwifo pensias da stipendias, gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, saTamaSo biznesidan misaReb mogebas, dividends, procents, roialts, saijaro momsaxurebis Tanxas; 2. piri, romelic usasyidlod gadascems qonebas gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mowmobis armqone pirs; 3. piri, romlisganac iRebs Semosavlebs ararezidenti. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2. 3. 4. vaniSvili m., vaniSvili n. finansebis safuZvlebi. _ Tb., 2012. kopaleiSvili T., CikvilaZe m. gadasaxadebi da dabegvra. _ Tb., 2011. rogava z., qavTaraZe n. sagadasaxado dabegvra. _ Tb., 2006. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2012. 7 ganxorcielebuli monacemebis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis kvartalur deklaraciebs warmoadgens sagadasaxado agenti araugvianes yoveli kvartlis momdevno Tvis 15 ricxvisa. 8 saqarTveloSi arsebuli gadaxdis wyarodan Semosavlebis gacemis SemTxvevaSi. 9 saqarTveloSi arsebuli gadaxdis wyarosTan daubegravi Semosavlebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. 160 The essence of the income tax and the tax system Sofo Jojishvili Resume Income tax in common - the national direct tax on income received by an individual. Income tax shall be paid by the citizens, foreign citizens, stateless persons. The unit is taxable income for income tax as a resident, as well as for noresident. Legally established tax benefits, such as tax exemptions (applicable to individual income), tax wage determination (used for certain groups of taxpayers). socialuri politikis arsi, miznebi da amocanebi qeTevan wiqariSvili a(a)ip goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis finansebis specialobis IV kursis studenti merab vaniSvili asocirebuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 28 63 42 sazogadoeba _ adamianTa erToblivi cxovelqmedebis mTliani, istoriulad mdgradi formaa. igi dayofilia socialur jgufebad, TiToeul jgufs Tavisi interesebi aqvs, romlebic SeiZleba erTmaneTs emTxveodes an upirispirdebodes. socialuri jgufebis erToblioba _ aris socialuri struqtura, romelic mosaxleobis kategoriebis Sesaxeb monacemebis statistikuri nakrebi ki ara, sazogadoebrivi vulkania, romelSic ganuwyvetliv midis sxvadasxva procesebi. ZiriTadad is SedarebiT mSvidia, magram zogjer _ feTqebadi. adamianebi da socialuri jgufebi cxovroben da moqmedeben erT sazogadoebaSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs socialuri jgufebis da klasebis urTierTobis garduvaloba. aseT urTierTobaTa formebi mravalgvaria: samoqalaqo Tanxmoba, mSvidobiani iniciativa, samoqalaqo omi da a.S. yovelive es _ politikaa. politika aris socialuri jgufebis (klasebis) urTierTqmedeba. ar arsebobs sazogadoeba politikis gareSe. socialuri jgufebis urTierTqmedebis xasiaTis (interesebis sagnis) mixedviT ganasxvaveben sxvadasxva saxis politikas: _ ekonomikuri politika, demografiuli politika, ekologiuri politika, socialuri politika da a.S. sazogadoeba – ekonomika – saxelmwifos mravalmxriv urTierTobaTa sistemaSi socialuri politika tradiciulad makoordinirebel funqcias asrulebs. socialuri politika aris socialuri jgufebis urTierTdamokidebuleba mTlianad mosaxleobisa da misi Semadgeneli klasebis, socialuri erTobebis (ojaxebis, xalxebis, dasaxlebuli qalaqebis, da a.S.) socialuri mdgomareobis SenarCunebisa da SecvlisaTvis. socialuri 161 politikis mTavari Temaa, mTlianad mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareoba. socialuri mdgomareoba _ es aris sazogadoebis da misi Semadgeneli nawilebis cxovelqmedebis kompleqsuri daxasiaTeba. igi formirdeba, rogorc sazogadoebis struqturuli nawilebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi pirobebis Semqmneli arsebiTi faqtorebis (mizezebis) sistemis moqmedebis Sedegi. socialuri mdgomareobis ganmapirobebel sazogadoebriv pirobebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Semdegi: sazogadoebrivi mowyoba (sazogadoebrivi wyoba), Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi, Zalaufleba meurneobaSi (sakuTreba), sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis uzrunvelmyofi ekonomikuri pirobebi, ekologiuri usafrTxoeba, socialuri daculoba. socialuri politika moicavs Semdeg maCveneblebs: demografiuli, cxovrebis donis, mosaxleobis dasaqmebis, janmrTelobis, ganaTlebis (mecnierebis), aseve sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis da sxva maCveneblebs. socialuri politikis gatarebisas mniSvnelovania yvela mimarTulebis gaTvaliswineba, raTa arc erTi maTgani ar dagvrCes yuradRebis miRma. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia sworad CaiTvalos iseTi socialuri politika, romlis farglebSic upiratesoba eniWeba ganaTlebis, kulturis da a.S. ganviTarebas, dasaqmebisa Tu sapensio uzrunvelyofis problemis gadawyvetis sazianod. aRniSnuli amtkicebs socialuri politikis prioritetebis win wamowevis mniSvnelobas regionuli Tu korporatiuli aspeqtebidan gamomdinare. socialuri politika saxelmwifo doneze atarebs, normatiulad mocemul xasiaTs (muSavdeba da gamoicema kanonebi, brZanebulebebi, da a.S.). realuri, socialuri politika, xorcieldeba konkretul adamianTan pirispir, municipalur da korporatiul doneze. swored aq poulobs igi Tavis saboloo xorcSesxmas da afiqsirebs Tavis Sedegianobas. garkveuli gagebiT, socialur politikas safuZvlad udevs socialurSromiT sferoSi Semavali elementebis, blokebisa da struqturebis urTierTdakavSirebuli sistema, romelTa Sorisaa: socialuri sferos dargebi (ganaTleba, jandacva, turizmi, da a.S.); Sromis bazari, dasaqmeba, socialuri dacva; Sromis anazRaureba socialuri dazRveva; sapensio sistema da sxv. socialur-SromiTi sfero asaxavs socialuri politikis obieqts da sagans, SromiTi da socialuri urTierTobebis erTianobas, axasiaTebs socialuri ganviTarebis xarisxs. praqtikaSi SromiTi urTierTobebi iSviaTad arsebobs wminda saxiT, socialuri Semadgenlebis gareSe. da piriqiT, socialuri urTierTobebi xSirad Cndebian SromiTi procesebis Sedegad. socialur-SromiTi sferos ZiriTad bloks, miekuTvneba komponentebi, romlebic asaxaven da uzrunvelyofen samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis procesis fazebs: 162 • • • socialuri sfero, e.i. socialur-kulturuli kompleqsis dargebi Sromis bazari, dasaqmebisa da kadrebis gadamzadebis samsaxurebi; Sromis mwarmoeblurobis motivaciis sfero. Semdeg blokSi Sedian socialur-SromiTi sferos komponentebi, romlebic yalibdebian warmoebis saSualebebTan samuSao Zalis SeerTebi-saTvis pirobebis uzrunvelyofis procesSi: • mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis sistema; • socialuri partniorobis sistema; • socialuri dazRvevis sistema; • socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema (sapensio sistema). • Sromis dacvis sistema da a.S. socialur-SromiTi sferos Semadgeneli nawilebisa da elementebis analizi SesaZleblobas iZleva gakeTdes daskvna imis Taobaze, rom mravali maTgani gadajaWvulia problemebTan, rogorc Teoriuli gagebiT, aseve praqtikuli funqcionirebis procesSic. nebismieri donis socialuri politikis realizaciis efeqtianoba damokidebuli ekonomikis, sabiujeto uzrunvelyofis, saxelmwifosa da sawarmoebis finansuri resursebisze. saTanado finansuri saSualebebis gareSe rTulia saubari ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis, mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. socialuri sferos aradamakmayofilebeli ganviTareba, siRaribisa da umuSevrobis zrda, sxva mwvave socialuri problemebi ZiriTadad aixsneba ekonomikuri problemebiT da biujetebis sagasavlo nawilis formirebaSi daSvebuli SecdomebiT. efeqtiani dasaqmebis, Sromis Zlieri stimulebis sistemis, janmrTelobis dacvis, da a.S. organizaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia ganviTardes warmoeba, gaizardos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moculoba. es ki moiTxovs socialuri politikisadmi saxelmwifos, mewarmeebisa da mesakuTreebis mxridan Sesabamis yuradRebas. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, rom ekonomikis efeqtianoba gansazRvravs socialuri politikis Sinaarss, principebs, mimarTulebebs. rac ufro maRalia ekonomikuri efeqtianoba, miT ufro myari safuZveli iqmneba cxovrebis donis amaRlebisaTvis, rac socialuri politikis strategiul mizans warmoadgens. socialuri politika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli “socialuri sabaz-ro ekonomikis” cnebasTan. sabazro ekonomika, romlis mTavari mizani da amocana warmoebis efeqtianobisa da mogebis zrdaSia, warmoadgens socialuri sabazro ekonomikis guls. bunebrivia, mTavari miznis miRweviT, sabazro ekonomika raRaca zomiT wyvets zogierT socialur sakiTxs _ dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, saxelfaso gasacemlebi Sromis SedegebisaTvis da a.S. magram, 163 igi dafuZnebulia samarTlianobasTan. konkurenciaze, da mas saqme ara aqvs socialur socialuri samarTlianoba, socialuri dacva uwinares yovlisa, uzrunveliyofa ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis (Seqmnili dovlaTis gadanawileba, sagadasaxado politika, samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa da a.S.) meSveobiT. saxelmwifo Tavisi nebiT sabazro ekonomikas Semoabrunebs xalxis interesebisaken da mas aniWebs socialuri sabazro ekonomikis xasiaTs. aseT pirobebSi xSirad ekonomikur efeqtianobas wiravs mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis sasargeblod. Tanamedrove pirobebSi socialuri politikis gansazRvrisas aucilebelia davicvaT ramdenime principuli moTxovna. 1. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis, Camoyalibebuli tendenciebisa da Taviseburebebis analizi da, adgilobrivi pirobebis Sesabamisad, maTi gaTvaliswineba. 2. socialuri politikam , tradiciuli xerxebiT unda SeimuSaos da ganaxorcielos prevenciuli zomebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qveynis usafrTxo da mdgrad ganviTarebas. 3. socialur politikaSi amosavali sawyisi socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofaa. socialuri samarTlianoba gulisxmobs yvela moqalaqisaTvis Tanabari sastarto SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas. 4. aucilebelia qveyanaSi Seiqmnas faseulobis integraluri sistema, raTa Tavidan aviciloT calkeuli dogmebis gavleniT romelime faseulobaze calmxrivi orientacia. 5. normalurad ganviTarebad ekonomikaSi saxelmwifosa da mosaxleobas Soris ormxrivi urTierToba yalibdeba. jer erTi, mosaxleoba urTierTobebis aqtiuri subieqtia – igi flobs sakuTrebas, Sromobs, qmnis mSp-s da a.S. meore mxriv, mosaxleoba saxelmwifos funqciebis obieqticaa. socialuri politikis efeqtianobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva indikatori (maCvenebeli). magaliTad, saerTaSoriso indikatorad miCneulia humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi. ZiriTad maCveneblebad ki aRiarebulia: cxovrebis donis maCveneblebi, minimal uri saxelmwifo standartebi, mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis maCveneblebi, socialuri daZabulobis maCveneblebi, socialuri sferos ganviTarebis maCveneblebi, mSp-Si garemos dacvaze gaweuli xarjebis wili. Aamdenad, socialuri politikis yuradRebis centrSi mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRleba dgas, romlic miiRweva ekonomikuri efeqtianobis pirobebSi. Agamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos //.http:codex.ge/1055 konstitucia._Tbilisi, 2. WiTanava n., TakalanZe l. socialuri ganviTareba (nawili I). - Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 103-121. 3. evropis socialuri qartia. _ Tbilisi, 2010 164 1995 wlis ekonomika: 24 agvisto formireba da Essence, Goals and Tasks of Social Politics Ketevan Tsikarishvili Resume According to character interaction of social groups, they differ different kind of politics, among which there are social politics. The content of social politics, principles, directions are defined by effectiveness of economics. The main subject of social politics is the social situation of population. The higher economical effectiveness is, the harder basis will be created for high standard of living. agrobiznesis makroekonomikuri regulirebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi rusudan xeTaguri suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-2 kursi merab vaniSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 113 753 qveynis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis myar safuZvels qmnis Zlieri da maRalefeqtianad funqcionirebadi agrobiznesi. amitom misi mdgradi ganviTarebis saTanado saxelmwifoebriv mxardaWerasa da stimulirebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod agrobiznesis makroekonomikuri regulirebis moqnili sistemis qmediTi gamoyenebiT, TviTregulirebisa da regulirebis meqanizmebis optimaluri SeTanawyobiT. am mizniT aTvisebul unda iqnes ganviTarebul qveynebSi mwarmoebelTa mxardaWeris aprobirebuli formebi da meTodebi (subsidia, dotacia, eqsportis dakrediteba) im zomiT da farglebSi, rac daSvebulia saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis dokumentebiT, vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis standartebiTa da wesdebiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebiT. amasTan, regulirebisaTvis farTod ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli arapirdapiri subsidirebis meqanizmebi. am formebis gamWvirvaloba da miznobrioba ganpirobebul unda iqnes Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebrivi programebiT. qveyanaSi makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis, Sesabamisi fulad-sakredito da sabiujeto politikis farglebSi, SesaZleblobaTa arsebobis kvalobaze unda SemuSavdes da ganxorcieldes sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulisa da sursaTis samamulo mwarmoebelTa mxardaWeris, agrobiznesiT dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis, sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis programebi, romelTa dafinanseba ganxorcieldeba konkursis safuZvelze. agrobizensis sabazro regulirebis meqanizmSi mniSvnelovan rols 165 asrulebs fasebi da faswarmoqmnis politika sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulsa da sursaTze. fasebi, erTi mxriv, astimulireben miwodebis zrdas, xolo meore mxriv, gavlenas axdenen mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarian moTxovnaze, misTvis metad an naklebad xelmisawvdoms xdian sasursaTo saqonels. ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze aucilebelia sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulsa da sursaTze faswarmoqmnis mkveTri saxelmwifoebrivi koncefciis SemuSaveba da gatareba. aseTi koncefcia gulisxmobs sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulze garantirebul, xolo sursaTze ki – zRvruli sabazro fasebis dadgenas. aseTma fasma unda dafaros warmoebis danaxarjebi da uzrunvelyos gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis pirobebi. qveynis agrobiznesis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mis saTanado sabiujeto dafinansebas. dReisaTvis agrobiznesis dargTa sabiujeto dafinanseba faqtobrivad ver uzrunvelyofs am sferoSi warmoebis stabilurobas; gamoyofili sabiujeto saSualebebi aSkarad arasakmarisia sasursaTo meurneobis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia agrobiznesis mimarT gatarebuli safinanso politikis gardaqmna, sabiujeto saSualebaTa ZiriTadi nawilis mimarTva centraluri da regionuli miznobrivi kompleqsuri programebis dafinansebaze. agrobiznesis finansuri mxardaWera unda warimarTos Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: sabiujeto asignebani miznobriv kompleqsur programebze; kapitalur dabandebaTa dafinanseba; dotaciebi produqciasa da materialurteqnikur resursebze; asignebani daz Rvevaze; bankebis sesxebis nawilobrivi kompensacia. sagulisxmoa, rom agrobiznesis sameurneo subieqtebis dakredi-tebis dReisaTvis moqmedi sistema minimaluradac ver akmayofilebs ax-al ekonomikur garemoSi myofi qveynis agrosasursaTo meurneobis sak-redito moTxovnebs. aRniSnuli vakuuumis Sesavsebad saWiroa droebiTi, metnaklebad optimaluri strategiis SemuSaveba agrobiznesis sakredi-to resursebiT uzrunvelsayofad. Tanamedrove pirobebSi obieqturad unda ganisazRvros kreditebis ganTavsebis wesi; SemuSavdes soflis meurneobis saministrosa da Sesabamis komerciul bankebs Soris urTierTobaTa principebi, TanamSromlobis meqanizmebi. saWiroa sezonur dakreditebasTan erTad farTod iqnes gamoyenebuli grZelvadiani dakreditebis iseTi specifikuri forma, rogoricaa lizingi. es ukanaskneli did rols Seasrulebs mowyobilobaTa teqnologiuri moZvelebisagan dacvaSi. qveyanaSi agrobiznesis ganviTareba da am sferoSi dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebis stabiluroba didadaa damokidebuli sadazRveo sistemis mwyobr da gamarTul muSaobaze. cnobili mizezebis gamo, saqarTveloSi 1991 wlidan gauqmebul iqna sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoTa saxelmwifo dazRveva da es funqcia gadaeca kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebs. amJamad fermeruli meurneobebi arc Tu ise xalisiT monawileoben komerciul dazRvevaSi fuladi saSualebis ukmarisobis, sadazRvevo Senatanebis metismetad maRali ganakveTebisa da araxelsayreli sadazRvevo pirobebis gamo. 166 zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, dReisaTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia erTiani saxelmwifo-komerciuli sadazRvevo sistemis Camoyalibeba, sadazRvevo gasacemlebSi biujetis wilobrivi monawileobis safuZvelze. amasTan, aucilebelia damkvidrdes savaldebulo dazRveva, uwinares yovlisa, sarisko warmeobaSi, sadazRvevo bazarze Sesabamisi kerZo kompaniebisaTvis Tanabari konkurentuli garemos SeqmniT. sadazRvevo saqmis ganviTareba unda gaxdes grZelvadiani investirebisaTvis Sinagani danazogebis warmarTvis mniSvnelovani safinanso arxi. zogadad, agrobiznesis makroekonomikuri regulirebis mizani SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: samamulo warmoebis xarisxiani sasursaTo produqtebiT momxmarebelTa gadaxdisunariani moTxovnis Sesabamisi donis fasebis mixedviT efeqtiani, ekonomikurad misaRebi mo-maragebisaTvis keTilsasurveli pirobebis Seqmna. aseTi pirobebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas mxolod sasursaTo bazris mTavari komponentebis _ miwodebisa da moTxovnis dabalansebisas. agrobiznesis produqciis miwodebis makroekonomikuri regulirebis sistema, uwinares yovlisa, mimarTul unda iqnes Semdegi ZiriTadi miznebis miRwevaze: agrobiznesis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis stabiluri ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebis uzrunvelyofa; saxelmwifo da regionuli sasursaTo fondebis formireba; mosaxleobis moTxovnis dakmayofileba xarisxian sasursaTo produqtebze socialurad misaRebi fasebiT; saxelmwifo da regionuli sasursaTo bazrebis dacva sagareo bazris mxridan ,,Cagvrisagan“, sabazro sivrcis integrireba; garemoze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Semcireba. zemoaRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad, agrobiznesis saqmianobaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs warmoadgens: saxelmwifo garantiebi mwarmoebelTa mier sarealizaciod wardgenili mTe-li sasursaTo produqciis Seuferxebel SeZenaze; saxelmwifo garantiebi mwarmoebelTa mier Cabarebuli sasursaTo produqciis anazRaureba-ze garantirebuli, winaswar daTqmuli fasebiT; sasursaTo produqtebis warmoebis, gadamuSavebis, Senaxvisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis te-qnologiaTa srulyofis dafinanseba da SeRavaTiani dakrediteba. agrobiznesis saqmianobaSi CarevisaTvis aucilebeli maragebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi TviT saxelmwifo unda iyos dainteresebuli rezervebis dagrovebiT. imavdroulad produqciis SeZenis garantia ganamtkicebs mwarmoebelTa rwmenas, icavs maT gakotrebisagan, astimulirebs warmoebis ganviTarebas, rac, saboloo angariSSi, iwvevs sasursaTo bazris stabilurobas. sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulisa da sursaTis mwarmoebelTa dacva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maT SeuZliaT nebasurviliT airCion sakuTari produqciis realizebis formebi, saxelmwifo garantiebis SemoTava-zebuli sistema ki xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi agrosasursaTo kompleqsis dargTa racionalur teritoriul gaadgilebas da erTiani sabazro sivrcis formirebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, dReisaTvis arsebiTad mosagvarebelia sa-kiTxi produqciis gasaRebis saxelmwifo garantiebze qvotebis Sesaxeb. agrobiznesis 167 interesebis TvalsazrisiT, produqciis miRebis nebismieri SezRudva arasasurvelia. igi aseve miuRebelia saxelmwifoebrivi poziciidanac, ramdenadac anelebs saxelmwifo sasaqonlo maragebis dagrovebis tempebs. Tumca, zogierTi saxeobis dotirebuli produqciis mixedviT biujeturma SesaZleblobebma SeiZleba moiTxovos Sesabamisi SemzRudavi qvotebis SemoReba. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia daveyrdnoT regionuli diferenciaciis princips, romelic asaxavs agrobiznesis dargTa racionaluri teritoriuli gaadgilebis moTxovnebs. Sromis teritoriuli danawilebis gaTvaliswinebiT da urTierTxelsayreli ekonomikuri pirobebis safuZvelze agrobiznesis sistemaSi miwodebis stimulirebisaTvis aucilebelia: saqarTvelos mTeli teri-toriisaTvis erTiani faswarmoqmnis strategia da mwarmoebelTa saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWera; sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulsa da sursaTze fasebis erTiani saxelmwifo politika; sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulisa da sursaTis mwarmoebelTa saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris saxelm-wifo programebi. sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, miwodebis mxardaWeris politikasTan erTad, saxelmwifom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda dauTmos moTxovnis mxardaWerasa da regulirebas, momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis stabilizaciisa da amaRlebisaTvis. fasebis liberalizebis Sedegad qveyanaSi Seqmnili paradoqsuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTlianad agrobiznesis mixedviT, moTxovnis regulirebis SesaZlo variantebidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos sacalo fasebis SezRudvas sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulsa da sursaTze. agrobiznesis regulirebis zemoaRniSnuli meTodebidan sabazro ekonomikis pirobebs yvelaze metad Seesabameba sasaqonlo intervenciis meTodi. igi SesaZleblobas iZleva SenarCundes normaluri konkurentuli garemo da kompensirdes konkretul situaciaSi sabazro infrastruqturebis arasakmarisi simtkice da mobiluroba. sasaqonlo intervenciis drouli ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia saxelmwifos gaaCndes sakmarisi sasursaTo maragebi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla da ganzogadeba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom sacalo vaWrobisa da moxmarebis donis regulireba metad rTulia. am procesSi mniSvnelova-ni adgili ukavia saintervencio maragebidan (saxelmwifo sasursaTo resursebidan) sasursaTo produqtebiT vaWrobis wesebs. isini unda iyos kanonmdeblobiT reglamentirebuli, sadac aucilebelia Caidos Semdegi ZiriTadi pirobebi: saxelmwifos mxridan sasaqonlo intervenciis gasatareblad, sasursaTo produqciis saintervencio moculobebi ar unda iyos misi realizaciis saerTo odenobis 45-50%-ze naklebi; saxelmwifo sasursaTo resursebidan produqciis realizaciis fasebi, erTi mxriv, unda iyos garantirebul fasebze 30-40%-iT maRali, xolo meore mxriv, ar unda iyos sabazro fasebze arsebiTad dabali; saxelmwifo resursebidan sarealizacio produqciis moculobebi sistematurad unda qveyndebodes, raTa momxmareblebi da savaWro firmebi flobdnen informacias arsebuli resursebis Sesaxeb. 168 saxelmwifo sasursaTo resursebidan sasaqonlo maragebis realizaciis moculobebi mizanSewonilia gaizardos sacalo fasebis mkveTri amaRlebisas, raTa dacul iqnes momxmarebelTa interesebi. sacalo fasebis mkveTri Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom ar unda gayidos produqcia. am situaciaSi mizanSewonilia misi Sesyidva, raTa dacul iqnes mwarmoebelTa interesebi. amrigad, saxelmwifo maragebidan sasursaTo produqciis realizaciis aRwerili meqanizmi ar arRvevs sabazro pirobebs da xels uwyobs sasursaTo bazris stabilurobas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. vaniSvili m. saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri aspeqtebi: Teoria, meTodologia, praqtika. Tbilisi: sazogadoeba codna, 2003, 305 gv. 2. beriZe z. sasursaTo bazris formireba da ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. _ saerTaSoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero Jurnali `socialuri ekonomika (XXI saukunis aqtualuri problemebi)”, 2010, #4 (10), gv. 75-78. 3. koRuaSvili p., zibzibaZe g. soflis meurneobis ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2010, 221 gv. 4. koRuaSvili p., zibzibaZe g. vmo-s raundebi da saqarTvelos satarifo politika. _ referirebadi samecniero, analitikur-praqtikuli Jurnali `biznesi da kanonmdebloba”, 2010, #6, gv. 33-38. The current issues of macroeconomic regulation of agribusiness in Georgia Rusudan Xetaguri Resume In the article, manufacturers in developed countries approved the forms and methods of support (subsidies, subsidized export credit), based on macroeconomic regulation studied agribusiness on topical issues in Georgia. It is considered by maximally size and scope of what is permitted by international financial organizations documents, standards and regulations of the World Trade Organization, international obligations. It has been implemented on the fact that the regulation should not be widely used indirect subsidy mechanisms. Transparency and purpose of these forms should be conditioned by national programs. 169 pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi nino babuciZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti biznesis administrirebis I kursi E-mail [email protected] lali vardiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis asistent profesori E-mail: [email protected] yvelasTvis cnobilia, ekonomikuri zrdisa da cxovrebis donis amaRlebisTvis xelSewyobis erT-erT utyuar da myar gzas warmoadgens investiciebia. Aaqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebam investirebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda dauTmos. vinaidan dRevandek etapze resursebi SezRudulia, amitom saWiroa gamoinaxos investirebis saxsrebis Seqmnis wyaro. investicia gulisxmobs fizikuri da iuridiuli piris mier organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva ekonomikuri xasiaTis operaciebis warmoebas. termini investicia laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa ,,invest" da dabadebas niSnavs. investiciebi Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganuyofeli nawilia, sainvesticio kreditebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian investoris riskis doniT, radgan aucilebelia kreditebisa da procesebis dadgenil vadebSi ukan dabruneba. investiciebis ukan dabrunebas moaqvs mogeba mxolod momgebiani produqtebidan. Tu proeqti wamgebiania, maSin SesaZlebelia investiciebis mTlianad an nawilobriv dakargva. politikuri mniSvnelobiT, saqarTvelo erTaderT qveyanas warmoadgens kavkasiis qveynebs Soris, romelsac investiciebis da sxvadasxva saxis regionaluri proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad yvelaze mimzidveli baza gaaCnia. potenciuri investorebisaTvis saqarTvelo warmoadgens teritorias, romelic sxvadasxva saxis msoflio saklasifikacio skalaze, sapatio standartebs akmayofilebs. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sainvesticio saagento aT motivs asaxelebs imisaTvis Tu ratom unda moxdes fulis dabandeba saqarTveloSi :strategiuli geografiuli mdebareoba. stabiluri ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. sazRvargareTTan Tavisufali ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. dabali sagadasaxado procenti. licenziebisa da movaleobebisgan ganTavisuflebis martivi gza. infrastruqturis swrafi ganviTareba. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis mimzidveli garemo. kompetenturi saxelfaso done da kvalifikaciis sakmaod maRali done. diversificirebuli sainvesticio seqtorebi. msoflio bankis winaswari ganWvretiT, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis swrafi ganviTareba. "saqstatis" winaswari monacemebiT, 2012 wlis IV kvartalSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculobam 181 mln. AaSS dolari Seadgina, rac 2011 wlis IV kvartlis dazustebuli maCveneblis 53 procentia. Rogorc statistikis erovnul samsaxurSi ganmartaven, winaswari monacemebiT, 2012 wlis IV kvartlaSi 170 saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semomavalma nakadebma 181,2 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 17 procentiT naklebia 2011 wlis IV kvartlis dazustebul da 3 procentiT imave periodis winaswar monacemebze, xolo 2012 wlis III kvartlis maCvenebels 6 procentiT aRemateba. 2012 wlis monacemebze ucxouri investiciebi milioni aSS. dolari wlebi mln. dolari 2011 1117,2 201 2 Iკვ. 2012 II კვ 2012 III კვ 2012 IVკვ 2012 269,4 219,4 195,4 865,2 181.0 wyaro. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri ukanasknel wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda aziuri investiciebi, romlebsac dasavleT evropisagan gansxvavebiT ar aSinebT postkonfliqtur qveynebSi investiciebis Cadeba. ucxoel investorebs saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad iafi muSaxeli, gamarTuli infrastruqtura da qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba izidavT. ucxouri investiciebi wina welTan SedarebiT mkveTrad Semcirda. pirvel kvartalSi ucxouri investiciebis moculobam 269,4 Seadgina, meore kvartalSi 219,4 milioni. ekonomikis seqtorebs Tu gadavxedavT, mesame kvartalis monacemebს შევნიშნავთ,რომ safinanso seqtori 24%-iT liderobs, mas moyveba energetika 20%, kavSrigabmuloba 17%, mrewveloba 14%, mSenebloba 5%, soflis meurneoba 3 % da danarCeni seqtorebi 17%. ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba mxolod finansuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofa rodia, es uwinares yovlisa im teqnologiuri miRwevebis gaziarebis saSualebaa, rac qveyanas ase sWirdeba. ucxouri investiciebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT unda warimarTos ekonomikis im sferoSi, romelic 171 xels Seuwyobs ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevas, dasaqmebis zrdas. aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom investiciebi ar aris is panacea, ramac radikalurad unda Secvalos mdgomareoba. roca gare resursi klebulobs, maSin unda aqcenti unda gakeTdes Sida resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebaze. mewarmes, bizness unda gauCndes iniciativa, rom es mogeba gamoiyenos reinvestirebisaTvis. Seqmnas axali samuSao adgilebi, moaxdinos warmoebis diversificireba da gazardos Tavisi monawileoba bazarze. Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. p. Lemonjava, a. abralava “ekonomikis principebi” Tb. 2009 w. 2. www.argo.agit.ge 2. http:// netgazeti.ge/GE/105/business/15363/ 3. www.ireporter.ge/ Direct Foreign Investments in Georgia Nino Babutsidze Resume Any of the socio - economic development largely depends on the investment policy pursued. The important role of the state in this field, which not only defines the "rules of the game," Investment in space, but also has significant opportunities for economic activities of private entities, revenue mobilization and allocation of these goals. saerTaSoriso vaWroba da miwodebis pirobebi-“inkotermsi” mariam SavdaTuaSvili goris saswavlo universitetis biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis specialobis IVkursi E-mail [email protected], Tel: 599071291 lali vardiSvili E-mail [email protected] Tel: 599517748 XXI saukuneSi, roca qveynebs gansakuTrebulad SezRuduli resursebi gaaCniaT, Zalian mniSvnelovania vaWroba, romelic did gavlenas axdens qveynis ganviTarebis doneze. Tanamedrove msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobad miCneulia sabazro ekonomika, xolo ekonomikur liderebad is qveynebi, sadac sagareo-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ufro ganviTarebulia. Cven SegviZlia qveynis ganviTarebis doneze vimsjeloT, imis mixedviT Tu riTi vaWrobs qveyana, aseve imiT rogori savaWro kodeqsi gaaCnia, ra donezea gansazRvruli myიdvelis da gamyidvelis ufleba movaleobebi. qveynis mdgomareobaze xSirad msjeloben mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp)-s ganawilebiT erT sul mosaxleze. mSp-s mniSvnelovani nawili ki eqsport 172 importia. sagareo vaWroba xels uwyobs TiToeul mxares moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis ufro maRali donis miRwevaSi. saerTaSoriso vaWroba, marTalia orive mxarisaTvis sasargebloa, magram misgan miRebuli sargebeli Tanabrad ar nawildeba, aramed imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu sad Seicvala fasebi ufro metad. Mmets iRebs is qveyana, romelsac vaWrobis ukeTesi pirobebi gaaCnia da vaWrobis Sedegad misi mdgomareoba kidev ufro umjobesdeba. qveynis ekonomika vaWrobaze da eqsport-importzea damokidebuli. masSi Cabmulni arian rogorc saxeლmwifo, aseve kerZo, adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso mwarmoblebi, vaWrobaSi monawileobas iReben Suamavlebi-saerTaSoriso gadamzidi organizaciebi. vaWroba-nasyidoba es aris transaqcia, romlis meSvobiTac xdeba sakuTrebis gadacema gamyidvelidan myidvelisaken fulis gadaxdis Sedegad. nebismieri nasyidoba moiTxovs minimum or mxares, magram Suamavlebic erTvebian xSirad. nasyidobisas aucilebelia Sedges xelSekruleba werilobiTi formiT, romelic sakmaod vrcelia da moicavs mraval niuanss. zogadi debulebebi, romelsac moicavs nasyidobis xelSekrulebebi: xelSekrulebis mxareebi; xelSekrulebis sagani; miwodebis pirobebi; myidvelis da gamyidvelis uflebebi; Rirebuleba da gadaxda; mxareebis valdebulebebi; forsmaJori სxva detalebi nasyidobis gaformeba individualuria, magram miwodebis pirobebi zogadad yvelasTvis erTia, nasyidobis xelSekruleba ki wyvets romeli maTgani iqneba gamoyenebuli. Incoterms (international Comercial Terms, saerTaSoriso savaWro terminebi) igi Seiqmna savaWro trაdiciebisa da praqtikis safuZvelze. saerTaSoriso savaWro terminebis, anu rogorc mas saxelSekrulebo praqtikaSi SemოklebiT uwodeben “inkoterms”. terminebi mowodebulia moaxdinos saerTaSoriso nasyidobisa da gadazidvebis xelSekrulebaTa ZiriTadi pirobebis harmonizeba. Tavdapirvelad igi Seiqmna 1936 wels saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis mier, romellsac SemdgomSi “incoterms 1936‖ ewoda. mogvianebiT aRniSnul wesebSi ramodenimejer iqna Setanili Sesworebebi da damatebebi 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 1998 da 2000wels. gamoyenebis moxerxebulobis mizniT 2000 wlis “inkotermsSi” moxda cvlileba, კერძოდ, terminebi daiyo oTx ZiriTad kategoriad, Sesabamisi kriteriumebis mixedviT, romelTagan erT-erTi ZiriTadi terminTa sawyisi asoebia. 2010 wels moxda saboloo cvlileba 173 miwodebis pirobebSi, rac dRes gamოiyeneba, Tu saWiro iqnებa cvlilebebi ganxorcieldeba 2020 wlisaTvis. ix.suraTi #1 sur #1 E-termini, romelic aRniSnavs gamyidvelis mier uSualod Tavis SenobaSi myidvelisaTvis tvirTis gadacemas. (gamyidvelis valdebulebebi minimaluria). F-termini, romelic gamyidvels avaldebulebs miitanos tvirTi myidveლis mier miTiTebul gadamzidvelTan, rodesac gamyidveli mxolod saqonlis gareSe. gafoრmebas uzrunvelyofs yovelgvari zedmeti danaxarjebis C-termini,romlis mixedviTac gamyidveli valdebulia gadaixados satransporto danaxarjebis Rirebuleba, magram igi Tavis Tavze ar iRebs tvirTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis an ganadgurebis risks, agreTve im damatebiT xarjebs, rac SeiZleba warmoiSvas gemze datvirTvisa da gagzavnis Semdeg. D-termini iTvaliswinebs gamyidvelis mier myidvelisaTvis saqonlis miwodebis adgilamde yvela xarjs da tvirTis SemTxveviTi daRupvisa da ganadgurebis risks. 2010 wlis inkotermsi, gamyidvels (ix. sur #2). ra pasuxismgebloba gaaCniaT myidvels da sur #2. 174 TiToeuli savaWro operaciis dros xdeba Semdegi safexurebis gavla: SefuTva, datvirTva, mitana gamyidvelis portSi an terminalSi, eqsportis identurobis Sეmowmeba, datvirTva, gadatana, dazRveva, myidvelis teritoriaze mitana, importis identurobis Semowmeba, daniSnulebis adgilze mitana. miwodebis pirobebi agreTve gansxvavdeba transportis saxiT da riskis gadacemiT. (ix sur.#3) sur.#3. EXW (ex works) qarxnidan gamyidvelis valdebulebebi minimaluria, xolo mTeli pasuxismgebloba tvirTis adgilamde gadasatanad ekisreba myidvels, gamyidveli movalea daexmaros myidvels saeqsporto dokumentaciis momzadebaSi da pasuxs agebs myidvelis winaSe, araswori datvirTvis gamo. Mმyidvels ekisreba yvela riski da xarji saqonlis Senobidan daniSnulebis adgilze mitanisaTvis. FCA (free carrier) gamyidvelis valdebuleba myidvelisaTvis saqonlis miwodebaze Sesasruleblad iTvleba, Tu igi gadascems eqsportisaTvis momzadebul saqonels myidvelis mier arCeul tvirTis gadamtanTan miTiTebul misamarTze. FAS (free alongside ship) gamyidveli tvirTavs Tavis teritoriaze, gadaaqvs tvirTi portSi, myidveli ixdis gadazidvis xarjebs da Tavad uzrunvelyofs daniSnulebis adgilamde mitanas. FOB (free on the board) gamyidvelis mier myidvelisaTvis saqonlis miwodebis valdebuleba Sesrulebulad iTvleba, rodesac saqoneli gadakveTs gemis kides dasaxelebuli CatvirTvis portSi.am momentidan riski gadadis myidvelze, mocemuli termini gamoiyeneba mxolod sazRvao da Sida saxmeleTo sawyalosno gadazidvebis SemTxvevaSi. CFR (cost and freight) xarjebi da fraxti-gamyidvelis movaleobaa gadaixados saqonlis daniSnulebis portSi CatanisaTvis aucilebeli xarjebi. risksac gamyidveli iRebs.mas aseve ekisreba im xarjebis gadaxda, romelic gamowveulia tvirTis gembanze moTavsebis Semdeg warmoqmnili movlenebiT. mocemuli termini gamoiyeneba mxolod sazRvao da Sida saxmeleTo sawyalosno gadazidvebis SemTxvevaSi. CIF (cost, insurance, freight) xarjebi, dazRveva da fraxti-gamyidvels 175 ekisreba igive valdebulebebi, rac CFR terminis SemTxvevaSi,damatebiთsazRvao dazRvevis uzrunvelyofa, valdebulia gadaixados sadazRveo premia. mocemuli termini gamoiyeneba mxolod sazRvao da Sida saxmeleTo sawyalosno gadazidvebis SemTxvevaSi. CPT (carriage paid to…) fraxtisagan Tavisufali-gamyidveli ixdis fraxts saqonilis dasaxelebul adgilamde. Mmyidvels riski gadaecema, maSin modesac gamyidveli saqonels gadamtanს Caabarebs. CIP (carriage and insurance paid to…) gaმyidvels igive valdebulebebi aqvs rac CPT-is SemTxvevaSi da amasTanave gamyidveli ixdis transportirebis, dazRvevisaTvis da gascemს premias sadazRveo SemTxვevis moxdenis dros. DAT (delivered at terminal) yvela valdebulebas asrulebs gamyidveli, axorcielebs tvirTis terminalamde mitanas, mxolod mas Semdeg gadaecema riski myidvels. DAP (delivered at point) gamyidveli bolomde pasuxismgebelia sanam tvirTs daniSnulebis adgilamde ar miitans. DDP (delivered duty paid) gamyidvelis movaleoba-miawodos tvirTi, Sesrulebulad iTvleba rodesac igi myidvels saqonliT uzrunvelyofs daniSnulebis adgilas-importirebis qveyanaSi.mocemul adgilas mitanamde saqonlis SemTxveviT daRupvis an ganadgurebis riski, agreTve yvela xarji da gadasaxadi ekisreba gamyidvels. saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso savaWro organizaciis wevri qveyanaa,ეს misTvisac iseTive mniSvnelovania rogorc msoflios mravali qveynisaTvis raTa gansazRvruli iyos yvela piroba, gamyidvelma ra funqcia movaleobebi unda Seasrulos romel etapze, an myidveli rodis inawilebs risks. gamoyenebuli literaturა g.jolia, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi-sagamomcemlo saxli “teqnikuri universiteti”, Tbilisi 2008. gv. 105 http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1% 83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98 http://www.rs.ge/4793 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade_law International Trade and Supply Conditions Mariam Shavdatuashvili Resume The modern practice of international trade, incoterms "rules of recognition‖ is a widely accepted and used, which facilitates international commercial transactions. 176 fulad-sakredito politika saxelmwifo regulirebis sistemaSi qeTevan SanSiaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 kursis studenti E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 598 77 07 72 giorgi zibzibaZe suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori, ekonomikis doqtori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 595 34 27 91 zogadad cnobilia, rom ekonomikuri politikis realizacia varaudobas iseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas, romlebic ayalibebes saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizms. aseTi meqanizmi ekonomikaze gavlenas axdens rogorc pirdapiri ise arapirdapiri meTodebiT. pirdapiri zemoqmedebis meTodebi gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mxriv iseTi regulirebas, romlis drosac ekonomikuri subieqtebi iZulebulni arian miiRon gadawyvetileba ara damoukideblad ekonomikuri arCevanis mixedviT, aramed saxelmwifos karnaxis mixedviT. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, saamortizacio anaricxebis normebi da sxva. pirdapiri meTodebi Tumca xSirad ufro efeqturnia ekonomikuri Sedegebis operatiulad miRwevis TvalsazrisiT, magram gaaCniT seriozuli nakli, rac sabazro procesSi Carevas da rigi dabrkolebebis SqmnaSi gamoixateba amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas rom fulad sakredito politika ekonomikuri instrumentebis im jgufs miekuTvneba romlebic ara imdenad brZanebiTia, ramdenadac zemoqmedebis xasiaTisa fuladi politikis Tavisebureba isicaa rom misi daxmarebiT saxelmwifo cdilobs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos erTobliv miwodebaze anu Tu finansuri regulirebis aqtiuri mxarea upiratesi zemoqmedeba dovlaTis moxmarebaze, fulad sakredito politikis mizani erTobliv moTxovnaze zemoqmedebis moxdenaa. fulad-sakredito politika aris centraluri bankis (cb) RonisZiebaTa erToblioba fulis mimoqcevisa da kreditis sferoSi makroekonomikur procesze zemoqmedebisaTvis. fulad-sakredito sferoSi moqmedebis dros cb iyenebs sxvadasxva instruments. maT umravlesobas aqvs zemomoqedebis iribi xasiaTi. magram sakredito sferos zogierTi operacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes pirdapiri meTodiT (magaliTad finansuri politikis sferodan saxelmwifos subsidiebi. sqemaze mocemulia fulad sakredito politikis meTodebi da instrumentebi 177 sakredito (politikis) regulirebis pirdapiri meTodebi – es aris centraluri bankis moqmedebebi dakreditebis dinamikis SeRudvisaTvis. zogierT evropul qveyanaSi cb-s ufleba aqvs SemoiRos komerciuli bankisaTvis, bankebis mier Tavisi resursebis arasabanko seqtorSi dabandebis sazRvrebi. iribi meTodebi moicavs ramdenime variants: 1. ganaRdebis politika. kanonis safuZvelze cb-s aqvs sargeblis ganakveTiT manipulirebis ufleba,, romelTac igi kredits aZlevs komerciul bnkebs. xdeba ,,kreditis fasis~ Taviseburi regulireba. miiReben ra am resursebs, komerciul bankebSi maT Semdgom miscemeen ekonomikis sxva subieqtebs (ra Tqma unda, ufro maRali sargebliT). sargeblis ganakveTis daxmarebiT cb irib zemoqmedebas axdens moTxovnisa da mimoqcevis Tanafardobaze. kapitalis bazarze. ,,Zviri~ krediti zRudavs moTxovnas sasesxo resursebze (samewarmeo seqtoris mxridan). Sedegad mcirdeba maTi investiciebi, qveyanaSi ecema saqmiani aqtivoba. aseTi ,,gamagrilebeli~ Sedegisagan mTavroba iswrafvis koniuqturis ,,gadaxurebis~ dros (ekonomikuri zrdis metismetad maRali donis pirobebSi). saxelmwifos es mizani ganpirobebuulia imiT, rom zrdis maRali done dakavSirebulia mzard erTobliv moTxovnasTan, es ki –logikis mixedviT aucileblad iwvevs inflaciis gaZlierebas. ,,iafi~ krediti ki kerZo seqtors aZlevs investirebis stimuls (aqciebis da obligaciebis SeZena, axali sawarmoo korpusebis mSenebloba da a.S..). aseTi situacia sasurvelia im periodSi, roca ekonomika recesiis (daRmavlobis) stadiaSia. ganaRdebis ganakveTis daxmarebiT regulurebas aqvs garkveuli sazRvrebi. kerZod, am operaciis efeqti SeiZleba Semcirdes, im SemTxvevaSi, roca komerciul bankebs aqvT fuladi rezervebi da SedarebiT iSviaTad mimarTaven cb damatebiTi sakredito resursebisaTvis. amdenad ganaRdebis ganakveTi asrulebs informaciis rolsac. kerZod ganakveTis SecvliT cb kerZo seqtors aZlevs signals aqtivobis gazrdisaTvis an, piriqiT, saqmini energiis SekavebisaTvis. Tu kerZo seqtori ar axdens reagirebas, saqmeSi 178 rTaven ufro mkacr berketebs. mag, operaciebs Ria bazarze. 2. operaciebi Ria bazarze. cb saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis yidvagayidvebs metwil SemTxvevebSi axdens Ria bazarze, mag. birJaze am dros mizani erTia – qveyanaSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis regulireba. komerciuli bankebisaTvis fasiani qaRaldebis miyidviT maTgan amoiReben Warb sabalanso rezervebs. Sedegad fulis mimoqceva mcirdeba. komerciuli bankebisagan fasiani qaRaldebis Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi cb anaRdebs maT Rirebulebas da amiT saxalxo meurneobriv brunvaSi Sehyavs fulis damatebiTi masa. 3. minimaluri rezervebis politika – warmoadgens komerciuli bankebis, aqtivebis nawilis rezervirebas cb-Si. es keTdeba ori mizniT: - 1.qveynis sakredito sistemis dazRvevisaTvis; - 2. cb-is zemoqmedeba komerciuli bankebis sakredito resursebis moculobaze. unda iTqvas, rom regulirebis sxva variantebTan SedarebiT, is uxeSad iTvleba Ria bazarze operaciebTan SedarebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom regulirebis procesSi yvelaze met efeqts iZleva: a) regulirebis meTodebis farTo speqtris gamoyeneba. b) maTi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia TanmimdevrobiT ufro rbilidan-ufro mkacrisken, komerciuli bankebis mixedviT. 4. nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebebi. generaluri banki zogjer iswrafvis saqmiani SeTaxnebebi gaaformos komerciuli bankebTan. es meTodi saSualebas iZleva operatiuli gadawyvetilebebi miRebul iqnes swrafad da gansakuTrebuli biurokratizmis gareSe. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi: a) realizaciis procesSi sakredito politika avlens mTel rig efeqtur mxareebs, magram aris aSkara Cavardnebic. b) ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis fuladsakredito meTodebs, ise rogorc safinanso meTodebs, aqvs gaorebuli buneba; erTi mxriv isini warmoadgenen saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis realizaciis meqanizms, meore mxriv, es aris makroekonomikuri regulirebis damoukidebeli mimarTuleba. ekonomikuri politikis realizaciis praqtika aCvenebs, rom yvelaze racionaluria regulirebis orive mimarTulebis SeTanawyoba. magram mis CarCoebSi yovelTvis Cans (esa Tu is) ama Tu im meTodis gaZlierebis monacvleobiTi meryeoba, ekonomikuri situaciis mdgomareobis mixedviT. migvaCnia, rom radgan zogadad ekonomikuri politika erTdroulad ramdenime urTierT sawinaaRmdego, konfliqtur mizans SeiZleba axorcielebdes, SesaZloa iseTi finansuri, fulad sakredito da sxva saxis instrumentebi iqnas gamoyenebuli, romlebic ar 179 iqnebian srul unisonSi erTmaneTTan. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare gvinda gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi: 1. Cveni azriT fulad sakredito politikis ZiriTadi mizani unda gaxdes qveyanaSi warmoebis donis amaRlebis kvalobaze ekonomikis fuladi resursebiT uzrunvelyofa da dasaqmebis donis amaRleba. 2. marTalia bolo periodSi SeimCneva saprocento ganakveTis erTgari Semcireba magram is mainc mniSvnelovnad maRalia sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, rac dabrkolebas uqmnis mewarmeobis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi. amdenad vTvliT, rom saWiroa erovnuli bankis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iqnes ufro dabali saprocento ganakveTis dasamkvidreblad, rac xels Seuwyobs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da amiT fulad sakredito sistemis gamtkicebas Cven qveyanaSi. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. r. gvelesiani x. gogoriSvili ekonomikuri politika wigni 1 (gamomcemloba „universali“ Tb. 2009) 2. ekonomikuri politikis daijesti (prof. sokolniskis redaqciiT Tsu-s gamomcemloba 2003) Monetary – Credit Policy in the System of State Regulation Ketevan Shanshiashvili Resume Monetary - credit policy and the state of financial and credit institutions helps correct monetary - credit policy to regulate and manage their activities, what they are able to, through the National Central Bank of the instructions issued by various means and strategies. fulis masis zrda da inflacia aleqsandre kaxiZe, Tornike kakulia, mixeil kuxaleiSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sajaro mmarTvelobis specialobis pirveli kursis studentebi besarion nayofia suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 599 71 63 57 dros, calkeuli inflacia es aris fulis masis zrda, romelic ar aris uzrunvelyofili realuri saqonliT. is iwvevs erTeulis msyidvelobiTi unaris dacemas da SeuZlebels xdis ekonomikur gaTvlebs. inflacia yvelgan da yovelTvis monetaruli sakiTxia. Fasebis saerTo donis zrda, misi erT-erTi Sedegi.Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom yvela fasi erTnairad izrdeba. amave fasebis dinamika yovelTvis ar aris damokidebuli 180 monetarul sakiTxebze – navTobis, kartofilis, xorblis, brinjis an Saqris fasebi cal-calke rom gazrdiliyo, SeiZleba raime sxva mizezi yofiliyo da Sedegi Sesabamis saqonlis moxmarebis droebiTi Semcireba iqneboda. xolo momwodebels ki niSani miecemodaT, Tu ra unda awarmoon, rom mogeba miiRoon. magram rodesac izrdeba fasebi yvelaferze erTad, cxadia, rom mizezebi monetarulia. Ggare faqtoridan ki xazgasasmelia, rom arc amerikis da arc evropis centraluri bankebi akleben xels fulis beWdvas da inflaciis eqsports daxmarebebis, grantebis da sxva formiT.sagareo inflacias, adgilobrivic emateba da Sedegebic ufro savalaloa. garda amisa, saxelmwifos xarjebis permanentuli zrda resursebs bazarze orientirebuli kerZo seqtoridan saxelmwifo dakveTebSi mimarTavs da xels uwyobs samomxmareblo saqonlis miwodebis Semcirebas: kapitaluri mSeneblobebi ar aris saTanadod uzrunvelyofili danazogebiT. ratom aris inflacia gansakuTrebiT saziano da saxifaTo? Aam kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ase JRers – imitom, rom bevr, sxvadasxva tipis problemas warmoSobs. inflacia amcirebs laris Rirebulebas (Tu larad SegeZloT geyidaT 2 vaSli, axla iyidiT naklebs), „‟aZvirebs‟‟ cxovrebas, kidev ufro aRatakebs mosaxleobis Rarib nawils (axali fulis masa bazarze erTianad ar Semodis da Tanabrad ar nawildeba. Aaxali fuli jer xvdeba erTi socialuri jgufis xelSi, romelic xarjavs mas pirveli da rCeba mogebuli, radgan bazari jer ar aris gaCerebuli axali fuliT da fasebi isev pirvandel mdgomareobaSia. Semdeg axali fulis masa inacvlebs sxva jgufebis xelSi, romlebic aseve xarjaven mas sxvadasxva produqtebsa Tu momsaxurebaze. saboloo jamSi axali fuli ar xvdeba an naklebad xvdeba mosaxleobis yvelaze Raribi nawilis xelSi, romlebic an Semweobaze arian an, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, fiqsirebul xelfasze. Swored maT mouwevT imave SemosavlebiT gazrdil fasebTan gamklaveba), aufasurebs danazogebs (Tu gaqvT bankSi danazogi, romliTac SegeZloT magaliTad avtomanqanis yidva, axla, imaves gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi, Tanxis damateba mogiwevT), klavs danazogis gakeTebis motivacias (ra azri aqvs fulis Senaxvas Tu fiqrob, rom misi Rirebuleba daiklebs), axdens dovlaTis usamarTlo gadanawilebas (igeben isini, vis xelSic yvelaze adre moxvdeba axali fuli), adamianebs ukargavs patiosani biznesis keTebis motivacias da sxva. inflaciis SeCereba martivia (cxadia, Tu hiperinflaciamde ar aris procesi misuli). amas axerxebs TiTqmis yvela met-naklebad ganviTarebuli qveyana. ubralod saWiroa Sesabamisi survilis arseboba.Mmeqanizmi ki arc ise rTulia – unda Sewydes zedmeti fulis masis mimoqcevaSi gaSveba, miuxedavad imisa, ra mniSvnelobis proeqtebSi ixarjeba es fuli. da msoflios safinanso bazrebze kvlavac didi gaurkvevlobaa. Sul ufro ufro Zlierdeba recesiis molodini.prognozebis mixedviT moTxovna 181 Semcirdeba. Tavis mxriv aRniSnuli faqti iwvevs sainvesticio da samomxmareblo xarjebis Semcirebas.Aamitomac aris, rom krizisamde fasebis zrdasa da inflaciaze vsaubrobdiT.exla ki, msoflio finansuri krizisis fonze adgili aqvs erToblivi moTxovnis Semcirebasa da fasebis farTomasStabian klebas. Aamitomac sruliad safuZvliania deflaciur problemebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da msjeloba imaze, gvemuqreba Tu rad Res deflaciis safrTxe iseve, rogorc es iyo didi depresiis dros. 2007 wlamde aSS-Si mSeneblobebis maRali tempebis, aSenebul farTebze araadekvaturad maRali fasebis, mSeneblobaSi arsebuli didi moculobis investiciebisa da ipoTekuri dakreditebis arasaTanado meTodebis gamoyenebis gamo, aSS-s uZravi qonebis bazari gajerda da fasebma swrafad iwyo vardna.amas mohyva investorTa mxridan didi danakargebi, rasac isic emateboda, rom sabanko dawesebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawileobis gareSe, dabali saprocento ganakveTiT gascemdnen kreditebs uZravi qonebis SesaZenad. Yyovelive zemoTTqmulma gamoiwvia masobrivi gadauxdelobebi, ramac sabanko seqtors seriozuli problemebi Seuqmna.Problema imanac gaamwvava, rom navTobze fasebi uprecedentoT gaizarda da 2008 wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi gadaaWarba barelze 140 dolars. inflaciis arsi, inflacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisgan inflation da niSnavs gabervas. inflacias iwvevs fulis mimoqcevis arxebis avseba Warbi fuliT Sesabamisi sasaqonlo uzrunvelyofis, anu sasaqonlo masis adeqvaturi zrdis gareSe. amas Sedegad mohyveba fasebis zrda, rogorc samomxmareblo, ise sawarmoo daniSnulebis saqonelze. fulis raodenobrivi Teoria kargad xsnis inflaciis arss. aRniSnuli Teoriis Tanaxmad ekonomikaSi arsebuli fulis raodenoba gansazRvravs fulis Rirebulebas. fulis miwodebis zrda ki inflaciis ZiriTadi mizezia. milton fridmanis ganmartebiT „‟inflacia‟‟ yvelgan da yovelTvis monetaruli movlenaa. ekonomikaSi fuls sami funqcia aqvs: fuli aris gacvlis saSualeba, Rirebulebis sazomi da dagrovebis saSualeba. rodesac fuli realuri Rirebulebis mqone qonebis formas iRebs, mas saqonluri fuli ewodeba. termini realuri Rirebuleba imas niSnavs, rom erTeuls garkveuli Rirebuleba eqneba maSinac ki, rodesac ar gamoiyeneba, rogorc fuli. saqonluri fulis erT-erTi magaliTia – oqro. Oqros realuri Rirebuleba aqvs, vinaidan is mrewvelobaSi da saiuveliro nawarmis damzadebaSi gamoiyeneba. imis miuxedavad, rom oqros fulis saxiT aRar viyenebT, oqro istoriulad yovelTvis fulis farTod miRebuli saxeoba iyo, vinaidan is SedarebiT advili gadasatani da gasazomia, da, amasTanave, misi gayalbeba Znelia. rodesac ekonomika oqros fulad iyenebs ( an iyenebs 182 qaRaldis fuls, romelic moTxovnisTanave oqroze gadaicvleba), amboben, rom mTavroba oqros standartis pirobebSi funqcionirebs. Aarsebul realobaSi inflacia ufro farTo procesis gverdiTi efeqtia.rodesac ekonomikebi axdenen swraf gamosvlas krizisidan, saerTaSoriso bazarze Warbad miwodebuli finansuri masebi Warbobs, rac iwvevs fasebis spekulaciur zrdas. meore mxriv, ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi Semcirda warmoeba. Sesabamisad, Semcirda miwodeba.Miwodebis gazrdas dro sWirdeba.anu ise gamovida, rom fulis moculoba ufro swrafad gaizarda, vidre mas warmoeba daewia. am globaluri procesisgan arc erTi qveyana ar aris dazRveuli. arsebobs alternatiuli gzac – xarjebis Semcireba. mTavrobis mier deklarirebuli qamrebis moWeris politika. Bbevri fiqrobs, rom swored deficit da vali iwvevs fasebis zrdas. Tumca, meore mxriv, es dazogili Tanxebi deficitis Semcirebasa da valis nawilobriv dafarvas SeiZleba moxmareboda.moklevadiani ekonomikuri Soki grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ekonomikis gajansaRebas ar gamoiwvevda? rodesac deficitze vsaubrobT, sakmaod frTxilad unda movekidoT imis Sefasebas Tu rogori gavlena SeiZleba hqondes mas ekonomikaze. medals ori mxare aqvs, Cven SeiZleba erTi mxriv vTqvaT, rom modi 200 milion dolarian proeqts nu ganvaxorcielebT, magram aman grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, ekonomikas SeiZleba seriozuli dartyma miayenos – Seqmnas negatiuri procesebi da maT Soris, inflaciasac Seuwyos xeli. modiT vnaxoT ra SeiZleba iyos inflaciasTan brZolis yvelaze martivi meqanizmi – ekonomika unda gaaCero. Ekonomikis gaCerebaSi swored dakreditebis gaCereba igulisxmeba.es yvelaze radikaluri zomaa. amiT praqtikulad xelovnurad amcireb moxmarebas, Sesabamisad, saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasi mcirdeba. amas Tavisi negatiuri mxare aqvs: ferxdeba ekonomikuri zrda. Cven erTi mxriv ver gavaCerebT ekonomikis zrdas bolomde, imitom rom, Tu elementarulad zrda ar iqna, is fulic ar iqneba, rac dRes aris. Tumca meore mxriv, inflacia am doniT sruliad dauSvebelia, radgan saboloo jamSi is aseve vnebs ekonomikas. maT Soris balansis povna Zalian rTulia. inflacia aris bazarze arsebuli fulis masisa da qveyanaSi bazarze arsebul produqtebs Soris Tanafardobis darRveva, fulis masis zrdis, an produqtebis raodenobis Semcirebis Sedegad. Ppirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom inflacia iwvevs dovlaTis araswor gadanawilebas.inflacia mdidrebs amdidrebs, Raribebs ki kidev ufro aRatakebs. uxeSad, rom vTqvaT, Raribebi axdenen mdidrebis Semosavlebis zrdas, sakuTari jibiT, xdeba mosaxleobis oficialuri Zarcva. 183 inflaciuri procesebisadmi gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea mosaxleobis mimdinare Semosavlebi, pirvel rigSi, xelfasi. inflaciis paralelurad moxda (gansakuTrebiT 2003 wlis Semdeg) erovnuli valutis gamyareba aSS dolaris mimarT (2011 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT lari dolarTan gamyarda 14.6 procentiT, xolo 2003 welTan – 21.4 procentiT). Sedegad, Tu nominalurad 2000 welTan SedarebiT 2011 wlisTvis fuladi tranzaqciebi saqarTveloSi aSS dolarebSi gaizarda 20.0 – jer, larebSi denominirebuli igive resursebi gaizarda mxolod 17.1 – jer, xolo inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, realurad – mxolod 8.3 –jer. es niSnavs, rom fuladi tranzaqciebis erTeulis (aSS dolaris) msyidvelobiTi unarianoba saqarTveloSi 2011 wlisTvis TiTqmis 2.4 – jer Semcirda da 2000 wlis donis mxolod 40.7 procenti Seadgina. Mme-20 saukunis bolos da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi virtualuri kapitali arsebiTad gansxvavdeba me-19 saukunis fiqciuri kapitalisagan. jererTi, warmoadgens ra globalur virtualur kapitals, igi funqcionirebs stiqiurad, ar eqvemdebareba erovnul da zesaxelmwifoebriv struqturebs; meore, moxda misi privatizacia SezRuduli raodenobis kerZo pirTa mier, Tumca virtualuri kapitali maT kontrols daqvemdebarebuli ar aris; mesame, virtualuri kapitali warmogvidgeba neo-kapitalis, neo-fulis rolSi da asrulebs universaluri regulatorisa da sayovelTao ekvivalentis funqciebs. inflaciis gamomwvevi mizezi mxolod sagareo faqtorebi ar aris. ufro mniSvnelovani Sida faqtorebia. Sagareo faqtorebidan SegviZlia mxolod is vTqvaT, rom TiTqmis yvela im produqciis fasebi gaizarda, romelsac adamianebis saarsebo racionSi sakmaod didi wili uWiravs da rasac momxmarebeli yvelaze xSirad moixmars. Eesaa xorbali, pur-produqtebi, Saqari, wiwibura da aseve sawvavi.Aaman didwilad imoqmeda inflaciis maCvenebelze, Tumca gvaqvs Sida faqtorebi, romelsac gacilebiT Rrma mizezebi aqvs. Ees aris qveyanaSi arsebuli monopoliuri da oligopoliuri kompaniebi. Sawvavis bazari, Saqris bazari, ramdenime kategoriis bazari aris oligopoliuri.es ganapirobebs imas, rom xelovnuradaa gazrdili fasebi. igive mobiluri kompaniebis mxridan iyo xelovnurad gazrdili fasebi da manam ver mixvdnen amas, sanam maregulirebelma erovnulma komisiam zRvruli fasebi ar daudgina. NnebismierniSna inflacia cudia, zustad ise, rogorc nemsis qurdic – qurdia.Inflacia jibis qurdobas gavs da saxelmwifos xelSi farul gadasaxadiviT muSaobs.Araswori mizani, araswori saSualebebi, araswori instituciuri mowyoba – ai aq unda veZeboT problema – marto erT adamianze, 184 an institutze joxis gadatexva ar Rirs.miTumetes, rom arc akademiuri wreebi, arc Jurnalistebi da arc politikuri opoziciaa ufro marTali am sakiTxSi. vinc axlosaa fulis sabeWd manqanasTan, ucxour kreditebTan da grantebTan – igebs, radgan maT SeuZliaT saqoneli da momsaxureba fasebis gazrdamde.vinc Sorsaa – agebs, radgan maT xelSi axlad moWrili fulis maSin aRmoCndeba xolme, rodesac fasebi ukve gazrdilia. Mmagram mcdari iqneba Tqma, rom igebs mxolod is, vinc marTavs. igebs misi xelqveiTebic da Sesabamis proeqtebSi dasaqmebulebic. Tumca, yvelas mogeba SefardebiTia. sawyisi problemis saxiT keinzma SearCia dasaqmeba, radganac igi umniSvnelovanes xasiaTs iRebs ekonomikuri krizisebis dros. j. keinzma gaanaliza kapitalisturi ekonomikis funqcionireba 30-iani wlebis „‟didi depresiis‟‟ fonze, roca umuSevrobam aSS-Si 25 %-s miaRwia. Mmisi azriT, am pirobebSi warmoebis gafarToeba SeiZleboda sawarmoo xarjebis an fasebis zrdis gareSe. piriqiT, fasebis da xelfasebis Semcireba warmoebis moculobas ar Seamcirebda. j. keinzma daamtkica, rom kapitalistur sistemaSi ar aris sruli dasaqmebis avtomaturi meqanizmi, rac praqtikulad 30-iani wlebis depresiam gamoiwvia. Mmisi rekomendacia mTavrobisadmi iyo: gaezardaT xarjebi warmoebis gasafarToeblad da amiT SeeqmnaT damatebiTi samuSao adgilebi umuSevrebisTvis. Ddasaqmebis done, keinzis azriT, ganisazRvreba ara xelfasis cvlilebebiT, rogorc amas neoklasikosebi amtkicebdnen, aramed efeqturi moTxovnis dinamikiT, romelic Sedgeba moxmarebisa da investiciebis mosalodneli xarjebisagan. Eefeqturi moTxovna sruladaa damokidebuli mewarmeebis qcevasa da mogebis mosalodneli normiT. saprocento ganakveTi, keinzis mixedviT, avtonomiuri romelic fulze moTxovnisa da miwodebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. faqtoria, miuxedavad imisa, rom keinzma Tavisi ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi 1936 wels Camoayaliba, man aRiareba 1960-ian wlebSi hpova, rodesac ekonomistebis umravlesoba am Teorias miemxro. Tanamedrove keinzianelebi aRiareben, rom monetaruli politika arsebiT zemoqmedebas axdens ekonomikur aqtivobaze.erTi mxriv, adreuli keinzianelebi 1950-ian wlebsa da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rogorc wesi, inarCunebdnen Sexedulebas, rom monetaruli politika ver zemoqmedebs saqmian aqtivobaze. maTi mosazrebebi monetaruli politikis araefeqturobaze efuZneba struqturul modelze damyarebul empiriul mtkicebulebebs, romlebic Semdeg punqtebs gulisxmobs: 1) „‟didi depresiis‟‟ periodSi aSS-s xazinis saprocento ganakveTebi maqsimalurad dabal doneze daeca (mag.: sam Tvian saxazino obligaciebze 1%-ze naklebi iyo). Adreuli keinzianelebi monetaruli politikis erTobliv moTxovnaze zemoqmedebis mxolod erT arxs 185 ganixilavdnen: nominaluri saprocento ganakveTebis zemoqmedeba sainvesticio danaxarjebze. isini miiCnevdnen, rom „‟didi depresiis‟‟ periodSi dabali saprocento ganakveTebi iyo Sedegi mastimulirebeli politikisa, romelsac SeeZlo sainvesticio danaxarjebis moculobis gazrda, magram ver SeZlo emoqmeda im periodis ekonomikur aqtivobaze. isini fiqrobdnen, rom fulis masis cvlileba veranair zemoqmedebas ver axdens warmoebis moculobaze, anu fuls aranairi mastimulirebeli mniSvneloba ar aqvs. 2) adreuli keinzianelebi ver xedavdnen veranair kavSirs nominaluri saprocento ganakveTebis cvlilebasa da sainvesticio danaxarjebs Soris. isini nominaluri saprocento ganakveTebis efeqts miiCnevdnen monetaruli politikis erTobliv moTxovnaze gadacemis erTaderT meqanizmad. Mas Semdeg, rac isini darwmundnen am arxis sisusteSi, CaTvales, rom fulis masis cvlileba veranairad ver aisaxeba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebaze. 3) adreuli keinzianelebis mier Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sabazro saprocento ganakveTebi veranairad ver zemoqmedebs ZiriTad kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis moculobaTa Sesaxeb firmebis gadawyvetilebebze. Aman kidev erTxel gaamyara maTi daskvnebi imis Taobaze, rom saprocento ganakveTebis da sainvesticio danaxarjebis urTierTkavSiri metad sustia. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, 1960-iani wlebis Suaxanebamde ekonomistebi, rogorc wesi, monetarul politikas did yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1) 2) gregori menqiu sabazro finansebi. i.mesxia; d. WiotaSvili. Tb. 2012 weli. Money supply growth and inflation Aleqsandre Kaxidze, Tornike Kakulia, Mixeil Kuxaleishvili Resume The article discusses the impact of money supply growth, inflationProcesses. If the results for all the reasons discussed in theThis leads to escape from the event and suggested inflationRoads and events. 186 biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi saqarTveloSi naTia nemsiwveriZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis me-4 kursis studenti zurab beriZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis, mowveuli profesori, E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 597 189 189 saqarTvelos ekonomika dRevandel etapze orientirebulia msoflio ekonomikaSi integraciis gaRrmavebaze. Aam mizniT xorcieldeba ekonomikis liberalizacia da biznesis xelSemwyobi garemos Camoyalibeba, rac pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens konkurenciis ganviTarebasa da urTierTdakavSirebul sawarmoTa qselis ganviTarebis procesze. sabazro meurneobis principebis danergviT saqarTveloSi Seiqmna mewarmeobis ganviTarebis safuZveli. 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan aRiniSna samewarmeo aqtualobis gamococxleba da qveyanaSi mosaxleobis socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT saqarTvelos xelisuflebam aqcenti gaakeTa mewarmeobis ganviTarebaze, 1996 wels parlamentis mier miRebuli socialuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebis koncefciaSi mcire da saSualo mewarmeoba aRiarebuli iqna qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebad da mamoZravebel Zalad. biznesis ganviTareba da struqtureuli srulyofa nebismier qveyanaSi garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba. Cven SevecadeT gamogveyo is mTavari problemebi, romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes biznesurTierTobebSi, kerZod: - sabanko produqtebis siZvire da xelmiuwvdomoloba. biznesisaTvis fuladi saxsrebis moZiebis unari iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc kargi adgilmdebareoba, an kargi mowyobilobebi, momwodeblebi, an saTanado samuSao Zala. aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sabanko produqts, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas rigi faqtorebis gamo biznesisaTvis garkveulwilad miuwvdomeli aRmoCndes. sabanko kreditis maRali saprocento ganakveTebi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs biznes seqtoris mier axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa da mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis SesaZleblobebs. gansakuTrebiT rTulia agroseqtoris Senaxva da sabanko kreditebi swored soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebisaTvis aris miuwvdomeli, radgan sezonurobis gamo misi dafinanseba garkveul riskTan ariis dakavSirebuli. faqtia, rom es mniSvnelovnad Seaferxebs rogorc agrobiznesis ganviTarebas, ise nebismieri saxis biznesis ganviTarebas, maSin roca nebismieri qveynis ekonomikisaTvis mTavari sayrdeni biznesia. -KSromis bazarze kvalificiuri kadrebis simcire. inovaciuri ekonomika warmoudgenelia maRalkvalificuiuri da yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli kadrebis gareSe. dabalkvalificiur muSakebs ar ZaluZT ara marto inovaciuri produqciis warmoeba, axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis Seqmna–aTviseba, aramed Seqmnilis racionaluri gamoyenebac ki. 187 biznes seqtori ganicdis kvalificiuri kadrebis deficits. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba menejmentSi, rac xels uSlis biznes subieqtebSi Rirebulebebis zrdas. gansakuTrebiT dabalia Sromis mwarmoebluroba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi da kvalificiuri kadrebisaTvis es sferoebi ar aris mimzidveli. jerjerobiT ar arsebobs biznes seqtoris mier kadrebis kvalifikaciis zrdis strategiac. imis gamo, rom kadrebis gadamzadeba ar aris sayovelTao, sawarmoebi ZiriTadad Sromis bazarze arsebul resursze arian orientirebuli. saqarTvelos socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove pirobebidan gamomdinare aucilebelia moxdes adamianuri kapitalis sferoSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla da gaziareba. aseve, kadrebis daqiravebis dros Secdomebis minimalizacia da kadrebis gadinebis Semcirebaa aucilebeli, rac miiRweva personalis efeqturi marTvis uzrunvelyofiT, moRvaweobis stimulaciiT biznes procesebis CarCoebSi da pasuxismgeblobiT Sromis Sedegebze. rac ufro maRalia muSakTa kvalifikaciis done, miT ufro didia ekonomikuri ukugeba, rasac iRebs sazogadoeba kvalificiuri Sromis gamoyenebis Sedegad. eqsportis garkveuli doziT SezRuduloba. saqarTveloSi biznessubieqtebis umravlesoba adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisaa, mcirea im biznessubieqtTa raodenoba, romlebic axorcieleben eqsports. saqarTvelodan eqsportis zrdis tempi TiTqmis samjer Camouvardeba qveyanaSi importirebuli produqciis odenobas. 2011 wlis ianvar-oqtombris monacemebiT saqarTveloSi samjer meti produqcia Semovida, vidre gavida. am monacemebiT, importis mTliani savaWro brunvis 76% -s Seadgens. swored amitom, savaWro saldo 2011 welsac uaryofiTia, metic dinamikaze dakvirvebiT es monacemi yovelwliurad izrdeba. es zrda ZiriTadad, importis matebiTaa ganpirobebuli. aseve, zogadad adgilobriv warmoebasa da eqsports mniSvnelovan problemebs uqmnis usafuZvlod gamyarebuli erovnuli valuta. Zviri erovnuli valuta normalur pirobebSi aucileblad aZvirebs erovnul produqcias. gamyarebuli laris pirobebSi qarTvel mewarmes inflaciis gareSec uZvirdeba produqcia, es qarTul nawarms arakonkurentunarians xdis rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise adgilobriv bazarze. biznes kulturis dabali done. seriozuli problemaa biznes seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa swavleba, kvalifikaciis amaRleba da a.S. gardaqmnas moiTxovs mewarmeTa qcevis fsiqologia. rac upirveles yovlisa imiT gamoixateba rom umetesoba saqmianobas iwyebs yovelgvari dasabuTeba-gaangariSebis gareSe. maTi fsiqologia ZiriTadad orientirebulia principze: `mTavaria dawyeba xolo danarCens saqme gamoaCens.~ aseTi midgomiT sawarmos efeqtianad funqcionirebis albaToba Zalian mcirea. 188 sakuTari bazris dacva uxarisxo produqciisagan, samomxmareblo bazarze momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvas didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos. momxmarebeli informirebuli unda iyos produqciisa da momsaxurebis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, masTan dakavSirebuli sargeblisa da mosalodneli riskis Sesaxeb. daculi unda iyos momxmarebelTa uflebebi da xeli Seewyos civiluri samomxmareblo bazris ganviTarebas inovaciuri teqnologiebis arasrulyofileba. biznessubieqtebi ver zrunaven inovaciuri teqnologiebis srulyofasa da konkurenciuli upiratesobis Seqmnaze. sawarmoTa efeqtianoba uzrunvelyofilia araxarisxobrivi maCveneblebis srulyofiT, aramed xelfasis ekonomiiT, Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze minimaluri danaxarjebis gaweviTY da moZvelebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. miuxedavaT amisa, Tanamedrove pirobebSi inovaciuri politika iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi sawarmoebi ver axorcielebdnen teqnologiur inovacias konkurenciuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad. saqarTveloSi jer kidev saTanado yuradReba ar maxvildeba bazarze moqmedebis xazis SerCevasa da inovaciuri strategiis gamoyenebaze. romelTa mizania samamulo sawarmoebisaTvis konkurenciuli upiratesobis Seqmna. Mmisi miRweva ki SesaZlebelia marTvis meqanizmis formirebiTa da sistemuri gaumjobesebiT, marTvis funqciebis xarisxiani SesrulebiT, marTvis materialur – teqnikuri bazis srulyofiTa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. sakuTrebis memkvidreobis dacva da uzrunvelyofa. aRsaniSnavia, rom biznesis Semdgomi stimulirebis saukeTeso SesaZlebloba aris sazogadoebis, swori menejmentis da xelisuflebis erTianoba. TiToeulis Zalisxmeva aris saWiro, raTa saboloo Sedegis misaRebad TiToeuli nabiji maqsimalurad efeqturad iyos gadadgmuli. radganac saxelmwifom biznesgaremos gaumjobesebisaTvis unda moaxdinos normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis formireba; safinanso-sakredito ,da sainvesticio mxardaWera; biznes-infrastruqturis formireba; sainformacio, samecniero-meTodologiuri da sakadro uzrunvelyofa; biznessubieqtebis, socialuri dacva da maTi usafrTxoebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna; sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemis formireba da sxva Zireuli, sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba. biznesis ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa yvela dargis menejerebisa da specialistebis mier Tanamedrove biznesis meTodebisa da xerxebis daufleba, romlis mTavar mizans warmoadgens erTismxriv, sabazro unarCvevebis formireba, meores mxriv codnis miReba konkretul biznesze da mis Taviseburebebze. biznes subieqti kargad unda flobdes bazris pirobebs, magaliTad, mewarmem SeiZleba kargad icodes bazris erTi mxare, saqonlis damzadeba, magram marketingSi, menejmentSi da bazarze realizaciaSi kargad ar iyos gaTvicnobierebuli. 189 biznesis winaSe arsebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad is sistemurad unda flobdes gare da Sida socialuri garemos mdgomareobas. warmoebis ganviTarebis da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mniSvnelovani rezervia arsebuli sagareo vaWrobis reJimis sruli realizacia,romelsac miekuTvneba: upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi. saqarTvelo rogorc vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis wevri, misi wesdebis Sesabamisad sargeblobs misi wevri 153 qveyanasTan savaWro urTierTobebSi `upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimiT~. preferanciaTa ganzogadoebuli sistema, rac gulisxmobs beneficiar qveynebTan importirebul saqonelze sabazo saimporto tarifebis Semcirebuli ganakveTebis dawesebas. saqarTvelo aris: evrokavSiris, aSS, iaponiis, kanadis, Sveicariis da norvegiis preferenciaTa ganzogadoebuli sistemis beneficiari. Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimi gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis monawile mxareebs Soris vaWrobis ganTavisuflebas sabaJo-saimporto gadasaxadebisagan. garda urTierTSeTanxmebuli gamonaklisebisa, saqarTvelos ormxrivi Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebebi gaformebuli aqvs sxvadasxva qveynebTan. saqarTvelo sargeblobs evrokavSiris mier miniWebuli ganzogadoebuli preferenciaTa gafarToebuli sistemiT GSP+ rac iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos eqsportis TiTqmis utarifo daSvebas evrokavSiris bazarze. am statusis miRebiT saqarTvelos SeuZlia evrokavSiris qveynebSi Seitanos 7200 –mde saxeobis produqcia. garda aRniSnulisa, evrokavSiri saqarTvelos sTavazobs `Rrma da yovlismomcvel Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas~ `yovlismomcveli~ gulisxmobs vaWrobas farTo speqtriT, `Rrma~ ki gulisxmobs, rom tarifebis Semcirebis garda xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas da vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis harmonizacias. Ees xelSekruleba - FTA+ saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan sargeblianobas moutans. kerZod, gaeros ganviTarebis programis kvlevis monacemebiT mSp 7.6 % gaizrdeba. FTA+ miRebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba arasatarifonormebisa da teqnikuri reglamentebis harmonizaciiT Semcirdes evrokavSirSi eqsportis barierebi. arasatarifo barierebis udidesi nawili produqciis standartebs da reglamentebs moicavs. evrokavSiris standartebi mxolod uvneblobis sakiTxebs exeba, rogoricaa xorcisa da soflis meurneobis sxva produqciis sanitaruli da fitosanitaruli standartebi. Pproduqcia romelic ver akmayofilebs savaldebulo standartebs, evrokavSiris bazarze ar daiSveba. Yyvela sxva standarti nebayofilobiTia, Tumca misi Sesruleba mniSvnelovania. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom mivaRwioT evrokavSirTan FTA+-iT xelSekrulebis gaformebas da arasatarifo barierebis Semcirebas, aucilebelia adgilobrivi warmoebis produqciis evrokavSiris normebisa da standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana. ekonomikis zrdis mniSvnelovani rezervia turistuli potencialis gamoyeneba. amis safuZvels iZleva uZvelesi istoria, xelsayreli kilimati da lamazi landSafti. Savi zRvispira da samTo kurortebis ganviTarebis 190 SesaZlebloba. am dargSi kargad gaTvlili program moqmedebs da uaxloes momavalSi turizmi saqarTvelos erT-erT mniSvnelovan saeqsporto momsaxureobad gadaiqceva, rac soflis meurneobis da ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis mniSvnelovan zrdas ganapirobebs. Aamis naTeli magaliTia aWaris regionSi mimdinare turistuli infrastruqturis swrafi tempiT ganviTareba. saqarTvelos yvela piroba gaaCnia imisaTvis, rom gadaiqces saerTaSoriso turizmis qveynad 102 kurortiT, 182 sakurorto adgiliT, 15000 istoriuli ZegliT, romelTagan 4 Setanilia iuneskos msoflio saganZurTa siaSi, arsebuli erovnuli parkebiT, 2400 mineraluri wyaroTi, romelTa dReRamuri maragi 130 mln litria, samkurnalo talaxebiT, klimatis mravalferovnebiT, mecnierebis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis maRali doniT, ganTqmuli qarTuli stumartmoyvareobiT. saqarTvelo mravali dasaxelebis saqonlis satranzito derefans warmoadgens. mosalodnelia, rom satranzito momsaxureba saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani segmenti gaxdes. mis safuZvels iZleva ukve arsebuli navTob da gazsadenebi. baqo – erzrumis gazsadenis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia gazis miwodeba evropisaTvis. arsebuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia yovelwliurad 30 miliardi kuburometri gazis gatareba. aseve, mosalodnelia saavtomobilo da sazRvavo tvirTbruinvis moculobis zrda. axlo momavalSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia rkinigzasac, romelic mravali welia emsaxureba kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis qveynebis tvirTebis transportirebas. Aaxalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis xazis mSeneblobis damTavrebiT amoqmeddeba pirdapiri sarkinigzo magistrali, romelic evropasTan daakavSirebs CineTsa da centraluri aziis qveynebs. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom qveyanas sazRvao transportiT momsaxurebis didi potenciali gaaCnia ori strategiuli portis baTumis da foTis saxiT. mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da stimulireba. romelTa sargeblianoba gamoixateba jer erTi momxmareblisaTvis saWiro saqonlis warmoebiT, miwodebiT da momsaxurebiT da meore, mosaxleobis xelsayrel samuSaoTa uzrunvelyofiT. aseve mniSvnelovania foTisa da quTaisis Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba, rac uzrunvelyofs ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas, axali teqnologiebis aTvisebas, eqsportis gafarToebas, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebasa da maTi kvalifikaciis amaRlebas. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. u.samadaSvili, “biznesis safuZvlebi” Tb. 2013 w. 2. r. vaCnaZe, g. Turqia “biznesi” Tavisufali universiteti Tb. 2009w. Business Development Opportunities in Georgia Natia Nemsitsveridze Resume The article discusses problems and proposes measures for the improvement and development of business in Georgia 191 xvamlis mTis saidumlo Tamar sxirtlaZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis biznesis administrirebis specialobis II kursis studenti maka firanaSvili suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori, tel: 555 55 98 23 xvamlis kldovani masivi istoriul leCxumSi mdebareobs mdinare rionisa da cxeniswylis xeobebs Soris. zeda umaRlesi wertili zRvis donidan 2 002 metria. masivis sigrZe 10,5 kilometria, sigane 7 kilometri. kldis masivi 300 metriTaa amoziduli da mnaxvelebze grandiozul STabeWdilebas axdens. xomls sulxan-saba ganmartavs rogor varskvlavTkrebuls. vaxuSti batoniSvili leCxumis aRwerisas wers: ,,rionis dasavleTiT mTis Ziras aris xomlis klde friad maRali, miego amas saxeli ese simaRliT xomlis varskvlavis sworobiT”. xvamlis mTas zemodan rom daxedav, konandoilis dakargul qveyanas mogagonebs, sruliad rom mowyvetilia danarCen samyaros... ,,odes qveyanas gauWirdes xomlis mTam gadaarCinos” gvauwyebs ,,qarTlis cxovreba”... ras niSnavs es da ra saidumloebebs faravs xvamlis mTa, amis sakvlevad amJamad iq leCxumis arqeologiuri eqspedicia muSaobs. axali eqspediciis samwliani programiT mTis am masivis Seswavlaze kompetenturi jgufi muSaobs mecnierebis, alpinistebisa da geologebis SemadgenlobiT. eqspediciam aq aRmoaCina citata da am citatis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT xvamlis kldeSi yofila mefeTa ganZsacavi, rogorc amboben swored am ganZis saZieblad eqspedicia, stalinis davalebiT jer kidev omis periodSi moewyo 1945 wels alioSa jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiT TerTmetkacianma jgufma ganaxorciela. qvabulSi ramdenime dRe dahyves veraferi naxes da daaskvnes rom ganZi didi xnis gatanili iyo. cnobilia, aseve meore eqspedicia rezo SalibaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT... jgufi ,,xomli” rezo SalibaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, 1984 wels avida gamoqvabulSi. eqspediciis mizani iyo Zeglis daTvaliereba da misi firze aRbeWdva, rac Seasrules kidec da Tan wamoiRes wina jgufis mier datovebuli werili. mesame eqspedicia moewyo guram gabiZaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. kldeSi gamokveTili cixe qvabuli kldis Ziridan 50 metris simaRleze mdebareobs da masSi qvemodan asvla SeuZlebelia alpinisturi aRWurvilobiTac ki, amitom alpinistebis jgufi SemovliTi gziT zemodan moeqca mwvervals da iqidan TokiT daeSva maTi daxmarebiT movaxerxeT eqspedicis wevrebma iq asvla. xomlis mTis qveda baqani kldeSia gamokveTili, sadac 7 oTaxia da kedlebze wiTeli saRebavebiT gamoxatuli figurebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, qvabuli arqaul periods unda ekuTvnodes. zeda baqaniT ukve Sua saukuneebis cixe qvabulSi SevdivarT. es aris merve oTaxi romelic rogorc Cans gviandel periodSi raRac daniSnulebiT miamates kompleqss. savaraudod swored es oTaxi unda yofiliyo, mefeTa xsenebuli 192 ganZTsacavi. igi sanaxevrod savsea Weridan Camoyrili qvebiT da misi gawmenda uamrav drosa da muSaxels moiTxovs. daviT goguaZis TqmiT, maT naxes gamoqvabuli romelsac ,,verZisTava” ewodeba da romlidanac wyali ise gadmoquxda, rom rions TiTqmis ketavda. adgilobrivebis TqmiT, wlis sxvadasxva periodSi wylis nakadi xan cxeniswylisken midis, xan rionisken. amasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs legenda, rom iq gveleSapia gawolili da saiTac gadabrundeba, wyalsac im mimarTulebiT ucvlis gezs. Tumca, rogorc Cans, realurad gamoqvabulSi raRac sistemaa, romelic wlis sxvadasxva dros wylis mimarTulebas ganapirobebs. ganZTan erTad, xvamlis mTa rkinis warmoebis, anu metalurgiis saidumlosac ukavSirdeba. xvamlis ZirSi aris erTi adgili ,,gona”. sxvaTa Soris, raWaSic aris igive toponimi. etimologiurad es sityva gonebas anu codnas unda ukavSirdebodes. raWis gonis mTaze marTlac maRaroebi iyo. daviT goguaZis TqmiT, xvamlis gonis midamoebis zedapiruli gaTxrisas mopovebulma brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebma kidev ufro gaamZafra maTi varaudi. widebi da madnis zodebi miwis zedapirzea mimofantuli da TiTqmis yovel fexis nabijze Cans. es yvelaferi ki am adgilebSi ganviTarebuli metalurgiis keris arsebobas adasturebs. adgilovriv mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebulia xmebi, rom drodadro cixeqvabulis qveS, SuadRis garkveul monakveTSi, Cndeba ber-monazvnis landebi da isaxeba jvari. eqspedicis wevrebma sruliad mowmendil caze uCveulo naTebaTa kaskadi sakuTari TvaliT ixiles. meore dRes sofel derCSi, romelsac uSualod dahyuebs xvamli, gviTxres ras afeTqebdiT, mTeli Rame naTeba rom iyo kldis wverzeo. germaneli mecnieri ambobs es aris ganumeorebeli panorama da RamiT xvamlis Tavze, romelsac varskvTkrebulis saxeli hqvia zodiaqoebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT gadadiano. yvela gza xvamlisken modis: aq iyo mefeTa ganZTsacavi, promeTe aq miajaWves kldeze. aqamde moaRwia heraklem, hefestom. aqeTken iswrafvodnen argonavtebi. aq modioda da promeTes sisxlis wveTebisgan amzadebda wamlebs grZneuli medea. TviTon xvamli zodiaqos niSania da kosmiur samyarosTan aris kavSirSi. mTlianobaSi ki xvamlis mTa bunebis namdvili saswaulia. roca ki mzis sxivebi xvamlis kldeebs miadgeba Tavad mTa oqrosferdeba. da Tuki uxsovari droidan ase izidavda xvamli yvelas, nuTu imis Rirs ar aris rom Cven mivxedoT da movuaroT, SeviswavloT da gamovikvlioT? aq aseve aRmoCenilia ukve nasaxlari, samarovanic da salocavic. es saocari adgilia, namdvili oazisi tyeSi, oTxiv mxriv daculi. piradad me, vvaraudob, rom aq xvamlis kldeSi aris miwisqveSa qalaqi, romelic dRemde aravis uxilavs... aq yovel fexis nabijze moCuxCuxebs ankara wyaro, tye zogan gauval junglebs mogagonebs da uceb Sens Tvalwin aRmarTul kldes ucnauri gamosaxuleba aqvs. aq uxvad mimobneuli patara qvebic ki araa 193 ubralo. maT Soris mravlad SexvdebiT iseTebs, zed niJarebisa da Tevzis ferflebis anabeWdi rom atyvia da miliard wels iTvls im drodan, roca aqauroba zRvis fskeri iyo... ukve dawyebulia muSaoba masze, sadac Cans rom maRalganviTarebuli civilizaciis kvals egviptemde mivyavarT da es yvelaferi ukavSirdeba xvamls. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg biZina ivaniSvili xvamlis mTis saidumloebis amoxsnasa da am misteriul mTaze arqeologiuri kvlevebis Catarebas gegmavs amis Sesaxeb biZina ivaniSvilma ambrolaurSi mimdinare aqciisas ganacxada. biZina ivaniSvilis TqmiT, aq marTlac saocari aRmoCenebi gvelodeba. ivaniSvilis mizania, rom jer kidev gamoucnobad darCenili Cveni warsuli Seswavlili iqnas. misi TqmiT araerTi qarTveli mecnier-arqeologi dainteresebula xvamlis mTis problemiT, magram sakmarisi saxsrebis uqonlobis gamo sasurvelis gakeTeba ver SeZles. ,,aseTi keTilSobiluri ocnebebis asrulebaze Tu ar vizruneT, raRa ,,qarTuli ocneba” viqnebiT”, - aRniSna qarTuli ocnebis liderma. xvamlis mTaze gadaRebuli filmebis reJisori daviT goguaZe for.ge –Tan saubrisas ar gamoricxavs, rom albaT biZina ivaniSvili maT mier Catarebuli eqspediciis Sedegebs gaecno da aqedan gamoitana daskvna, rom am mTis Seswavla sainteresoa. miT ufro, rom eqspediciis dasasruls maT ukve qalaqi aRmoaCines, Tumca amis Sesaxeb jer ar ganucxadebiaT, radgan amas uaRresad didi Tanxebi sWirdeboda. ,,xvamlis mTis ZirSi qalaqis gaTxras minimum milioni lari mainc dasWirdeba da imis iqiT ra aRmoCndeba, es ukve aRar vici”, - acxadebs daviT goguaZe. xvamlisken mimavali gza cixeebiTaa mofenili, romlis qveda Sreebic Zalian arqaulia. amdenad, Zneli saTqmelia, ras icavdnen es uZvelesi cixeebi da dRemde ra saidumlo inaxeba xvamlis mTaSi?! gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. http://church.ge 2. http://www.geworld.ge 3. http://www.youtube.com Secret of the Mountain Xvamli Tamar Skhirtladze Resume Khvamli is located in Lechkhumi. From time immemorial Attracted everyone. There was the Kings Treasury , to achieve these aspire argonauts . the khvamli is sign and On the universe is union. altogether yes the true nature miracle. 194 The importance of tourism for a country's development Beso Basilidze Sukhishvili Teaching University; Faculty of tourism, II course Supervisor: Lana Gigauri Tourism seems to be very attractive for both tourists and hosts. Tourists spend a great time in an exotic place with reasonable costs, and the hosts earn so much money. However, tourism also has a lot of negative aspects which have to be solved. What should and can we do with tourism to enjoy the leisure time and to make tourism an industry which makes a profit for developing countries? Tourism is a huge industry which is larger than the arms trade and in the present situation the profit is definitely considered as the first priority. Most tourists come from North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, that is, economically developed countries. Tourists usually want to spend their time comfortably without any effort of arrangement or negotiation. Travel agents help them a lot with their prepared packages. Tourists are unintentionally becoming victims to the structure of tourism industry. Many of them come back from their vacation without any experience in that country. They just spend the same life in a different place. This essay begins with the analysis of problems of tourism. This is then followed by the benefits of tourism which can bring a promising future to developing countries. The third section deals with the way to solve the problems and suggestions to make tourism better for both tourists and developing countries. The final section concludes the essay and comments on the importance of tourism. The problems of tourism occur mainly because a great part of world tourism is controlled by the tourists' side, that is, the transnational companies based in economically developed countries. The relationship between those companies and the host countries are not equal. The poor countries are always defeated by short-term perspectives, or their hunger for money. As a result, the governments of developing countries tend to "keep quiet" about the disadvantages of tourism. For example, resort hotels are usually built on the villages or fishing places where local people are living. Local people should be consulted in advance but are often ignored, because local officials are often bribed to say that no one objected. They are forced to move out to slums and they lose their jobs. In resort hotels, tourists spend, or waste, too much water and electricity and this may cause a shortage of natural resources for local people and the pollution of the natural environment. The consumption of tourists not only results in increasing the income of the local population but also causes higher prices. However, tourism has a lot of positive aspects for developing countries. It is a "promising industry" and a "passport to development" for those countries. It is true that tourism changes the local life and some people have to suffer from the change. However considering the benefits of tourism and making use of the benefits fully, governments of developing countries are able to help the people. Social infrastructure is highly improved by tourism. It brings airports, better roads, hotels, transport, and power supplies which directly relate to development. There are more jobs in tourism including waiters and waitresses, vendors of souvenirs, tour guides and so on. The original arts and crafts become more streamlined to entertain tourists, but on the other hand there are more tourist demands for the preservation of their original culture and wildlife as a valuable commodity. 195 More and more people are becoming familiar with the local culture and know the advantages and problems of that culture. Developing the tourist industry is a good way for the local culture to be preserved and to survive. The problems for the local people will not be solved by the present way of tourism. To reduce those problems, the local governments should have a strong strategy to make the area better, and tourists should change their holiday style and understand more about the place they go. Concrete actions and an iron political will could change the existing pattern. First, the local governments must take care of the local people as a first priority. They must watch what is happening in their area and help the people to protect their life. When they have victims because of their developments, governments have to help to find the place and the way to live. Second, the local governments must ask transnational companies to help development in that area. Transnational companies have to develop the whole area as well as the resort area and give the local people more jobs, more facilities and a more convenient lifestyle. Third, the local governments can ask the transnational companies to return their profit to the local people. It will be useful to protect the culture, life and environment and this also results in benefits for the tourists. Fourth, the local governments can even impose a tourist tax and ask every visitor to pay a few pounds extra. If it is clear for the tourists what the money is for, they will be willing to pay for it because they regard airport taxes and other fees as necessary expenditure. And last, tourists also have to change their way of thinking. They should realize that present tourism competes for local resources. In order to know the reality of their destination, they need to learn their culture, history, political and economical situation. They should avoid travelling in big tour groups and try to stay longer in one place so that they can understand local life more, eat their local food, use local transport and have more contact with local people. Tourists should try to have different experiences from their normal life. The problems will be very clearly seen if all the suggestions above can be carried out. Tourists and the transnational companies will be more interested in the local problems. And through communication with local people, tourists will be more familiar with the people, the area and the culture. This means they can enjoy themselves more on holiday. Tourism is in a time of transition. It is too streamlined and standardized because of the profit-first strategy of transnational tourist companies and the short-term outlook of the local governments. However, tourists should reconsider the objective of their holidays and have knowledge about the place they are visiting. As a result, the values among tourists will change. They would find out what to do and begin to reject mass tourism. The governments' actions on tourism and strong plans of development should enable tourism to help to develop these countries. In conclusion, tourism is very attractive for both tourists and developing countries. It enables tourists to have exotic and nice experiences on holidays and developing countries to have a chance to be prosperous. Role of tourism Tourism has become a very important and dynamic sector both in the world economy and particularly in the developing countries. Its growth affects not only the activities directly linked to tourism (mainly in the private sector) but also other sectors such as transport. It allows jobs to be created for various levels of workers, both skilled and unskilled, and for those often marginalized in the labor market such as women. Tourism is already an important sector in certain developing countries and will become so 196 for others. The opportunities presented by this phenomenon must therefore be seized. However, it must also be ensured that this sector does not develop in an uncontrolled manner threatening the natural environment and the social and cultural life of the country. The uncontrolled development of the sector risks its future being limited in the long term. Objectives and means The European Community has examined past activities in this area and has drawn some conclusions, including the following points: The activities have been too centered on the promotion of tourism and therefore the environmental and social aspects have been neglected; The choice of contacts has been too restricted. The national tourism offices and the national tourism administrations have been the main contacts. The range must be extended by consulting more often the private sector, non-governmental organizations and the players involved at the various geographical levels (regional, local, etc.). The main objectives and support of the EC are aimed at: Encouraging the sustainable development of tourism Helping to establish the conditions favorable to sustainable development which will protect the environment and population. The EC's strategy also tackles the problem of sex tourism involving children; supporting the public authorities in planning and managing their policy in this area and also in ensuring effective monitoring. The EC will mainly provide technical aid to help the governments of the beneficiary countries implement policies encouraging the development of sustainable tourism. These will include establishing the necessary legal and institutional framework, supporting the development of human resources, preserving the public heritage and improving infrastructures. Technical aid is also needed to improve the information and commercial organization of the sector; Helping to consolidate the role of industry in tourism in today's open and competitive market economy. Cooperation in the private sector must be encouraged and direct support given to the SMEs which make a considerable contribution to this sector. Basic principles for implementing the strategy Tourism is a fragmented and complex sector which has close links with other sectors. The EC's approach must be tailored to this complexity and to each country. The beneficiary countries will mainly be the developing countries which have cooperation agreements with the EC including this sector. The strategy should be based on the following principles: Define the support framework for the country in question. The development of the tourism sector will vary from one country to another. The strategy for the country will be based on an analysis of the sector aimed, in particular, at identifying the validity of tourist development. The aid must also be targeted according to the level of development in the sector and the needs (short- or long-term aid, aid targeted to a sector or the adoption of a more global approach, etc.); Involve different players 197 To this end, a partnership must in particular be encouraged between the public administration and the private sector, co-financing agreements must be concluded between the EC and the beneficiary countries and local initiatives must be supported. The intervention of the EC must be from the bottom up in order to involve more players encourage regional cooperation. Coherence, coordination and complementarities The strategy must be harmonized with other EC strategies and policies and must also be based on the Community acquit in tourism. Coherence must also be ensured between all the donors. However, the EC should assume a leading role as it has a great deal of experience in this area and is the largest donor in this sector. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. "What price a bargain?", Guardian Unlimited 1999 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4419466,00.html) 2. 2. Brown, Paul "The way we live in 2032", Guardian Unlimited 2002 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3871902,00.html) 3. 3. Millman, Roger, "Is tourism good for development?", In Societies, Choices and Environment: Issues and Enquiries, ed. Slater, F., London, Collins Educational, 1991, pp.226-247 4. 4.Lea, John, TOURISM and DEVELOPMENT in the THIRD WORLD New York: ROUTLEDGE, 1998 pp.1-9 reziume beso basiliZe turizmis mniSvneloba qveynis ganviTarebisTvis turizmze dafuZnebulia TiTqmis yvela kerZo seqtorze da moicavs mcire, saSualo da did warmoebaze. Tumca, xelisuflebis arsebiTi roli unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli: politikuri stabiluroba, garemos dacva, usafrTxoeba da a.S warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes faqtors turistebis mozidvaSi da sajaro xelisufalni arian pasuxismgeblebi am saqmeSi. 198 seqcia #2 socialuri da politikuri mecnierebani seqciis Tavmjdomare: avTandil tukvaZe 199 uSiSroebis sabWos reforma jambul abuseliZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi IVkursi avTandil tukvaZe politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] gaeros, rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funqcias sayovelTao usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. mizani_msoflioSi mSvidobis SenarCuneba_gaeros wesdebis SesavalSivea Camoyalibebuli: “gadavarCinoT momavali Taobebi omis saSinelebaTagan, romelmac msoflio istoriaSi orjer kacobriobas eniT gamouTqmeli mwuxareba moutana‟‟ 1 (20) organizacia romelic meore msoflio omis dros iqmneboda, adekvaturad pasuxobs imdroindel politikur realobas, rac Sesabamisad aisaxeba gaeros struqturasa da wesdebaSi. sayovelTao mSvidobis SenarCunebaze mTavar pasuxismgebel organod gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo gvevlineba. igi 15 wevrisgan Sedgeba, 5 maTgani_ aSS, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, ruseTis federacia da CineTi_sabWos mudmivi wevris statusiT sargeblobs. droebiTi 10 wevri ki 2 wlis vadiT, geografiuli principis gaTvaliswinebiT generaluri asambleis mier airCeva. gadawyvetilebis miReba: uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi erTpirovnuli vetos uflebiT sargebloben, anu gadawyvetilebis miRebisas erT-erTi maTganis uari (veto) sakiTxis Cavardnas niSnavs. gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa sabWos 9 wevris Tanxmoba, Tanac arcerTi mudmivi wevri sakiTxis winaaRmdegi ar unda iyos. Tu mudmivi wevri ar eTanxmeba gadawyvetilebas, magram arc misi sabWoSi blokireba surs, mas SeuZlia Tavi Seikavos_es vetos princips ar aamoqmedebs; 1963 wlamde iyo 6 aramudmivi wevri. aramudmiv wevrebs irCeven: xuTs_ azia, afrikidan. erTs_aRmosavleT evropidan. ors_laTinuri amerikidan. ors_dasavleT evropidan: 2012_2014 wlebSi aramudmivi wevrebi arian: avstralia, gvatemala, maroko, pakistani, togo, Aazerbaijani, argentina, luqsemburgi, ruanda da samxreTi korea. generaluri asambleisgan gansxvavebiT, uSiSroebis sabWo mudmivmoqmedi organoa. uSiSroebis sabWo plenarul sxdomebs ar atarebs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi Sekreba umokles droSia SesaZlebeli_romelime Tundac arawevri saxelmwifos TxovniT an generaluri mdivnis mowodebiT. sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian, maTi warmomadgenlebi mudmivad imyofebodnen niu-iorkSi, gaeros Stab-binaSi. funqciebi da movaleobebi: gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos funqciebsa da kompetenciaSi Sedis Semdegi sakiTxebi: sayovelTao mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa; saerTaSoriso davebis Seswavla, romelTac SeuZliaT saerTaSoriso arenaze daZabuli keris warmoqmna;SeiaraRebaze kontrolis sistemis Camoyalibebis gegmis SemuSaveba; agresiis aRkveTis mizniT gaeros wevr_saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri an sxva saxis sanqciebis 200 dawesebisken mowodeba; agresoris winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli aqciis ganxorcieleba; organizaciaSi axali wevrisTvis rekomendaciis gaweva; generaluri asambleisTvis generaluri mdivnis kandidatisaTvis rekomendaciis gaweva da asambleasTan erTad saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos Semadgenlobis arCeva; mSvidobisadmi muqaris an agresiis faqtebis gamovlena da maT aRsakveTad rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. saerTaSoriso konfliqtis warmoqmnisas da saerTaSoriso mSvidobisadmi safrTxis gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi uSiSroebis sabWo, pirveli nabijis saxiT, dapirispirebaSi CarTul mxareebs davebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetis rekomendaciebs aZlevs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sabWo situaciis Seswavlas an molaparakebis meqanizms Tavidanve iyenebs. uSiSroebis sabWos kompetenciaSi samSvidobo meqanizmis amuSavebac Sedis. sabWos SeuZlia eskalaciis zonaSi damkvirvebelTa misiis an samSvidobo jarebis Seyvana. pirvelis funqciaa situaciis monitoringi da analizi, aseve uSiSroebis sabWosadmi pirveladi obieqturi informaciis miwodeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi samSvidobo jarebis mandatSi, anu uSiSroebis sabWos mier jarebisTvis miniWebul moqmedebis kompetenciaSi, SeiZleba Sediodes mxareTa daSoriSoreba, samSvidobo koridoris Seqmna da a.S samSvidobo jarebs ekrZalebaT iaraRis gamoyeneba. cecxlis gaxsna ukidures SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli da isic mxolod Tavdacvis mizniT. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo uflebamosilia gasces rekomendacia ekonomikuri sanqciebis, blokadisa da a.S dawesebis Sesaxeb. Tu es ukanaskneli araefeqturi aRmoCnda, uSiSroebis sabWo uflebamosilia agresoris dasaSoSmineblad yovelgvari saxis saSualebebi gamoiyenos. kritika: gaeros yovelTvis ar SeuZlia drouli reagireba moaxdianos swrafad cvalebad procesebze, xSirad akritikeben araefeqturobisTvis, arademokratiulobaSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis problemebisTvis, arasaTanado yuradRebaSi, biurokratizmSi, gaberili Statebis da arasaTanado biujetisaTvis, aseve finansuri skandalisaTvis. mag: erayis daxmarebis programisTvis “ navTobi sursaTis nacvlad”, romelSic kofi ananis vaJi iyo Cabmuli, aseve akritikeben pan gimunsac. uSiSroebis sabWos reforma: 2004 wels kofi ananis dros erToblivi gancxadebebi gaakeTes braziliis prezidentma, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, indoeTis premier ministrma da iaponiis premierma moiTxoves uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevroba, iaponia da Ggermania rogorc yvelaze ganviTarebuli samrewvelo qveyana, indoeTi rogorc miliardiani mosaxleoba, birTvuli iaraRis mqone, brazilia rogorc, laTinuri amerikis yvelaze didi saxelmwifo am jgufs ewodeba “oTxeuli” xolo indonezia moiTxovs, rogorc yvelaze didi musulmanuri qveyana (230 mln) italiam moiTxova uSiSroebis sabWoSi yofna,sadac uflebamosilebebi rigiTobiT gadaecemaT. aseve moiTxova uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevroba afrikis “sameulma”_ samxreT afrika, egvipte nigeria. winaaRmdeg gamovida mudmivi wevrebi romelTac miaCniaT, rom gafarToeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis process gaarTulebs. sakiTxi ganixila didma rvianma. 201 sabWos gafarToeba gamWvirvales gaxdis mis muSaobas. seriozuli ganxilvis sagnad unda iqces sabWos Semadgenlobis zrdis sakiTxic. araswori iqneboda gveTqva rom meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli 5 saxelmwifo da rotaciis principiT arCeuli sabWos 10 wevri gaeros legitimuri da sruluflebiani warmomadgenlebi arian Tuki ar moxda mudmivi Tu arCeviTi wevrebis sistemis reforma sabWo ver SeZlebs uzrunvelyos msoflioSi mSvidoba da usafrTxoeba. aseTma reformam ar unda Seamciros sabWos efeqturoba da misi politikuri sicocxlisunarianoba. reformirebis SemTxvevaSi aramudmivi wevrebis raodenoba 10-dan 13-mde unda gaizardos, rac saerTo raodenobas 23-mde gazrdis. Sedegad, saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas saWiro iqneba ufro farTo konsensusi. reformis Semdeg gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sabWos 9 is nacvlad dasWirdeba 14 xma. unda gauqmdes vetos instituti, romelic mniSvnelovnad aferxebs saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis droul gadawyvetas. uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi vetos xSirad iyeneben, rac araefeqturs xdis uSiSroebis sabWos muSaobas da aRrmavebs saerTaSoriso krizisebs. mudmivi wevrebi unda SeTanxmdnen 10 wlian moratoriumze, romlis ganmavlobaSi vetos uflebas mxolod eqstremalur viTarebaSi gamoiyeneben. am periodSi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba darwmundnen vetos uflebis saboloo gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. 2 (56) samSvidobo RonisZiebebis reforma: gaeros samSvidobo operaciebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazrebebs gvTavazobs generaluri mdivnis mier arCeuli eqspertTa sabWo, romelsac alJireli laxdar brahimi xelmZRvanelobs, da romelsac e.w “brahimis angariSi” uwodes. preventiuli RonisZiebebi: konfliqtis Tavidan acilebaSi yvela mxaris daintereseba; daZabulobis regionebSi faqtebis momZiebeli misiebis intensiuri gamoyeneba da yvela wevri-saxelmwifos maqsimaluri daxmareba; mSvidobis mSeneblobis strategia: mcire biujetis arseboba; samoqalaqo policiis, sxva samarTaldamcavi elementebis da adamianis uflebebis dacvis eqspertTa cvlileba. mSvidobis mxardaWeris doqtrina: gaeros samSvidobo misiis ganTavsebis Semdeg maT unda SeZlon sakuTari mandatis profesiul doneze dacva. gansazRvruli da misaRwevi mandati mkacrad unda ganisazRvros xelmZRvanelobis jaWvi da saqmianobis erTianoba: sainformacio da strategiuli analizi: unda arsebobdes samdivno, romelic informaciiTa da analiziT uzrunvelyofs Sesabamis samsaxurebs gardamavali ZiriTadi administracia: uSiSroebis sabWom unda moiwvios iuristebi, romlebic gardamaval periodSi sakiTxebs moagvareben. ganTavsebis vadebis dadgena misiis xelmZRvaneloba samxedro personali: wevrma_saxelmwifoebma erTmaneTTan unda iTanamSromlon, unda Seiqmnas brigadis masStabis Zalebi, romelic 202 tradiciuli samSvidobo operaciis SemTxvevaSi 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi SeZlebs misiis dawyebas. samoqalaqo policies personali: wevr_saxelmwifoebs unda hyavdes sakuTari samoqalaqo policies oficrebi, romlebic operatiulad CaerTvebian samSvidobo operaciebSi. uSiSroebis sabWos da mTlianad gaeros reformirebis aucilebloba dRis wesrigSi dgas, magram warmateba am mimarTulebiT, im SemTxvevaSi iqneba miRweuli Tu wevri saxelmwifoebi daTmoben suverenitetis nawils da moaxdenen mis delegirebas gaeros mTavar organoebze. mxolod am gziT iqneba SesaZlebeli Camoyalibdes efeqturi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs sadao sakiTxebis molaparakebis gziT, mSvidobian gadawyvetas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1.gaero damxmare saxelmZRvanelo_Tb. 2003. 2.Зодохин А. Наследие отечество. 3(170) 2005 3 февраля. 3. Виртуальное миротворчества вжурнале Частный коресподент 2008 год 22 ноября. 4.vaxtang qarumiZe. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. Tb 2004. Reform of Security Council Jambul Abuselidze Resume The Security Council reform is the significant. The existence of 5 permanent members and sole power of veto don’t correspond with the current realities. It is necessary to add 5 members: 2 from developed and 3 from developing countries (according to the continents). Also, the number of nonpermanent members should be increased to 13, which ultimately equals 23 members. Over time, veto power should be abolished, which allow us to adopt more objective and transparent solutions. amerikuli demokratia salome guliaSvili Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis samarTalmcodneobis specialobis kursis studenti avTandil tukvaZe politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] amerikuli demokratiis stabiluroba ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom igi amerikeli xalxis politikuri kulturis da politikuri procesebis ganviTarebis Sedegia. xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoriis praqtikaSi gadatanis amocanis winaSe dadgnen aleqsander halmitoni, jeims medisoni, Tomas jefersoni, jon jei, jorj vaSingtoni; aSS-is konstituciis Seqmnis procesSi maT sxva problemebTan erTad unda gadaewyvitaT ori sakiTxi: erTi, aRmasrulebeli, 203 sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis damoukideblobis Teoriuli idea praqtikaSi xom ar Seuqmnida safrTxes saxelmwifos mTlianobas; meore, maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis meqanizmis Seqmna, xom ar gaaZlierebda romelime maTgans da gaaCenda monarqizmis safrTxes 1(45) amerikuli politikis udidesi nawili brunavs im ori dilemis garSemo, romelicaa: Tavisufleba wesrigis winaaRmdeg da Tavisufleba Tanasworobis winaaRmdeg. vin unda marTavdes? am kiTxvaze amerikelebs gaaCniaT ubralo pasuxi: xalxi. saubedurod es pasuxi metismetad gamartivebulia. pirvel rigSi unda ganvixiloT xalxis xelisufleba ra aris?! sityva demokratia Cans berZnul teqstebSi Zv.w me-5 saukunidan, demosi ubralo xalxs, masebs niSnavs, kratos aRniSnavs xelisuflebas. demokratiis ori alternatiuli modelis gamoyenebiT rogorc modeli, orive warmoadgens instituciur meqanizmebze dayrdnobiT demokratiuli xelisuflebis Seqmnis hipoTetur gegmas. maJoritaruli modeli mxars uWers sazogadod xalxis monawileobas, pluralisturi modeli ki mxars uWers adamianTa jgufebis monawileobas. 21 StatSi sakanonmdeblo organoebs miniWebuli aqvT ufleba waradginon iniciativa sayovelTao kenWisyrisTvis. 5 sxva Stati itovebs am meqanizmebidan erT-erTis gamoyenebis uflebas. amave dros, SeerTebul StatebSi ar arsebobs erovnul doneze referendumis Catarebis wesi, Tumca amerikelebi aSkarad mxars uWeren erovnuli referendumis sistemas 2(29). demokratiis pluralisturi modeli ganmartavs xalxis mmarTvelobas, rogorc iseT xelisuflebas, romelic funqcionirebs moqiSpe dainteresebuli jgufebis meSveobiT. am modelis Sesabamisad, demokratia arsebobs maSin, rodesac mravali organizacia moqmedebs xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad, Tavs axvevs xelisuflebas Tavis interesebs da xandaxan upirispirdeba kidec. maJoritaruli azrovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, pluralistur Teorias gadaaqvs demokratiuli mTavrobis fokusi masobrivi amomrCevlidan organizebul jgufebze 3(204) xelisuflebis decentralizebuli, rTuli struqtura xelmisawvdoms da kargaxsnils xdis imas, rac saWiroa pluralisturi demokratiisTvis. aSS-is konstitucia uaxlovdeba pluralisturi demokratiis ideals, radganac anawilebs Zalauflebas xelisuflebis sxvadasxva ganStoebebs Soris. Tu pluralisturi demokratia aniWebs umciresobas marTvis saSualebas, maSin riT gansxvavdeba is elitaruli Teoriisgan anu im Tvalsazrisisgan, TiTqos adamianTa mcire jgufi (umciresoba) pasuxismgebelia xelisuflebis umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisTvis? elitaruli Teoriis Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs iRebs gamokveTili da stabiluri umciresoba, romelsac gaaCnia garkveuli maxasiaTeblebi, Cveulebriv didi simdidre da saqmiani kavSirebi. elitaruli Teoria amtkicebs, rom amerikaSi Zalaufleba xelT upyria ramdenime pirovnebas, 204 romlebic akontroleben qveynis umniSvnelovanes safinanso, kavSirgabmulobis, samrewvelo da samTavrobo dawesebulebebs. maTi Zalaufleba momdinareobs amerikis udidesi korporaciebis uzomo simdidridan da imis Segnebidan, rom am korporaciebis ganuwyvetel warmatebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis ekonomikis zrdisTvis. elitaruli Teoriis Sesabamisad, aSS-s demokratia ki ara, oligarqiaa 4(166). Tumca yvelaferi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos amomrCevlebi akontroleben mTavrobas arCevnebis meSveobiT. aSS-s konstitucia erT-erTi yvelaze aRiarebuli dokumentia. is aris uZvelesi dawerili erovnuli konstitucia, romelsac yvelaze xSirad imeoreben sxva konstituciebSi, xandaxan sityva-sityviTac ki. konstituciis Zala mis mokle teqstSia. konstitucia ise Sedga, rom gaewonasworebina wesrigi da Tavisufleba. is ar iyo gamiznuli Tanasworobis miRwevaze. faqtobrivad, misi Sesworeba uTanasworobis daZlevis mizniT xdeboda. konstituciis avtorebs aseve surdaT iseTi mTavrobis Seqmna, romelic gaawonasworebda Statebsa da erovnul xelisuflebas. zusti balansis dacva saxifaTo Tema iyo da konstituciuri konvertis delegatebma mas gverdi auares. faqtobrivad rTuli warmosadgenia xelisuflebis sxva struqtura, romelic ukeT iyos morgebuli demokratiis pluralistur models, vidre aSS-s konstitucia. aSS-s konstituciis mamebma vetos da impiCmentis institutebis SeqmniT SeZles Sekaveba da gawonasworebis mdgomareobis SenarCuneba aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris. xelisuflebis xelaxali gamogonebis amerikuli ideis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieca konstituciiT gansazRvruli Zalaufleba da meqanizmebi, winaaRmdegoba gauwios xelisuflebis sxva Stos SesaZlo aralegitimur qmedebas. prezidenti aRiWurva SefardebiTi vetos uflebiT, sakanonmdeblo organos saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmiT, xolo Tavis mxriv kongresi prezidentis gadayenebis impiCmentis gansakuTrebuli uflebiT. saboloo jamSi vetosa da impiCmentis instututebi qmnis urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTzemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. aseve, ganapirobebs Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis mdgomareobas, gamoricxavs avtoritarul gadawyvetilebebs prezidentisa da kongresis mxridan, uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlos damoukideblobas da rac mTavaria, iZleva adamianis samoqalaqo, politikuri, religiuri da sxva fundamentaluri uflebebis maqsimalurad daculobis garantias. sxva sakiTxia, rom aSS-s konstituciiT SesaZlebelia prezidenti gaxdes pirovneba, romelmac qveynis masStabiT konkurentTan SedarebiT naklebi xmebi miiRo an kidev prezidentis savarZelSi aRmoCndes aSS-Si dabadebuli moqalaqe, romelic xalxs ar aurCevia (mag: jerard fordi), magram erTis Tqma SeiZleba, aSS-Si maqsimaluradaa daculi umciresobis uflebebi, rac demokratiis utyuari barometria. mxolod is politikuri sistemebi da demokratiebia stabiluri, romlebic konkretuli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis Sedegia. amis dadasturebaa samxreT-amerikis, 205 afrikis, aziis da postsocialisturi qveynebis gamocdileba; maT gadmoiRes dasavluri konstituciebi da Seecadnen demokratiuli institutebis transplantacias, magram yoveli mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. umravles qveynebSi kvlav avtoritaruli reJimebia. TviT saprezidento mmarTvelobis modelma, mxolod aSS-Si gaamarTla. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. 2. 3. 4. amerikuli demokratia. Tb; 1999. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebi. baTumi 1999. amerikis istoriis eskizebi. Tbilisi 2007. Г.К Ашин Е. В Охотский Курс Элитологии. Москва 2008. American Democracy Salome Guliashvili Resume Democracy is a very important topic in today's reality. The world's most distinct and individual democratic governance in the United States times. The uniqueness of the presidential administration times. Rotates around the largest part of American policy dilemma: Order against the freedom and liberty against equality. The American Constitution is 200 years old and is the American people who absolutely fit. American democracy is the biggest positive and the characteristic feature is that, The political views of the maximally. partiuli politikis krizisi saqarTveloSi levan lorTqifaniZe Tsu-s politikuri mecnierebis mimarTulebis studenti E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +995555277403 avTandil tukvaZe politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] politologiasa da socialur TeoriebSi politikuri partiis gansakuTrebiT bevr, uamrav definicias vxvdebiT. Tumca, analitikosTa umravlesoba s.noimanis mier SemoTavzebul axsnas yvelaze amomwuravad miiCnevs. kerZod, mecnieri werda:Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT politikuri partia, rogorc sazogadoebis im aqtiur politikur pirTa organizacia, vinc dainteresebulia saxelmwifoebriv xelisuflebaze kontroliT da xalxis mxardaWeris mopovebisas ebrZvis da ejibreba gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis mqone jgufs an jgufebs. am saxiT, partia warmodgens sazogadoebriv Zalebs, 206 ideologiebsa da oficialur institutebs. agreTve, didi gaerTianebis politikur qmedebebs Soris mZlavr Suamavals.1(234) politikuri gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom jgufs, romelic politikur aqtiurobas eswrafvis, miznad isaxavs Zalauflebis mopoveba-SenarCunebasa da politikur velze umTavres aqtorad moiazreba, funqciebic mniSvnelovani da mravalferovani unda hqondes.partiaTa pirvelmniSvnelovan funqciad, d.istoniseuli sistemuri Teoriis Camoyalibebidan dRemde sazogadoebrivi interesebis artikulaciasa da agregirebas miiCneven. politikur partiaTa daniSnulebas arCevnebis gziT mmarTvelobiTi elitis formirebac warmoadgens. aseve, politikuri organizaciebi gvevlinebian im saSualebadac, romlis daxmarebiT sakuTar gansxvavebul interesebsa Tu faseulobebs umaRles saxelmwifoebriv doneze warmoaCenen biznesis, dasaqmebulTa, religiur-eTnikuri, mSromelTa da sxva tipis socialuri jgufebi 2(372) maSasadame, politikur gaerTianebaTa did nawils sazogadoebaSi Tavisi socialuri sayrdeni gaaCnia. xSir SemTxvevaSi, partiebi ara mxolod pasuxoben sazogadoebriv azrs, aramed Tavadac cdiloben mis Camoyalibebas, politikuri dRis wesrigis gansazRvras 3(.274). ganuzomlad didia partiaTa sakomunikacio funqciac. evropul politikur jgufTa umravlesoba finansur-materialur da sxva tipis resurss xarjavs amomrCevelTan mWidro kontaqtis, grZelvadiani urTierTobebis damyarebis, aqtualuri politikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebisa da informaciis intensiuri gavrcelebis mizniT. efeqturi politikuri gaerTianebebi moqalaqeTa saarCevno mobilizebas, maT ideologiur gaTviTcnobierebasa da sazogadoebaSi misTvis sasurveli Rirebulebebis myarad damkvidrebasac axerxebs 4(358). partiuli sistemis krizisis mizezebi. socialur mecnierebebSi sxvadasxva qveynis partiuli konfiguraciis mixedviT ganasxvaveben sistemis ramdenime tips. gamohyofen erTpartiul, orpartiul da mravalpartiul sistemebs. erTpartiuli wyoba totalitaruli an mkacri avtoritaruli reJimebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs pluralizmi, SeuZlebelia gansxvavebis moZebna partiul da saxelmwifo aparats Soris. orpartiuli sistemis klasikuri magaliTia SeerTebuli Statebi, sadac aqtiuri politikuri sivrce or ZiriTad, opoziciur da saxelisuflebo banakad iyofa. CvenTvis yvelaze sacnauri mravalpartiuli sistema gaxlavT. amgvari sistemebis or radikalurad gansxvavebul gamovlinebas gamohyofen. arsebobs Tanabarsubieqtiani mravalpartiuli sistema, sadac gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba mravalTagan arc erT partias ar aqvs (mag. germania, italia, holandia, espaneTi da a.S.) da dominanti politikuri jgufis mravalpartiuli sistema, sadac saxelisuflebo Zala TiTqmis absolutur Zalauflebas flobs, opozicias ki, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaze aranairi zegavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia, misi muSaoba formalur xasiaTs atarebs. 207 1992 wlidan, saqarTveloSi Catrebul TiTqmis yvela saparlamento arCevnebSi udides an konstituciur umravlesobas erTi partia moipovebs da yvela aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac tradiciulad erTpartiuli gaxlavT xolme 5(12), ris Sedegadac Cvens qveyanaSi dominanturi politikuri jgufis mravalpartiuli sistema myardeba. amgvar garemoSi, ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi, seriozuli politikuri gamocdilebis gamomuSavebis Sansi ekargebaT umciresobaSi moqceul politikur erTobebs. isini naklebad monawileoben saxelmwifo politikuri kursis SemuSavebaSi, gamoricxulia mmarTveli partiis opoziciasTan TanamSromlobis aucilebloba 6(19). Sesabamisad, umciresobisaTvis rezultati ar moaqvs saparlamento politikur oponirebas; lider partias srulad aqvs monopolizebuli saxelisuflebo Zalaufleba; ferxdeba realurad Zlieri alternatiuli banakis formirebis procesi. vfiqrob, rom erTaderTi dominanturi Zalis mravalpartiuli sistemis arseboba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba pluralizmis ZiriTad principebsa da xels uwyobs Zalauflebis maRal koncentracias erTi aqtoris xelSi, saqarTveloSi partiuli demokratiis umTavres Semaferxebel faqtors warmoadgens.partiaTa SemakavSirebeli parametrebi, fragmentacia. ganviTarebul samyaroSi politikuri partiis wevrTa SekavSirebas ramdenime faqtori SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad. am niSnis mixedviT, mecnierTa nawili gamohyofs doqtrinul, pragmatul da qarizmul partiebs. doqtrinuli partiebi TavianT samoqmedo gegmaze, programul debulebaze arian orientirebulni; pragmatuli jgufebi cdiloben sazogadoebriv moTxovnebze reagirebiT, praqtikuli mizanSewonilobiT gavidnen fons; qarizmul partiaSi gaerTianebis safuZvlad ki, adamianebi partiis lideris gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobis rwmensa da misdami simpatias asaxeleben. es ukanaskneli tipi demokratiis mxriv naklebganviTarebuli qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa jgufSi, am kriteriumiT saqarTveloc unda moviazroT. Cveni qveynis TiTqmis yvela met-naklebad cnobili partia misi lideris, Tavmjdomaris qarizmas efuZneba. politikur gaerTianebaTa nawili erTi piris an mcire jgufis mxardamWer moZrobadaa qceuli. qarTuli politikuri organizaciebi SegviZlia erTgvar fanklubebs mivamsgavsoT. politikuri urTierTobebisas individualuri ambiciebisa Tu pirovnuli primatis wina planze wamoweva kidev erTi problemis saTave xdeba. kerZod, biZgi eZleva politikis ukidures fragmentacias, Cndeba uamravi susti, gavlenis armqone organizacia. maTi simravle moqalaqeTa dezorientacias, politikuri gza-kvalis arevas uwyobs xels. am procesis damadastureblad SegviZlia iusticiis saministros mier registrirebuli 220 partiis sia moviSvelioT, romelTagan 22-27 partia SegviZlia permanentulad aqtiurad ganvixiloT 7(21). qarizmiT SekavSirebuli organizaciebis simyife, fragmentulobiT gamowveuli politikuri kapitalis gaflangva da amomrCevlis dabneva, bunebrivia, winaaRmdegobas warmoadgens stabiluri da mowesrigebuli partiuli demokratiisTvis. ideologia. samwuxarod, qarTuli politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ideologiuri principebis arqona an ideologiuri meryeoba. vgulisxmob imas, rom qarTul politikur sivrceSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba 208 partia, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erTgulebs Tavis gancxadebul msoflmxedvelobasa da sazagadoebis mier aRiqmeba konkretuli politikuri mrwamsis mimdevrad. rac niSnavs imas, rom qarTveli politikosebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ar aqceven sakuTar politikur Sexedulebebs, isini nebismieri ideologiuri tipis mosaxleobis mimxrobaze muSaoben da absoluturad yvela sazogadoebrivi fenis mxrdaWeras eswrafvian. politikaSi ideologiis meorexarisxovnebaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rodesac politikosebi uproblemod, winaRmdegobis gareSe gadadian memarjvenedan memarcxene, liberaluridan nacionalistur partiebSi. imave tendenciaze metyvelebs 2008 wels gamoqveynebuli saarCevno subieqtTa programebic, sadac magliTad, neokonservatiulad miCneuli politikuri partiebi ufaso keTildReobis institutebs emxrobian, memarjvene Zalebi ukiduresi memarcxene lozungebiT gamodian da a.S. partiaTa ideologiuri safuZvlis arqonze miuTiTebs garkveuli tipis sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi, sadac moqalaqeebi mkveTrad memerjvene Zalebs socialistur moZraobebad moixsenieben socialuri baza. ideologiuri safuZvlis moSla iwvevs imasac, rom TiTqmis arc erT Cveneul politikur gaerTianebas ar hyavs Tavisi mudmivi, myari eleqtorati. bunebrivia, ideologiis gareSe stabiluri socialuri bazis formireba warmoudgenelia, radgan mocemuli politikuri doqtrinis, msoflmxedvelobis mxardaWeriT partia prioritetebs aniWebs romelime sazogadoebriv fenas. politikis mecnierebaSi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebadmcodneobaSi ideologiaTa istoriuli da SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom vTqvaT socialisturi partiuli programebi dasaqmebulTa da momxmarebelTa interesebzea orientirebuli. Sesabamisad, memarcxene partiaTa bazas muSa-mosmsaxureebi, saSualo da dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi akompleqteben. analogiurad, memarjvene jgufebisaTvis metad upiratesi mdidrebis, meskuTreebis, biznes-seqtoris interesebia. evropisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi Znelad moiZebnebian amomrCevlebi, romlebic romelime partias sakuTar TavTan aigiveben da sistematurad aZleven mas xmas. es niSnavs, rom Cvens qveyanaSi dabalia moqalaqeTa partiuli identifikacia anu wevrobisgan damoukideblad, moqalaqeTa mxiridan mocemuli politikuri subieqtis mudmivi, mowesrigebuli mxardaWera. identificirebuli amomrCevlis gareSe ar xdeba socialuri bazis formireba. socialuri bazis armqone partiebi ki, stabilurni, mdgradni ar arian, Sesabamisad sirTuleebi eqmneba partiul demokratiasac. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. berZeniSvili a., politikuri sociologia, gamomcemloba inteleqti, Tbilisi 2011 heivudi endriu, politika, saqarTvelos universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2006 magsStadti Tomas. s, gavigoT politika, ilias universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi 2010 macaberiZe m., arCevnebi d sazogadoeba, socialur mecnierebTa 209 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. seria, Tbilisi 2003 partiuli sistema saqarTveloSi (angariSi), niderlandebis multipartiuli demokratiis instituti,, Tbilisi 2007 partiuli sistema saqarTveloSi (angariSi), niderlandebis multipartiuli demokratiis instituti,, Tbilisi 2007 saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros politikuri gaerTianebebis reestri, 01.2012 Party politics crisis in Georgia Levan Lortkipanidze Resume In the article is reviewed: The most acute problems of Georgian democracy and party system: dominant multi-partial order, orientation on charismatic leader, the extreme fragmentation of political landscape, absence of ideological and electoral base, undeveloped organizational structure, difficulty in political communication. Our final goal should be the institutionalization of the parties; therefore, political organizations should become the part of the political system, the permanent mechanism of the social order. sakuTrebis warmoSobis samarTlebrivi problemebi sacxovrebel binaze mariam gelaZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti sajaro mmarTvelobis meore kursi ia xarazi iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 593 36 92 47 ra aris sacxovrebeli adgili, ras gulisxmobs igi? samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad: `fizikuri piris sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneva adgili, romelsac igi Cveulebriv sacxovreblad irCevs. pirs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili~. sacxovrebel binaze sakuTrebis ufleba umravles SemTxvevaSi piris (mesakuTris) sacxovrebeli adgilis ganmsazRvrelicaa. amitom gansxvavebiT sxva saxis qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebisagan, sacxovrebel binaze sakuTrebis floba ara mxolod kerZo_samarTlebriv, aramed xSirad sajaro_samarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs. es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom piris sacxovrebeli adgili da iuridiuli misamarTi, anu registracia, umetesad erTmaneTs emTxveva. sacxovrebel adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod kerZo samarTlisaTvis. sajaro samarTalSi masze mravali ufleba, an institutia 210 damokidebuli. magaliTad, saarCevno ufleba an sasamarTlo qvemdebareoba samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi. rodis da rogor warmoiSoba sacxovrebeli adgili da ra kavSirSia igi sapolicio CawerasTan? moqmedebs ki sapolicio Cawera? ra mniSvneloba aqvs Caweras sacxovrebeli adgilis dafuZnebisaTvis? sacxovrebeli adgilis arCeva damokidebulia piris nebaze da ara romelime saxelmwifo organos gadawyvetilebaze. piris neba daafuZnos sacxovrebeli adgili uzrunvelyofil unda iyos am nebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobiT, e.i. pirs unda hqondes bina, anu sacxovrebeli sadgomi mocemul adgilze. amasTan ara aqvs mniSvneloba es sadgomi misi sakuTrebaa, Tu qiriT aaqvs aRebuli. sapolicio registracia, Tu aRricxva piris sacxovrebel adgils ar warmoSobs da arc auqmebs. sacxovrebeli adgili SeiZleba arsebobdes registraciis gareSec da piriqiT, registracia ar niSnavs sacxovrebeli adgilis arsebobas. iseve, rogorc administraciuli aqtiT ar SeiZleba sacxovrebeli adgilis dafuZneba, arc misi gauqmeba SeiZleba amave aqtiT. amas pirdapir ganamtkicebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis me_20 muxlis me-3 nawili.10 sacxovrebel binaze sakuTrebis ufleba ZiriTadad warmoiSoba warmoebuli safuZvliT. magaliTad. nasyidobiT, CuqebiT, gacvliT, memkvidreobiT, gadacemiT da sxva. amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes nasyidoba warmoadgens. nasyidobis xelSekrulebas TviT gamyidveli _ mesakuTre debs, magram sk 709 muxlis Tanaxmad, mas SeuZlia marwmuneblis daxmarebiT dados igive xelSekruleba. Tumca, rac Seexeba sacxovrebel binaze sakuTrebis gadacemas sxva pirisaTvis memkvidreobiT (mag. anderZi), igi ar SeiZleba ganxorcieldes warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, igi uSualod nebis gamomvlenma pirma (mamkvidrebelma) unda gaaformos werilobiT. roca sacxovrebel binaze sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema xdeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, maSin aRniSnuli uflebamosilebis gacema (mindobiloba) unda gaformdes notarialurad11, romelic warmomadgenels aniWebs uflebamosilebas dados Sesabamisi saxis xelSekruleba warmodgenili piris saxeliT da xarjiT. `Tanaziar sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli binis gayidva unda moxdes TanamesakuTris TanxmobiT, Tanxmoba unda gamoixatos nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze yvelas xelmoweriT. piri TanamesakuTred iTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi registrirebulia sajaro reestrSi, sadac gaxsnilia saTanado binis saregistracio, saaRricxvo baraTi. swored aRniSnuli baraTis mesakuTris ganyofilebaSi, an SezRudvebis grafaSi unda iyos piri TanamesakuTred Cawerili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi piris TanamesakuTred yofnis ufleba unda dadgindes sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TanamesakuTreebad yofnis sakiTxi sadavo gaxda umetesad privatizebul binebSi.12 privatizacia rogorc sacxovrebel 10 binaze sakuTrebis uflebis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni pirveli, Tb, 1999, gv 84-85; l. Wanturia Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, gv. 172-187 11 saqarTvelos 1998 wlis kanoni `notariatis Sesaxeb~. 12 ix. T. CitoSvilis dasax. naSr, gv. 61 211 warmoSobis safuZveli. saxelmwifo binebis privatizacia uSualod xorcieldeba `saqarTvelos respublikaSi binebis privatizaciis (usasyidlo gadacemis) Sesaxeb saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis Tebervlis #107 dadgenilebis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, mosaxleobas nebayoflobiTi SeRavaTiani pirobebiT binebi sakuTrebaSi gadaecaT usasyidlod, romelic maT dakavebuli hqondaT saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi sabinao fondis saxlebSi. moqalaqeTaTvis aRniSnuli binebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis safuZveli gaxda sanotaro wesiT dadasturebuli xelSekruleba, romelic daido adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organos saxeliT sabinao _ saeqsploatacio organizaciasa da moqalaqes Soris. Tu binaSi cxovrobda ojaxi, maSin ojaxis wevrTagan erTerTs sakuTrebaSi gadaecemoda mxolod sxva wevrTa werilobiTi TanxmobiT, romelic aseve dadasturebuli unda yofiliyo sanotaro wesiT. ojaxis yvela srulwlovani wevris Tanxmoba iyo saWiro, Tu sacxovrebeli bina (saxli) maT gadaecemodaT saerTo sakuTrebaSi.13 aRniSnuli dadgenilebiT regulirdeboda agreTve sabinao_samSeneblo kooperativis wevrTa uflebebi. kerZod, sabinao_samSeneblo kooperativis wevri, romelsac ukve hqonda gadaxdili binis Rirebuleba, CaiTvala binis mesakuTred. aseve aucilebeli iyo sanotaro wesiT dadasturebuli xelSekruleba dadebuli koperativis gamgeobasa da wevrs Soris, romelic dadebulad iTvleboda registraciis mometidan. registraciisas gadaixdeboda saxelmwifo baJi. aq ki gamoikveTa xarvezebi, romlebic ZiriTadad privatizebul binebSi mcxovreb ojaxis wevrTa uflebis Selaxvas ukavSirdeboda. xSir SemTxvevebSi xelSekrulebebSi ojaxis wevrebisagan erTi iyo miTiTebuli mesakuTred da sxva wevrebi xelSekrulebaSi ar iyo Seyvanili. aseve maTi nebis gamovlena binis privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT aranairi formiT ar fiqsirdeboda rac xSirad sasamarTlo davis sagani xdeboda. Tavisuflad SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aRniSnuli saxis xelSekrulebebis dadebis dros irRveoda maTi Sedgenis wesi, anu ojaxis wevrTagan erTerTis saxelze xelSekrulebis dadeba da mxolod am wevris mesakuTred registracia aucileblad unda dasturdebodes ojaxis sxva wevrTa werilobiTi TanxmobiT, romlis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamis privatizebul binaze dadebuli xelSekrulebebi baTilad unda iqnes miCneuli aRniSnul wevrTa sasargeblod. privatizebul binebze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZveli warmoebulia. saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul sacxovrebel binaze moqalaqeTa sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis damadasturebeli konkretuli xelSekrulebebi ideba normatiuli aqtis safuZvelze. moqalaqeebs privatizaciis Sedegad gadacemuli binebis marTvis Sesabamisad, am binebis gasxvisebis ufleba unda mieniWos mxolod sajaro reestrSi am moqalaqeebis registraciis momentidan. 13 T. CitoSvilis dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 61-62 212 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. b. zoiZe. “qarTuli sanivTo samarTali”. Tb.2003 b. zoiZe, “sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa kontroli saqarTveloSi”. Tb. 2007 saqarTvelos 2010 wlis kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, Tb. 2001 saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri veb gverdi. www.parliament.ge saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos oficialuri veb gverdi. www.supremecourt.ge Legal Problems of Belonging Private House Mariam Geladze Resume The work discusses about the principles of owning private house and the rules of giving its belonging rights to others. According to the research it is determined that if anyone wants to get rights on private house she/he must get these rights in the public registry office for the moment of these citizens’ registration. omis Semdgomi periodi sazRvrispira soflebSi Teona mosiaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, II kursi arina TavaqaraSvili, tel: 599 29 93 62 omis Semdgomi periodi yvela epoqaSi qveynisa Tu saxelmwifosTvis umZimesia. miTumetes im dros, roca qveynis teritoriis 20% okupirebulia da 26 aTasze meti adamiani devnilad iqca da gaCnda e.w. xelovnuri sazRvari da soflebi saxelwodebiT-okupirebuli teritoriebis mimdebare-sasazRvro soflebi, romelTa mdgomareobis da yofis Seswavla gamokveTil da realur suraTs iZleva amJamindeli mdgomareobisa. umTavresi ki is aris, rom agvistos movlenebis Semdeg maTTvis socialur-ekonomikur mzrunvelobas winaswar gansazRvruli paketiT saerTaSoriso organizaciebi uzrunvelyofdnen. es programebi TandaTan Semcirda, didi nawili ukve dasrulebulia da mosaxleoba ki isev saWiroebs xelSewyobasa da daxmarebas. aseT soflebSi ar arsebobs mosaxleobisTvis saWiro proeqtebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs urbanizaciis procesis SenarCunebas. kvelevis mizania e.w. sasazRvro soflebis situaciuri analizi problemis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamovlena. saxelmwifo programebi, samoqmedo gegmebi da profesionalTa SeTavazebiTa da saeqsperto daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedgenili biujeti mosaxleobas saSualebas aZlevs xelmeored adgilze damkvidrebasa da etapobriv ganviTarebaSi, aseTi mizanmimarTuli politikis ararsebobam SesaZlebelia srul degradaciamde da am teritoriebis daclamde migviyvanos. xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTi procesebi gamowveulia adgilebze mmarTvelobis 213 organoebis warmomadgeneTa araprofesionalizmiT, pasiurobiTa da intertiulobiT. magram mmarTvelobiT organoebSi aseTi susti rgolebis ararsebobis garda Tan erTvis kvlevebisa da rekomendaciebis ar arsebobac. Cems mier Catarebuli kvlevis teritoriuli sazRvari moicavs goris raions sofel meRvrekiss. kvlevis obieqtebi arian am sofelSi mcxovrebi adamianebi, maT Soris studentebi, maswavleblebi, dasaqmebuli Tu dausaqmebeli pirebi. kvlevisTvis gamoyenebulia SemTxveviTi analizis meTodi. kvlevis iaraRebi: anketuri gamokiTxva Ria kiTxvis wesiT, ris safuZvelzec kvlevisaTvis saWiro informaciis miReba moxda uSualod mosaxleobisTan gasaubrebiT. sofel meRvrekisSi ar arsebobs sabaSvo baRi, miuxedavad imisa, rom baRis asakis bavSbebis raodenoba 40 aRwevs. sofelSi, sadac 250 komli ojaxi cxovrobs: 1. 1-6 wlamde bavsvebis raodenoba – 40 –mde. 2. 16-25 wlamde axalgazrda -120 mde 3. studentebis raodenoba – 21 4. 21 studentidan 3 Tavi daaneba usaxsrobis gamo 5. socialurad daucvelia – 35-40 ojaxi. 6. dasaqmebulTa roadenoba – 50 kaci aqqedan 10 kaci mSeneblobaze, 2 fermaSi, 14 maswavlebeli. 7. saSualo Semosavali - 200 dan 800 laramde meryeobs. omis Semdgomi periodi gansakuTrebiT umZimesi aRmoCnda sazRvrispir soflebisaTvis, anu okupirebuli teritoriis mimdebare soflebSi. sadac moSlilia manamde arsebuli infrastruqtura, darRveulia komunikacia, mcxovrebelTa didma nawilma dakarga qoneba, daiwva da ganadgurda saxlebi da manamde arsebuli sakarmidamo nakveTebs ver amuSaveben usaxsrobis gamo an esazRvreba okupirebul teritorias da ar aris usafrTxo saqmianoba baRebSi an maTi baTebi moxda okupirebul nawilSi. aseTi mdgomareobaa goris raionis soflebSi: gugutiaanTkari, zemo xviTi, koSkebi, ergneTi, qarelis raioni: knolevi, dvani, avlevi, ceronisi. omma gamoiwvia yvelanairi sakomunikacio sistemis moSla da adamianebs naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli informaciaze, rac kidev erTxel arTulebs maT isedac mZime mdgomareobas. es erTi mxriv gamowveulia ufinansobiT, rac maT gadaadgilebas sakmaod zRudavs, meore mxriv daucvelia maTi usafrTxoeba. mosaxleoba naklebad erkveva sakuTar uflebebSi da sakuTrebis dacvis meqanizmebis codnaSi. wyalze xelmisawvdoma isec problemaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifom yvela sofelTan WaburTili aamoqmeda. wyls raodenoba arasakmarisia. xolo amJamindeli osuri mxridan arastabiluri miwodeba xdeba da xSirad wyali maT Soris sasmeli wyari urTulesi problemaa am adamianebisaTvis. aseT sofelTa ricxvebSia: knolevi, avlevi, gugutiaanTkari, zemo xviTi, kirbali, dvani, flavi, flavismani. xolo erovnuli gamocda Cabarebuli axalgazrdebis nawili Tanxis gadauxdelobis gamo tovebs umaRles 214 saswavlebels. sakanonmdeblo paketi omis Semdgomi procesebis samarTlebrivi regulirebisaTvis srulyofili ar aris. omis Semdgm xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi adgilebze arCeviT urTierTobdnen mosaxleobasTan da mosaxleobis gadmocemiT daxmarebis gacemisas isini subieqturebi iyvnen, rac adamianebis proqts iwvevs. soflis daxmarebis programis farglebSi miuxedavad adgilze Sexvedris gamarTvisa mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis azri ar iqna gaziarebuli da mcirericxovan mosaxleobasTan SeTanxmebiT wydeboda Tu rame daxarjuliyo finansebi da ra iyo soflisTvis prioriteti. soflis ambulatoriebi zogierT sofelSi moqmedeben, magram arasruli datvirTviT da gamoirCevian medikamentebis naklebobiT. im umZimesma mdgomareobam, rac omma daatexa mosaxleobas faqtobrivad mTEli sasazRvro soflebi usaxsrod, ufinansod datova. socialurad daucvleTa programaSi ki bevri ver xvdeba. TviT socialuri agentebis ugulisyuro damokidebulebis gamo. kvlevam bevri problema warmoaCina. es ki ra Tqma unda, kanonSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb cvlilebebs moiTxovs da sakanonmdeblo iniciativis dros kanonis proeqtis SemuSaveba eqspertTa daskvnebs saWiroebs. omma gaaZliera axlomdgari saxelmwifos maxasiaTeblebi qarTul realobaSi. centraluri xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia aRar vrceldeba qveynis teritoriis 20%-ze, qveyanaSi umTavresi socialur-ejkonomikuri mdgomareobaa da rac mTavaria damoukideblobis aRdgenas saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, aSS-is da evrokavSiris Zalisxmevas vukavSirebT; ufro zustad damoukideblobis gasaRebas qveynis gareT veZebT, magram faqtia, rom yovelive sakmarisi araa, amitom saWiroa grZelvadiani programis proeqtis SemuSaveba sasazRvro soflebSi xels Seuwyobs soflis etapobriv ganviTarebas, rac mosaxleobaz dadebiTad aisaxeba. Seiqmnas specialuri saxelmwifo fondi, romelic mZimed dazaraldeba sazRvris pira soflidan umaRles saswavlebelSi moxvedril studentebs Seuwyobs xels finansurad. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Tbilisis saswavlo universiteti – saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia – globalizacia da mecnierebis aqtualuri problemebi 21-e saukuneSi. Tb. 2013 w. 2. arina TavaqaraSvili, - kvleva, omis Semdgomi periodi e.w. sazRvrispira soflebSi. Post War Period in Border Villages Teona Mosiashvili Resume The project reflects the reality of the post-war period, the loss of life of the population of the villages in the occupied territories, or how to change their living conditions and their status. 215 administraciul samarTamdarRvevaTa saqmeebis warmoeba monika Serozia suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti sajaro mmarTvelobis III kursi nino SavdaTuaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis leqtori saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sajaro mmarTvelobis doqtoranti E EE-mail: [email protected] administraciul samarTaldarRvevad CaiTvleba saxelmwifo an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, sakuTrebis, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, mmarTvelobis dadgenili wesis xelmyofi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba an umoqmedoba, romlisTvisac kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebulia administraciulin pasuxismgebloba. administraciuli pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis momentisaTvis Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul pirebs. administraciul samarTaldaRvevaTa saqmeebs awarmoeben samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis dros da adgilas moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebis warmoebis amocanebia saqmis drouli, yovelmxrivi, sruli da obieqturi gamorkveva; gadawyveta kanonmdeblobasTan zusti SesabamisobiT, gamotanili dadgenilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa, gamovlena samarTaldarRvevaTa Cadenis xelSemwyobi mizezebisa da pirobebis, samarTaldarRvevaTa Tavidan acileba, moqalaqeTa aRzrda kanonebis dacvis suliskveTebiT, kanonierebis ganmtkiceba. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmis warmoeba daiwyos xolo dawyebuli saqme unda Sewydes im SemTxvevaSi: ar SeiZleba - Tu administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevis arasebobis gamo im piris mimarT, visac administraciuli samarTaldaRvevis momentiasaTvis ar Sesrulebis 16 weli. - marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba Cadenilia piris Suracxadobis gamo, Tu piri moqmedebda ukiduresi aucileblobis an aucilebeli mogeriebis mdgomareobaSi; -administraciuli aqtis miRebis gamo, Tu igi auqmebs administraciuli saxdelis gamoyenebas; -administraciuli pasauxismgeblobis damdgeni aqtis gauqmebis gamo; -Tu administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqnis ganxilvis momentisaTvis ganvlo am kodeqsiT samarTaldarRvevis saqmis ganxilvisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulmas vadebma (mux 38);. 216 -Tu arsebobs imave faqtze administraciuli pasuxisgebaSi micemuli piris mimarT kompetenturi organos (Tanamdebobis piris) dadgenileba administraciuli saxdelis dadebis Sesaxeb, an amxanaguri sasamarTlos gauqmebuli gadawyvetileba, Tu masalebi amxanagur sasamarTlos gadasca im orgamon (Tanamdebobis parma) romelsac aqvs mocemuli saqmeze administraciuli saxdelis dadebis ufleba an gauuqmebeli dadgenileba administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, agreTve imave faqtze sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ararsebobobisas; -im piris gardacvalebis gamo, romlis mimarT dawyebuli iyo saqmis warmoeba. yvela administraciuli saqme ganixileba Riad, saqmis ganxilva SesaZlebelia samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis adgilze, rac gulisxmobs saqmis yovelmxriv, srul da obieqtur gamorkvevas, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasTan zusti SesabamisobiT. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis warmoebis dros yvela im faqtobriv monacems, romelTa safuZvelze aRiZvreba saqme ds romelsac mniSvneloba aqvs saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis warmoadgens mtkicebuleba. saqmiswarmoebisas prokurors ufleba aqvs aRZvras warmoeba administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb, gaecnos saqmis masalebs,Seamowmos Tu rogor moqmedeben organoebi (Tanamdebobis pirebi) saqmis warmoebis dros, monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi, ganacxados Suamdgomloba, gaaprotostoss administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis gamo Semotanil saCivarze miRebuli dadgenileba da gadawyvetileba, SeaCeros dadgenilebis aRsruleba da sxva moqmedeba, romelic kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia. rodesac saxeze gvaqvs administraciuli samarTaldarRveva, samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb dgeba oqmi saamisod uflebamosili Tanamdebobis piris an sazogadoebrivi organizaciisa Tu sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos warmomadgenlis mier. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis oqmi dgeba sam egzemplarad. oqmis erTi egzemplari saqmis gadasawyvetad saWiro sxva cnobebTan erTad dauyovnebliv egzavneba ganxilvaze uflebamosil pirs (organos) da daerTvis administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqme. meore egzemplari bardeba samarTaldamrRvevs Sesabamisi xelismoweriT oqmis egzemplaris Cabarebis Sesaxeb, xolo roca samarTaldamrRvevi ar eswreba oqmis Sedgenas oqmi gaigzavneba oqmis SemdgenisaTvis cnobil misamarTze. oqmis mesame egzemplari rCeba oqmis SemdgenelTan. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmSi aRiniSneba: -oqmis Sedgenis TariRi da adgili. 217 -administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis dro, adgili da arsis norma, romelic iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas samarTaldarRvevisaTvis. monacemebi samarTaldamrRvevis Sesaxeb saxeli - gvari, saidentifikacio piradi nomeri. -damswreTa saxeli, gvari, piradi nomeri da misamarTi (maTi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). -samarTaldamrRvevis axsna-ganmarteba. -saqmisaTvis SesaZlo mniSvnelobis mqone sxva cnobebi -ganmarteba samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis administraciul micemuli piris uflebis da movaleobis Sesaxeb. pasuxisgebaSi administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmi aris mkacri aRricxvis dokumenti. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmSi yvela Canaweri keTdeba garkveviT. dauSvebelis gadaxazva, gadafxeka, gadaSla da a.S.oqmis dazianeba an masSi araswori monecemebis Stanis SemTxveveSi ivseba axali oqmi, Zveli gadaixazeba jvaredinad. adminisrtaciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmi TandarTul masalebTan erTad (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) dauyovnebliv egzavneba mis ganxilvaze uflebamosil Tanamdebobis pirs. im SemTxvevaSi Tu oqmis Sedgena adgilze SuZlebelia, saqmis droulad da swrafad ganxilvis da administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeze miRebuli dadgenilebaTa aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, dasaSvebia piris administraciuli dakaveba, piradi gasinjva da nivTebisa da dokumentis CamorTmeva. administraciuli dakavebis, piradi gasinjvis, nivTebis gasinjvis, nivTebisa da dokumentebis CamorTmevis wesi am muxliT (mux 244) gaTvaliswinebuli miznebisaTvis ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis kodeqsiT da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. piradi gasinjva SeiZleba awarmoon Sinagan saqmeTa, gasamxedroebuli dacvis saxelmwifom dacvis specialuri samsaxuris samoqalaqo aviaciis organoebis saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Sesabamisi samsaxuris sagadasaxado organoebis saamisod uflebamosililma Tanamdebobis pirma,xolo saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT uSualod gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, agraTve saamisod uflebamosilma sxva organoebos Tanamdebobis pirebma. nivTebis gasinjva SeiZleba awarmoon Sinagan saqmeTa, gasamxedroebuli dacvis saxelmwifo dacvis specialuri samsaxuris samoqalaqo aviaciis organoebis saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Sesabamisi samsaxuris sagadasaxado organioebis sasazRvro policiis saqarTvelos energetikisa da bunebrivi resursebisa da saqarTvelos garemos dacvis saministros saamisod uflebamosilma Tanamdebonis pirebma, xolo saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT uSualod gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi agreTve saamisod 218 uflebamosilma sxva organoebis Tanamdebobis pirebma. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Camdenis administraciulma dakavebam ar unda gastanos TormeT saaTze met xans gamonaklis SemTxveveSi, gansakuTrebuli aucileblobis gamo, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT SeaZleba dawesdes administraciuli dakavebis sxva vadebi. administraciuli pirebia: samarTaldarRvevis saqmis warmoebaSi monawile -dazaralebuli-dazaralebulia saxelmwifo, fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri, romelsac danaSaulis Sedegad miadga fizikuri, moraluri an qomebrivi ziani. dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs gaecnos saqmis masalas da SiZleba daikiTxos rogorc mowme. -mowme-mowme aris piri, romelic samarTalwarmoebisas iZleva Cvenebas saqmesTan dakavSirebul faqtobrivi garemoebis Sesaxeb. -kanonieri warmomadgeneli-administraciul pasuxisgebaSi micemuli im pirisa da dazaralebulis intaresebi, romlebic arasrulwlovnebi an iseTi pirebi arian, romlebsac TavianTi fizikuri an fsiqikuri naklis gamo administraciuli samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebze TviTon ar SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi, ufleba aqvT daicvan maTma kanonierma warmomadgenlebma (mSobeli, mSvileblebi, meurveebi, mzrunvelebi). -advokati-aris administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile piri, romelsac ufleba aqvs gaecnos saqmis yvela masalas; ganacxados Suamdgomlobani am piris davalebiT, romelmac igi miiwvia da misive saxeliT Seitanos saCivari saqmis gamo miRebul dadgenilebaze. advokatis uflebamosileba dasturdeba iuridiuli konsultaciis mier gacemuli orderiT. -eqsperti-specialuri codnis mqone piri romelic adgens daskvnas da SeiZleba miwveul iqnes saqmis zepir mosmenaze Cvenebis misacemad. -Tarjimani-aris piri romelic flobs ucxo enebs.sasamrTlo iZaxebs Tarjimans im SemTxvevaSi Tu procesis monawilem ar icis qarTuli ena da saWiroa Targmnos ucxo enaze, Sedgenili esa Tu is werilobiToi teqsti. administraciul pasuxisgebaSi micemul pirs ufleba aqvs gaecnos saqmis masalebs, misces axsna-ganmarteba, waradginos mtkicebuleba, ganacxados Suamdgomloba; saqmis ganxilvisas isargeblos advokatis iuridiuli daxmarebiT; gamovides mSobliur enaze Tu ar icis mimdinare warmoebis ena, isargeblos Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT, gaasaCivros saqmis gamo migebuli dadgenileba. samaTraldarRvevis saqme ganixileba im piris TandaswrebiT, romelic micemulis administraciul pasuxisgebaSi. am piris dauswreblad saqme SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes mxolod im SemTxveveSi, roca aris cnoba misTvis saqmis ganxilvis adgilasa da drois drouli Setyobinebis Sesaxeb 219 misgan ar Semosula Suamdgomloba saqmis gamxilvis vadebios Taobaze. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis gansaxilvelad organo (Tanamdebobis piri) wyvets sakiTxebs ganekuTvneba Tu ara agniSnuli saqmis ganxilva mis kompetencias; sworad aris Tu ara Sedgenili oqmi; saqmis ganxilvis minawile pirebs ecnobaT Tu ara saqmis ganxilvis dro da adgili; gamoTxovilia Tu ara saWiro damaebiTi masalebi. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqme ganixileba Cadenis adglas. saqarTvelos respublikis kanonmdeblobiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis ganxilvis sxva adgilic. administraciul samarTaldarRveveTa saqmeebis uflreebamosili organo (Tnamdebobis piri) ganixilavs administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmis da sxva masalebis miRebidan 15 dRis vadaSi. saqarTvelos respublikis kanonmdeblobiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnas sxva vadebic. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmeze miRbuli dadgenileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes misi gamotanidan aTi dRis vadaSi. dadgenileba administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmeze SeiZleba gaaprotestos prokurorma. miRebuli dadgenilebis gamo saCivers an protetests ganixilaven saamisod uflebamosili organoebi maTi miRebiden 10 dRis vadaSi. saCivris an protestis ganxilvisas organos (Tanamdebobis pirs) gamoaqvs erT-erTi Semdegi dadgenileba: -dadgenilebas daakmayofilebs. datovebs ucvlelad, xolo saCivars an protests -gaauqmebs dadgenilebas da saqmes gaagzavnis xelaxali ganxilvisaTvis. -gaauqmebs dadgenilebas da Sewyvets saqmes. -Secvlis saxdelis zomas administraciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb normatiuli aqtiT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi. oRond amasTan saxdeli ar gaZlierdeba. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis amocanaa sakuTrebis, moqalaqwTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva. dawesebulebaTa, sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa uflelebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacva, samarTaldarRvevaTa Tavidan acilebis uzrunvelyofa. moqalaqeTa aRzrda saqarTvelos konstituciis dacviT da dakisrebuli movaleobaTa Ssrulebis suliskveTebiT. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi. Tb. 2005 220 Administrative Violation Proceedings Monika Sherozia Resume Safe or public order, rights and freedom of cityzens, defendence of property, acfions agains the low which are found guilty are charged as an administration justice abolishment. A person from 16 and above is churched, administrative justice. Affairs about administrative justice abolishment are made under the low accordions fine and place of its discussion. Gender Equality in the Modern World Tsisia Grigalashvili, Maia Sadghobelashvili International relations, Group 1 Supervisor: Mosiashvili Natela E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 5 99 14 01 73 Gender equality means that women and men have conditions and life chances of realizing their full potential, participate equally in the political, economic, social and cultural development process and equally enjoy the blessings of opportunities and recourses. Gender equality does not mean identity of men and women, on the contrary - a democratic pluralistic society, recognizes that people have different values and goals, different needs and life styles. Nevertheless, their interests should be taken into account at all levels, they should enjoy equal rights and opportunities and have the same responsibilities and obligations. Women make up more than half the world's people but only a fifth of the world's decisionmakers. Women are under-represented in formal politics, and often have little voice in making decisions within important political spaces such as the household and the workplace. Their lack of access to education and resources puts them at a severe disadvantage in the economic sphere. Everyday women around the world face discrimination, poverty, violence and abuse. This is especially true for women who are already marginalized: disabled, indigenous, those living with HIV, informal workers, migrant women. Women's political rights are vital to securing and retaining all other rights. Women who have a voice can transform their lives. Grave violations of women’s human rights continue to occur worldwide with terrifying regularity. Women throughout the world face systematic gender-based discrimination and are regularly denied the right to life and security of person, full legal capacity, health care, education, employment, inheritance, and freedom of movement. Women still do not have full access to economic and political decision-making processes in their families, nations, or international institutions. Too often, governments allow crimes against women to go unpunished, continuing a culture of impunity for family members, state agents, and others who discriminate or commit violence against women. In addition to the compelling moral reasons for focusing on women within a broad-based human rights agenda—their poor conditions, continued discrimination, and gender-based violence—there are two crucial strategic reasons for doing so. First, women are unique 221 in that, unlike other groups struggling to achieve their rights, they are part of every community on earth. To bring women together as a group is to literally cut across all boundaries of race, ethnicity, national identity, and, of course, class. Second, it is widely acknowledged in development and poverty alleviation circles that women’s traditional roles within families and communities as caregivers— especially for those most at risk, such as children and the elderly—mean that help provided to them is help provided to all. Since the early 1990s, Global Rights has worked to ensure that women everywhere can enjoy the full range of human rights. Global Rights currently run women’s rights-focused programming in Afghanistan, the Maghreb region of North Africa, and Nigeria. Global Rights first began working with Afghan women in refugee camps in Pakistan and established their Kabul field office right after the Taliban fell in 2001. Now they work to increase access to justice for poor and marginalized people and promote women’s rights in Afghanistan by building the capacity of their local partners to understand human rights law and use legal mechanisms to protect human rights and promote the rule of law. Their programming includes the following: The Young Lawyers-in-Training Program (YLTP) aims to expand access to justice through intensive training in Afghan civil, criminal, and international human rights law for students in Kabul University’s law faculty and the law and shar’ia faculties at Al-Biruni University. The Legal Fellowship Project (LFP) places promising young YLTP graduates in government ministries and local human rights and justice nongovernmental organizations. The project allows fellows to strengthen their legal and advocacy skills by gaining practical work experience working as lawyers to advance human rights. Global Rights also administers the Women’s Legal Services Program, which places recently graduated fellows with women-led and women-focused organizations to provide much-needed legal services to the local communities. Global Rights also provides technical assistance to their local partners as they establish new Legal Advice Bureaus (LABs) at the courts where lawyers will assist clients with finding and completing the appropriate forms to register their cases, provide basic advice on simple family law matters, and, if necessary, refer them to attorneys willing to provide pro bono legal assistance. In the first program of its kind in Afghanistan, Global Rights is also working to increase access to justice for Kabul family court clients through our Family Law Clinical Training Program (FLC). It aims to ensure that poor and marginalized populations—particularly women—are able to secure the legal services they need to understand and assert their rights in basic family court cases involving issues such as forced marriage, domestic violence, and child custody. Through these targeted programs and Global Rights’ continuing outreach and technical assistance to the broad-based Afghan civil society community and state justice sectors, they are building the capacity of their local partners to defend human rights and promote the rule of law. Throughout Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia—three of the countries that make up the Maghreb region of North Africa—women are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses. This is due to deeply entrenched gender discrimination, lack of education, and a dearth of economic opportunities. Cultural norms and traditions, as well as high illiteracy rates, also often prevent women from invoking their rights or reporting crimes committed against them. Global Rights opened its Morocco field office in March 2000 and since then has established itself as a leader in the ongoing efforts to advance women’s rights in the Maghreb. Today, their programming focuses on strengthening their local partners’ capacities to conduct grassroots level awareness-raising and community mobilization about women’s rights; utilize international human rights standards in strategic litigation to promote and protect those rights; and facilitate networking and 222 collaboration between and among urban and rural non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Since the launch of Global Rights’ initiative to engage in strategic litigation in domestic courts in 2003, they have been working with lawyers to integrate international human rights conventions into their women’s rights cases in the domestic courts system. Our work toward this goal, which included assessments and training workshops with local lawyers around the country, culminated in a written guide for these lawyers to consult while engaging in strategic litigation work. In 2007, Global Rights began to promote women’s rights in marriage in the Maghreb through the strategic use of marriage contracts. This pioneering program to promote the use of detailed marriage contracts with rights-protective clauses encompasses not just the participatory drafting and dissemination of a model marriage contract and other tools to women, lawyers, and judges, but also significant regional networkbuilding among local NGOs and lawyers and advocacy that challenges national institutions to address the rights of women within the family. Also in 2007, Global Rights conducted community mobilization and advocacy for the adoption of a violence-against-women (VAW) act. Global Rights trains local NGOs to recognize and understand the causes of domestic violence; to interpret current Moroccan laws; to become familiar with comparative violence against women laws from countries around the world and relevant international standards aimed at protecting women from violence; and, critically, to utilize a human rights-based approach to address VAW in Morocco. Global Rights’ current programming also includes the development of a model court accompaniment program aimed at increasing women’s access to justice. In 2009, Global Rights’ field staff began working with eleven partners throughout Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia and provides orientation, supervision, training, and technical assistance to them as they establish effective, permanent structures to house such programming. All eleven partner organizations train paralegals to provide ongoing legal counseling to women in their communities; accompany them to court; ensure application of the laws through monitoring, documenting, and analysis of judicial decisions; and improve the quality of advocacy campaigns through the identification of effective legal reforms based on the realities of women’s lives. Nigeria reestablished itself as a democracy in May 1999 after decades of military rule and sectarian violence; however, despite some advances for Nigerian citizens, human rights abuses are rampant, and victims lack access to systems for rectifying these injustices. Twelve states have adopted a strict shar'ia morality code, which allows for amputation, flogging, and even stoning for certain crimes, such as adultery, theft, and homosexuality. Vigilante groups, or hisbah, regularly arrest residents for petty crimes and violations of the code and subject them to severe and inhumane punishment without due process under the law. After a decade of work in southern Nigeria, Global Rights has recently expanded into the underserved northern states where they are strengthening the capacity of nascent NGOs and activists to address growing human rights violations and increase access to justice for the poor. With competing legal paradigms in northern Nigeria—the constitution and common law, Shari’a, and the traditional courts administered by local emirs—understanding one’s legal rights and seeking redress in the courts is a particularly complex and difficult process. To help remedy this, Global Rights is working to introduce a tailored paralegal training and court accompaniment program to facilitate access to justice in northern Nigeria for poor and marginalized women seeking redress for legal problems. Global Rights is also building the capacity of human rights activists throughout the country to monitor, report, and respond to human rights violations against LGBTI individuals and communities, 223 as well as joining in local advocacy efforts by civil society to challenge discriminatory legislation or to mitigate its impacts. Their long-term, in-country presence and deep connections to civil society allow us to play a pivotal role in connecting LGBTI and sexual rights activists to the human rights mainstream—critical in a country where discrimination against LGBTI individuals is deep-seated and widespread. Global Rights also recently developed a pilot project focused on the extraction of natural resources in the northern Nigerian state of Zamfara. There, unregulated artisanal mining by members of the local population has led to the deaths of over 300 children and young adults due to acute lead poisoning. Through awareness-raising and monitoring and documentation trainings, Global Rights is developing and executing an advocacy campaign to engage government at all levels to demand transparency and accountability for the protection of their rights. Global Rights is also helping community-based organizations work with appropriate government officials and local actors to strengthen the implementation of laws to end unregulated extraction that violate people’s rights. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. “genderi da tanamedroveoba” – eseebis krebuli; hainrix biolis fondis samx. Kavkasiis regionaluri biuro. 2. “Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment‖ Paul D. Coverdall; www.peacecorps.gov/www/stories 3. ―Women’s Rights‖ Anup Shah; www.un.org/women/watch genderuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove msoflioSi cisia grigalaSvili maia sadRobelaSvili reziume naSromSi ganxilulia genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi, qalis roli sazogadoebaSi da misi uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi afrikis qveynebis magaliTze. 224 s aerTaSoris o s amarTlis warmoSobis istoria Mმeri mameswaraSvili s aqarTvelos teqnikuri univers iteti s aerTaSoris o urTierTobebi III kursi sofio suxiSvili, tre ntis universitetis saerT aSoris o s amarTlis magistri (didi britaneTi) xelmZRvaneli:Lioseb mameswaraSvili [email protected] tel: 593918964 saerTaSoriso s amarT als, isev e rogorc, yvela movlenas Tavisi istoria aqvs. igi kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriis nawilia. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT saerTaSoriso s amarTlis ar si, unda vicodeT, Tu ram gam oiwvia m isi warmoSoba. saerTaSoriso sam arTlis warmoSob asTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sami ZiriTadi mos azreba: 1. saerTaSoris o sam arTali warmoiSva jer kidev tomebs Soris urTierTobebSi; 2. saerTaSoris o samarTali warmoiSva saxelmwifos warmoSobasT an erTad, sadac tomobrivma urTierTobebma sam arTlebrivi xasiaTi SeiZ ina; 3. saerTaSoriso sam arTali warmoiSva Sua saukuneebis bolos, roca evropaSi suverenul saxelmwifoT a sistema Camoy alibda. saerTaSoriso s amarTlis istoriis mixe dviT, misi maregulirebeli meqanizmi praqtikaS i amoqmedebas iwyebs Sua saukuneebis miwuruls. qvemoT, am periodis garda, Sevexebi saerTaSoriso s amarTlis w armoSobamde arsebul urTierTobebs, riTac iqmneba zogadi warmodgena s aerTaSoriso s amarTlis formirebis winapirobebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso sam arTlis nor mebi antikur periodSi viTardeboda dedamiwis im nawilebSi, sadac Caisaxa civilizaciis pirveli kerebi. pirvel rigSi, es aris tigros i da evfrati, nilos i, CineTisa da indoeTis raionebi, egeosi da xmelTaSua zRva. am dr os saerTaSoriso normebi atarebdnen religiu r da CveulebiT xas iaT s. es normebi exeboda omis kanoneb sa da Cveulebebs, xelSekrulebaTa dadebis, Sewyvetis wesebs, elCebis gacvlas, ucxoe lTa samarTlebriv reJims, saerTaSoriso kavSirebis Seqmnas da a.S. antikuri periodis dokumentebi mowmoben saxelmwifoTaSor is urTierTobaTa zneobriv ganus azRvrelobas. Zvel indur manus kanonebSi weria - mezobeli Seni mteria. arxaSas traSi (kautilia Cv.w.aR-mde IV-III ss) samSvidobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb aRniSnulia, rom isini unda daidos T anaswor an Zlier mefeebs Soris, xolo sust mefes Tavs unda daesxa. elCebis miznebia: misiis Sesrule ba, xelSekrulebis mxardaWera, intriga, megobrebis SeZena, s aidum lo masalebis gamoyeneba da a.S. 225 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis subieqtebi iyvnen mefeebi da ara saxelmwifoebi. T andaTan ganviTarda xelSekru lebis dadeb is praqtikac, magaliTad Cv.w.aR -m de 1296 wels haTusil III -es a da ramzes II -s Soris daido tel -amaranis xelSekruleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda Tanadgomas ara m arto sagareo om Si, arame d monaT a amboxebis CaxSob aSi, aseve, politikur devnilT a gadacem as. xelSekruleba gamyarebuli iyo R vTiuri ficiT. erTm aneTs gadasce s vercxlis teqstebi. saberZneTSi omi yoveldRiuri movlena iyo. gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom berZnebi arian rCeuli eri, xolo sxva erebi barbarosebi. demosTene amtkicebda, rom barbarosebi bunebiT monebad iyvnen gaCenili. aqedan warmoiSv a termini - qsenofobia. aseTi politik a aferxebda savaWro urTierTobebs. ucxoelebs mxolod vaWrobis ufleba hqondaT. saberZneTSi Seiqmna proqseneb is instituti, romlis movaleoba iyo ucxoelTa interesebis dac va. proqsenebi flobdnen farTo uflebebs, kerZod, maT ic avda imuniteti - omis dros garantirebuli iyo maTi usafrT xoeba da qonebis dacva. berZnuli poliseb i erTmaneTs elCebsac ugzavnidnen. termini - diplomati, swore d berZnebisgan modis (orad gakecil rwmunebis dafas diploma er qva). berZnebi qmnidnen s imaxiebs, samxedro kavSirebs, romlebic s amediatoro s asam arTlos rolsac asrulebdnen da mas Si Semaval saxelmwifoT a sadavo s akiTxebsac ganixilavdnen. rac Seexeba roms, iq arc erT didebul iurists azrad ar mosvlia sxva s axelmwifoebTan u rTierTobebi saerTaSor is o normebis meSveobiT moewesrigebina. Tanasworoba SeuTavsebeli iy o romis imperiis politikasT an. Zvel romSi omis warmoeba samarTliani s aqmianoba iyo, radgan imperiisTvis sasikeTo Se degi mohqonda da e.i. RmerTebis survilic es iyo (aq ai s axa normebis religiuri xasiaTi). V saukuneSi Seiqmna wminda rom is imperia da mimdinareobda ganuwyveteli omebi mezobeli tomebis das apyrobad. am periodis samarTali emyareboda devizs - Zlieri yovelTvis marTalia, ram ac asaxv a hpova ,,uflis sas amarTloSi”, sada c kamaTi wydeboda SerkinebiT da m arTali iyo is, v inc gaimarjvebda. 1618 -1648 wlebis omma (e.w. ocdaaTwliani omi) kaT olikeebsa da protestantebs Sor is daangria mTeli evropa. am dros iuristebi omis samarTals amuSavebdnen. VII s aukuneSi warmoiSva arabuli saxal ifo, romelic aqtiur ad Caeba sagareo urTierTobebSi. muslimuri samarTali, rome lic yurans emyareboda, gansazRvravda mis sagareo politikas (h azavaT i, miuridizmi). yvela aramahm adiani iTvleboda ucxoelad (gavixsenoT habib ibn maslamas dacvis s igeli). 226 Sua s aukuneebSi evropaSi ucxoelTa mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gamosworda. miuxedavad amis a, arsebobda ramdenime uaryofiTi Cveuleba. kerZod, ucxoelis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi misi sakuTreba gadadioda feodalis xelSi. gemis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi ki moqmedebda sanapiro sam arTal i - qoneba imis i iyo, vis napir zec gairiyeboda. garkveuli saxis Taviseburebebi axas iaTebda saxelSekrulebo samarTals. xelSekrulebebis savaldebulo Z ala kvlav ficiT ganmtkic deboda. magaliTad, 1 648 wlis miunsteris s azav o xelSekruleba gamyarebuli iyo ficiT. Sua saukuneebSi agreTve gamoikveTa samediatoro sas amarTlosa da arbitraJis roli saerTaSoriso davaTa mowesrigebis sferoSi. ase magaliT ad, 1317 wels s afrangeTis me fesa da flamandiis hercogs Soris davaSi mos amarT les papi ioane XXII warmoadge nda. damkvidrda arbitraJis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebis dadebis praqtikac. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia xelSekruleba arbitraJis Ses axeb, romelic daido voldemar danielsa da manhus Sveds Soris. xelSekrulebam gans azRvra, rom TiToeulma mxarem arbitrebad unda daas axelos 24 episkoposi da 12 raindi. genu as a da venecias Soris SeT anxmebiT 1235 wels daarsda mudmivmoqmedi arbitraJi. daskvna: saerTaSoriso s amarT alma m asobrivi m xardaWera moipova. Tanamedrove politika upirates ad saerT aSor is o samarTals eyrdnoba. XX s aukunis II naxevridan misi iuridiuli Zala u fro mavaldebulebeli gaxda, vidre es gasuli s aukuneebis manZilze iyo. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. 2. МОСКВА, 3. 1999. 4. 5. Междун ародное Правовдокументах, МОСКВА, ИНФР А -М, 1997. И. И. Лукаш ук, Междун ародное Право (обшаячасть), Изд -БЕК, 1996. Колосов, Международн ое Право, МОСКВА, НОРМА, ИНФР А- М, S. l. monteskie, kanonTagoni, Tb ilisi, 1994. n. makiaveli, mTavari. History of International Law Meri Mamest sarashvi li , Sophio Sukhi sh vili Resu me Int ernat ional law has gained mass support . The moder n po lic y is ma inly based on int er nat io nal law. Fro m t he second half o f t he 20t h cent ur y it s legal force become more obligat ory t han it was in past cent uries. 227 narkomania – umZimesi se ni Mმ ariam ge laZe, zviad suxiSvili suxiSvilis s aswavlo universiteti s s ajaro mm arTveloba II da IV kursis studentebi Lioseb mameswaraSvili [email protected]; tel: 593918964 narkomania, narkotikul saSualebebze damokidebuleba, wamaldamokidebuleba, yovelive es erTi da imave Tavzardamcemi movlenis saxelia. misi warmoSobis da gavrcelebis istoriis xangrZlivobas ramdenime aTaswleulis miRma mivyavarT. cnobilia rom asurelebi, egviptelebi da berZnebi saZile yayaCos jer kidev 3-4 aTasi wlis winaT iyeebdnen. aseve didi xnis istoria aqvs iseT mcenreul-narkotikul saSualebis gamoyenebas, rogoric aris induri „kanafi“, mcnare kovas foTlebi da sxva.kanafis moxmarebis xerxi 8000 welze metia cnobili. me-19 saukunisTvis evropisa da aSS-s xalxis cxovrebaSi mravali cvlileba moxda. ganviTarda qimiuri teqnologiebi, ramac mravali sinTezuri Tu naxevradsinTezuri narkotikis Seqmnis saSualeba misca mecnierebs. axali narkotikebis Seqmnas uaryofiTi mxare hqonda,igi xelmisawvdomi gaxda mosaxleobisaTvis da gaxSirda maTi arasamedicino miznebiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi aRiniSna narkotikebis moxmarebis bumi.dRes adamianebi cdilobennarkotikebis moxmarebiT gaeqcnen realobas da Sedegze naklebad fiqroben. ra aris narkotiki? romeli nivTiereba SeiZleba CaiTvalos narkotikad da romel maTgans iyeneben yvelaze xSirad? termini „narkotiki“ berZnli sityva da „gamabruebels“niSnavs. nivTiereba,romelic gavlenas axdens fsiqikur aqtivebze da iwvevs fsiqikur an fizikur damokidebulebis Camoyaibebas. narkomaniis gaxdomis mizezi sam jgufad iyofa:socialrfsiqologiuri,pironuli da socialuri. narkotikebs iyeneben im sasiamovno SegrZnebebis gamo, romlebic gamoyenebisTanave iCens Tavs. am dros adamiani dgeba karg xasiaTze, aqvs sasiamovno SegrZnebebi, dadebiTi emociebi. xdeba ufro aqtiuri, gulRia da uadvildeba sxva adamianebTan urTierToba, ar grZnobs daRlilobas, aqvs sxvadasxvagvari xilvebi. es efeqti e. w. ,,kaifi” xanmoklea da eiforiis Semdeg iwyeba e. w. gamosvlis faza, romelic arasasiamovno emociebTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan sasiamovno efeqtebi mxolod subieqturi SegrZnebebia, realurad ki organizmi ganicdis narkotikebis mavne zemoqmedebas da Sedegad xdeba misi gamofitva. arCeven narkotikisadmi miCvevis negatiur da pozitiur damokidebulebas.narkotikis ganmeorebiT da mravlobiT miRebis Sedegad paTologiuri swrafva da miCveva vlindeba. organizmis Sxamisadmi gamZleobis gamomuSavebasTan erTad narkomani zrdis Sxamis miRebis raodenobas. mas 228 aReniSneba narkotikebisadmi dauZleveli swrafva. veRar Tmobs ra Sxams da igi damokidebuli xdeba rogorc fizikurad ise fsiqikurad. narkotikebis moxmarebas adamiani aucileblad mihyavs socialuri da emociur problmamde, arTulebs ra mis urTierTobas ojaxis wevrebTan,megobrebTan da sazogadoebasTan. yvela saxis narotiks, met-naklebad erTnairi moxmarebis unari gaaCniaT. isini iwveven gautkivrebas, Zilianobas, guneba-ganwyobis cvlilebas. cnobilia rom morfis 20-25 ampula „Cveulebriv“ adamianisTvis sasikvdilo dozaa, magram miCvevis SemTxvevaSi es doza narkomanze aRar moqmedebs. gamoyofen narkodamokidebulebis ramodenime mizezs: alkoholizmiTa da narkomaniiT daavadebuli mSoblebi, emociuri kontaqtis uqonloba, arasruli ojaxi.realuri profesiisa da samuSaos uqonloba, usaqmuroba. CamoTvlili mizezebidan narkotikebis gamoyenebamde yvelaze xSirad mivyavarT sam garemoebas: 1. mowyenilobasa da cnobismoyvareobas; 2. megobarTa Tavyrilobis dros jgufur gamoyenebas; 3. arsebuli realobisgan gaqcevis survils. rodesac narkotikze laparakoben, ufro xSirad gulisxmoben e.w „aralegalur quCis narkotiks“, rogoricaa kanafi, kokaini, kreki, heroini, marixuana da sxa. narkomanTa yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe haSiSomaniaa. haSiSi iwarmoeba induri kanafisagan. narkomanebi mas iReben mowevis saSuaebiT rogorc sufTad, aseve TambaqosTan erTad. kokaini miiReba kokainis xis foTlebisgan. ganekuTvneba tkivilgamayuCebelTa jgufs. SedarebiT iSviaTad, magram gvxvdeba narkomaniis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa kokainomania-kokainizmi. Igi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba morfTan erTad an kokainis foTlebis ReWvasTan erTad. kanafs dRevandeli sazogadoeba „planis“ saxeliT icnobs. kanafis Jargonuli dasaxelebebia: marixuana, balaxi, plani, haSi. kanafis moxmareba xdeba moweviT, daleviT an WamiT. kanafi iwvevs Semdegi saxis fizikur zemoqmedebas: - Sveba tkivilis an stresis dros; - wnevis aweva da majiscemis aCqareba. kanafis sami saxeoba arsebobs: Cveulebrivi kanafi, induri kanafi da veluri kanafi. zemoT CamoTvlili saSualebebis realizeba saqarTveloSi ikrZaleba.narkomaniis damsjel xels verc saqarTvelo gadaurCa, igi seriozulad daemuqra eris momavals. dRes narkotikebis momxmarebelTa ricxvi gazrdilia, moxmareba SeiniSneba 35 wlamde asakis mamakacebs Soris, Tumca SeimCneva momxmarebeli qalebis raodenobis matebac. sagangaSo is aris, rom narkomanebis umetesoba 25 wlamde asakisaa. amJamad Cvens qveyanaSi oficialur aRricxvaze imyofeba 25 000 adamiani, magram es statistikur monacemebs adekvaturad ar asaxavs. 1988 wels miRebul iqna gaeros konvencia narkotikuli saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis ukanono brunis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. 229 xolo 1990 wels Seiqmna gaeros programa narkotikuli saSualebebis saerTaSoriso kontrolis Sesaxeb. Ddaskvna: narkomaniis problemis Sesaxeb dRemde bevria dawerili da momavalSic bevri daiwereba, radgan igi didi xania gascda erTi qveynis sazRvrebs da awuxebs msoflios mowinave da moazrovne sazogadoebas. mTavari ki isaa, Cven mivudgeT am problemas sworad da loialurad. narkomania ar aris danaSauli da Sesabamisad narkomani damnaSave.Ees davadebaa, romliT daavadebulT gverdSi dgoma da daxmareba sWirdebaT. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Jana javaxiSvili -narkotikebis avadmoxmarebis prevencia-2010w. 2. gela leJava-fenomenis analizi“narkomania“ 2010w. 3. www.narkomani. blogspot.com 4. http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge 5. www.ucnauri.com Drug Addict – The Worst Disease Mariam Geladze, Zviad Sukhishvili Resu me There is a lot of written and a lot of will be written about the problem of drug abuse in the future. It has long since gone beyond the limits of one country. Borders and suffers from advanced and intelligent community. The main thing is that we approach this problem correctly and loyal. Drug addiction is not a crime and the offender. People, who are drug adductors want to support and help. 230 აdamianis uflebaTa pativiscema-saerTaSoriso samarTlis qvakuTxedi jambul abuseliZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi IV kursi xelmZRvaneli_ioseb mameswaraSvili; [email protected] Tel: 593918964 adamianis uflebebis dacva demokratiuli sazogadoebis umTavresi monapovaria. adamianis uflebebi garkveul CarCoebSi aqcevs saxelmwifos Zalauflebas da amavdroulad, avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs gadadgan pozitiuri nabijebi iseTi garemos Sesaqmnelad sadac uzrunvelyofili iqneba yvela adamianis uflebis ganxorcieleba. ukanaskneli 250 wlis ganmavlobaSi aseTi garemos SeqmnisaTvis uwyveti brZola mimdinareobda. XVIII saukunis miwuruls safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebidan dawyebuli, adamianis uflebebis ideam ganapiroba mravali revoluciuri moZraoba Zalauflebasa da xelisufalze. kerZod, mTavrobaze kontrolis mopovebis mizniT. adamianis uflebebi aris indiviadualur da koleqtiur uflebaTa erToblioba, romlebic Tavmoyrilia saxelmwifoTa konstituciebsa da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. samarTlebrivi kuTxiT, adamianis uflebebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc individualur da koleqtiur uflebaTa erToblioba, rac aRiarebulia, suverenuli saxelmwifoebis mier da garantirebulia maTi konstituciiT da saerTaSoriso samarTali. adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemis principis Camoyalibebasa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi saSualebiT mis damtkicebas dasabami mieca meore msoflio omis dros. amas didad xeli Seuwyo nacisturi reJimis mier adamianTa masobrivi ganadgurebis saSineli faqtebis saqveynod mxilebam. Tu manmade saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba ZiriTadad erovnul umciresobaTa saerTaSoriso dacviT iyo dainteresebuli gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave gaeros wesdebaSi Setanil iqna mowodeba_daculi yofiliyo adamianis Rirseba da ZiriTadi uflebebi. aqedan iwyeba mwvave ideologiuri brZola socialistur da imperialistur qveynebs Soris, raTa adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema gaeros miznebisgan ZiriTad saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv principad gadaqceuliyo Tanac ori socialuri sistemis Tanaarsebobis principis SeubRalavad qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis principis dacviT. adamianis uflebebi moicavs cxovrebis yvela aspeqts. maTi saTanado realizebis SemTxvevaSi qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT saSualeba sakuTari cxovreba Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da adamianuri Rirsebis principebidan 231 gamomdinare dagegmon. adamianis uflebebi moicavs samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs, socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebebs xalxTa TviTgamorkvevaze, Tanasworobaze, ganviTarebaze, mSvidobaze da janmrTel garemoze. Tumca arsebobda da jer kidev arsebobs azri, rom samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, romlebic cnobilia rogorc “pirveli Taobis uflebebi”, dafuZnebulia saxelmwifos mxridan pirad urTierTobebSi Caurevlobis koncefciaze, maSin rodesac socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi, rogorc ”meoreTaobisuflebebi”. dRes ukve aRiarebulia, rom saxelmwifoebma da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam unda gadadgan nabijebi iseTi pirobebisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis Seqmnis mizniT, rac aucilebelia adamianis uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa sfero moicavs: sicocxlis ufleba wamebisgan da sastiki, araadamianuri mopyrobis an dasjisgan Tavisuflebis ufleba. an Rirsebis Semlaxveli Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba. monobisgan da iZulebiTi samuSaosagan Tavisuflebis ufleba. Tavisufali mimosvlis ufleba. piris ufleba cnon rogorc samarTlis subieqti piradi cxovrebis pativiscema. azris, sindisisa da religious Tavisufleba. mosazrebebisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. mSvidobiani Sekrebis ufleba. gaerTianebis Tavisufleba. piris ufleba daqorwindes da Seqmnas ojaxi. samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis ufleba da diskriminaciis akrZalva. ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis sferoSi: Sromis ufleba. SromissamarTliani da xelsayrelipirobebisqonebisufleba. profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da asset kavSirebSi Sesvlis 232 ufleba. socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba. ojaxis dacva. janmrTelobis dacva. ganaTlebis ufleba. piris ufleba hqondes cxovrebis kvebis, tanisamosisa da sacxovreblis CaTvliT. saTanado done, Sesaferisi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia miRebul iqna generaluri asambleis mier 1948 wlis 10 dekembers. deklaracia adgens samoqalaqo, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebs da yvelas uflebas iseT socialur da saerTaSoriso wesrigze, romlis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia deklaraciaSi CamoTvlili uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sruli ganxorcieleba. Tumca igi ar warmoadgens iuridiulad savaldebulo samarTlebriv aqts socialisturma qveynebma da samxreT afrikam Tavi Seikaves misi miRebisagan, miuxedavad amisa deklaraciam moralurad da politikurad SeiZina avtoritetuli samarTlebrivi aqtis statusi, romelSic asaxulia gaeros Sexeduleba adamianis uflebebze. dResdReobiT igi gvevlineba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis wesdebaze dafuZnebul sistemad. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bilis Semdeg miRebul iqna mravali specifikuri xasiaTis mqone iuridiulad savaldebulo samarTlebrivi aqti. xsenebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebi moicavs Semdegs: saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmosafxvrelad (CERD; miRebulia 1965 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1969 wels) konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CEDAW; miRebulia 1979 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wels) konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg (CAT; miRebulia 1984 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1987) konvencia bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb (CRC miRebulia 1989 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1990 wels) saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela migrant muSisa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb (romelic aseve cnobilia migrant muSebis konvenciis saxeliT, CMW,romelic miRebulia 1990 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 2003 wels) 233 konvencia SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia generaluri asambleis mier 2006 wlis 13 dekembers da 2007 wlis 30 marts konvencia da fakultaturi oqmi gaixsna xelmosawerad) mas Semdeg rac, teqsts miiRebs gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisia, teqstis proeqtze muSaoba xSir SemTxvevaSi Cqardeba. amis Semdeg teqsti unda daamtkicos ekonomikurma da socialurma sabWom. proeqtze unda imsjelos da miiRos generalurma asambleam, kerZod ki, socialur, humanitarul, kulturul sakiTxTa mesame komitetma. mas Semdeg, rac xelSekruleba miRebulia generaluri asambleis mier, rogorc wesi erTxmad, igi Riad cxaddeba xelmowerisa da ratifikaciisTvis wevri saxelmwifoebis mier. igi ZalaSi Sedis mas Semdeg, rac ratifikaciis an mierTebis konkretuli raodenobis instrumenti deponirebulia. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1) adamianis uflebebi saxelmZRvanelo parlamentarebisTvis _ Tb 2009 w. gv 1-3, 24-25 2) adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli _ Tb 2008 w. t 1. ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso 3) adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli _ Tb 2008 w. t 2. ZiraTadi saerTaSoriso 4) levan aleqsiZe _ Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali _ Tb.2010 w. Respect of Human Rights Jambul Abuselidze Resume Nowadays, people, who think progressively, depend on defending people’s rights and respecting them. If a country can provide an appropriate defense of person’s rights, then it is democratic. People’s rights are the most important of democracy, political and civil cultures and safety. 234 seqcia #3 agraruli mecnierebani seqciis Tavmjdomare: giorgi qavTaraZe 235 tyis marTvis Tanamderove midgomebi Tornike abuTiZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis, satyeo saqmis specialobis, me-4 kursis studenti [email protected] giorgi qavTaraZe satyeo saqmis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori [email protected] anotacia - naSromSi ganxilulia tyeebis marTvis Tanamedrove koncefcia, marTvis politikis instrumentebi, saerTaSoriso instituciebi da valdebulebebi procesSi CarTuli yvela qveynisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis. analizis Sedegad gamokveTilia yvela is aucilebeli piroba Tu meqanizmi, romlis arseboba yvela qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovania, tyis marTvis Tanamedrove praqtikis warmatebuli damkvidrebisaTvis. Sesavali da ganxilva - mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobam kidev ufro metad Seafasa tyeebis globaluri garemosdacviTi mniSvneloba, ekonomikur da socialur efeqtianobasTan erTad, kidev ufro metad gamoikveTa tyeebis marTvis imdroindeli praqtikis principuli nakolvanebebi da/an zogierT SemTxvevebSi (rig qveynebSi) marTvis organizebuli formis sruliad ararseboba. aRniSnuli ki (mag. tropikuli tyeebis SemTxvevaSi) gamousworebel daRs asvamda tyeebis ekosisemebs, Sesabamisad uqmnida safrTxes garemos globalur usafrTxoebas. amdenad msoflio sazogadoebis progresuli nawili mivida im daskvnamde, rom saswrafod saWiro iyo tyeebis marTvis midgomebis Secvla da/an damkvidreba, romelic daefuZneboda mdgrad principebs da gaaCenda procesebis stabiluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT. pirveli mniSvnelovani konferencia, romelic mieZRvna garemos globalur problemebs iyo gaeros garemosa da ganviTarebis 1992 wlis riode-Janeiros konferencia, sadac dadgenil iqna satyeo principebi, romelSic asaxuli iyo saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis maSindeli midgoma tyeebis mdgradi marTvisadmi, romlis mimarTac mxardaWera mravalma qveyanam gamoxata. SemdgomSi tyis mdgradi marTvis principebi evropis doneze damuSavda evropis tyeebis dacvis ministrTa konferenciis mier MCPFE- Ministrial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe), romelic aris pan-evropuli politikuri procesi (saerTaSoriso institucia) tyeebis mdgradi marTvis uzrunvelsayofad. igi aseve cnobilia evropis tyeebis (Forest Eorope) saxeliTac. tyeebis mdgradi marTvis dRevandeli gansazRvreba, romelic SemuSavebul iqna evropis tyeebis dacvis ministrTa konferenciis mier (MCPFE) da Semdeg daamtkica gaeros sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciam (FAO), ganimarteba Semdegnairad: ,,tyeebisa da satyeo miwebis marTva da gamoyeneba iseTi gziTa da moculobiT, rom SenarCunebul iqnas 236 maTi biomravalferovneba, produqtiuloba, regeneraciis unari da sicocxlisunarianoba da maTi potenciali, raTa axlac da momavalSic Sesrulebul iqnas tyis Sesabamisi ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri funqciebi adgilobriv, erovnul da globalur doneze da ar gamoiwvios sxva ekosistemebis dazianeba” [1]. tyis mdgadi marTvis ganmartebidan Cans, rom igi efuZneba sam mTavar aspeqts, romlis mdgradi Sesruleba unda iqnas uzrunvelyofili, es aris: tyeebis ekologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri fuqciebi (ixileT nax. 1). naxati 1. tyeebis mdgradi marTvis sqema (SFM-Sustainable forest management) ,,Forest Eorope― dRevandeli mdgomareobiT aerTianebs 46 wevr qveyanas, romelTa Sorisac Cveni qveyanac aris. aRniSnuli kavSiris farglebSi evrokavSiri aviTarebs erTian strategiebs Tavisi tyeebis dacvisa da mdgradi marTvis uzrunvelsayofad. ,,evropis tyeebma (Forest Eorope) SeimuSava tyis mdgradi marTvis eqvsi kriteriumi da maTTan dakavSirebuli indikatorebi, romlebic warmoadgenen erTgvar saxelmZRvanelos tyis mdgradi marTvis politikis SemuSavebisaTvis. es kriteriumebia: 1. tyis resursebis SenarCuneba da globaluri naxSirbadis ciklSi maTi wvlilis gafarToeba; 2. tyis ekosistemebis sijansaRisa da sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCuneba; 3. tyeebis produqtiulobis (merqnuli da aramerqnuli) SenarCuneba da gazrda; 4. tyis ekosistemebis biologiuri mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, konservacia da gaumjobeseba; 5. satyeo menejmentis gziT tyis dacviTi funqciebis (kerZod niadagis da wylis) SenarCuneba, konservacia da gaZliereba; 6. sxva socialuri da ekonomikur funqciebis da pirobebis 237 SenarCuneba [1;2]. cxadia evropis tyeebis mdgradi marTvis kriteriumebi gamomdinareobs tyeebis mdgradi marTvis fundamenturi ganmartebidan da igi konservaciul politikasTan erTad gulisxmobs tyis resursebis (merqnuli, aramerqnuli da arapiradpiri) mdgrad da optimalur sargeblobasac. aRniSnuli kriteriumebis gaTavaliwinebiT tyeebis mdgradi marTvis misaRwevad, erovnul doneze TiToeuli xelmomweri qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovania saTanado pirobebisa da meqanizmebis Seqmna da Camoyalibeba, romelTagan gamosayofia: 1. tyis marTvisa da institucionaluri mowyobis Tanamedrove sistema; 2. gamarTuli samarTlebrivi baza; 3. saxelmwifo monitoringisa da kontrolis efeqturi sistema; 4. saTanado finansuri, materialuri da adamianuri resursebi; 5. mosaxleobis cnobierebis maRali done da CarTuloba procesebSi; 6. damoukidebeli da nebayoflobiTi mdgradi iniciativebi (meqanizmebi), rogoric aris magaliTad nebayoflobiTi sertificireba da sxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis minstrTa konferenciis saxelmZRvanelo principebi ar warmoadgenen samarTleblivad savaldebulo instrumentebs, xelmomweri qveynebi acnobiereben ra maT mniSvnelobas, rogorc erTiani evropis politikuri sivrcis nawilni iReben valdebulebas, rom swored aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelo principebi daedos safuZvlad erovnuli satyeo koncefciebis, strategiebis da marTvis modelebis Seqmnas. am ,,valdebulebis qveS varT Cvenc, rogorc erT-erTi xelmomweri qveyana, e.i gvaqvs valdebuleba saqarTvelos erovnuli satyeo politikis da strategiis ZiriTadi principebi efuZnebodes, swored mdgradi marTvis saerTaSorisod aRiarebul principebs. ufro metic, saqarTvelos delegaciam 2011 wels osloSi gamarTul ministerialze (bolo ministeriali) mxari dauWira ideas, rom evropuli iniciativebi gaxdes savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli xelmomweri qveynebisaTvis, razedac amJamad mimdinareobs muSaoba. nebismieri koncefciis Tu strategiis efeqtianobis Sefaseba, rac ar unda avtoritetulma organom warmoadginos igi, mainc misi praqtikuli implementaciis Sedegebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. am SemTxvevaSic ismeba kiTxva: tyis mdgradi marTvis koncefcia, mxolod koncefciaa Tu misi praqtikuli danergva SesaZlebelia da amis stabiluri ganviTarebis miRweva tyeebis marTvis sakiTxSi, rac misi ganmartebis Sinaarsobrivi mxarea?! am SemTxvevaSi albaT upriani iqneba movitanoT warmatebuli metyeveobis gamocdilebis mqone evropuli saxelmwifoebis konkretuli statistikuri informacia, romelic gamoxatavs tyis mdgradi marTvis efeqtianobis maCveneblebs. kerZod, evropis tyeebSi mdgradi metyeveobis damkvidrebis Semdeg aralegaluri Wrebi Semcirda 1-2%-mde; satyeo meurneobis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba gaizarda 3-4 jer; tyesTan dakavSirebul dargebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobam Seadgina Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 5%-ze meti; xolo qveynebis 238 sagareo vaWrobaSi tyis produqciis wili 7-10%-s aRemateba [3]. aRsaRniSnavia, rom aRniSnul tendencias xeli Seuwyo kerZo iniciativebis zrdamac, anu tyeebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemam. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT evropis tyeebis (ruseTis federaciis gamoklebiT) saerTo farTobis daaxloebiT 50% kerZo mflobelobaSia. gansakuTrebiT tyeebis farTobebis da Sesabamisad maragebis zrda fiqsirdeba kerZo tyeebSi aRdgenisa da gaSenebis xarjze. daskvna - rogorc davinaxeT tyis marTvis Tanamedrove midgoma efuZneba ,,mdgradi marTvis aRiarebul koncefcias. cxadia erTi naSromis formati ar iZleva saSualebas sakiTxis srulyofilad ganxilvis da Rrma analizisa, Tumca tendenciebi, romelic ikveTeba aCvenebs, rom tyeebis mdgradi marTva gonivrul midgomaze da tyis meurneobis ganviTarebis grZelvadian stabilur perspeqtivazea damyarebuli. bunebrivia isic, rom mxolod ideis doneze aRniSnulis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu TiToeulma qveyanam, visac surs aRniSnulis danergva, ar miaRwia garkveuli ganviTarebis dones, rac gulisxmobs saTanado sabaziso pirobebisa da meqanizmebis Seqmnas. Tu am yovelives davukavSirebT Cveni qveynis realobas cxadi xdeba, rom erovnuli tyis meurneobis mdgradi marTvis princepebze gadayvana did ZalisxmevasTan da sirTuleebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli, vinaidan TiTqmis arc erTi piroba (razec zemoT vsaubrobdiT), rac dakavSirebulia mdgradi marTvis saWiro meqanizmebis arsebobasTan am etapze ar arsebobs. miuxedavad aRniSnuli mocemulobisa cxadia, rom procesi dasawyebia da es saerTaSoriso valdebulebasTan erTad, pirvel rigSi Cveni qveynis tyeebis gonivruli marTvisTvis, e.i Cveni qveynis da misi mosaxleobis ukeTesi ekologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri momavlisTvis aris mniSvnelovani. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. ,,tyis marTva saqarTveloSi: problemebi da gamowvevebi, mwvane alternativa, gv. 19-21, Tbilisi, 2012; 2. Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Mamagment of the MCPFE, International Expert Meeting Report, pg. 12-13, Yokohama, Japan, 2001; 3. Global Forest Resources Assessment, Main report – FAO, pg 87 – 90, 2012. Modern Approaches to Forest Management Tornike Abutidze Resume The paper discusses the modern concept of forest management, Management policy instruments, International institutions and obligations of participating in the country, including Georgia. After the analysis has identified all the necessary conditions for a mechanism, which is important for all countries, forest management practices for successful establishment. 239 tyis sanitarul-higienuri mniSvneloba giorgi RviniaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis satyeo saqmis II kursi maia tuRuSi suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis asocirebuli profesori [email protected] 555-242-540 garemos teqnologiurma gabinZurebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala adamianis da zogadad cocxal organizmTa sasicocxlo garemo (haeri, wyali da sxva). garemos teqnologiuri gabinZurebis Semcirebis erT-erTi mZlavri bunebrivi resursi tyea. qalaqebis da samrewvelo centrebis sahaero auzis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis dacvis da gaumjobesebisTvis tyes udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. qvemoT ganvixilavT, tyis rols haeris sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis (O2, CO2 da mtvris) regulirebaSi. Jangbadis gareSe sicocxle SeuZlebelia. misi optimaluri norma uzrunvelyofili rom iyos, erT sulze tye 0,3 ha-s unda Seadgendes. saqarTveloSi erT sulze 0,51 ha tye modis. adamiani dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 500-600 ltr Jangbads xarjavs, muSaobis dros ki misi moxmareba matulobs da wuTSi 5 litramde izrdeba. [1] mcenareuli safari, maT Soris tyec O2-s sunTqvisTvis iyenebs. miuxedavad O2-is didi odenobiT moxmarebisa, bunebaSi misi Semcveloba mudmivia, rac aixsneba haerSi misi didi maragiT da mzis radiaciis gavleniT, mwvane mcenareebis mier fotosinTezis procesSi didi odenobiT O2 -is gamoyofiT. dadgenilia, rom 1 ha naZvisa da foTlovanTa Sereuli koromi wliurad gamoyofs 10-13 tona Jangbads, 60 wliani fiWvis koromi - 10,9 tonas, 40 wliani muxis koromi - 14,0 tonas, naZvis wminda koromi 8-9 tonas. [2] Jangbadis Semcvelobis maRali maCveneblebiT fiWvis da naZvis Sereuli (7fW. 3nZ) koromi xasiaTdeba. tyesa da utyeo farTobebis haerSi Jangbadis Semcveloba gansxvavebulia. g. gigauris (2000) monacemebiT fiWvnar-naZvnarSi O2-is Semcveloba 0,4 %-iT ufro maRali iyo, vidre utyeo adgilis haerSi. tyis mier gamoyofili Jangbadi maRali xarisxisaa, metadaa damuxtuli uaryofiTi ionebiT, rac amaRlebs tyis samkurnalo-gamajansaRebel Tvisebebs. ukanasknel periodSi SeiniSneba atmosferoSi CO2-is koncentraciis zrda, rac sazianoa adamianisTvis da zogadad yvela cocxali organizmisTvis. haerSi CO2-is momateba adamianze mravalgvar uaryofiT gavlenas axdens - majiscemis daqveiTebas, Tavis tkivils, gulisrevas, gulyras da sxva. tyis roli CO2-is regulirebaSi uaRresad didia. igi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT STanTqavs CO2-s da gamoyofs sicocxlisTvis aucilebel 240 Jangbads. 1 ha Sereuli tye 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi atmosferodan saSualod 15 tona CO2-s STanTqavs da gamoyofs 13 tona O2-s. saqarTvelos tyeebi mTlianad (2.767.4 aTasi ha) wliurad STanTqavs 41,5 mln. tona naxSirorJangs da gamoyofs 36,0 mln. tona Jangbads. [2] tyis biomasaSi naxSirbadis udidesi maragi inaxeba, zomieri sartylis 1 ha tyeSi Senaxuli naxSirbadis odenoba 33-dan 65 tonamdea. [1] Tanamedrove etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba haerSi mtvris koncentraciis Semcvelobis Semcirebas. adamiani dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi haeris did raodenobas (daaxloebiT 20 kbm) isunTqavs da Tu es haeri mtvriania, mis sasunTq organoebSi uamravi mtveri xvdeba, rac SemdgomSi mravali daavadebis gamomwvevi xdeba. mtvris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis gamo adamianis sasunTqi organoebi qronikulad avaddeba. tyes, haeris gamtvrianebasTan brZolis mraval saSualebaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. igi mtvrisagan haeris gamwmendi Zlieri filtria. 1 ha tye wlis ganmavlobaSi 30-70 tona mtvers filtravs. 1 ha naZvis koromi yovelwliurad filtravs 32 tona mtvers, fiWvis koromi – 36 tonas, muxis koromi – 56 tonas da wiflis koromi – 68 tonas. [2] saqarTvelos tyeebi mTlianad yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 180-190 mln. tonamde haeris mtvers filtravs. g. gigauris monacemebiT borjomis raionSi, zafxulis mzian amindSi tyis haerSi mtvris koncentracia 1,5-jer ufro naklebi iyo, vidre tyiT daufarav farTobze. amdenad, tyis ekosistemebi biosferos erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens, igi xels uwyobs garemos ekologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebasa da regulirebas, nivTierebaTa biologiuri brunvis maRalintensivobas. tyeebi mcenareul samyaroSi yvelaze myari da produqtiuli formaciaa. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. g. gigauri, a. supataSvili, g. gigauri (umcrosi), saqarTvelos tyeebis sakurorto-rekreaciuli-turistuli mniSvneloba da maTSi meurneobis gaZRolis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2007 w. 2. g. gigauri, saqarTvelos tyis biomravalferovneba, Tbilisi, 2000 w. The Sanitary Hygienic of the Forest Importance George GGviniashvili Resume The role of wood in regulation of sanitary hygienic conditions of air, oxygen and dust are described in this work. 241 nairWamia mavneblebi naTia gudaZe suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti agronomiuli I kursi zaqaria ginturi [email protected] tel: 599 50 28 65 nairWamia mavneblebi, rogorc TviT am jgufis saxelwodeba (kvebis specializaciis TvalsazrisiT) gviCvenebs, ikvebebian mravali saxeobis veluri da kulturuli mcenariT. amasTan, isini farTod arian gavrcelebulni da roca, mTavaria, umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia masobrivi gamravleba. masobrivi mavneblebis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli ki is aris, rom isini yvlgan da yovelTvis e.i. drosa da sivrceSi erTnairi ricxobriobiT ar gvxvdebian. nairWamia mavneblebidan Tavisi mavneobiT yuradRebas ipryoben sworfrTianTa (ovthoptera) razmidan kaliisebrni, kutkaliisebrni, WriWininasebrni. xeSeSfrTianTa (Coleoptera) razmidan – Savtanianebi, tkacunebi, RraWebi, qerclfrTianTa (Lepidoptera) razmedan - nairWamia xvatarebi, mdelos da simindis farvanebi da zogierTi sxva razmis warmomadgenlebi. razmi sworfrTianebi (orthoptera) kaliisebrni (Acridoideu) kaliisebrnidan Zalian bevri saxeobaa gavrcelebuli, romelTaganac Tavisi didi mavneblobiT mxolod aTiode saxeoba ipyrobs yuradRebas, xolo saqarTveloSi kidev ufro naklebi 4-5, saxeldobr aziuri anu gadamfreni kalia (Locusta migratoria L.) marokouli kalia (Dociostarus marocoanus Thnb). namdvili italiuri kalia (Calliptamus italieus L). egvipturi kalia (Calliptamus tenuicercie Tarb) da sxva. aziuri anu gadamfreni kalia evropasa da aziaSi cnobilia aziuri anu gadamfreni kaliis sami qvesaxeoba. saxeldobr: Sua ruseTis aziuri kalia, samxreT aziuri kalia, aRmosavluri aziuri kalia. sakmaod didi zomis mweria. misi dedlis sigrZe 55 mm-s aRweva, mamlisa ki 50 mm-s. zeda frTebi 42-54 mm-s. tyavisebrni mravali mura laqiT. frTebi, romlebic fuZesTan odnav momwvanoa, gamWvirvale. kaliis sxeulis saerTo feri mura an mwvanea. aziuri kaliis Sua ruseTis qvesaxeoba gavrcelebulia CrdiloeT iT, samxreTuli formebi ki umTavresad mdinareebis SesarTavebTan da tbis sanapiroebze, romlebic daWaobebis gamo lerwmiTaa dafaruli, saxeldobr: mdinare volgis, Tergis, mtkvris kaspiis zRvasTan. rac Seexeba mesame qvesaxeobas anu aRmosavlur gadamfren kalias, igi gavrcelebulia indoeTSi, indoneziaSi, aRmosavleT CineTis zRvispira olqebSi, kunZul taivanze, filipinebze da sxva. gadamfreni kalia, rogorc matlis, ise imagos fazaSi, did zians ayenebs xorblovans da sxva kulturebs, aseve Zalian etaneba lerwams. 242 biologia da ekologia. aziuri kalia zamTars atarebs kvercxSi embrionis saxiT, parkuWSi, niadagSi. erTi dedali 2-3 parkuWad debs kvercxebs, TiTo parkuWSi sakvebi mcenareebisa da klimaturi pirobebis mixedviT masobrivi gamravlebis wlebSi minimum 30 kvercxia, maqsimum ki 100 – 120. aziuri kaliisaTvis ise rogorc rigi sxva saxeobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia embrionaluri diapauza, romelic 8-9 Tves grZeldeba. gazafxulze daaxloebiT maisSi, rodesac wyaldidoba daiklebs da kaliis budobebis niadagi gamoSreba, iCikebian matlebi, romlebic zrdasTan erTad awarmoeben gansaxlebas da sul ufro meti da meti farTobis dakavebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom matlebi intensiurad ikvebebian, rodesac haeris 0 temperatura, 20-28 –is farglebSia. am temperaturis zeviT matlebi iswrafvian iseT adgilebisaken, romlebic Crdilis momcemi mcenareebiT arian dafaruli, saRamoTi mzis Casvlis Semdeg, Tu temperatura 15 0-ze qveviT daeSva kaliebis matlebi Sewyveten kvebas, adian mcenareebze da iq atareben Rames. diliT ki temparaturis awevis Semdeg kvlav ganagrZoben kvebas da a.S. kanis oTxjer gamocvlis Semdeg matlebi gadaiqcevian zrdasrul formebad, frTebi umagrdebaT, iwyeben frenas, umwifdebaT sasqeso organoebi, peplaoben da iwyeben kvercxis debas. am periods emTxveva mamali kaliebis xmauri da maTi sxeulis feris cvla. dedali kalia kvercxisdebiT burRavs niadags, Sig debs kvercxebs, romelTac faravs damatebiTi sasqeso jirkvlebidan gamoyofili Txeli webovani sekretiT. ukanaskneli iwyebs miwis nawilakebis miwebebas da gaSromis Semdeg warmoSobs parkuWs, am parkuWSi zamTars atareben kvercxebi, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT embrioni kvercxSi, magram Semdeg diapauzaSi gadavida gazafxulamde. aziur kalias weliwadSi erTi Taoba aqvs. kaliis ricxobriobaze da mis meryeobaze gavlenas axdens ekologiuri faqtorebi. mis gamravlebaze da saerTod ricxobriobaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens grili da wvimiani zafxuli. aziuri kaliis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebulia brZolis agroteqnikuri da qimiuri saSualebebi. agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebidan urCeven aziuri kaliis budobebis ZiriTadi kerebis gakulturebas, riTac uaresdeba pirobebi misi masobrivi gamravlebisaTvis. qimiuri saSualebebidan – qimiuri preparatiT moSxamuli mimzidveli masalis diliT adre mobneva im adgilebSi, sadac kaliis matlebi aris dasadgurebulni. italiuri kalia (Calliptamus italicusL) saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba italiuri kaliis Semdegi sami qvesaxeoba: namdvili italiuri kalia (Calliptamus italicus italicusL), amierkavkasiis italiuri kalia (Calliptamus italicus tenuicerciis T rb) da udabnos italiuri kalia (Calliptamus barbarus cephalotes F. W.). italiuri kaliisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wina zurgze sami gaswvrivi kili, fexebs Soris mkerdze konusiseburi borcvi. zeda frTebi da frTebi normalurad aqvs ganviTarebuli. wina frTebze patara zomis Savi laqebi gaaCnia. ukana frTebi vardisferia, misi kedlebi ki uferuli. asve 243 vardisferia ukana barZayebi, SigniTa mxridan ukana wvivebi wiTeli, sxeuli mura feria, zogjer nacrisferi, dedali kaliis sigrZe 41 mm-s aRwevs mamlisa ki 23-24 mm-s. italiuri kalia gavrcelebulia yazaxeTis velebSi, Sua aziis sarwyav raionebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, yirimSi, amierkavkasiaSi da umetesad aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi, sadac sakmaod didi ziani moaqvs rogorc azerbaijanSi, ise somxeTSi da saqarTveloSi. italiuri kalia anadgurebs saZovrebs, saTibebs xorbleulis naTess mwvane mdgomareobaSi, teqnikur kulturebs, bostneuls da sxva. biologia da ekologia. zamTars atarebs kvercxSi Canasaxis fazaSi. kvercxi moTavsebulia parkuWSi ukanaskneli ki niadagSia Cadebuli. italiuri kaliis sabudrebia ZiriTadad yamiri miwebi (saZovrebi, saTibebi). itaiuri kalia gazafxulze (aprilis miwuruls, maisSi) iCekeba. gamoCeka TiTqmis ori kvira da zogjer erT Tvede grZeldeba. (gamoCekili matlebi, zrdasTan erTad, afarToeben TavianT sakveb moedans romlis farTobi TanmimdevrobiT izrdeba. aqedan matlebs jogebi mimarTulebas iReben kulturuli mcenareebis naTesavebisaken, sadac SeWrisas zogjer sul anadgureben tu ki naTesi axali amosulia. matlebi kanis gamocvlis win masiurad adian mcenareebze, fexebiT (TaviT qveviT) ekidebian mcenaris totebs da foTlis yunwebs da Tavis sxeulis simZimiT iTavisufleben Tavs Zveli kutikulidan. ukanaskneli mcenareze rCeba da iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis tovebs TiTqos cocxali kaliaa dakidebuli. matlebi kanis cvlis mxolod 12- 1 saaTis Semdeg iwyeben kvebis ganaxlebas amasTan isini aqtiurebi arian dilis da saRamos saaTebSi, rodesac temperatura 25280-ze meti ar aris. didi sicxeebis dros kaliebi ikalaTeben sxvadasxva mcenaris qveS, sadac Crdilia aq sicxisagan garindebuli mdgomareobaSi gadadian. dafrTianebuli kaliebi kvercxis dasadebad Sesaferisi adgilebis aRmosaCenad gadafrenebs dRis saaTebSi awarmoeben, zogjer dilaobiTac dafrinaven da dReSi 12 kilometramde da zogjer metsac gadian. am dros maTi frenis saimaRle TiTqmis 200 m-ia. kaliebis aseT frenas emigraciul frenas uwodeben. kaliebi rogorc ki naxaven kvercxebis dasadeb Sesaferis farTobebs, eSvebian da iwyeben niadagSi kvercxebis debas parkuWebis saxiT. masobrivi gamravlebis dros TiTo dedali 2-3 parkuWanas debs TiToeul parkuWanaSi 25-30 kvercxia, romlis saxiTac es kalia zamTrobs. kvercxebis debis Semdeg zrdasruli kaliebi iRupebian. brZolis zomebi. yamiri miwebis damuSaveba raTa italiur kalias moespos kvercxis dadebis saSualeba, brZola qimiuri saSualebebiT. marokouli kalia (Dociostavuus maroccenus Thub) zrdasrul kalias winazurgze mkafiod gamosaxuli TeTri feris Xseburi suraTi aqvs. zeda frTebi sxeulze grZelia da ukana wvivebs scildeba. ukana frTebi wylisebr gamWvirvalea. mesame wyvili fexis wvivebi wiTelia, xolo barZayebi qveda mxridan moyviTaloa, odnav wiTeli elferi gadahkravs. ulvaSebi Tavsa da wina mkerdze erTad aRebuli cota ugrZesia, muxli 244 aseve Savia. sigrZe dedlisa 20-28 mm, mamlisa 28-38 mm, zedafrTebi mamlisa 20-27 mm, dedlisa 25-35 mm. gavrceleba. gavrcelebulia yirimSi, Sua aziaSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, amierkavkasiaSi saqarTveloSi es kalia zogjer zians ayenebs kaxeTs. biologia da ekologia. marokouli kalia zamTars atarebs kvercxebis saxiT, parkuWebSi niadagis zeda horizontalur fenaSi 5-6 sm simaRleze. adre gazafxulze, daaxloebiT martis meore naxevarSi an aprilis damdegs iwyeba matlebis gamoCekva. rac ramodenime kviras grZeldeba. gamoCeiki matlebi zrdasTan erTad, metad xarbebi arian da Zalian did farTobebsac azianeben. matlis fazis ganviTareba 4-5 kviras grZeldeba, ris Semdeg vRebulobT zrdasrul kalias, romelic jer kidev sqesobrivad moumwifebelia, rasac daaxloebiT erTi kvira da zogjer meti sWirdeba. sqesobriv momwifebas peplaoba mosdevs, rac mamlis kaliebis WriWiniT aRiniSneba. kaliebi kvercxs niadagSi deben parkuWebSi. TiTo dedali kalia Tavisi ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis dros 2-3 parkuWas debs, xolo TiTo parkuwanaSi 30-35 kvercxia. weliwadSi es saxeobac erT Taobas iZleva. brZolis zomebi igivea, rac italiuri kaliis winaaRmdeg. egvipturi kalia (Anacridium aeguptium L) sakmaod didi zomis mweria. dedali kaliis sxeulis sigrZe 65-66 mm-s aRwevs, xolo mamlisa 56-57 mm-s. winazurgze gaswvrivi, kuziani, wiTeli feris kidi axasiaTebs. gverdiTi kili ar gaaCnia. mkerdze winafexebs Soris, grZeli burcobebi gaaCnia. zeda frTebi grZeli aqvs da dafarulia wvrili muqi laqebiT. frTebi uferuli, farTo mura gardigardmo zoliT, romelic frTis napiramde ver aRwevs. ukana barZayi qveynidan wiTelia. kaliis es saxeoba gavrcelebulia CrdiloeT afrikaSi, iranSi, Sua aziaSi, yirimSi, amierkavkasiaSi. saqarTveloSi vxvdebiT rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleTis raionebSi. misTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli masobrivi gamravleba, gvxvdeba erTeulebis saxiT, amitomac mis mier miyenebuli ziani SedarebiT umniSvneloa. egvipturi kalia ikvebeba rogorc veluri, ise kulturuli – balaxovani, buCqovani da xemcenareebiT. saqarTveloSi misi dazianebebi, aRniSnulia citrusebze, leRvze, qliavze, broweulze, vaSlze, vazze da a.S. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (Tbilisis midamoebSi) da aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi egvipturi kalia zamTars zrdasruli da ufrosi xnovanebis matlis fazaSi atarebs. igi aqtiuria maSinac ki, rodesac haeris 0 0 temperatura 7-8 -ia, yinvebs 10-12 da metsac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom uvneblad itans. weliwadSi erTi Taoba aqvs. 1. 2. gamoyenebuli literatura baTiaSvili, g. dekanosiZe, ,,entomologia” Tbilisi 1974 w. gv. i. r. 35-45 m. lobJaniZe, z. tyebuCava ,,sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis ZiriTadi mavneblebi da maTTan brZolis RonisZiebebi. Tbilisi. agraruli universiteti 2009 w. gv. 3-12 245 Pests Natia Gudadze Resume Pests attract attention as a harmful of the locust units. 4 species are wide spread in Georgia, Asian, Moroccan, Italian and Egyptian locust. Locust is a large-sized insect. It gives one generation per year. The massive growth in the years to great harm, particularly in large granular damage crops. For this you need to use them against the poisoned substances. dindgelSi flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis gansazRvra xaCiZe salome, ekologia I kursi el-fosta: [email protected] mob: (+599) 595 595 424 mariam xarebaSvili el-fosta: [email protected] mob: (+599) 595 567 727 flavonoidebi miekuTvnebian bunebrivad aqtiur naerTebs, flavonolebi yviTeli feris kristaluri nivTierebebia, isini farTod aris gavrcelebuli mcenareebSi. mcenareebSi gvxvdeba rogorc Tavisufali ise glikozidebis saxiT, aseve didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba futkris mier warmoebul dindgelSi. cnobilia 5000-mde flavonoduri naerTi. [1,4] dindgelis ZiriTad wyarod iTvleba tirifis, alvis xis, muxis aryis, Telis da sxva mcenareTa kvirtebis fisovani gamonayofi. dindgelis Semadgenloba damokidebulia sxvadasxva faqtorebze: sezonze, klimatur zonaze, adgilobriv floraze da sxv. dindgelSi aRmoCenilia 200-mde nivTiereba da naerTi. dindgeli Seicavs mcenareul fisebs, cvils, vitaminebs, balzamebs, mikroelementebs (Fe, Ca, Cu,Zn, Mg, Na…) eTerzeTebs, polofenolebs da sxva nivTierebebs[2]. dindgeli 150C temperaturis qveviT xdeba myife da magari, 300C –ze zeviT rbili da welvadi. is kargad ixsneba organul gamxsnelebSi (spiriti, qloroformi, toluoli, acetoni, benzoli, dieTilis eTeri da sxv) [3]. dindgelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva biologiuri Tvisebebi: antimikrobuli, antimikozuri, anTebissawinaaRmdego, tkivilgamayuCebeli, rac ganpirobebulia masSi Semavali bunebrivad aqtiuri naerTebiT, kerZod flavonoidebiT. am maCveneblis mxriv qarTuli futkris mier warmoebuli dindgeli ufro aqtiuria, vidre Sua-rusuli futkrisgan miRebuli. swored am Tvisebis gamo metad mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros saqarTvelos raionebis mixedviT flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis Semcveloba dindgelSi. dindgelis saanalizo nimuSebad aRebul iqna Sida qarTlis regionis sxvadasxva safutkreebidan.. nimuSebi aRebul iqna Cveulebriv wesiT (astmiT afxekva), rogorc CarCoebis zeda Tamasebidan aseve skis gverdebidan da Ziridan. Segrovil dindgelis nimuSebSi Tavdapirvelad ganisazRvra organoleptikuri maCveneblebi, Sedegebi moyvanilia cxril 1-Si. 246 cxrili 1. dindgelis nimuSebis organoleptikuri maCveneblebi n nimuSis aRebis # adgili feri suni gemo 1. gori Yyavisferimomwvano odnav mZafri sasiamovno suniT momwaro gemo 2. gori Myavisferimomwvano mZafri sasiamovno suniT momwaro gemo 3. borjomi moyavisfro mZafri sasiamovno suniT momwaro gemo 4. borjomi moyviTalomowiTalo odnav mZafri sasiamovno suniT mware gemo 5. borjomi Savi aramZafri momwaro gemo 6. qareli moSavo aramZafri momwaro gemo 7. xaSuri yavisferi mZafri sasiamovno suniT momwaro gemo dindgelis nimuSebSi mkveTri sxvaoba ar dafiqsirebula ZiriTadad feri icvleboda yviTlidan muqi yavisferisken, gvxvdeba yavisferi nimuSebi momwvano SeferilobiT. suni umeteswilad mZafri, gemo_mware. flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis koncentraciis gansazRvra xdeboda dindgelis nimuSebis gagrilebiT _50C-mde, daqucmacebiT specialur wisqvilSi. flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis gansazRvrisaTvis mzaddeboda dindgelis spitrxsnari da izomeboda speqtrometrze 290 nm–is talRis sigrZeze, kiuvetaSi sinaTlis STanTqmuli Sris sisqiT 10 mm. dindgelSi flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis masuri wilis gansazRvra xdeboda Semdegi formuliT [1] D D X a=510 X m sadac _ D _ sakvlevi xsnaris optikuri simkvrivea; a _ ganzaveba, sm3; 510 _ 290 nm talRis sigrZis dindgelis flavonoiduri da sxva fenoluri naerTebis koncentraciisa da optikuri simkvrivis proporciulobis koeficienti; m _ dindgelis nimuSis masa, g Sedegebi moyvanilia cxril 2-Si 247 cxrili 2. dindgelis nimuSebSi flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis Semcveloba mas. % flavonoidebis flavonoidebis da sxva nimuSis # Semcveloba fenoluri naerTebis mas. % Semcveloba mas. % 1. 37.48 39.86 2. 36.49 39.39 3. 38.57 40.35 4. 46.81 48.95 5. 41.97 42.86 6. 33.28 35.96 7. 32.45 35.77 aRsaniSnavia flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis maRali koncentracia borjomis safutkreSi aRebul nimuSebSi TiTqmis 50%. sxvadasxva safutkreebidan aRebul nimuSebSi saSualod flavanoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis Semcveloba 40,44 mas.%-ia. Sida qarTlis regionis dindgeli xasiaTdeba flavonoidebis da sxva fenoluri naerTebis maRali koncentraciiT. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. A. N. Croci, D. Lazar, l. Potorac, A. Corciova, B. IVANESCU, MIHAI IOAN Lazar SPECTROFOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FLAVONIC COMPOUNDS FROM PROPOLIS, FARMACIA, 2009, Vol.LVII, 2. KOSALEC, M. BAKMA, S. PEPELJNJAK1, S. VLADIMIR, Quantitative analysis of the flavonoids in raw propolis from northern Acta Pharm. 54 (2004) 65–72 3. Lazar D., Lazar M.I., Corciovã A., Croci A.N., Flavones content evaluation of some sorts of propolis, Algesia and analgesia, Ed. Gr.T.Popa Iasi, 2005, 219-223 4. Lazar M.I., Lazar D., Croci A.N., Corciova A., Tamba A., Comparative dates about phenolic acids and flavonoids content of some propolis sorts from Moldavia and Israel, Drugs: use, abuse and dependency, Ed. Gr.T.Popa Iasi, 2008, 213-216 Determination of Flavonoids and Phenol Compounds in the Propolis Salome Khachidze Resume For the analysis there are collected 7 models of propolis from the apiary of Qartli Region. With the method of spectroscopic analysis there is determined the total content of Flavonoids and Phenol Compounds in models of propolis. There are especially high result of models taken from the apiary of Borjomi - concentration of Flavonoids 50 mass %, common concentration of Flavonoids and Phenol Compounds – 44.44 mass %. Propolis of Qartli is characterized by high concentration of Flavonoids and Phenol Compounds. 248 seqcia #4 humanitaruli mecnierebani ___________________________________________ seqciis Tavmjdomareebi: izolda buxuleiSvili naTela mosiaSvili 249 globalizacia da konfliqturi regionebi laSa loria soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis biznesisa da ekonomikis fakultetis IV kursis studenti omar ardaSelia istoriis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 globalizacia aris yovlismomcveli planetaruli integraciisa da msoflio universalizaciis procesi, romelic intensiuri tempebiT viTardeba gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan, magram samecniero codnis Camoyalibeba am fenomenis Sesaxeb, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan iwyeba. dRes globalizaciis Sesaxeb problemur sakiTxTa kompleqsi Camoyalibebulia da gaazrebuli. Seswavlilia Tu ra gavlenas axdens globalizacia saerTaSoriso sitemis funqcionirebisa da transformaciis fundamentalur safuZvlebze, globaluri wesrigis struqturuli organizaciis Sinagan, substanciur principebze. am SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: ras warmoadgens globalizacia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? ra formas Rebulobs globaluri wesrigi saerTaSoriso – politikuri universalizmis Suqze? da a. S [jojua, 2009, gv. 147-152]. miuxedavad amisa, dRemde diskusiis sagania globalizaciis procesSi msoflioSi mimdinare konfliqtebis gavlena da roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. Tu globalizaciis procesis sabazo fenomenad miviCvevT faseulobaTa sistemis universalizaciis Tezas, maSin msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri da eTnokonfliqtebi ver gaxdeba globalur doneze maintegrirebeli funqciis mqone fenomeni. politikuri da eTnikuri konfliqtebis umravlesoba postkomunistur qveynebze modis. amis dasturia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebis konfliqturi zonebi: mTiani yarabaRi, dnestrispireTi, cxinvalis regioni da afxazeTi; aseve sabWoTa kavSiris sateliti da e. w. socialisturi banakis qveynebis konfliqtebi bosnia-hercegovinaSi, kosovosa da serbeTSi da a. S. Tumca msoflios sxva kuTxeebSic aris konfliqtebi da aranakleb mwvave vidre postkomunistur qveynebSi. magaliTad palestinasa da israels Soris dRemde mougvarebeli konfliqti, dava kviprosisaTvis faqtobrivad mimdinareobs saberZneTsa da TurqeTis respublikas Soris, CrdiloeT irlandiis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg, samxreT tirolisa da tibetis konfliqti, qaSmiris provinciasa da Srilankis dapirispireba indoeTTan, taivanisa da hong kongis jer kidev gadauWreli problemebi CineTTan da a. S. [ardaSelia, 2009]. sayuradReboa, rom gaeros Seqmnis Semdeg konfliqts 20 milioni adamianis sicocxle Seewira amdenive iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri, maT Soris, aqedan gamomdinare, konfliqtebis prevencia an sawyis 250 gaCaRebul 100-ze met da gaCnda daaxloebiT 17 milioni ltolvili. etapzeve maTi mogvareba udides mniSvnelobas iZens. saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze pasuxismgebloba upirveles yovlisa, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da generalur asambleas ekisreba da am miznis miRwevis rTul procesSi sayrdeni `qvakuTxedi aris da unda iyos saxelmwifo; misi fundamenturi suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis pativiscema aris gadamwyveti faqtori nebismieri saerTo internacionaluri da globalisturi progresisaTvis~. bunebrivia, globalizaciis sayovelTao progress (romelsac samwuxarod, Tan axlavs regresic. es sxva Temaa da amjerad ar SevexebiT) xels uSlis konfliqturi regionebis arseboba msoflioSi. zemoT dasaxelebuli konfliqtebis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevasTan, teritoriul pretenziebsa da xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebebTan. rogor unda iyos SeTavsebadi saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis urRvevobis principi, xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba da globalisturi, samyaroSi arsebul sxvadasxva faseulobaTa universalizaciis Teza? rogori iqneba nacionaluri saxelmwifos bedi politikuri da eTnikuri konfliqtebis arsebobis pirobebSi? es aris dRevandel saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Tavsatexi kiTxvebi, romelTa pasuxis gacema, rTul da mudmivad cvalebad samyaroSi, uxdeba globalizaciis saerTaSoriso mesveurebs. saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis urRvevobis principisa da xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis urTierTSeTavsebis Sesaxeb evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleam 2003 wlis 24 ivniss miiRo sagangebo # 1334-e rezolucia. rezoluciis Tanaxmad, evropaSi sxvadasxva intensivobis daZabulobis kerebis arseboba upiratesad ukavSirdeba mougvarebel Sinasaxelmwifoebriv konfliqtebs da rom evropis qveynebis avtonomiuri regionebis warmatebuli gamocdileba SesaZloa erTgvar modelad iqces msgavs problemaTa mosagvareblad. evrosabWos rezoluciaSi aRniSnulia, rom `evropis sabWos wevr-saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis konstitucia ar aRiarebs regionis calmxrivad gamoyofis uflebas~ [http//assembly.coeint/Main.asp?link=Documents/AdoptedTexts/ta03ERES1334.htm]. aRniSnuli dokumenti miRebulia cnobili Sveicarieli deputatis Aandreas grosis (sxvaTa Soris igi iTvleba ruseTis lobistad evrosabWoSi) moxsenebis safuZvelze. moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom TviTgamorkveva ar aris secesiis sinonimi da misi realizacia SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos farglebSi avtonomiis statusiT, an msgavsi SeTanxmebiT, garda amisa, secesia moiTxovs orive mxaris Tanxmobas da Tanac separatistTa mxridan unda asaxavdes mTliani mosaxleobis da ara erTi jgufisnebas ~[http//assembly.coeint/Main.asp?link=http:assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc03/EDOC9 824.htm]. marTalia, msgavsi rezoluciebi exmareba konfliqturi viTarebis dare251 gulirebas, magram globalizaciis sayovelTao morevSi es sakmarisi ar aris da aseT viTarebaSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan ufro efeqturad iyos daculi nacionaluri saxelmwifos interesebi da suvereniteti, romelic xels Seuwyobs konfliqtebis aRmocenebis prevencias da arsebuli konfliqtebis daregulirebas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. [http//assembly.coeint/Main.asp?link=Documents/AdoptedTexts/ta03ERES1334.htm]. 2. [http//assembly.coeint/Main.asp?link=http:assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/ doc03/EDOC9824.htm]. 3. d. jojua, globalizacia da saerTaSoriso sistemis struqturuli transformacia, saerTaSoriso perioduli gamocema `ganaTleba~, #1. Tb., 2009. 4. o. ardaSelia, XX saukunis II naxevris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009. Resume Lasha Loria Globalization and Conflict Regions The work speaks about the necessity of regulating political and ethnical conflicts in the general conditions of globalization in order to increase interests of national state. mozardebi da maTSi gavrcelebuli qceviTi darRvevebi sofio mameswaraSvili saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis doqtoranti saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros akademiis fsiqologi, mTavari specialisti xelmZRvaneli - profesori marina baliaSvili, 595-76-17-48; statistikurad mozardebi mTels msoflioSi sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro kriminalur segments warmoadgenen, magram maTi didi umravlesoba wyvets amgvar saqmianobas, rodesac saxelmwifos aqvs sworad gaazrebuli prevenciuli programebi. cnobilia rom mozardebi, romlebic Znelad eguebian cvalebad pirobebs da axasiaTebT kriminaluri an sxva saxis antisocialuri qcevebi, savaraudod, mogvianebiT mozrdilobaSic garkveuli sirTuleebiT 252 xasiaTdebian, amitom drouli Carevas da daxmarebas aq gadamwyveti roli ekisreba, CarevaSi cxadia ar igulisxmeba mxolod sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT Semofargvla, piriqiT zogjer es araefeqturicaa da kargi prognozis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas gvikargavs. zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare adamianebi, romlebsac profesiuli Sexeba aqvT antisocialuri qcevis mqone mozardebTan, seriozuli gamowvevis winaSe dganan - erTi mxriv maT unda imoqmedon kanonis farglebSi da meore mxriv hqondeT bavSvze, misi uflebebis da interesebis dacvaze orientirebuli midgomebi, rac erTi orad arTulebs maT amocanas da garkveuli dilemis winaSe ayenebs maT - kanoni Tu bavSvis interesebi? ra aris qceviTi darRveva? qceviTi darRveva terminia bavSvebisa da mozardebis iseTi anstisocialuri qmedebebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic zians ayenebs sxva adamians, sxvis da sakuTar qonebas da qronikuli xasiaTi aqvs. qceviTi darRvevisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi: naklebad emorCileba mkurnalobas; qcevis problemebis mqone bavSvTa 60%-s cudi prognozi aqvs, isini kriminaluri qcevisken, asocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobisken, alkoholisa da narkotikebisadmi midrekilebi arian; qceviTi aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis mier aRzrdil bavSvs qcevis problemebis aRmocenebis didi albaToba aqvs. rodis vieWvoT mozardis agresiul, qcevaze? agresiuli qceva (6-18 weli) destruqciul da delikvantur Sepasuxeba; trabaxi; amtvrevs da afuWebs sakuTar nivTebs; eWviania; Cxubobs; kivis; Tavs iwonebs/demonstraciulia; jiutia; bevrs laparakobs ; 253 isterikas awyobs. destruqciuli qceva(6-18 weli) ar SeuZlia koncentracia; ReWavs/Wams arasakveb nivTierebebs; sastikia cxovelebis mimarT; amtvrevs sakuTar nivTebs; azianebs sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs. delikvanturi qceva (samarTaldamrRvevi) (6-18 weli) danaSaulis gancdis nakleboba; cruobs da TvalTmaqcobs; garbis saxlidan; saxlidan iparavs; acdens skolas; iyenebs alkohols da wamlebs; axasiaTebs vandalizmi. mozardTa antisocialuri qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebi, mimdinareobs usasrulo debatebi Temaze, Tu ra iwvevs bavSvTa kriminalur saqciels da vandalizms. nawili miiCnevs, rom es bavSvis Tavis tvinis anatomiur darRvevebis Sedegia, fsiqologebi da sociologebi Tvlian, rom yvela problema mankieri socialuri ganaTlebis, araadeqvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebis, araswori aRzrdis, socialuri unarCvevebis naklebobis, Tanatolebis gavlenis da ojaxis wevrebs Soris araswori urTierTobis Sedegia. aseve SeiZleba visaubroT ,,herostrates kompleqsze” (herostratem artemidas taZari gadawva, sakuTari saxelis istoriaSi Casawerad), mozardebi sazogadoebaSi modurobis gamo Cadian antisocialur qmedebebs. aseve SeiZleba mozardebis antisocialuri saqcielis mizezi gaxdes maTze miwerili rolebi. SesaZloa mozardma situaciis Sesatyvisad ganaxorciela agresiuli qceva, ganicada frustracia, iyo gaRizianebuli, xolo TviTmxilvelebma misi erTjeradi qceva ganazogades mis pirovnul maxasiaTebelze, CaTvales asocialur pirovnebad. miwebebuli roli aiZulebs mozards gaamarTlos es roli. aseve SesaZloa anticocialuri qcevis mizezi avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba gaxdes. mozardi, romelsac socialuri 254 urTierTobebis moTxovnileba aqvs, xSirad xvdeba anticocialur jgufSi, sadac gabatonebulia normebi da wesebi, romelTa gaTaviseba misi jgufis wevrad miRebisTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa. normebi gadaecema jgufis wevrebis erTi Taobidan meores da adamianebis qcevaze gavlenas axdenen maSinac ki, rodesac ukve aRar arsebobs jgufi, romelmac isini SeimuSava. mravali kvleva adasturebs, rom mozardobis periodSi aRmocenebuli qceviTi aSlilobebi ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva socialuri da biologiuri faqtoris erToblivi zemoqmedebiT. gamoyenebuli litertatura: 1. gagoSiZe T. bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis darRvevebi, Tbilisi, 2007; 2. imedaZe i. fsiqologiis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2005; 3. fsiqologiuri enciklopedia, solomon (biWi) TezeliSvili, Tbilisi, 2007; 4. zimbardo f., gerigi, “fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi”, Tbilisi, 2009; 5. Крайг Г. Психология развития. ПИТЕР. Санкт-Петербург. Москва. Харьков.Минск. 2002; 6. Райс Ф.Психология подросткового и юношеского возраста. Москва. 1979;Санкт- Петербург. Москва. Харьков. Минск. ПИТЕР. 2000; Resume Sophio Mamestsarshvili Adults and behavioral violations among them Thus, adults are quite difficult segment. As a result of the negative impact of social and biological factors, complexdetection of behavioral problems take place, that threats the society. The timely and proper intervention is needed. 255 “suicidi“ anu TviTmkvleloba, rogorc fsiqologiuri problema Teona sandroSvili. suxiSvilis universitetis sajaro mmarTvelobis I kursi izolda buxuleiSvili pedagogikis doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 598 64 43 66 TviTmkvleloba, rogorc fsiqologiuri fenomeni, yovelTvvis iwvevda mkvlevarTa interess. istoriaSi suicidis faqtebi jer kidev Cvens welT aRricxvamdea aRwerili. TviTmkvleloba gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel CineTSi, indoeTSi, saberZneTSi da romSi. suicidze pirveli kvleva romelmac dRemde SeinarCuna aqtualuroba emil diurkheimma Caatara. manTviTmkvlelobis man TviTmkvlelobis aseTi tipologia Seadgina: 1. egoisturi 2. anomiuri 3. altruistuli 4. fatalisturi [1. erqomaiSvili] ukanasknel wlebSi TviTmkvlelobebis ricxvi mTeli msiflios masStabiT gaizarda, asaki ki 5-6 wliT gaaxalgazrdavda. yovel wliurad daaxloebiT milioni adamiani sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT asrulebs. jandacvis msoflio organizaciam suicidis skala gamoaqveyna. rogorc gairkva, msoflioSi yvelaze suiciduri qveyana litvaa. aTeulSi moxvda samxreT korea, iaponia, ruseTi, ukraina, belarusi. monacemebis mixedviT, samxreT kavkasiaSi TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli saqarTveloSia. saerTo reitingSi saqarTvelo 107 qveyanas Soris 88-e adgils ikavebs. oficialuri informaciiT bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi 6000-mde adamianma moikla Tavi. 2010 wels 593-s hqonda suicidis mcdeloba, 292-ma adamianma ki sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. dasavleTis qveynebSi TviTmkvlelTa Soris qvrivi da dauojaxebeli, xanSi Sesuli mamakacebi Warboben. bolo xanebSi saqarTveloSi daojaxebuli adamianebis suicidis ricxvi gaizarda. TviTmkvlelTa umetesoba mamakacia. kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom specialobebs Soris yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli eqimebSia. yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 300-400 eqimi sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT asrulebs. suicidis maCvenebliT, specialobebs Soris meore iuristis profesiaa. zogadad, cxovrebis wesi sicocxlisadmi damokidebulebas didwilad gansazRvravs. magaliTad, kvlevebiT damtkicebulia, rom Tambaqos, suicidur azrebsa da TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobas Soris mWidro kavSirSia. mkvlevarebma isic daaskvnes, rom im mwevelebis suicidis riski 2-jer izrdeba, vinc dReSi 24 Reramde sigarets eweva. 25 Rerze metis SemTxvevaSi ki riski daaxloebiT 4-jer maRalia. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom fsiqologiurad damarcxebuli adamiani sikvdilisaken ltolvas sruliad ver acnobierebs, radgan misi qceva qvecnobieridan momdinareobs. amas garda, albaT SegimCneviaT adamianebi, romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi xasiaTi SeecvalaT; garegnobas, higienas da janmrTelobas nakleb yuradRebas aqceven; interesi dakarges TavianTi saqmis, zogadad, cxovrebis mimarT; mudmivad daRlilebi arian; uWirT koncentrireba 256 es simptomebi, SesaZloa, emociuri sferos darRvevebis bralia. mas, visac msgavsi tipis darRvevebi aqvs, stresTan gamklaveba uWirs, ramac, eqimfsiqiatrebis azriT, SesaZloa, pacienti TviTmkvlelobamdec ki miiyvanos. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom suicidasdmi midrekili adamianebi, cxovrebaSi sxvebze met stress sulac ar ganicdian, magram maT xasiaTis garkveuli paTologia aqvT, ris gamoc problemebTan gamklavebas ver axerxeben. suiciduri azrebis, gegmebis an qcevis mqone adamianebs garSemomyofTa yuradgeba da specialistTa daxmareba gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT. rogorc eqimfsiqiatrebi irwmunebian, drouli fsiqoTerapiuli Careva xSirad dadebiT Sedegs iZleva. [3.www.tabula.ge] suiciduri qceva TviTmkvleloba anu „suicidi“ warmoadgens sakuTari sicocxlis mizanmimarTulad xelyofas. suiciduri qceva vlindeba gacnobierebul moqmedebebSi, romlebic mimarTulia sakuTari sicocxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb warmodgenebze. gamoiyofa: • sakuTriv suiciduri moqmedebebi; • suiciduri gamovlinebebi (azrebi, ganzraxvebi, grZnobebi, gamonaTqvamebi, miniSnebebi da a. S.). suicidebi SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad jgufad: 1. WeSmariti; 2. demonstratiuli; 3. faruli. WeSmariti suicidis dros pirovnebas Tavis mokvdinebis survili amoZravebs. is ar SeiZleba iyos spontanuri, Tumce zogjer sakmaod moulodnelad gamoiyureba. amgvar suicids yovelTvis win uswrebs daTrgunuli ganwobileba an ubralod „amqveynidan wasvlis“ survili. amasTan, adamianis aseTi mdgomareoba garSemomyofTaTvis SeiZleba SeumCnevelic iyos. demonstaciuli suicidi ar aris sikvdilis survilTan dakavSirebuli, aramed sakuTar problemebze yuradRebis miqcevis mcdelobas warmoadgens. igi SeiZleba SantaJis elementebsac Seicavdes. sikvdili, am dros, SesaZlebelia, mxolod SemTxveviT. faruli suicidi umetesad dakavSirebulia riskTan. aseTi adamianebi irCeven sakuTari sicocxlis xelyofis ara Ria meTodebs, aramed e.w. suicidurad ganpirobebul qcevas. es aris avtomobilis riskiani marTva, eqstremeluri sportis saxeobebiT gataceba, sakuTari nebiT gamgzavreba „cxel wertilebSi“ da sxv. miCneulia, rom arsebobs riskis jgufebi: axalgazrdebi, moxucebi, seqsualuri umciresobani, samxedro mosamsaxureebi, lokaluri samxedro konfliqtebis veteranebi da sxva. suiciduri moqmedebebis miRma arsebuli grZnobebis gaanalizebisas, specialistebma gamoyves TviTmkvlelobis oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi: 1. izolacia - „me veravin ver migebs“, „CemiT aravin interesdeba“; 2. ususuroba - „ar SemiZlia Cems cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebis gakontroleba“; 3. uimedoba - „momavalSi kargi araferi melis“; 4. sakiTari personis umnoSvnelobis gancda-dabali TviTSefaseba, 257 arakompetenturobis gancda („mrcxvenia sakuTari Tavis“). TviTmkvlelobis problema moicavs filosofiur, socialur, siciologiur, iuridiul, religiur, samedicino da sxv. aspeqtebs. magaram suiciduri aqtebi, maTi uSualo mizezebi, upirveles yovlisa warmoadgens fsiqologiur da socialur-fsiqologiur problemebs. yoveli konkretuli sazogadoebisaTvis TviTmkvlelobebis statistikis dinamika damokidebulia ekonomikur, politikur da socialur cvlilebebze, rac adasturebs am fenomenis socialur bunebas. cxovelTa samyaroSi suicidi an saerTod ar SeimCneva, an Semoifargleba iSviaTi, aratipuri aqtebiT, romlebic atareben ara gacnobierebul, aramed instiqtur xasiaTs. magaliTad, pirobiTad TviTmkvlelobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos dedali cxovelis Tavganwirva Svilebis gadasarCenad. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sartri, adamianisa da cxovelis gansxvavebas xedavda imaSi, rim adamians SeuZlia TviTmkvlelobiT daasrulos sicocxle, cxovels ki - ara. suiciduri qcevis mniSvnelovan determinants warmoadgens konfliqturi situacia, magaliTad, ganqorwineba, ojaxuri Cxubebi, Seurawyofa, profesiuli marcxi da sxv. yoveli adamiani flobs konfliqtur situaciaze reagirebis sakuTar xerxebs, romlebicaa: • cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri brZola; • daxmarebis Txovna; • muqaris da safrTxis Semcveli situaciebis Tavidan acilebis mcdeloba; • momxdarSi sakuTari Tavis dadanaSualebisadmi midrekileba; • situaciis, rogorc „bedisweris dartymis“, aRqma. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia suiciduri qcevis gamovlenis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa protesti da sakuTari Tavis dasja. suiciduri qcevis protestis formebi xSirad gvxvdeba maRali TviTSefasebis mqone pirebTan, romelnic floben aqtiur agresiul cxovrebiseul poziciebs. araiSviTad, suiciduri qcevis saprotesto formebi SeiniSneba mozardebSic. suicidis genezisSi aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT ojaxis, uaxloesi socialuri garemocvis roli. meuRleebs, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris ojaxuri mimarTebebis xasiaTi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens pirovnebis socialur-fsiqologiuri adaptaciis ganviTarebaSi. ojaxSi araxelsayrelma mikrosocialurma klimatma, SesaZloa, gaaZlieros suicidi, an moaxdinos misi provocireba. gamoyofen ojaxis gansazRvrul tipebs, sadac arsebobs TviTmkvlelobis potenciuri saSiSroeba. esenia: 1) dezintegrirebuli ojaxi, romlis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas warmoadgens misi wevrebis gancalkevebuloba, urTierTobaSi formaluroba, maT Soris emociuri kavSirebis ararseboba da sxv. gansakuTrebiT saSiSi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas nawilobriv dezintegrirebul ojaxSi, sadac „viRac“ aRmoCndeba marto mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli axloblebis armiis winaSe. 2) superintegrirebuli ojaxi, sadac irRveva misi wevrebis pirovnuli 258 avtonomiuroba. isini imdenad „Seusisxlxorcdnen“ erTimeores, rom ver warmoedginaT erTmaneTis gareSe cxovreba. aseT ojaxSi erT-erTis sikvdili iwvevs meoris absolutur ususurobas. 3)disharmoniuli ojaxi. is xasiaTdeba misi wevrebis moTxovnilebebis, miznebis radikaluri gansxvavebulobiT, urTierTTanxmobis ararsebobiT, sakuTari interesebisa da Cvevebis daTmobis uunarobiT da a.S.. aseT ojaxebSi, lideri danarCenebs mudmivad Tavs axvevs sakuTar survilebs, Cvevebs, iTxovs maTgan qcevis Secvlas, iswrafvis raTa ojaxis wevrebma aRiaron maTTvis ucxo faseulobebi, icxovron maTi misi rekomendaciebiT da sxv. 4) daxuruli TviTmyofadi ojaxi, romlis wevrebisTvisac ojaxi warmoadgebs Zalisxmevis erTaderT sferos, cxovrebis ZiriTad azrs; yvela danarCeni, samuSao, gare urTierTobebi da a.S., ganixileba mxolod rigirc ojaxuri keTildReobis SenarCunebis saSualeba. Tu ojaxs emuqreba raime krizisi an safrTxe, maSin misi wevrebisTvis es SeiZleba suicidiT damTavrdes. 5) konservatiuli ojaxi, romlis mTavar Tavisebuirebas warmoadgens garegani cvalebadi pirobebisadmi adaptirebis uunaroba. Tuki aseTi ojaxis erT-erTi wevri ojaxis gareT arsebul konfliqtSi CarTuli aRmoCndeba, sxva wevrebi, TavianTi konservatiuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, ar exmarebian mas, distanciaze rCebian an mowinaaRmdegis mxares ikaveben. msgavsi situacia aRiqmeba rogorc Ralati, ramac pirovneba SeiZleba TviTmkvlelobamde miiyvanos. [2.192] da bolos, rogorc viciT sicocxlis mospobis sxvadasxva gzebi arsebobs da Tu sikvdili gadawyvite keTili inebe da amiT ucxo adamianebis cxovrebaSi did Sav laqas nu gaaCen, axloblebi da maTi gamwareba SeiZleba mizanmamarTulad gindodes! 1) 2) 3) gamoyenebuli literatura erqomaiSvili; filosofia Tb; gamomcemloba „kvari“ n. axalaSvili-fsiqologia Tb; 2009 gamomcemloba „universali“ www.tabula.ge Resume Teona Sandroshvili “Suicide” - Self killing as Psychological Problem The work speaks about the most importans problem for today – self killing. People’s average age who commit suicide is 15-44 years, mostly in men. The work discusses materials related to suicide made by World’s Health organization and existing statistic csituation in ddifferent countries. Caused circumstances and reasons of suicide are named. 259 SiSebi baSvSvebSi TamTa abulaZe, mariam kapanaZe soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis ganaTlebis fakultetis III kursi xelmZRvaneli: izolda buxuleiSvili filologiis doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 SiSebi – Zlieri da sakmaod gavrcelebuli bunebrivi grZnobaa, romelsac didebisa da patarebis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelbovani adgili uWiravs. amis miuxedavad nebismieri mSobeli Caugdia safiqralSi bavSvis gulubryvilo kiTxvas: „ratom meSinia?“, „ra movuxerxo am Cems SiSebs?“ TiToeul CvenganSi, gulis siRrmeSi, raRac SiSi imaleba da es ar aris SemTxveviTi. SiSi – bunebrivi, Zlieri da sakmaod mniSvnelovani grZnobaa bavSvebisa da zrdasruli adamianebis cxovrebaSi. SiSi gamoixateba usiamovno emociuri da fizikuri SegrZnebiT, romelic realur, an warmosaxviT saSiSroebasTan Sexebisas Cndeba. SiSis safuZveli Cveni TviTgadarCenis instiqti, safrTxis Tavidan acilebis survilia, am konteqstSi SiSi dadebiT rols TamaSobs. dacemis, cxovelebis an sikvdilis SiSi sakuTar usafrTxoebaze zrunvisaken da sifrTxilisaken gvibiZnebs. sibnelis, urCxulebisa da kudianebis warmosaxviTi SiSi, bavSvebis ganviTarebis bunebriv elements warmoadgens. garkveul asakSi maTi gamovlineba aucilebelia da bavSvis ganviTarebasa da zrdaze metyvelebs 6-9 Tvis bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ucxo adamianebis mimarT SiSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom bavSvi cnobs sakuTar dedas da mas danarCenebisagan ganasxvavebs. 3-6 wlis bavSvebis unari, gadalaxon urCuxebis winaSe SiSi, imis maniSnebelia, rom maT realobisa da fantaziis erTmaneTisagan garCevisa da am asakiTsaTvis gaZlierebuli Sinagani agresiis damoCrilebis unari gamoumuSavdaT. amavdroulad, Tu SiSi xangrZlivad gamovlinda SeiZleba bavSvis ganviTarebas SeuSalos xeli. ra gansxvavebaa SiSsa da SfoTvas Soris? SiSi konkretul obieqtzea mimarTuli, SfoTva ki SiSis zogadi, subieqturi SegrZenbaa, romelic konkretul mizezebaTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. janmrTeli bavSvebis SiSs yovelTvis realuri safuZveli aqvs. wlamde patara maRali bgerebisa da didi sagnis miaxloebaze SfoTavs. Cvili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea, roca deda nerviulobs, brazobs an rames ganicdis – am dros patarac aRgznebulia. daaxloebiT 3 wlamde bavSvs eqimisa da zRaprebis boroti gmirebis eSinia, 7 wlis bavSvi ki ukve sakuTari sikvdilisa da axloblebis dakargvis SesaZleblobas acnobierebs. skolis asakSi SiSebi maT axal socialur rolTan aris dakavSirebuli. isini nerviuloben rom, SesaZloa, ver gaamarTlon mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis imedebi. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili SiSi normaluria da TiTqmis yvela bavSvisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca ufrosebisagan taqtikur midgomas saWiroebs. Tu pataras sibneleSi marto datovebT; mas SeeSindeba da ver 260 daiZinebs. ar SeiZleba misi oTaxSi Caketva dasjis mizniT. am dros mas ufro umZafrdeba sibnelisa da marto yofnis SiSi, rasac emateba mSoblis ganrisxebis SiSic da es ukve nevrozis dasawyisia. rac ar unda usafuZvlo mogeCvenoT Tqveni Svilis SiSi, ar dascinoT mas. piriqiT, agrZnobineT, rom mis gancdaSi araferia aranormaluri da rom mis asakSi Tqvenc geSinodaT. mSoblis mxridan utaqto midgomis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi sakuTar TavSi iketeba da gancdis mizezic aqvs. Tu am gancdis mizezis gamosavals ver ipovis, mas fobia uyalibdeba, fobia ki Tavs moxveuli SiSia. arsebobs klaustrofobia, anu daxuruli sivrcis SiSi da a.S. bavSvebSi nevrozuli SiSebis ganviTareba, SeiZleba memkvidreobiT faqtors, anu, genetikas ukavSirdebodes. pataras janmrTelobisTvis saWiroa ara mxolod mSoblis swori damokidebuleba misadmi, aramed, urTierTobebis kontrpoli. nevrozuli SiSi, rogorc wesi, vegetaciuri wesis moSlilobiT, anu gaxSirebuli guliscemiT, sicxiT, SemcivnebiT, uZilobiT, madis dakargviT gamoirCeva. amitomac msgavsi simptomebis aRmoCenisas aucilebelia eqimis konsultacia. fsiqologiaSi cnobilia SiSebisa da SfoTvis ganviTarebis ramodenime versia. gamokvlevebi mowmoben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili SiSebis mTeli speqtri. erTi dRis Cvilic ki uecari xmaurisa da kaSkaSa sinaTlis SiSs amJRavnebs. Semdeg SiSebi 6-8 Tvis asakSi mJRavndeba. mag.: simaRlis da ucxo adamianebis SiSi. daaxloebiT erTi wlis asakSi yvela bavSvs uCndeba ganSorebis SiSi, romelic mSoblis siyvarulis gacnobierebis Sedagad TandaTanobiT qreba. droTa ganmavlobaSi, bavSvi am siyvaruls maSinac endoba, rodesac mSoblebi axlos ar arian. 2-3 wlis asakSi, rodesac bavSvs sisufTaves aCveven, xSirad vlindeba, magaliTad, gauCinarebis SiSi. mas eSinia, rom Tavadac ise gaqreba, rogorc niJaraSi Cawretili wyali qreba. daaxloebiT ori wlis asakSi mwvervals aRwevs mitovebis SiSi. ojaxze mWidrod mijaWvuli patara grZnobs, rom damokidebulia mSoblebze da Zalian eSinia, rom isini sadme wavlen. nel– nela eCveva maT, sul ufro da ufro Sors wasvlas. sadRac orwlinaxevris asakSi Tavs iCens sibnelis SiSi. sibnele, rogorc aseTi, ar aris saSiSi, magram sibneleSi ikargeba is, rac Cveuli da nacnobia bavSvisTvis. sagnebi, romlebsac bavSvi dRis Suqze uyurebs, sibneleSi sxvanairad gamoiyureba da mas uZneldeba maTi gamocnoba. TandaTanobiT bavSvi izrdeba, garemos ecnoba da misi SiSebis speqtric farTovdeba, Tumca erTdroulad masSi SiSis gadalaxvis unari izrdeba. sabavSvo baRis asakSi SiSebis sixSire maqsimums aRwevs. Cndeba fizikuri sxeulis erTianobis dakargvis, cxovelebis SiSi, sibnelis SiSi ki sakmaod gavrcelebul movlenad iqceva. amis garda izrdeba agresia da Zlierdeba urCxulebisa da kudianebis SiSi, radgan am asakSi fantaziasa da realobas Soris zRvari sakmaod bundovania. saskolo asakSi (eqvsi wlidan da zeviT) mcirdeba sxeulis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli SiSi, samagierod, viTardeba bevri axali SiSi, romelic bavSvis cxovrebiseul movlenebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am periodSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi mas eSinia, rom sazogadoeba ar miiRebs da 261 maswavleblis an amxanagebis dacinvis obieqti gaxdeba. daaxloebiT 6 wlis asakSi viTardeba daRupvis SiSi, bavSvi acnobierebs droisa da aqvs sicocxois sasrulobis gagebas da sikvdilis SiSi uCndeba. siymawvilis asakSi Cndeba daavadebisa da dasneulebis SiSi, SiSi sxeulSi mimdinare procesebis gamo. amis garda, qurdebis da yaCaRebis SiSi, romelic sibneleSi marto darCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom es SiSebi erTi da igive asakis bavSvebs yvela qveyanasa da kulturaSi axasiaTebs. zogierTi fsiqologiuri skola Tvlis, rom bavSvis SiSis formirebaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas garemo TamaSobs. isini amtkiceben, rom bavSvi imas, Tu risi unda eSinodes, urfosebis im reaqciebis mixedviT swavlobs, romelsac isini maSin avlenen, roca mis Tavs, an mis orgvliv xdeba rame. amas „Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis“ fenomens uwodeben. amasTan, arsebobs SiSi, romelic sakuTari gamocdilebidan Cndeba. mag.: bavSvs, romelsac ZaRlma ukbina, savaraudod, ZaRlebis eSinia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rac ufro mcirea bavSvis asaki, mas momxdari movlena miT ufro Zlier da xangrZliv SiSs uyalibebs. SiSi Cndeba daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi, an maSin, roca gvgonia, rom ver SevZlebT, an vinme xels SegviSlis survilebis dakmayofilebaSi. kidev erTi, ZiriTadi SiSis saxeobaa – raime idumalis, ucnobis SiSi – erTi SexedviT, is rogorc Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli saxeoba warmogvidgeba. Tumca sinamdvileSi, saubaria sicarielis SegrZnebis SiSze, rodesac bavSvi an zrdasruli adamiani grZnobs, rom mas arasakmarisad esmis samyaros wyoba, masSi moqmedi meqanizmebi da movlenebi, amitomac Tu mets movuyvebiT bavSvebs im samyaros Sesaxeb „romelSic cxovroben, im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mas axasiaTebs, an ar axasiaTebs, da rac mTavaria, avuxsniT, rom nebismieri SiSi Cndeba iqidan gamomdinare, Tu rogor aRviqvamT Cven garSemo arsebul realobas, davinaxavT, rom SiSebi TandaTanobiT qreba da maT nacvlad simSvide da simtkice Semodis. SiSi sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvisaa aucilebeli. is gvicavs uneblie zianisagan, romelic Cven SegviZlia sakuTar Tavs mivayenoT, TavdacvaSi gvexmareba da aqedan gamomdinare, pozitiuria. rom ar gveSinodes, ucodinrobis Sedegad cecxlSi xels CavyofdiT, saxuravidan gadmovxtebodiT da a.S. Cven sakuTar bavSvebs sifrTxiles vaswavliT, vTxovT yuradRebiT iyvnen, ar iaron garkveul adgilebSi... faqtobrivad maTSi SiSis grZnobas vaRvivebT. sakuTari SiSis gandevnas, CaxSobas an ignorirebas azri ar aqvs. masTan swori muSaobaa aucilebeli. Tu amas bavSvebs sworad avuxsniT, davinaxavT, rogor daiwyeben isini am SiSze amaRlebas da mixvdebian, misi marTvis sadaveebi maT xelSia. bavSvs azrebi konkretulad Tu ara aqvs koncentrirebuli raime saganze an movlenaze, mas ararealuri, abstraqtuli suraTebis warmosaxva SeuZlia. ZilSi Cven xandaxan saSinelebebs vxedavT, radgan „materiasTan“ arasakmarisi kavSiri sxvadasxva abstraqtuli formebis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva. Cveni movaleobaa avuxsnaT bavSvs, rom es mxolod warmosaxviTi movlenaa; 262 radgan sinamdvileSi forma yovelTvis eZebs rogor „gamovlindes materiaSi“. Cven realur, materialur samyaroSi vcxovrobT, romelSic urCxulebi ar arseboben, fantaziebi ki arseboben da sizmareTSi gvevlinebian. bavSvebs unda avuxsnaT, rom SiSi informaciis naklebobiT aris gamowveuli da ara realobisgan absoluturad mowyvetili qimerebiT. xSirad, SiSi sakuTari Tavis dabali TviTSefasebiT aris gamowveuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi mSoblebma bavSvi unda Seaqon da mis mimarT pativiscema unda gamoxaton. dae, man icodes da igrZnos, rom yoCaRia da yvela TamaSebs da davalebebs mSvenivrad arTmevs Tavs. yuradReba gaamaxvileT, rom is amqveynad erTaderTi, gansakuTrebuli pirovnebaa. aseTi damokidebuleba mis TviTSefasebas aamaRlebs. ris Sedegadac, bavSvi sakuTar TavSi darwmunedeba da SiSis grZnoba naklebad Seawuxebs [2,107]. bavSvebSi arsebobs SiSis gamoxatvis sxvadasxva forma, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sibnelis SiSsa da misi gadalaxvis zogierT meTodze. sibnelis SiSi: bavSvebSi sibnelis SiSi erT–erTi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli SiSia. fsiqologia da kabalis mecniereba gvixsnian, rom sibnelis SiSi fundamentur, pirvelad SiSs warmoadgens. ar arsebobs adamiani, romelsac es SiSi ama Tu im siZlieriT ar ganucdia. fsiqologia amtkicebs, rom mis safuZvels movlenebis ganviTarebaze kontrolis dakargvis SiSi warmoadgens. sibneleSi sagnebi sxvanairad gamoiyurebian, rac mravalgvari warmosaxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. sibnelis SiSis safuZveli, misi siRrmiseuli mizezi, sulieri sibnelis SiSia, sinaTlis, siyvarulisa da sicocxlis wyaros gareSe darCenis SiSi. sibnelis SiSi sasicocxlo aucileblobaa da misgan gaTavisufleba saWiro ar aris. sibnelis SiSis gadalaxvis gzebi: SiSis pozitiuri daniSnulebaa xifasiTagan dacva. amavdroulaz misi sworad gamoyenebac unda viswavloT. mag.: sibnelis SiSis SemTxvevaSi jobia, rom bavSvi fanjrebs gareT arsebuli sibnelis SiSs SeeCvios, vidre RamiT marto iseirnos. magram rogor davexmaroT maT Tavisi SiSis marTvaSi? ai, ramdenime martivi xerxi da principi: 1) viyoT gaxsnili da gamovxatoT TanagrZnoba ecadeT waaxalisoT bavSvi, rom man Tavisi SiSi gagimxiloT. amisTvis bavSvi unda gendobodeT, man Tqveni Tanadgoma unda igrZnos. uTxariT, rom bavSvobaSi Tqvenc geSinodaT da xandaxan dResac geSiniaT. 2) avuxsnaT bavSvs misi SiSis mizezi Cven yvelas gvaqvs ucnobi nivTebisa da adgilebis mimarT SiSi, gveSinia raime gamoucnobis. sibneleSi Znelia sagnis cnoba, isini ucxod gveCveneba. 3) SevuvsoT bavSvs informaciis nakleboba SiSis Sesaxeb bavSvma yvelaferi unda icodes sibnelis Sesaxeb, maSin is aRar gamoiwvevs masSi gaurkvevlobis da ususurobis grZnobas. rekomendaciebi gadasalaxavad da savarjiSoebi 263 bavSvebSi sibnelis SiSis 1. TamaSi sibnelesTan da sinaTlesTan. bavSvma unda dainaxos, rom sibneleSi faqtobrivad yvelaferi iseve rCeba. am mizniT SesaZlebelia faranis gamoyeneba, misi CarTva–gamorTva da ganaTebis siZlieris varireba. 2. dRis ganmavlobaSi, SegiZliaT auxvioT bavSvs Tvalebi da oTaxSi ise eTamaSoT. mas ecodineba, rom gareT sinaTlea, Tumca Tavis Tavs sibneleSi aRiqvams. 3. waukiTxeT bavSvs moTxrobebi da leqsebi, romlebic bavSvebSi sxvadasxva tipis SiSis gamovlenas da misi daZlevis xerxs aRwers. sibnelis SiSis dasaZlevad bavSvebs SegviZlia SevTavazoT sxvadasxva TamaSebi. mag.: TamaSi „Sen marto ar xar“. auditoriad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ojaxi, skola. moswavleTa asaki ganisazRvreba 3 wliT. mizani: vagrZnobinoT bavSvebs, rom viRac mxarSi udgas, zrunavs masze da Tvalyurs adevnebs. damxmare saSualebebia: ramdenime mzrunveli xeli da leibebi. 1) vdebT leibs iatakze 2) ufrosi adamiani leibis erTi mxridan saxiT bavSvisaken dgeba, erT–erTi bavSvi meore mxridan, leibisaken zungiT. 3) ufrosi gamoswevs xelebs win, bavSvis dasaWerad 4) bavSvi daxuWuli TvalebiT ukan vardeba, ufrosis xelebze 5) ufrosi iWers mas 6) am varjiSis gameoreba sul cota orjer da saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi iqamdea sasurveli, sanam bavSvi siamovnebas ar miiRebs da yvelanairi SiSi ar gauqreba 7) SevamowmoT yoveli axali SemTxvevis Semdeg iklebs Tu ara bavSvis SiSi. Tu iklebs ratom? SiSis aRmosafxvrelad, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT „roluri TamaSi“ miznobrivi auditoria: ojaxi, sabavSvo baRi, skola asaki: 4-9 wlis bavSvebi monawileTa raodenoba 2-4 mizani: bavSvi Tavad poulobs SiSis gadalaxvis gzebs damxmare saSualebebi: ar aris Tanmimdevroba (4-6 wlis bavSvebisTvis) ojaxSi: ufrosi yuveba imis Sesaxeb, ramac pataraobisas SeaSina, Semdeg ki sTxvovs bavSvs, aRweros situacia, romelSic man SiSis grZnoba ganicada. jgufSi: wamyani sTavazobs jgufis wevrebs moyvnen imis Sesaxeb, rac maT aSinebT. aqcentebi: TamaSis msvlelobisas, imisaTvis, rom TamaSis bolomde SenarCunebuli iyos realurobis atmosfero, amave dros es yvelaferi Zaldautanebeli unda iyos, kargi iqneba Tu aRwerac odnav dramatuli iqneba. amrigad, SiSi bavSvebSi – es Zlieri da sakmaod gavrcelebuli bunebrivi SegrZnebaa, mniSvnelovani patarebisa Tu didebisaTvis. amis miuxedavad, ara erTi Tavsatexi gauCenia mSoblebisaTvis bavSvis gulubryvilo da gulwrfel SekiTxvas: „ratom meSinia?“, „ra vqna, rom meSinia?“ amdenad, bavSvTa swori ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs bavSvebSi SiSis fatoris zust gansazRvras, Tu mis droul daZlevas. 264 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. avtorTa jgufi „SiSebi bavSvebSi“, Tb., 2010 w. 2. buxuleiSvili i., „saojaxo aRzrdis aqtualuri problemebi da ZiriTadi strategiebi“, Tb., 2012 w. 3. nargiziSvili m, praqtikuli fsiqologia, Tb., 2011 w. 4. www.bavshvi.com 5. www.ucnaur.com 6. www.parents.ge Resume Tamta Abuladze, Marim Kapanadze Fears in Children The work speaks about one of the most powerful and extended natural feelings – fears in children. The work discusses various reasons of fear in children and gives some psychological methods and treatments for overcoming it. morcxvobis problema bavSvebsa da mozardebSi salome cicqiSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti fakulteti: ganaTlebis jgufi izo buxuleiSvili E-mail: [email protected] ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi maSin, rodesac sxvebi ar arian? erTi SesaZlebeli axsnaa buneba. dRevandeli periodis kvlevebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis daaxloebiT 10% “ibadeba morcxvi. dRes es problema aqtualuria imenad, ramdenadac morcxvoba gaxda erT-erTi mizezi mozardebSi suiciduri SemTxvevebis gazrdisa. simorcxve SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc diskomforti an Sekaveba iseT siatuaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis adamianis interpersonaluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas. morcxvoba SeiZleba iyos qronikuli da dispoziciuri, anu warmoadgendes centralur niSans adamianis TviTgansazRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos mcire TavSekavebuloba da socialuri ucnauroba, romelic bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal situaciebSi, magram mas SeuZlia gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi-adamianebis mimarT sruliad Semakavebel SiSSi. bevri morcxvi damiani introvertirebulicaa. isini upiratesobas aniWeben ganmartoebul, arasocialur moqmedebebsa da garemos. arseboben „morcxvi eqstravertebi”, romlebic sazogadoebaSi komunikabelurni, magram pirovnulad morcxvebi arian, amjobineben socialur aqtivobebSi CarTvas, aqvT socialuri unarebi amis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis, magram eWvi eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad imsaxureben 265 sxvebis mowonebasa da pativiscemas.[1,564] morcxvobis pirveli niSnebi vlindeba “Cvilobi” asakidanve. odesme gifiqriaT, rom mozrdilTa Secdomebma SesaZloa pataras simorcxvisken ubiZgos? mowiful asakSi ki es Tviseba mas mraval dabrkolebas Seuqmnis. morcxv bavSvs iolad SeamCnevT. is Znelad amyarebs urTierTobas sxva bavSvebTan, misi moZraobebi SeboWilia, qcevaSi ar SeimCneva uSualoba da spontanuroba, uwyinari xumrobac ki swyins da ufro metad iketeba sakuTar TavSi. simorcxve xasiaTis Taviseburebaa. is maSin iCens Tavs, roca patara adamians xasiaTi uyalibdeba. erTi wlidan bavSvs uCndeba ucnobi adamianebis SiSi.is damfrTxali umzers stumrebs da zogjer maT gamoCenas tiriliT aprotestebs an dedis kalTas amoefareba da SeSinebuli iyureba. Cven, ra Tqma unda, migvaCnia, rom zedmeti morcxvoba uaryofiTi Tvisebaa da arasodes davfiqrebulvarT imaze, rom is SesaZloa Zalze sasargeblo aRmoCndes. magaliTad, morcxvi patara arasodes gaubams saubars ucnobs da ar gauCndeba masTan erTad gaseirnebis survili. Tumca asakis matebasTan erTad zedmeti simorcxve problemebs aCens - morcxv bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTari azris mkafiod Camoyalibeba da dacva, susti nebisyofa aqvT, advilad eqcevian Zlieri bavSvebis gavlenis qveS, cota megobari hyavT da zogjer Tanatolebi dascinian kidec. saSiSi ucnobebi, axal koleqtivSi adaptaciisTvis bavSvs dro sWirdeba. ucnobi bavSvebis gacnobisas TiTqmis yvela patara frTxilad iqceva da es sifrTxile swored simorcxviT vlindeba. axal koleqtivSi patarebi ar Cqaroben TamaSSi Cabmas, umetesad Cumad arian, dros martoni atareben. Tu ase didxans gagrZelda, bavSvi TandaTan CamorCeba Tanatolebs ganviTarebiT, komunikaciuri Cvevebis CamoyalibebiT. roca mozrdilebi cdiloben, daaCqaron procesi da pataras sTxoven, TamaSSi CaerTos, bavSvi ibneva. mas ar esmis, ratom unda moiqces ase da ara sxvanairad. jer ver gaurkvevia, qcevis romeli tipi airCios da romeli niSa daikavos koleqtivSi. is jer mxolod akvirdeba, rogor moiqces sxva bavSvebTan - visTan daamyaros frTxili, zedapiruli urTierToba da visTan Seupovari iyos. Tu mas adaptaciisTvis sakmarisi dro ar miveciT, misi Sinagani logika aireva, patara ufro met Secdomas dauSvebs da ufro ususuri gaxdeba. aucileblad unda gavacnobieroT, rom simorcxve, romelic adaptaciis procesSi mJRavndeba, normaluri movlenaa. is mxolod da mxolod exmareba bavSvs. mSoblebis yvelaze marTebuli taqtika is iqneba, bavSvs morcxvobis ufleba mianiWon. gava xani da problema TavisTavad mogvardeba. aRzrdis Secdomebi, yvelaze saSiSi is morcxvobaa, romelic araswori aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba. ase xdeba, roca mSoblebi bavSvSi superegos kultivirebas iwyeben. ra aris superego? fsiqologebi gvarwmuneben, rom pirovnebis struqtura iyofa egod da 266 superegod (anu med da ze-med). ego aris is, radac bavSvi aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs, xolo superego - is, rasac bavSvSi mSoblebi zrdian. roca am or egos Soris Zalian didi gansxvavebaa, bavSvi morcxv da daTrgunul adamianad yalibdeba. roca ded-mama yuradRebas mxolod bavSvis uaryofiT mxareebze amaxvilebs, bavSvic mxolod cuds xedavs sakuTar TavSi. warmoidgineT, rom pataras sabavSvo baRSi, zeimze, leqsi daaviwyda. Tu amas ar SevimCnevT, bavSvs SevaqebT da vetyviT, rom SemdegSi ukeT gamouva, momdevno jerze is marTlac warmatebiT warudgeba mayurebels. ar SeiZleba bavSvs cudi mexsierebis gamo vusayveduroT, Torem momaval warumateblobaze fiqri yvelafers aurdaurevs, Seqebis SemTxvevaSi ki bavSvs gauCndeba survili, sakuTari Tavi nebismier situaciaSi ukeT warmoaCinos. ra Tqma unda, adamiani yovelTvis idealuri ver iqneba. es arc aris saWiro. moulodneli warumateblobisa Tu Secdomis dros morcxvi bavSvi sakuTar TavSi iketeba, eWvi epareba Tavis SesaZleblobebSi da yoveli SeniSvna misTvis namdvil tragediad iqceva. droTa ganmavlobaSi aseTi qceva ganmtkicdeba da morcxvoba xasiaTis Tvisebad iqceva, ris Semdegac masTan brola Zalian gaWirdeba. ra mogveTxoveba Cven? unda vecadoT, aqcenti pataras miRwevebze gavakeToT. Tundac vxedavdeT, rom bavSvs raRac ar gamosdis, mainc unda vuTxraT, rom yvelaferi mSvenivrad gamouvida, xolo Tu moindomebs, momavalSi ufro ukeT gamouva. ufro xSirad SeaqeT bavSvi warmatebis gamo da is dRiTi dRe ufro da ufro metad darwmundeba sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi. urTierTobis sirTuleebi, arian adamianebi, romlebTan urTierTobac bavSvs ubralod ar surs, magram garemoebaTa gamo iZulebulia, maTTan kontaqti hqondes. ra Tqma unda, amSemTxvevaSi patara Zalian morcxvi iqneba. aseT situaciaSi ufrosebis mTavari Secdoma is aris, rom pataras aiZuleben, urTierToba hqondes arasasurvel adamianTan. am dros bavSvs ganmartoebis survili uCndeba, Tumca is verasodes ityvis xmamaRla: `ar minda am qalTan TamaSi!~ am TavSekavebis mizezic morcxvobaa. orive SemTxvevaSi morcxvoba droebiTia. is mxolod maSin iCens Tavs, roca patara misTvis uCveulo mdgomareobaSia. rogoria swori taqtika? nu aiZulebT bavSvs, urTierToba hqondes adamianTan, romelic ar uyvars. Tu sxva gamosavali ar aris, ecadeT, maqsimalurad gaulamazoT arasasurveli adamianis gverdiT yofnis dro, magram Tu saSualeba gaqvT, aseTi kontaqti saerTod aacileT Tavidan. Cveni Secdomebi, ra Tqma unda, idealuri adamianebi, romlebic yovelTvis saTanado urTierTobebs amyareben, ar arseboben. yvelas mogvdis Secdoma da xSirad amas verc ki vamCnevT. Tu SevamCnieT, Cveni reaqcia sxvadasxvanairia. zogierTs sakuTar Secdomebze ecineba, magram arian adamianebi, visTvisac es tragediaa. Secdomis molodinSi isini mudam daZabulni arian, cdiloben gaTvalon TavianTi qcevis Sedegebi. es, ra Tqma unda, mozrdilebs exeba. patara bavSvi Tavis qcevas da mis Sedegebs ver gaTvlis. amitomac cdilobs, 267 saerTod aaridos Tavi urTierTobas - Secdomis daSvebas es urCevnia. xSirad mSoblebi nebiT Tu uneblieT bavSvis xasiaTis ama Tu im uaryofiTi Tvisebis kultivirebas axdenen. zogjer es SeumCnevlad xdeba. verc ki vacnobierebT, rogor vklavT gasaRviZeblad momzadebul damoukideblobis Canasaxs Cveni uxeSi CareviT Tu yviriliT umniSvnelo warumateblobis gamo. SesaZloa, banalurad JRerdes, magram bednieri bavSvis aRsazrdelad mSoblebi Tavad unda Seicvalon. Tqven avtoritaruli, mkacri mSoblebi xarT da migaCniaT, rom aRzrdis Tqveneuli stili marTebulia? maSin Sedegebze ifiqreT. Tqven aRzrdiT damjere, morcxv bavSvs, romelsac ara marto Tqvens winaSe, aramed amxanagebTan, pedagogebTan, ezoSi xmis amoRebisac SeeSindeba. moridebul pataras nacnobic cota hyavs, radgan mudam daZabulia da kontaqts Tavsaridebs. aseTi bavSvebi nebismier, Tundac mosalodnel Secdomas mwvaved ganicdian, radganac sakuTari Tavis ar sjeraT. moridebuli bavSvi verasodes gaxdeba lideri, radgan mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari azrebis mkafiod Camoyalibeba da dacva. mas cota energia aqvs da imdenad aris daTrgunuli mSoblebis mier, rom sakuTari egos warmoCena ar SeuZlia. aseT pataras cxovrebaSi uamravi problema eqneba. amisTvis iRvwiT? albaT ara. amitomac unda vceT pativi bavSvis pirovnebas dabadebidanve. morcxv bavSvTan aucileblad unda vimuSaoT da misi xasiaTis es Tviseba davamarcxoT. Tu mSoblebi aRzrdis stils ar Seicvlian, morcxvoba ufro da ufro metad gaZlierdeba. mSoblebisTvis yvelaze rTuli sakuTari Tavis gardaqmnaa. rac ufro mkacrni arian isini da rac ufro metad aiZuleben bavSvs rames, miT ufro agresiuli xdeba patara, Tu is Zlieri pirovnebaa, xolo Tu sustia - pasiuri da morcxvi. dafiqrdiT, marTebulad aZlevT Tu ara bavSvs SeniSvnebs araswori qcevis gamo. arc imis aRniSvnaa saWiro, rom patara sxva bavSvebis cud gavlenas ganicdis - amiT mas koleqtivs CamoaSorebT, rasac namdvilad ar mohyveba kargi Sedegi. Tu pataras saqcieliT ukmayofilo xarT, uTxariT, marTalia, kargad ver moiqca, magram mainc giyvarT. roca bavSvi Tqvens siyvaruls grZnobs, yvelaferi marTlac kargad aris! Tu xedavT, rom morcxvoba Tqvens Svils ukve Cvevad eqca da gindaT, mis daZlevaSi daexmaroT, yuri ugdeT fsiqologebis rCevebs. eTamaSeT bavSvs situaciuri TamaSebi. siuJeti ise SearCieT, rom patara iyos mTavari personaJi, romelsac damoukidebeli, zogjer rTuli gadawyvetilebis miReba mouwevs. kargi iqneba, Tu moaxerxebT da ubiZgebT, sxva personaJebTan TamaSi wamoiwyos. ase is sakuTari azris Camoyalibebas da dacvas iswavlis da gaigebs, rom sxva adamianebis darwmuneba arc iseTi Zneli da saSiSia. TamaSisTvis gamoiyeneT zRapris siuJeti an Tavadve moigoneT scenari. modi, patara daTvis beli iyos, romelsac gzaze didi daTvi Sexvda. daavaleT bavSvs, daarwmunos didi daTvi, rom pataras gza dauTmos. magaliTad, `patara daTvma~ Tqvas, rom dedasTan eCqareba, eSinia, ar dauRamdes da ase Semdeg. mieciT saSualeba bavSvs, airCios misTvis sasurveli zRapari. SeiZleba, bavSvma mglis roli Seasrulos, romelsac konfliqti aqvs sxva personaJebTan. aseve - meliis an daTvis. kurdRlis roli morcxv bavSvs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SesTavazoT - aseTi roli mas cxovrebaSic hyofnis. 268 Tumca SegiZliaT, patara mamac kurdRlad aqcioT, iseTad, romelsac arc mglisa eSinia, arc meliisa da arc daTvisa. Tundac TamaSis dros bavSvs yvelaferi ise ar gamouvides, rogorc Tqven gindaT, is mainc unda SeaqoT. mTavaria, mas sakuTari Tavis rwmena gauCndes, Tundac misi Canasaxi. es mas morcxvobis daZlevaSi daexmareba. ivarjiSeT yvelgan, gamoiyeneT nebismieri SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, seirnobis dros pataras daavaleT, rac SeiZleba met adamians hkiTxos, romeli saaTia. ra Tqma unda, Tavdapirvelad bavSvi uars getyviT am Txovnis Sesrulebaze, magram unda moigonoT damajerebeli mizezi, raTa swored bavSvma dausvas SekiTxva ucnobebs. bavSvs urTierTobis gamocdileba Camouyalibdeba da masTan erTad sakuTari Zalebis rwmenac gaezrdeba. bavSvi cxovrebaSi uamrav xalxs Sexvdeba, romelTagan yvela ver iqneba keTilganwyobili. ase rom, urigo ar iqneba, amisTvis winaswar moamzadoT. patara Seityobs, rom adamiani yovelTvis erTnair gunebaze ar aris - xan mowyenilia, xan mxiaruli, xan dafiqrebuli an dabneuli - da mixvdeba, rom adamianebis ganwyoba sulac ar aris mis mimarT damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba, mere da mere ki imasac gaigebs, rom yvela adamianTan urTierTobisas gansakuTrebuli midgomaa saWiro.adamianebis ganwyoba sulac ar aris mis mimarT damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba, mere da mere ki imasac gaigebs, rom yvela adamianTan urTierTobisas gansakuTrebuli midgomaa saWiro. adaptaciis unari mas cxovrebaSi aucileblad gamoadgeba. did daxmarebas gagiwevT artTerapia, romlis drosac bavSvi sxvadasxva siuJets xatavs. naxati asaxavs imas, rac pataras aRelvebs. SeiZleba pataras SevTavazoT daxatos ojaxi an sabavSvo baRi. xatvis dros patara cxovrebiseul sirTuleebs gadalaxavs. fsiqologebma ician, rogor gaSifron bavSvis naxatebi da pataras qcevis koreqciis gzebsac SemogTavazeben. rekomendaciebi mSoblebs, pirveli Sexeba ganaTlebis sistemasTan bavSvisTvis iwyeba sabavSo baRidan da skolis dawyebiTi klasebidan. zogierTi bavSvisTvis baRisa da skolis garemoSi yofna Zalian saxaliso gamocdilebaa: aseTi bavSvebi Zalian aqtiurad erTvebian yvelaferSi da mzad arian yovelTvis pasuxi gascen maswavleblis yvela kiTxvas, mRerian xmamaRla simReris gakveTilze da cdiloben yovelTvis pirvelebi iyvnen yvelaferSi.sxva bavSvebi ki am dros naklebad aqtiurebi arian da nakelbad komfortulad grZnoben Tavs baRisa da skolis garemoSi. moridebuli baSvebisTvis aseTi situaciebi SeiZleba zedmetad damrTgunveli da amaRelvebelic iyos. maT SeiZleba moeridoTklasSi xmis amoReba, cdiloben jgufSi ukan daimalon, urCevniaT iyvnen TavisTvis da iTamaSon marto kuTxeSi. Tqven albaT Zalian gindaT, rom Tqveni baSvisTvis saxaliso iyos baRisa da skolis pirveli wlebi, magram Tu bavSi moridebulia da Tavs kargad ver grZnobs skolisa da baRis garemoSi, ecadeT zedmetad ar inerviuloT. am asakis bavSvebi jer kidev swavloben imas Tu rogor unda aawyon urTierToba TanatolebTan da monawileoba miiRon jgufur aqtivobebSi. bavSvebis didi nawili mainc ufro kargad grZnobs Tavs, roca akvirdeba da baZavs sxvebs. sabavSo baRSi bavSvebis umravlesoba TamaSobs interqatiulad, magram mainc aqvT socialur garemosTan SeCvevis momenti. 269 sabavSo baRsa da dawyebiT klasebSi baSvebi swavloben Tu rogor unda moiqcnen axal situaciebSi, swavloben axal wesebsa da qcevebs. es aris procesi, romelsac dro sWirdeba.baSvebi Zalian gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan TavianTi qcevebiT, iseve rogorc mozrdili adamianebi maTi xasiaTis TvisebebiT: zogierTi maCviviT zedmetad aqtiuria da zogi kidev Cumia rogorc Taguna. zogierT bavSvs ufro meti dro sWirdeba saklaso rutinasTan, maswavlebelTan da klasTan Sesagueblad. zogierTi rCeba mordiebuli magram amaSi cudi araferia. zomieri simorcxve ar aris iseTi problema, romelsac gamosworeba Wirdeba. misaRebia Tu baSvi wynari da moridebulia ambobs baRis maswavlebeli Carls darbi. mieciT baSvebs saSauleba TviTonve gaerkvion imaSi Tu ra aris komfortuli maTTvis. nu ecdebiT gadaaqcioT es yovelive did problemad.ar aris aucilebeli Tqveni Svili iyos hiper aqtiuri an pirvel rigSi mdgomi moswavle imisTvis, rom kargad iswavlos. magram misi SiSis cotaTi mainc Semsubuqeba misTvis ufro sasiamovnod gadaaqcevs skolaSi an baRSi yofnas, romelic Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobs bavSvs swavlaSi da namdvilad Rirs amaze zrunva. daelaparakeT maswavlebels ambobs darbi, romelic aswavlis Crdilo karolinaSi da aqvs bevr morcxv baSvTan muSaobis gamocdileba. rogorc bevri sxva eqsperti da maswavlebeli, isic ambobs, rom mniSvnelovania mSoblebi aqtiurad urTierTobdnen maswavleblebTan da baRis/skolis TanamSromlebTan. mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis urTierToba Zalian mniSvnelovani saSualebaa moridebuli bavSvis dasaxmareblad. daiwyeT dakvirveba da SeadareT Tu rogor iqceva bavSi saxlSi da rogor iqceva skolaSi an baRSi. risi gakeTeba uyvars Tqvens Svils, rac ar aris skolisa da baRis aqtivobebis nawili? aris Tu ara iseT ram, risi gakeTebac Tqvens Svils Zalian uyvars, magram es ar aris savaldebulo saqmianoba skolaSi an baRSi. SeagroveT aseTi informacia maswavleblebisgan da ecadeT moifiqroT Tu rogor SeiZleba ufro saxaliso gaxdes skolaSi an baRSi yofna aseTi bavSvisTvis. SexvdiT maswavlebels da SeimuSaveT gegma, ambobs meg zveibeqi, ojaxis konsultanti, eqrTani da san franciskos kaliforniis universitetis asocirebuli profesori. ( miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi skolisa da baRis aqtivobebSi mSoblis CarTva adre warmoudgenelic ki iyo, axla situacia nel-nela icvleba da baRebi da skolebi ufro metad modian mSoblebTan TanamSromlobaze. gansakuTrebiT SesaZlebelia aseTi midgoma saqarTveloSi Tu baSvi kerZo baRSi an skolaSi dagyavT). ● ecadeT skolaSic/baRSic hqondes saSualeba akeTos misTvis saintereso saqmeebi: magaliTad, Tu Tqveni Svili giJdeba xoWoebze, magram skolaSi es Tema ar aris ganxilvis sagani, mieciT saSualeba waiRos misi xoWoebis kolecqcia skolaSi. magram miaqcieT yuradReba, rom maswavlebelma bavSvs ar moTxovos formaluri prezentaciis gakeTeba. sTxoveT maswavlebels, rom misces bavSvs xoWoebze saubaris saSualeba. SesaZlebelia maswavlebelma moawyos ganxilva xoWoebis Temaze da amisaTvis gamoiyenos Tqveni Svilis koleqcia, rogorc vizualuri masala.Cikagoel lidia luisis qaliSvils Zalian uWirda monawileoba mieRo dawyebiTi skolis aqtivobebSi. 270 dedam aRmoaCina, rom sakmaod dadebiTi Sedegi moitana misi sayvareli saqmeebis waxalisebam skolaSi. me wavaxalise Cemi Svili skolaSi waeRo is nivTebi da saTamaSoebi, romelTa Cvenebac undoda misi megobrebisTvis, ambobs lidia. misi niJarebis kolecqcia, zazuna, lamazi qvebis koleqcia. es daexmara mas sakuTari Tavi gaecno sxvebisTvis. Tu Tqveni bavSvi Tavidanve aqtiurad ar alaparakdeba jgufelebTan, misi sayvareli nivTebis gaziareba bavSvebisTvis daexmareba mas simorcxvis gadalaxvaSi. ase mas SeuZlia miiRos monawileoba da igrZnos Tavi jgufis nawilad zedmeti laparakis gareSe, rac ukve SeiZleba kargi dasawyisi iyos simorcxvis gadalaxvisTvis. ara aqvs mniSvhneloba Tqvens Svils ra uyvars: xoWoebi, katebi Tu matareblebi, Tundac misi sayvareli wignis an saTamaSos gaziareba sxva baSvebisTvis skolaSi an baRSi kargi saSualeba iqneba misTvis simorcxvis gadalaxvaSi. Tqveni yofna saklaso oTaxSi daexmareba bavSvs ufro komfortulad igrZnos Tavi axal garemoSi. Tqveni ganrigis gamo SesaZlebelia amis gakeTeba xSirad ver moaxerxoT, magram Tu amas ramdenjerme mainc moaxerxebT periodulad SesaZlebloba geqnebaT daakvirdeT ra cvlilebebs ganicdis Tqveni Svili. bavSvebis umravlesoba mSoblis stumrobas baRSi an skolaSi aRiqvams rogorc gansakuTrebul movlenas. me mivdiodi da vukiTxavdi xolme julias klaselebTan erTad ambobs levisi, es mexmareboda gamego Tu ra xdeboda skolaSi realurad. Tu Tqven moaxerxebT da ewveviT Tqvens Svils skolaSi an baRSi, daakvirdiT im TamaSebs, proeqtebs da sxvadasxva aqtivobebs, romlbsac Tqveni Svili akeTebs skolis an baRis farglebSi da gaanalizeT Seefereba Tu ara isini Tqveni Svilis moTxovnebs, aZleven Tu ara isini mas sakmaris stmuls da SesaZleblobas warmatebis misaRwevad. SesaZlebelia, rom Tqveni Svili Tavs aridebs TamaSebsa da aqtivobebs imis gamor, rom hgonia rom maTi gakeTebis unari ar aqvs, ambobs kanzasis universitetis bavSvis ganviTarebis profesori deil volkeri. Tu aqtivobebis didi nawili Tqveni Svilis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, daelaparakeT maswavlebels da sTxoveT maTi gamartiveba. Tu Tqvens Svils uWirs yvela asos damaxsrovreba, maswavlebels SeuZlia mxolod ramdenime asoze gaakeTebinos aqcenti garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tu Tqvens Svils jer gargad ar aqvs gavarjiSebuli makratelisa da webos gamoyeneba, ecadeT rom xatvac iyos misTvis erT-erTi arCevani. Tu raime bavSvis SesaZleblobebis aRemateba, ecadeT igi gaamartivoT, ambobs vokeri. ecadeT Tqveni Svili ar gaRiziandes.SesaZlebelia aseve, rom skolis aqtivobebi iyos Tqveni SvilisTvis sakmaod mosawyeni, radganac isini zedmetad advilia. Tu es namdvilad asea, maSin ecadeT daelaparakoT maswavlebels amis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia maswavlebelma aseT dros moiZios masalebi ufro maRali klasebidan, rom gamoiyenos Tqveni SvilisTvis. nu gaamaxvilebT yuradRebas mxolod problemur sakiTxebze. sasiamovno da gasarTobi aqtivobebis gakeTeba saxlSi bavSvs daexmareba gadalaxos RonisZiebebSi monawileobis SiSi. yvela jgufs skolaSi an baRSi aqvs sayvareli simRerebi; gaarkvieT, romeli moswons yvelaze metad Tqvens Svils da aqcieT igi Tqveni saRamos rutinis nawilad. es bavSvs daexmareba 271 simorcxvis gadalaxvaSi da skolaSic advilad amRerdeba jgufTan erTad. mSoblebis treneri zveibeqis rekomendaciis mixedviT, sasargebloa bavSvebisTvis skolobanas TamaSi TojinebTan erTd, radganac es exmareba maT gaivarjiSon klasSi yofnis Cvevebi. mouwyveT Tqvens svils saxlSi skola daTuniebiT. Tqven SegiZliaT daexmaroT bavSvs TamaSis organizebaSi da monawileoba miiRoT TamaSSi, rogorc erT-erTma moswavlem. Tqven am dros SeiZleba gaigoT Tu ra awuxebs mas; es SeiZleba iyos cudi baSvebi da maswavlebeli, romelic dascinis. Tu Tqven sasacilo scenars moifiqrebT da saxalisod gaiTamaSebT Tu rogor geSiniaT bavSvebis an maswavleblis. Tqveni bavSvisTvis aseTi ramis mosmena Zalian sasacilo iqneba; sicili ki daexmareba mas gadalaxos SiSis grZnoba da es ufro met TviTdajerebulobas Sematebs. esaubreT bavSvs, dausviT kiTxvebi da miRebuli informacia gamoiyeneT skolisa da baRis administraciasTan sasaubrod. morcxvi studentebi, Seswavlili cxra qveynidan simorcxve yvelaze maRalia zog aziur qveyanaSi,gansakuTrebiT iaponiasa da taivanSi,da yvelaze dabalia israelSi.es gansxvaveba,garkveul wilad,miewereba imas,rom am aziur qveynevSi kultura ganapirobebs avtoritetisadmi damorCilebas da sircxvilis gancdas,Tu adamianma socialuri Secdoma dauSva;xolo israelSi,amis sapirispirod,TuU adamiani riskze midis,es kulturulad waxalisebuli da danaSaulis gancda eqsternalizirebulia meoTxe axsna exmaureba bolo dros SeerTebul StatebSi simorcxvis prevalentobis zrdas: axalgazrdebi intensiurad arian CarTulni eleqtronul teqnologiebTan muSaobaSi.didi drois gatareba,rogorc wesi simartoveSi,televizoris yurebaSi,videoTamaSebSi,internetis Tvalierebasa da eleqtronuli fostis gagzavnaSi socilur izolacias iwvevs da amcirebs yoveldRiur pirispir kontaqts.internetis intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs potenciali,adamianebs Tavi agrZnobinos martoxelad,izolirebulad da ufro morcxvad.[1,564] rodesac simorcxve sul ufro Zlierdeba,is adamianis cxovrebis axal da axal aspeqtebSi iWreba,amcirebs socialur siamovnebebs da maqsimumamde mihyavs socialuri diskomforti da izolacia.arsebobs ramdenime martivi koncefcia da taqtika,romelTa Sesaxeb fiqrsa da gamoyenebis cdasac vTavazobT morcxv studentebss. rCevebi morcxv studentebs: • gaacnobiereT, rom marto Tqvenar xarT mocxvi;yvela sxva adamiani Tavisi morcxvobiT upro Tqveni msgavsia,vidre Tqvengan gansxvavebuli; • simorcxve SeiZleba maSinac ki Seicvalos,rodesac masSi genetikuri komponentia CarTuli,magram es moiTxovs Tavdadebasa da Secvlis ganzraxvas iseve,rogorc nebismieri xangrZlivad arsebuli Cveva,romlis Secvlac gsurT; • ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da mxedvelobiTi adamianTa umravlesobasTan,visac xvdebiT; 272 kontaqtis damyarebaSi • iyaviT pirveli,vinc SekiTxvas dasvams an komentars gaakeTebs axal socialur situaciaSi. saTqmelad momzadebuli gqondeT raime saintereso da TqviT es pirvelma; yvela afasebs adamians,vinc “yinuls gaalRobs”, da aRaravin ifiqrebs,rom Tqven morcxvi xarT; • nu daimdablebT Tavs, aramed ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba gaakeToT Semdeg, rom TqvenTvis sasurveli Sedegi miiRoT; • yurdReba gaamaxvileT imaze,rom sxvebs Tavi komforTtulad agrZnobinoT. gansakuTrebiT swored is sxva morcxvi adamianebi moZebneT.es Seamcirebs Tqvens TviTcnobierebas, rogorc morcxvi pirovnebis; • gaivarjiSeT meditaciaSi,relaqsaciasa da idealuri scenaris gonebriv vizualizaciaSi, sanam aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi, romelic, Cveulebriv, aZlierebs Tqvens simorcxves; Tu Tqven morcxvui xarT, vimedovnebT, rom gaizirebT am rCevebs. studentebi, romlebmac gaiTvaliswines es rCevebi, ganTvisufldnen morcxvobis tyveobidan da “axali TavisuflebebiT: saves cxovrebaSi Seabijes. es aris martivi fsiqologiis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki Tqven morcxvi ar xarT, SegiZliaT waaxalisoT Tqveni morcxvi megobrebi da ojxis wevrebi, raTa maT am gziT Secvalon TavianTi cxovreba. [1,565] gamoyenebuli literatura: 1) zimbardo_fsiqologia da cxovreba; Tb.2008 gv.564-565;”ratom zogi adamiani morcxvi”; aris 2) http://ganatlebageo.wordpress.com/tag/gavamxnevoT-morcxvi-bavSv/ 3) http: ebageo.wordpress.com/2012/04/05/rogor-davexmaroT-morcxv///ganatl 4) http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge/pediatria/bavshvis-aghzrda/2171-2010-10-03-18-34-21.html Resume Salome Tsitskishvili Problem of Shyness in Children and Adults The work discusses one of the most important problems for today Problem of Shyness in Children and Adults. Some opinions related to shy people are given, Psychological pecualrities of shy children are analysed. And some advises and opinions for overcoming problem of shyness are formed. 273 autizmi bavSvebSi mariam durgliSvili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, I kursi suxiSvilis universiteti izolda buxuleiSvili filologiis doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 555 56 23 49 ukanasknel xans autizms gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen, rac misi gaxSirebiT aixsneba, daavadebulTa raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi autizms miiCnevdnen perceptuli naklis gansakuTrebul formad anu aRqmis meqanizmis darRveveda, rac xels uSlis bavSvs, aRiqvas da swvdes situaciebs ise, rogorc es adamianTa Soris normalur komunikaciisTvisaa saWiro. amgvari perceptuli defeqtebi marTlac arsebobs da SeiZleba seriozuli problemebi warmoSvas bavSvis ganviTarebisas. am jgufs miekuTvneba afazia, smeniTi aRqmis darRveva. zogierT bavSvSi autizmi SeiZleba ganviTardes afaziis an sxva perceptuli darRvevisa Tu ganuviTareblobis fonze. da mainc, aRqmis unaris darRveva, Seferxeba Tu SezRuduloba Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba autizmad. isini ufro sibrmavis, siyruis, emociuri darRvevebisa da organuli mdgomareobebis msgavs rols TamaSobdnen. [1;100] autizmi nervuli sistemis daavadebaa, romelic bavSvis ganviTarebis SeferxebiT vlindeba. igi panikuri reaqciaa im momentze, roca 2-3 wlis asakSi ,,me” pirvelad amcnobs bavSvs sakuTar arsebobas. autizmi klasificirdeba, rogorc neiroganviTarebis funqciis darRveva, romelic gamoixateba xazgasmuli araadeqvaturi socialuri interaqciiT, komunikaciis darRvevebiTa da interesTa da qcevis maneraTa specifiuri seriiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom autizmis specifiuri etiologia ucnobia, mravali mkvlevari eWvobs, rom autizmi genetikurad ganpirobebuli sisustea garemos xasiaTobrivi cvlilebebis mimarT. autizmi yoveli 1000 bavSvidan 6-s emarTeba. igi gamovlenas iwyebs 15 Tvis asakidan, xolo misi sabolo formireba 3 wlis asakSi xdeba. mSoblebma, romlebic SeSfoTebulni arian bavSvis ucnauri saqcieliT, yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon Semdeg niSnebze: bavSvi uars ambobs mSoblebTan kontaqtze; 3 wlisaa, magram jer kidev ar laparakobs; upiratesobas aniWebs marto yofnas da TamaSs; ar eSinia garesamyarosi, magram ar surs, raime Secvalos Tavis cxovrebaSi, r uyvars cvlilebebi da siaxleebi; laparakobs monotorulad, TiTqos dazepirebuli teqstiT. sxvis sityvebs eqsosaviT imeorebs. metyvelebis ganviTarebiT CamorCeba asaks. pirvelad autizmi leo kanerma aRwera (1943). igi gamoyofda autizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Semdeg niSnebs: 1. socialuri urTierTobis damyarebis uunaroba; 2. komunikaciis mizniT metyvelebis gamoyenebis SeuZlebloba; 3. cvlilebebisadmi Zlieri rezistentoba 4. sagnebiT gataceba 274 5. am maxasiaTeblebis gamomJRavneba 30 Tvis asakamde [1;109][2] xSirad amboben, rom autistur tipuri ojaxuri garemo gaaCniaT. bavSvis autizms ufro xSirad adgili aqvs inteleqtualur wreebSi da e.w. maRal socialur fenebSi. autisturi bavSvebi yvela socailur fenaSi da mTels qveyanaze gvxvdebian. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac bavSvis autizmi dabadebis momentidanve an Zalian adreuli bavSobidanve Cndeba. aris tendencia, ganasxvaon pirveladi da meoradi autizmi. pirvelad autizms TanSobil mdgomareobad Tvlian, meorads ki sapasuxi qcevis formad. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, autizmis simptomebi skolamdel an saskolo asakSi mJRavndeba. autisturi speqtris aSlilobis (asa) mqone bavSvebi xSirad sakuTar saxelze sustad reagireben da TvalebiT kontaqts Tavs arideben, uWirT sxvisi emociebis aRqma, ar gaaCniaT TanagrZnobis unari, uWirT sxva bavSvebTan TamaSi. komunikaciis darRvevebi mis rogorc verbalur (sityvier), ise araverbalur (sxeulis eniT, JestebiT) nawils exeba. auristuri speqtris aSlilobisas bavSvebi umetesad gvian idgamen enas da saubrisas sakuTar Tavs xSirad mesame pirSi ixsenieben. mxolod ramdenime Temaze laparakobdnen, Tanac ise, rom Tanamosaubris azri arc ki ainteresebT. ar iwyeben da erTvebian dialogSi. laparakoben arabunebrivi, uCveulo toniTa da ritmiT (wamRerebiT an robotiviT). autisturi speqtris aSlilobis mqone bevr bavSvs aqvs ganmeorebiTi moZraobebi (brunva, triali, rxeva, xelebis qneva) an TviTdamazianebeli qveca (kbena, Tavis rtyma). xSirad aseT bavSvebs daqveiTebuli aqvT tkivilis SegrZneba, samagierod mZafrad reagireben xmaurze, Sexebaze, xunze... maT ar uyvarT Caxuteba, xelSi ayvana, sxvebTan siaxlove. [1;101][2;3] am bavSvebidan zogs saSualoze dabali inteleqti aqvs, zogs-saSualo, zogierTs-saSualoze maRalic ki. iSviaTad ki ,,autist geniosebsac” vxvdebiT, romleTac aqvT gansakuTrebuli musikaluri, maTematikuri an sxva saxis niWi. autizmis gamomwvevi mizezebi ucnobia, SesaZloa mizezi iyos metabolisturi wonasworobis rRveva, xSirad ki – stresi orsulobis dros, bolo drois gamokvlevebma daadastures, rom ojaxebSi, sadac erTi autisti bavSvi hyavT, meore aseTi bavSvis gaCenis riski daaxloebiT 5%-ia. ohaios Statis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero centris mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom orsulebs, romlebmac orsulobis 24-28 –ekviras gadaitanes Zlieri stresi (mag. axloblis sikvdili, samsaxuridan daTxovna an Zlieri SiSi), didi Sansi aqvT autizmiT daavadebuli Svilebi gauCndeT. mkurnaloba kompleqsuria da mTeli sicoclis manZilze grZeldeba. autizmiT daavadebuli ar ikurneba, magram swavlobs, iyos damoukidebeli, sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri, iTvisebs socialuri adaptaciis Cvevebs. Terapia moicavs damamSvidebel saSualebebs, dietas, fsiqo-socialur meTodebs, audiovokalur treningebs,. mkurnalobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi rgolia autizmiT daavadebuli bavSvebis ojaxebis urTierToba gamocdilebis gaziarebis mizniT. [2] dReisaTvis autizmis sruliad gankurneba SeuZlebelia. daxmaeba, pirvel rigSi, drouli da swori diagnostikaa. bavSvis Sefaseba unda moxdes sfiqologis, nevrologis, fsiqiatris, metyvelebis specialistis, 275 Terapevtis mier. saWiroa sazogadoebam miiRos meti informacia am daavadebis Sesaxeb, swored amitom saqarTveloSi 2010 wels Seiqmna ,,saqarTvelos autiszmis sazogadoeba”. masSi gaerTianebulni arian profesionalebi, autisturi speqtris aSlilobis mqone pirTa mSoblebi da ojaxis wevrebi. am problemis aqtualobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos bavSvTa nevrologTa da neiroqirurgTa asociaciis TaosnobiT dafuZnda saqarTvelos autizmis sazogadoeba. masSi gaerTiandnen profesionalebi, autizmis mqone pirTa mSoblebi. am ori organizaciis mcdelobiT Sedga Sexvedra dargSi moRvawe sxva arasamTavroboebTan da saqarTveloSi pirvelad 2011 wlis 2 aprils aRiniSneba autizmis gavrcelebis msoflio dRe. [3;4] autisturi bavsvebis araviTar daxmarebas ar warmoadgens, Tuki ojaxi usrulebs nebismier survils da Tavis cxovrebas urgebs mas. aseve mniSvnelovania, mivceT autistur bavSvebs sakuTari Tavis realizaciisa da gamoxatvis saSualeba im sferoSi, sadac garkveuli unarebi gaaCndaT (mag. ferweraSi, dramaSi da a.S.). mSoblebma unda daarwmunon bavSvi, rom igi ojaxis iseTive Cveulebrivi wevria, rogoric danarCenebi. mieciT saSualeba, TviTon Seadginos dRis reJimi-seirnoba, kveba, Zili, TamaSi misi survilisamebr unda xdebodes. [2] autisturi bavSvisTvis, albaT, saukeTesoa sxva tipis Seferxebuli bavSvebis garemoSi yofna. cerebruli dablis mqone bavSvTan Sexvedras xSirad gamohyavs autisturi bavSvi misi izolaciidan, vinaidan umweo, dambliani bavSvi aqtiuri Tanalgomas aRZravs sxvaSi. autisturma bavSvma SeiZleba izrunos damblian bavSvze da mieSvelos mas, rasac sxvebs arasodes gaukeTebs. autizmis msubuqi formisas bavSma SeiZleba moaxerxos Cveulebriv skolaSi siarui normalur, jansaR bavSvebTan erTad, magram am dros mas sakmarisi tolerantobiT unda Sexvdnen da maswavleblebs ar unda egonoT, rom swavlaSi CamorCenis gamosworeba damatebiTi swavlebiTa da momzadebiTaa SesaZlebeli. autisturi bavSvisTvis mTavari aris ara swavaSi winsvla, aramed zrdasrulobis raime formiT miRweva, rac saSualebas miscems mas, icxovros da iSromos sxva adamianebTan erTad. [1;117] gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Tomas vaisi - ,,bavSvebi gansakuTrebul zrunvas rom saWiroeben”. 2. www.google.ge 3. Jurnali ,,aversi” #10(72),2010 w. 4. www.autism.ge Resume Mariam Durglishvili Autism in Children The article is devoted to topical issues of today - children with autism. "The modern definition of autism causes. The characteristic behaviors and manifestations of child lying autistic, autism fighting method - the psychological and social aspects. The work is accompanied by a recommendation for parents of children with autism. 276 tyuilis fsiqologia nino mazaniSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, ganaTlebis fakulteti xelmZRvaneli: izolda buxuleiSvili pedagogikis doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 problema, romelsac Cvens statiaSi SevexebiT, urTulesia da metad saWirboroto, mis met-naklebad gadaWrazea damokidebuli nebismieri eris, sazogadeobis Tu civilizaciis bedi. yoveli adamiani sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi,albaT erTxel mainc dausvamda Tavis Tavs kiTxvas, Tu rogor gamoiWiros matyuara da ise icruos, rom veravin daiWiros. adamianuri siwrfelis mudmivi problema araerTxel qceula gansjis sagnad mxatvrul da Tu samecniero literaturaSi, romelic sicruis problemas ganixilavda ori ZiriTadi-moralisa da sakuTriv fsiqologiis poziciiT. sxva adamianis SecdomaSi Seyvana, misTvis mcdari ,,rwmunebis“ STagoneba SeiZleba iyos cnobieri an aracnobieri. mosaubris sicrueze SeiZleba miuTiTebdes misi sityvebi, frazebi, pasuxebi da metyvelebis Taviseburebebi, magram isini-araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens amis erTmniSvnelovan mtkicebulebebs.[2,174] Tanamosaubris sametyvelo qcevis niSnebis Seswavla saSualebas mogcemT ganiviTaroT dakvirvebuloba, SeimuSaoT sakuTari qcevis gonivruli stili. erT-erTi praqtikuli rekomendacia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tqveni Tanamosaubris sityvebsa da jestebs Soris gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi ufro metad endeT Tqvens mxedvelobas da ara smenas.[2,175] yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom sicocxle gadarCenisaTvis brZolis procesia. cocxali arsebobisa da adamianTa istoriisaTvis erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac cxadia, rom sicocxle SeuZlebelia tyuilis fenomenis gareSe. mainc rogor iwyeba tyuilis, an sicrue-simrudis istoria kacobriobis biografiaSi? amis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs vpoulobT. jer kidev indo-evropul miTologiaSi aRwerilia Tu rogor ostatobiT iyenebdnen motyuebis iseT xerxebs, romlebsac xandaxan SeuZliaT saxtad TviT gamocdili TaRliTebic ki datovon. aseTi formebia, magaliTad SeniRbva da mimikria, romlebsac mwerebi da sxvadasxva saxis cxovelebi iyenebdnen. magaliTad zogierTi jiSis xoWo saSiSroebis moaxlobisas ostaturad emsgavseba mkvdars. aseTi saxis xerxebi warmoadgenen tyuilis martiv e.w. axlomxedvelur tyuilebs.[1,14] adamianebs gaaCniaT motyuebis gacilebiT Sors gamiznuli e.w. Caxveuli tyuilebi,rogorc fsiqologiis klasikosi erik berni wers: adamianTa urTierTobis absoluturi umravlesoba agebulia tyuilebisa da urTierTmotyuebaze.[1,20] Cveni civilizaciis ganmavlobaSi gamoigones motyuebis aTasobiT xerxi, romelsac daarqves sxvadasxva saxelebi: dabneva, WkuiT jobna, gacrueba, xelze daxveva, gamoTayvaneba da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare tyuili bunebrivia 277 modis adreuli civilizaciidan da dakavSirebulia gadarCenisaTvis brZolasTan.[1,15] rogorc vxedavT, tyuili aris yvelgan arsebuli da metad mravalferovani, amitom ismis kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Seswavla? am mizniT mecnier-mklevarebma moaxdines misi klasifikacia. pirveli aseTi klasifikacia Camoayaliba ingliselma filosofosma frensis bekonma,masze adre arabma moazrovnem ab-ar- raxman al-jamarma Tavis wignSi ,,axdili saburveli“ moaxdina tyuilis miseuli klasifikacia. saerTod tyuilis klasifikaciebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian midgomis TvalsazriT.[1,32] SeiZleba gamoiyos e.w. jgufuri an masobrivi motyuebebi, rodesac erTi adamiani atyuebs mravals, an adamianTa erTi jgufi atyuebs meore jgufs. motyuebis unari adamianebSi individualuria.[2,28] alan pizi Tavis wignSi ,,sxeulis ena“ wers,rom Tu bavSvs tyuili wamoscdeba, is maSinve pirze aifarebs xels. didebSi am Jestma miiRo ufro SeniRbuli forma: isini tyuilis warmoTqmisas mxolod erTi TiTiT exebian cxvirs, amiT isini cdiloben SeniRbon TviT pirze xelis afarebis ,,bunebrivi” jesti. arsebobs motyuebis sxvadasxva formebi: urTierT motyueba, TviTmotyueba da sxva. TviTmotyuebas SeiZleba mivakuTnoT optimizmisa da pesimizis ukiduresi formebi, romlis drosac adamiani iwyebs sinamdvilis aRqmas ,,feradi „‟an ,,Savi“ saTvaleebiT. ,,yvelaze uaresi motyueba esaa sakuTari Tavis motyueba“. ambobda Zvelad xalxi da gulisxmobdnen, rom amgvari motyuebisagan gankurneba SeuZlebelia. Cvens statiaSi yuradRebas SevaCerebT istoriul movlenaTa da saganTa falsifikaciaze. damaxinjebebi, romelTac uSveben istorikosebi, aris ori tipis: 1 gaCumeba, 2 falsifikacia gaCumebiT tyuili aris tyuilis yvelaze ,,msubuqi“ forma, magram amgvarma ,,Sesworebebma“ SeiZleba ise daamaxinjos realuri movlenebi, rom veravin gaigos simarTle.[1,100] motyueba, falsifikacia da siyalbe xSiria istoriaSi. gayalbebis sagani SeiZleba iyos rogorc warsulis movlenebi,ise materialur kulturis sagnebi (xelnawerebi, monetebi, skulturebi) meore mxriv istoriuli gayalbebebi SeiZleba davyoT im miznebis mixedviT,romlebsac isaxavdnen gamyalbeblebi: --zogi, vinc ayalbebda realur faqtebs, imedovnebda politikuri dividendebis miRebas; -- meoreni fiqrobdnen mxolod pirad sargeblobaze; --sxvebs amoZravebdaT ukiduresi pativmoyvareoba da gandidebis mania: Sedegad, imas, rasac Cven veZaxiT realur istoriul movlenebs, sinamdvileSi aris legendebis, Worebis, avi ganzraxvebis intrigebis, burusiT moculi gadmocemebisa da nawilobriv namdvili faqtebis ucnauri narevi. sxvanairad arc SeiZleba yofiliyo, radgan istorias weren adamianebi, xolo isini, rogorc vnaxeT, cdebian nebsiT Tu uneblied, rogorc ar unda moityuos istorikosma, iyos miukerZoebeli, es praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, radgan masac gaaCnia emociebi, simpaTiebi, midrekilebebi da sxva adamianuri 278 sisusteebi.[1,100] istoriul dokumentebisa da siZveleTa gayalbeba ar aris mxolod Cveni drois Tavisebureba. mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia aseTi falsifikaciis magaliTebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad safrangeTis erovnul arqivSi inaxeba 558 wliT daTariRebuli aqti, romelTac mefe xilderberT pirveli sent-vin-sentis saabatosaTvis misi mamulebis nawilis gadacemas iTxovs. mecnierebma advilad ,,gamoTvales“ es siyalbe, radgan mocemuli dokumenti damzadebuli iyo pergamentze maSin,roca me-6 saukunis aqtebi mzaddeboda mxolod papirusze. [1,104] droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda mecnierTa mier istoriul gayalbebaTa gamomJRavnebis unari Cvens droSi falsifikaciis xelovnebam da Tanamedrove teqnikisa da masalebis gamoyenebam umaRles dones miaRwia. zogierTi Zvel iaraRebs agrovebs. unda iTqvas,rom aq Zalian Znelia siyalbis dadgena aseTi iaraRSi garegnoba, damuSavebis xarisxi, marTvis teqnika da Zveli daWdevebic ki pirwmindad Seesabameba originals.[1,105] frensis bekonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: ,,SeuZlebelia sakuTar TavSi gaaerTiano ,,gvelis sibrZne“ da ,,mtredis Tviniereba“ Tu ar CawvdebiT borotebis bunebas, mis gareSe saTnoebas ara aqvs araviTari Sansi ufro metic, patiosani adamiani verasdros SeZlebs gamoasworos uweso adamianebi da Tavi daicvas maTgan, Tu rudunebiT ar gamoikvlevs borotebis siRrmeebs da zedmiwevniT kargad ar gaerkveva maTSi. amrigad, es aris urTulesi sakacobrio problema da Tu vinmes surs ramis miRweva tyuilis im okeaneSi, bunebrivia kargad unda erekveodes masSi. tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami: ,,Tu ginda ar motyuvde, daumegobrdi tyuils.“ gamoyenebuli lieteratura 1. rene r, tyuilis fsiqologia, Tb., 2008 2. aminovi, eriaSvili, saqmiani urTierTobis fsiqologia, Tb., 2008 3 http;//unhaur.com/ 4 http;//fsiqologia.wordpress Resume Nino Mazanishvili Psychology of Lie Lie is eternal and everywhere existing phenomenon. Without studying it appropriately, a human being cannot achieve any success. The work talks about lie and its role in the contemporary civilization. Examples and facts of historical event falsification are underlined. 279 mexsierebis saidumloebani xatia meliqiSvili lana SaraSiZe soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti dawyebiTi ganaTleba xelmZRvaneli: izolda buxuleiSvili [email protected] [email protected] 557-53-42-20. 598-55-50-76 admianis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli fsiqikuri Tavisebureba mexsierebaa. jer kidev, Zveli berZnebi Tvlidnen, rom mexsierebis qalRmerTi mnemosine, dedaa cxra muzisa, romlebic mfarvelobdnen im droisaTvis cnobil yvela mecnierebas da xelovnebas. 1. gv. 113 adamianis tvini rom kompiuteri yofiliyo, Cven martivad SevZlebdiT raime Cipis mierTebas Cven tvinebTan da sakuTari Tavis informaciiT ganaxlebas, magram vai rom es, ase ar xdeba, adamianis tvini yvelaze ufro rTul kompiuterul manqanazec ki rTulia da Sesabamisad masze zrunvac met samuSaos moiTxovs. yvela adamini Taviseburia, aqedan gamomdinare, yovel maTgans Tavisi individualuri mexsiereba aqvs. damaxsovreba muSaobaa da am procesSi yvelas sakuTari taqtika gaaCnia. zogs mxedvelobiTi mexsiereb aqvs, zogs smeniTi da a. S. mxedvelobiTi mexsierebisgan gansxvavebiT, smeniTi mexsierebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia. aseTi unaris mqone pirebi, smeniT ufro ukeTesad imaxsovreben, vidre SexedviT. aseTi kategoriis warmomadgenlebi arian ZiriTadad musikosebi da msaxiobebi. mexsiereba aris, informaciis Senaxvis da aRdgenis unari. arsebobs ori tipis mexsiereba: xanmokle da xangrZlivi. gamocdebis dros studentebi umetesad cdiloben erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi daimaxsovron didi raodenobiT informacia, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi gamocdebis dasrulebisTanave qreba. samyaro umexsierebod warmoudgenelia. TviT mgznebare warmosaxvasac ki ar ZaluZs misi utyuari suraTis daxatva mexsierebis unaris gareSe, magram adamianis yvela miRwevas Tu marcxs, misi gamarjvebas Tu damarcxebas, aRmoCenas Tu dabnevas mxolod mexsierebas mivawerT. tyuilad ki ar SeniSna gonebamaxvilurad frangma moazrovnem f. laroSfukom: yvela uCivis Tavis mexsierebas, magram aravin Civis keTilgoniereba mRalatobso. 1. gv. 117 mexsiereba warmodgenilia sami etapis, anu sami fazis saxiT, romlebic gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan Tavisi fsiqologiuri struqturiTa da konkretuli amocanebiT. es etapebia: informaciis aRbeWdva (kodireba), Senaxva da aRdgena. TiToeuli am etapis arseboba aucilebelia mexsierebis normaluri moqmedebisTvis. informaciis damaxsovreba da SemdgomSi misi gaxsenebis unari, swavlisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. marTlac yvelgan gaigoneb: oh, es isev damaviwyda, wyeuli sklerozi da TiTqmis arasodes amboben : cotaTi briyvi var, gansja ar SemiZlia, cota Tu ram mesmis, udidesi fsiqologiuri sxvaobaa gamoTqmebSi: cudi mexsiereba 280 maqvs da briyvi var, TiTqmis iseTive, rogoric aseT aRiarebebSi: me axlomxedveli var, da me ara maqvs sindisi. 1. gv. 117 mexsierebis mravalsacaviani sistema sami komponentisgan Sedgeba: sensoruli mexsiereba, xanmokle mexsiereba da xangrZlivi mexsiereba. aris mexsierebis aseTi formac: emociuri mexsiereba, romlis klasikur magaliTs asaxavs i. gogebaSvilis iavnanam ra hqna? nawarmoebis siuJetis mixedviT, bavSvobaSi lekebis mier gatacebuli bavSvs ibruneben mSoblebi, magram samwuxarod mas bavSvobis mTeli periodi mexsierebidan gahqroboda. qeTos mouyvanes ZiZa, aCvenes wyaro sadac uyvarda yofna bavSvobaSi, amouRes misi sayvareli saTamaSoebi da a. S. magram man mainc veraferi moigona, RviZli mSoblebis win idga lekis qali romelic Tavs ucxo garemoSi grZnobda. Tumca, bolo dReebSi aSkarad etyoboda gancda da Cafiqreba imaze, Tu risTvis da ratom uCvenebdnen amdensiyvaruls da ratom wuxdnen mis am mwuxarebaze ucxo adamianebi. dedam advilad SeamCnia qeTos es sanugeSo cvlileba da imedi mieca. calke am imedma da calke mSvenierma dilam karg gunebaze moiyvana magdani da man sruliad uneburad, TavisTvis daiwyo RiRini iavnanisa. rac qeTo dahkarga, mas Semdeg magdanis simReris xma aRaravis gaugonia. patara xans ukan ise, uneblieT, gaixeda qeTosaken da gaocda: qeTos aSkarad etyoboda saxeze aRelveba. cxadi iyo, rom raRacas igonebda da ver ki moegonebina garkveviT. misi bunebis siRrmeSi didi xnis damarxuli xsovna iRviZebda, magram ver ki gamoeRviZa. gonebis Ziridan, raRac sanatreli mogoneba apirebda amoxeTqvasa, magram zevidan keckecad awvnen sxva warmodgenani da uSlidnen maRla amosvlasa. magdanma es kargad SeamCnia da Tavis xmas misca saocari metyveleba da mimzidveloba. uwin agvari simReriTa da amave xmiT yoveldRe utkbobda magdani Tavis qeTos sipataravis dReebsa. magdanis xmam uwia qeTos bunebis siRrmemdis, SesZra is Zirianad da gaacocxla iq damarxuli bavSvobis naSTni, sagonebelni. magdani Tan xmas aZlevda momxiblavs Zalas da Tan qeTos Sescqeroda usazRvro dedobrivi siyvaruliT. qeToc TiTqmis sWamda TvaliT dedis pirisaxesa da mRelvarebiT cdilobda, am saxezed amoekiTxa raRac didi saidumlo da kidec amoikiTxa. qeTos aRelvebuli saxe TandaTan dawynarda da pirisaxidan mTlad gadaeyara Savi Rrubeli, gansazRvruli sxivis naTeli moefina saxeze da sixarulis sxivma dauwyo masze elvareba. uceb wamovarda qeTo taxtidan, daiZaxa sanatreli xmiT dedav! mswarfl mivarda magdanTan, moexvia orive xeliT da mxurvaled dauwyo kocna. dedasa da Svils TqrialiT mosdiodaT cremli, magram es cremli iyo sixarulisa, Svebisa da lxenisa. aRmoCnda, rom pirvelis wlebis CabeWdilebani da Casaxulebani ki ar gamqraliyvnen da ar waSliliyvnen qeTos gonebaSi, Turme Rrmad eZinaT, damarxulni iyvnen misi saxsovris siRrmeSi, ZirSi, rogorc mcenaris Teslia damarxuli miwaSi, da zevidan maT efarebaT mTeli aTis wlis nanaxi da nacadi daRestanSi yofnis drosa. am CasaxulebaTa daZvra da gamoRviZeba SeeZlo mxolod romelsame Zliersa da Rrma CabeWdilebas, swored ise, rogorc mcenaris Tesls zeviT amoiyvans xolme gamacocxlebeli mzis siTbo - sinaTle. amisTana mzeebrivi 281 CabeWdilebis moxdena qeTos gonebaSi SesZlo mxolod samSoblo xmam, sabavSvo simReram iavnanam, romelic yvelaze ufro Rrmad hqonda qeTos Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari. ukeT gvamaxsovrdeba is, rac Cvens interess iwvevs. emociurad amaRlebul mdgomareobaSi xandaxan, iseTi ram amotivtivdeba mexsierebidan, romelic TiTqos didi xania daviwyebulia. mexsierebisaTvis aucilebalia motivacia. adamiani romelic Tvlis rom, ucxo enis Seswavla ar SeuZlia, Tu moxvdeba ucxo qveyanaSi, gamouval situaciaSi, aucileblad da uproblemod iswavlis enas. mexsierebis SesaZleblobebi usazRvroa. iTvleba rom, zrdasrul adamians SeuZlia 20-dan 100 000-mde sityvis damaxsovreba. Tumca arseboben adamianebi romelTac aqvT universaluri mexsiereba. al. makedonelma misi yvela momris saxeli icoda, unston CerCilma TiTqmis zepirad icoda Seqspiris mTeli Semoqmedeba, bil geitss zepirad axsovs asobiT komputeruli kodi. saSualod adamiani iyenebs sakuTari mexsierebis ara umetes 10%-s. danarCeni Zala ki ikargeba, radgan Cven ar SegviZlia (an ar vindomebT) mexsierebis bunebrivi kanonebis gamoyeneba. es kanonebi ki sruliad martivia mag: STabeWdileba, ganmeoreba da a. S. maS ase, Tu Tqven gsurT raime daimaxovroT, pirvel rigSi amisaTvis saWiroa yuradReba movikriboT da miviRoT STabeWdileba. amisaTvis gamoviyenoT ara mxolod vizualuri aRqma, aramed Sexeba da xmac. vizualuri STabeWdileba yvelaze myaria. nervebi, romlebic Tvalsa da tvins akavSirebs ocjer sqelia, vidre tvinisa yuris damakavSirebeli nervebi. mark tvens ar SeeZlo sakuTari gamosvlebis damaxsovreba, sanam igi iyenebda Canawerebs. magram roca man dasamaxsovreblad gamoiyena naxatebi, mas es problema moexsna. mexsierebis meore kanoni-gameoreba. uamravma studentma icis zepirad saswavlo wigni, xSiri gameorebis xarjze. da bolos mesame kanoni-asociacia. erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, saimedod daimaxsovroT faqti, daakavSiroT raime sxvasTan. gairkva rom, adamiani uneblied yovelives ki ar imaxsovrebs, aramed imas, rac mWidro kavSirSia mis pirovnebasa da moqmedebasTan. arsebobs mosazreba TiTqos gulmaviwyoba cudi mexsierebis niSania, magram es ase araa. ubralod aseTi adamianebi garTulni arian sakuTari fiqrebiT. xSirad mexsierebis darRvevas mivyavarT uyuradRebobamde, romelic gamowveulia, magaliTad gadaRlilobiT, an im situaciiT romelSic imyofeba adamiani. mecnierbis azriT bavSvis Canasaxs mexsiereba 20 kviris Semdeg uviTardeba. testebis dros dedis muclidan Canasaxisken gzavnidnen xmovan signals, romelic nayofs esmoda. Semdeg ultra bgeriTi skaneriT akvirdebodnen,embrionis reaqcias. aRmoCnda rom, Canasaxi reagirebda xmazeiwyebda tanis da fexebis moZraobas. marTalia, yoveli me-5 signalis mere igi eCveoda am xmas da aRar reagirebda, magram 10 wuTis an 2-3-dRiani pauzis Semdeg gagzavnil imave xmovan signals. mSvenivrad cnobda. mecnierebi Tvlian rom, adamians SeuZlia gaixsenos, ra xdeboda mis Tavs, roca jer kidev dedis mucelSi ijda. 2. gv. 168 yvelaze aqtiuri mexsiereba aris bavSvobisa da mozardobis asakSi, 282 rodesac Tavis tvinSi xdeba axali kavSirebis warmoqmna nervul ujredebs Soris. swored amitom aris rom bavSvebi ase advilad iTviseben axal informacias. mexsierebis aqtiuroba ganisazRvreba swored imiT, Tu ramdenad advilad imaxsovrebs adamiani axals. Cveulebriv axali informaciis daqveiTeba iwyeba daaxloebiT 60-65 wlis Semdeg. es normaluri daberebis procesis amsaxvelia da rogorc wesi, adamians yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xels ar uSlis. xandazmuli adamianisaTvis tipiuria is, rom maT naklebad amaxsovrdebaT axali informcia, magram Zalian kargad axsovT ganvlili cxovrebis Tundac didi xnis winandeli faqtebi. arsebobs mosazreba rom, Civilebi mexsierebis gauaresebaze matulobs 40 wlis asakis Semdeg. sinamdvileSi es ase sulac araa. ubralod aqtiuri Seswavlis periodis Semdeg, iklebs swavlis unaris SesaZlebloba da mexsiereba detrenirebis stadiaSia. es xdeba imis gamo rom tvins da Sesabamisad mexsierebas aRar aqvs samuSao da is dundeba. axla zogierT qveyanaSi pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, adamianebi abareben universitetebSi da axalgazrdebze aranakleb Sedegianad abareben gamocdebs Tumca aseTi SemTxvevebi iSviaTia. zogjer axalgazrdebSic vxvdebiT mexsierebis daqveiTebas. ra aris amis mizezi? mexsierebis daqveiTebis mravali mizezi arsebobs, magaliTad raime daavadeba an arajansaRi cxovrebis wesi: alkoholis Warbi raodenoba, narkotikebi, samedicino preparatebis arasaTanado gamoyeneba. saerTod yvelafris damaxsovreba SeuZlebelia. daviwyebis unars udidesi roli aqvs adamianis mexsierebisaTvis. tvini unda ganTavisufldes gamousadegari da arasaWiro STabeWdilebebisagan. mexsiereba Tavad aregulirebs Tavis tvirTs, emzadeba axali tvirTis misaRebad. amis Sedegad Zveli infrmacia sulac ar qreba, aramed atiuri mexsierebidan gadadis pasiurSi. mexsierebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi mexsierebas ganagebs Tavis tvinis limbruli sistema, romelic hipokamps, Talamuss, hipoTalamuss da Tavis tvinis Sublis nawils aerTianebs. swored am ubnebSi ganviTarebuli, paTologiuri cvlilebebi iwvevs mexsierebis moSlas, amnezias. amnezias ganapirobebs aramarto Tavis tvinis travma, aramed Tavis tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis mwvave moSlac_insultic. aseT SemTxvevaSi mexsierebis daqveiTebasTan erTad irRveva metyveleba, viTardeba dambla, zogjer pacients aviwydeba wera, kiTxva, ver cnobs asoebs, cifrebs, aviwydeba im droisaTvis aqtiuri enebi. axsovs mxolod mSobliuri. amis naTeli magaliTia yvelasTvis kargad cnobili qarTuli filmi fesvebi swored mexsiereba aZlevs adamians saSualebas iyos is, rac aris, imoqmedos garemomcvel samyaroSi, Seimecnos sakuTari me. imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba daemarTos siyvaruls amneziiT, moTxrobilia frangi fsiqologis ribos wignSi. normaluri da daavadebuli mexsiereba__erT axalgazrda qals romelsac Zalian uyvarda qmari, mSobiarobis dros hqonda xangrZlivi gulyra, ris Semdegac absoluturad dakarga yovelgvari mogoneba Tavis col-qmrul cxovrebaze. gaTxovebamdeli cxovreba mSvenivrad axsovda, magram qmars ver ixsenebda. SemdgomSi man veRar 283 moigona rom hyavda qmari da Svili. mSoblebi da axloblebi umtkicebdnen rom gaTxovili iyo. bolos mandaijera es yvelaferi mxolod imitom, rom misTvis ufro ioli iyo efiqra, mTeli wlis mexsiereba davkargeo, vidre is rom yvelaaxlobeli tyuiso. am dajerebaSi aranair monawileobas ar iRebda, arc misi Sinagani rwmena da arc cnobiereba. igi xedavda qmars da bavSvs da ar esmodarogor SeiZina isini. 1. gv. 115 aris, kidev erTi aseTi SemTxveva, cnobili fsiqologis a. lurias TavSi daWrili pacienti l. zasecki gaxda gaunaTlebeli: da uceb me damaviwyda yvela aso da ar SemiZlia maTi xelaxla daxsomeba. ar vijerebdi sakuTar Tavs, rom uceb uwignuri gavxdi. rom me damaviwyda yvela aso... me gadaveCie fanqris xmarebas: vatrialeb xelSi aqeT-iqiT da verafriT ver vaxerxeb weris dawyebas... udidesi aRmoCena, romelic gaakeTa TavisTvis l. zaseckimda ramac Caayrna igi mwyobrSi, isev da isev mexsierebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. werisas,gviambobs l. zasecki-Tavidan saqme zustad ise wavida, rogorc kiTxvisas, e.i. me didxaans ver movigone asoebi, maSin roca meCveneboda, TiTqos vicodi isis~ni. magram uceb, mecadineobis dros profesori momiaxlovda, gamiRima da mTxova, damewera ara aso-aso, aramed erTbaSad, xeli ar ameRo. ramdenjerme CasvekiTxe, ra gamekeTebina da gavimeore sityva sisxli. bolos da bolos aviRe fanqari da swrafad davwere sisxli. Tumc TviTonve aRar maxsovda, ra savwere, radgan sakuTari naweris wakiTxva ar SemeZlo. da man daiwyo wera!_wamoiZaxa saerTod ase TavSekavebulma a. luriam._is ubralod werda, werda pirdapir , daufiqreblad, is werda... 1. gv. 113-114 raRacis daxsomeba SeiZleba swrafad da nela, bevris da mciresi. ra Tqma unda saukeTeso mexsierebis mqoned Tvlian imas vinc ixsomebs swrafad da bevrs. daxsomebulis Senaxva, ra Tqma unda yvelas erTnairad ainteresebs, yvelas unda udanakargod Seinaxos yvelaferi. kargi mexsiereba isaa rom swrafad da bevri daixsomo, didxans Seinaxo da zustad da droulad aRadgino. albaT samyaros aRqmasac Taviseburi, sakuTari mexsiereba sWirdeba. cxovrobda erTi adamiani, romelsac absoluturi mexsiereba hqonda. iyo Tu ara is bednieri? igi muSaobda erT-erTi gazeTis reportiorad. redaqtorma miaqcia yuradReba, rom dilaobiT rodesac yvela mTeli dRis ganrigs iwerda, is arxeinad ijda. redaqtorma ifiqra saqmes ugulod ekidebao da usayvedura. reportiorma iolad da Seucdomlad gaimeora mTeli dRis ganrigi. ai, ase, jer kidev Cveni saukunis ocian wlebSi Sexvdnen S. da im droisaTvis axalgazrda fsiqilogi a. luria, romelmac ukve Cvens dReebSi dawera Tavis saocar pacientze patara wigni did mexsierebaze me,__mogviTxrobs a. luria__Sevudeqi S-sgamokvlevas fsiqologisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnobismoyvareobiT, magram arc Tu didi imedebiT rom, cdebi mogvcemdnen raime yuradsaRebs, magram pirvelive cdebma Secvala Cemi damokidebuleba. Sevcbundi da sagonebelSi Cavvardi... mravalricxovani cdebis mere iZulebulni gaxdnen eRiarebinaT, rom misi 284 mexsierebis moculobas mkafio zRvari ar qonda. praqtikulad usazRvro aRmoCnda gamZleobac, is uSecdomod aRadgenda sityvaTa grZel sias, maTi mosmenidan 15-16 wlis mere. amdagvar SemTxvevebSi , igonebs a. luria, S. jdeboda , xuWavda Tvalebs, Seyovndeboda, Semdeg ki ambobda: diax, diax... es iyo Tqvens binaSi... Tqven ijeqiT magidasTan, me ki sarwevela skamSi... yvelas nacrisferi kostiumebi ecva da miyurebdnen me ase... ai... me vxedav, ras meubnebodiT Tqven da amas mosdevda mravali wlis winaT mosmenili sityvaTa rigis uSecdomo aRdgena. 1. gv. 121 Tumca dRes ukve cnobilia rom, mexsierebis darRvevebi uviTardebaT SedarebiT axalgazrdebsac da amJamad kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebze dayrdnobiT, neiromecnierebi Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze rom mexsierebis dakargva aris daavadeba romelic azianebs Tavis tvins 30-40 wlis asakidan, manamde sanam Tavs iCens alchaimeris daavadebis pirveli simptomebi. gvinda SevCerdeT am bolo xanebSi gavrcelebul daavadeba alchaimerze, mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa. asakovani adamianebi, romlebic alchaimeris daavadebiT arian daavadebulni, TandaTanobiT kargaven mexsierebas da xasiaTdebian pirovnebis degradaciiT. es daavadeba aReniSneba 65 wels gadacilebul amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s, romelTagan daaxloebiT naxevari 85 welze metisaa. alchaimeris daavadeba erTi SexedviT uwyinarad iwyeba - adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino simptomi SeiZleba mexsierebis gauareseba iyos, Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis ganuxreli degradacia. am daavadebis Semdgom stadiebze adamianebi SeiZleba srulad CaikeTon sakuTar TavSi da uyuradReboni gaxdnen, mat SeiZleba daaviwydeT sakuTari colis da Svilebis saxelebic ki. cxadia, rom mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT safuZvliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis xandazmukobisTvis Cveuli gauareseba. bolo xans did yuradRebas ipyrobs alchaimeris daavadeba, romelic sakmaod gaaxalgazrdavda - ukve 45-dan 60 wlamdec ki vlindeba. es daavadeba adamians ukargavs SromiT unars, swyvets gare samyaros. alchaimeris daavadeba sWirda aSS-is yofil prezident ronald reigans, romelic bolo wlebSi axloblebsac ki ver cnobda. Tu ra iwvevda am daavadebas jerjerobiT ucnobia. am sakiTxze msoflioSi uamravi mecnieri muSaobs. xolo alchaimeris daavadebis mkurnaloba rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia, radgan daavadeba swrafad progresirebs da jerjerobiT iseTi preparatic ar arsebobs, romelic problemas sabolood moagvarebda. mkurnaloba umTavresad iqiT aris mimarTuli, rom Tavis tvinis sisxliT da Sesabamisad JangbadiT momarageba gaumjobesdes. mexsierebas asustebs agreTve stresi, gadaRla, Tavis travma, zogierTi wamali (gansakuTrebiT - tkivilgamayuCeblebi da sedaciuri preparatebi), mudmivi dieta, umravles SemTxvevaSi mexsierebis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia. adre iTvleboda rom zrdasrul adamians tvinis neironebi aRar iyofoda da nel-nela kvdeboda, magram armoCnda rom es ase ar aris. kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs rom, neironebi iyofa 70 wlis asakSic ki. axla mecnierebi Tvlian 285 rom, mexsierebis asakobrivi dasusteba, ara neironebis daRupvis, aramed maT Soris kontaqtis darRvevis bralia rCevebi mexsierebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. mexsiereba rom wesrigSi gvqondes, unda movuaroT, vavarjiSoT, Torem mas Jangi edeba da Clungdeba. mexsierebisTvis sasargebloa sufTa haerze didxans yofna 1) fizikuri varjiSi, 2) Zili aranakleb 8 saaTisa, 3) yoveldRiuri kiTxva, 4) kargi ganwyoba da sicili, 5) iareT gamofenebze, 6) koncertebze, 7) imogzaureT, 8) mexsierebas agreTve aumjobesebs musika, gansakuTrebiT ki klasika, 9) bevri ikiTxeT, 10) erideT stressa da uZilobas. mexsierebis gaumjobesebas agreTve xels uwyobs xorci, Tevzi da zRvis produqtebi, yveli da rZis produqtebi, marcvlovani kulturebi (lobio, barda, xorbali, wiwibura da sxv.), Tafli. gamoyenebuli literatura 1) kolominski i., saubari fsiqikis saidumloebebze; Tbilisi, 1983 w. (rusulidan naTargmni) 2) nargiziSvili m. praqtikuli fsiqologia, Tbilisi, 2011 w 3) http://ucnauri.com/ 4) http://www.ambioni.ge/rogor-gaviumjobesot-mexsiereba Memory Mysteries Khatia Melikishvili Lana Sharashidze Resume The work speaks about memory – one of the psychic processes. The normal living process of the human being is somehow depended on the normal mental ability. The work discusses the main peculiarities of human being’s memory. Interesting cases of amnesia (form of mental pathologies) are given. Recently widely-spread disease - as pathology of mental violation is discussed. Finally, the work gives some recommendations for improving mental abilities. 286 daltonizmi, rogorc fsiqo-fiziologiuri fenomeni marika miqava saswavlo universiteti “rvali” dawyebiTi ganaTlebis fakulteti izolda buxuleiSvili pedagogikis doqtori, profesori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 daltonizmi mxedvelobis erT-erTi sakmaod gavrcelebuli naklia, romlis drosac adamiani ver arCevs erTmaneTisgan zogierT fers, metwilad wiTelsa da mwvanes. es aris nawilobrivi feriTi sibrmave. feriTi sibrmavisa da daqveiTebuli feriTi mxedvelobis mqone adamianebi garesamyaros Cvengan gansxvebulad aRiqvamen, magram xSirad ver xvdebian amas. es imitom, rom daltonizis mqoneni bavSvobidanve swavloben maT garSemo arsebuli sagnebis ferebisTvis sazogadod miRebuli saxelwodebis darqmevas. maT gamudmebiT esmiT da imaxsovreben, rom balaxi mwvanea, ca - lurji, sisxli - wiTeli. garda amisa, SenarCunebuli aqvT ferebis simkveTris mixedviT garCevis unaric. 1974 wels ingliselma fizikosma jon daltonma msoflios ganucxada, rom zogierTi adamiani, mis msgavsad, dabadebidan nawilobrivi feradi sibrmaviT itanjeba. 1, 71 jon daltonma pirvelma aRwera feradi ibrmavis es forma, amitom am daavadebas saxeli swored jon daltonis pativsacemad ewoda. Tavad daltoni ver aRiqvamda wiTel fers, magram Tavisi feradi sibrmavis Sesaxeb 26 wlamde araferi icoda. mas sami Zma da sami da hyavda. am sami Zmidan ori aseve ver arCevda wiTel fers. daltonma dawvrilebiT aRwera Tavisi ojaxis feradi sibrmave wignSi, romelic 1794 wels gamoaqveyna. swored am publikaciis Semdeg gaCnda termini "daltonizmi", romelic ara mxolod am konkretuli formis, aramed sazogadod feradi sibrmavis aRmniSvnel sityvad iqca. ferad sibrmaves specialuri poliqromatuli cxrilebis saSualebiT adgenen. am cxrilebiT mxedvelobis Semowmeba SeiZleba okulistTan, ukidures SemTxvevaSi - internetis saSualebiTac specialur saitebze. poliqromatuli cxrilebi Sedgeba feradi tabulebisagan, romlebzec gamosaxulia sxvadasxva feris cifrebi, wertilebi da geometriuli figurebi. daltonizmiT daavadebuli adamiani ver arCevs am tabulebze gamosaxul ferad cifrebs misTvis es suraTi erTferovania. magram rogor davadginoT, sWirs Tu ara daltonizmi bavSvs, romelic jer kidev ver cnobs cifrebsa da geometriul figurebs? amaSi umartivesi testebi dagvexmareba. daltonizmi unda vieWvoT, Tu bavSvi: 1. ferebs arasworad asaxelebs, gansakuTrebiT - wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs; 2. arasworad aferadebs suraTebs, magaliTad xis tans Savad xatavs, balaxs ki yavisfrad; 3. bac vardisfer da bac mwvane nivTebs TeTrs uwodebs; 4. erT ferSi xedavs mowiTalo da momwvano nivTebs; 5. erTmaneTSi urevs narinjisfersa da bac mwvanes an muq mwvanesa da 287 mkafio wiTels. mecnierebma safuZvlianad gamoikvlies daltonizmis gamomwvevi mizezebi. Tvalis baduris agebulebis Seswavlisas specialistebma daadgines, rom is centaluri nervuli sistemis gareT gamotanil modificirebul Tavis tvinis qerqs warmoadgens. baduraze 132 milioni receptoruli ujredia, isini SuqmgrZnobiare elementebis rols asruleben. 125 milioni Cxiri sinaTlis miRebas da gamosaxulebis kontrastulobas uzrunvelyofs, 7 milioni kolba ki yvela ferad niuanss iWers, Cxirebi kolbaze metad mgrZnobiarea da mcire ganaTebis pirobebSic funqcionirebs. speqtris yvelaze did nawils wiTeli kolbebi Seadgenen (Seicaven yvela Seferilobas alisferidan narinjisferamde); saSualos mwvane (zurmuxtisferidan yviTlamde); mokles lurji (cisferidan iisferamde) yvela erTad ki ferebs astimulirebs. romelime erTi tipis fotoreceptorebis funqciis darRvevisas yvela danbarCeni feris aRqmac icvleba. es imiT aixsneba, rom wiTeli, mwvane da lurji kolbebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaadakavSirebuli, (erTi feris gaqrobiTac ki samyaro sruliad sxvagvarad iRebeba) 1, 71-72 eseigi, arsebobs sami tipis kolba, romlebic Seicaven cilovan pigmentebs da uzrunvelyofen ZiriTadi ferebis aRqmas. daltonizmiT daavadebulebi ki ganicdian erTi, ori an samive pigmentis ararsebobas. pigmentis tipis mixedviT ganasxvaveben daltonizmis sam formas: 1. triTanopia - iSviaTi SemTxvevaa. am dros yvela feri aRiqmeba rogorc - wiTeli da mwvane. 2. proTanopia - am dros adamiani wiTel fers ver aRiqvams. wiTeli feri erwymis muq mwvanes da muq yavisfers, mwvane - Ria nacrisfers. (mxedvelobis swored es defeqti hqonda daltons. es adamianebi samyaros rux da Waobisfer - yavisfer gamebSi xedaven. sayvareli qalis Rawvebze jansaRi vardisferi, maTTvis mwvane laqebad aRiqmeba.) 3. deiteranopia - mwvane feri ereva Ria stafilosfers da Ria vardisfers. wiTeli-mwvanes da Ria yavisfers. daltonizmi - sakmaodgavrcelebuli darRvevaa, sadac Tvali ver aRiqvams, erT an ramodenime ZiriTad fers. es aris memkvidreobiTi daavadeba, romelic gamowveulia -qromosomis defeqtiT. aris SemTxvevebi rodesac daltonizmi gamowveulia Tvalis an nervis dazianebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom mamakacebs qalebTan SedarebiT 20-jer xSirad gamouvlindebaT es daavadeba. rogorc wesi umetesoba daltonikebisa ver arCevs romelime erT fers magaliTad: wiTels, mwvanes an lurj-iisfers. aris SemTxvevebi rodesac ver arCevs or fers erTad an ver arCevs vercerT fers. daltonikebi fers aRiqvamen rogorc nacrisfers. erTxel erT mxatvars uCveulo ambavi SeemTxva - man mdidari damkveTisaTvis pol gogenis cnobili naxatis asli Seqmna. damkvaTma namuSevari daiwuna, radgan gogenis tilo wiTel ferebSi iyo Sesrulebuli, asli ki yavisferSi. gamoirkva, rom mxatvars darRveuli hqonda ferebis aRqma. imis miuxedavad, rom es defeqti mas Zvirad daujda, misma namuSevarma saxeli mainc gaiTqva. ofTalmologebi am suraTs xSirad daltonizmis gamosavlen klasikur testad iyeneben. Tumca, aseTi testis Sedegi yovelTvis ar 288 gamodgeba daltonizmis dasadastureblad. eqimebi amtkiceben, rom zRvis avadmyofobiT daavadebulni, droebiT daltonikebic xdebian. igive SeiZleba moxdes TviTmfrinaviT, avtomobiliT mgzavrobisas, atraqcionze xanrZlivad yofnisas. ferebisadmi mgrZnobelobis daqveiTeba saerTo da mxedvelobiT gadaRlas ukavSirdeba. am dros TiTqos yvelaferi erTmaneTs erwymis TvalebSi cimcimebs. daRlilobis mosaxsnelad naxatebis galereas unda vewvioT, reproduqciebis albomi unda davaTvalieroT. kargia e.w. magiuri suraTebis daTvaliereba, roca uamrav ferad wertilSi mxatvris mier Camalul gamosaxulebas veZebT. SeiZleba xelsaqmesac mivmarToT,feradi Zafebis daxarisxebis drosac ki ferebisadmi mgrZnobelobas vavarjiSebT. varjiSis Semdeg daRliloba ixsneba da SeiZleba normaluri viTarebis aRdgena. 1, 71 Cveni sicocxle Cvens grZnobis organoebzea damokidebuli, ufro sworad, im informaciaze, romelsac isini agroveben CvenTvis Cvens irgvliv arsebuli sagnebis feris, sunis, gemos, xmis da sxva TvisebaTa Sesaxeb. dadgenilia, rom mxedvelobis organo, Tvali, yvelaze met informacias krebs - es informacia yvela grZnobis organos mier Sekrebilis 67,8%-s Seadgens. mas smenis organo - yuri mosdevs. mis mier Segrovili informaciis wili 21,2%-ia. SexebiT informaciis 7,1%-s viRebT, ynosviT - 2,2,%-s, xolo gemovnebis organoTi - 1,7%-s. magram yvela iseTad ver aRiqvams samyaros, rogoric is sinamdvileSia - mraval adamians dazianebuli aqvs grZnobis organoTa funqciebi. grZnobis organoTa dazianebis gansazRvruli nawili ki genetikuri faqtorebiT aris gamowveuli. am organoTa normaluri muSaoba aTasobiT genis normalur funqciobazea damokidebuli, dazianebuli geni ki darRvevebs iwvevs, rac sabolood organos funqciobaze aisaxeba. daltonizmi mxedvelobis defeqtia. es "feradi sibrmave" memkvidreobiT gadaecema. daltonizmiT msoflioSi mamakacTa 2-8% da qalTa 0,5%-ia daavadebuli. daltonizmi ferebis aRqmis darRveviT vlindeba. daavadebuli ver arCevs erT an ramdenime fers, anu mokled rom davaxasiaToT, daltonizmi aris mxedvelobis nakli, kerZod, nawilobrivi feriTi sibrmave, romlis drosac adamiani erTmaneTisgan ver ganasxvavebs zogierT fers, metwilad - wiTelsa da mwvanes. zogierTs ki ar SeuZlia yviTeli feri lurjisgan ganasxvaos. daltonizmi bolo dromde ganukurnebel senad miaCndaT, magram 2009 wels amerikelma mecnierebma SeZles, genuri inJineriis meTodebiT ganekurnaT daltonizmisgan samxreT amerikaSi gavrcelebuli maimunebis erT-erTi saxeobis, Cveulebrivi saimiris, warmomadgenlebi. maimunis am saxeobis mamrebi daltonizmiT arian daavadebulni. isini dabadebidan ver arCeven wiTel da mwvane ferebs. maT baduraSi gamomuSavdeba mxolod ori saxis SuqmgrZnobiare cila, srulyofili feradi mxedvelobisTvis ki, rogorc cnobilia, aseTi sami saxis cilaa saWiro. amerikelma mecnierebma am saxeobisori mamri Tandayolili daltonizmisgan xelovnuri virusis saSualebiT gankurnes, romelSic Canergili iyo adamianis mesame SuqmgrZnobiare cilis masinTezebeli geni. es genmodificirebuli virusebi ineqciis saSualebiT SehyavdaT maimunebis TvalebSi da Semdgom maTi mxedvelobis cvlilebebs akvirdebodnen. maimunebma wiTeli feris garCeva virusis ineqciidan me-16 289 kviras daiwyes. kidev oTxi kviris Semdeg mxedveloba swrafad da radikalurad gaumjobesda. amerikel mecnierTa mier miRebul Sedegs udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs: adamianSi, iseve rogorc am maimunebSi,daltonizmi gamowveulia Tvalis baduraSi SuqmgrZnobiare cilebis ararsebobiT, am eqsperimentma ki daadastura, rom daltonizmis genetikuri koreqcia SesaZlebelia. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. gvelesiani z. daltonikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fiziologiuri Taviseburebebis swavlebisaTvis, Jurnali sazrisi 22 Tbilisi 2006. 2. http://daltoniki01.blogspot.com/ 3. http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge/skhvadaskhva/genetika/2005-2010-07-01-10-24-27.html 4. http://allmed.ge/darrvevebi/ Resume Marika Mikava Daltonism as Psycho-Physiological Phenomenon The work speaks about the lack of vision – daltonism. The history of the word ―daltonism‖ is explained. Physiological peculiarities of people with daltonism are described. Caused reasons of daltonism are analysed and some intersting histories about them are given. Религия- форма общественного сознания Кязымзаде Рафик, Бодурова Севда, Гусейнова Моминат [email protected], sevda [email protected], [email protected] Рук. И. Бухулеишвили Сегодня всѐ чаще можно услышать о провокациях или столкновениях людей на религиозной основе. В канун христианских праздников все чаще звучат взрывы в православных храмах – в Египте и Ингушетии. В свою очередь это вызывает недовольство и беспорядки со стороны христианского населения. Но почему-то мало кто пытается докопаться до сути и выяснить, кому в действительности выгодна эта вражда, и кто является истинным зачинщиком и организатором тех событий… В каждой современной религии, к сожалению, имеет место нетерпение к людям другой веры, переходящее во вражду. Но всѐ это дела людские, и к истинной вере не имеющие ни малейшего отношения. Не секрет, что сегодня кому-то очень выгодно руками радикальных исламистов развязывать вражду между самыми популярными мировыми религиями –исламом и христианством, ведь таким образом они втягивают в этот 290 конфликт максимальное число людей, на что, по-видимому, и рассчитано. Их глашатаи убеждают мусульман в том, что якобы сам Пророк Мухаммед призывал на «войну с неверными», коими в их трактовке являются все, кто не исповедует Ислам. На этом и держится страх правоверного мусульманина, считающего чуть ли не целью своей жизни войну с неверными. Но если вдуматься – за этим страхом лишь навязанная кем-то иллюзия, попросту пустота. Действительно ли Пророк Мухаммед призывал убивать всех, кто не придерживается традиций Ислама, так как это пытаются представить «толмачи» Корана? Давайте обратимся к официальной истории. До наших дней сохранился документ, продиктованный Мухаммедом, в котором перечисляются обязанности мусульман по защите христиан, живущих среди них. Документ носит название «Обещание монастырю св. Катерины». В 628 г. делегация из монастыря св. Катерины пришла к Пророку Мухаммеду и попросила его защиты. Он в ответ предоставил им перечень прав, которые выборочно приводятся ниже: «Это послание от Мухаммеда, сына Абдуллы, пусть будет соглашением с принявшими Христианство, далеко или близко, мы с ними. Поистине я, помощники и мои последователи защищают их, потому что христиане – наши сограждане, и по воле Аллаха я выступаю против всего, что может их обидеть… …Никто не разрушит дом их религии и не повредит его и не унесет из него ни единой вещи в жилища мусульман… …Никто из мусульман не должен нарушать это соглашение до самого Судного дня» Здесь есть очень важные фразы, о которых, видимо, забывают упомянуть те, кто планирует и развязывает провокации в православных храмах. Не террактам в христианских церквях оказывается учил Пророк Мухаммед. Как сказал профессор Муктедар Хан, возглавляющий отделение исламских наук в университете Делавера: «Ключевые фразы в этом послании –первая и последняя. Они делают это обещание вечным и универсальным. Мухаммед (мир ему) подчеркивает, что мусульмане – всегда рядом с христианами, далеко или близко, что означает – это обещание касается не только монастыря св. Катерины. Те, кто стремятся усилить разногласия между мусульманами и христианами, обращают внимание на их расхождения и делают упор на зоны конфликта взглядов. Но когда людям напоминают о таких вещах, как обещание Мухаммада христианам, это устраняет разногласия и вдохновляет мусульман возвыситься над межобщинной нетерпимостью и порождает добрую волю в христианах, которые, по-видимому, живут в страхе перед исламом или мусульманами». Когда человек становится выше любых навязываемых кем-то разногласий, он начинает понимать, что в какой бы стране он ни жил, к какой культуре бы не принадлежал, всегда ценными остаются лишь его человеческие качества. Именно те, которые отличают нас Людей от животных. Память о таких людях бережно храниться в сокровищнице каждого народа, и такими людьми, по-видимому, и были Иисус, Мухаммед, Будда и другие истинно Великие. Осознав это, быть может мы поймем, что ПРАВОверный и ПРАВОславный –слова 291 одного корня Религия принадлежит к тем явлениям, которые сопровождают человечество и человеческие отношения на всем пути их существования и трансформации .Религия является одной из форм (наряду с философией, правом, искусством, наукой и др.) общественного сознания (общественной жизни) социальных групп и личностей, с помощью которой люди общаются (пытаются общаться) с реальностью, лежащей за пределами обыденного опыта и представленной в голове человека в иллюзорно-фантастических образах и понятиях. Вопервых, религия — это специфическая форма общественного сознания (общественной жизни) людей, имеющая собственные особенности и вызывающая своеобразные состояния психики верующих Человечеству знакомо множество религий. Основные подходы к их классификации также многообразны. Существуют нормативные, географические, этнографические, философские, морфологические, лингвистические и другие принципы ее классификации. Для психологии важно классифицировать религии сразу по двум основаниям — по направленности и географическому признаку, позволяющим четко обозначить и их специфику, и видимое невооруженным глазом их одинаковое происхождение, сходство. Обычно различают религии: • авраамического монотеизма (веры в единого Бога), вырастающие из древнего иудаизма и включающие в себя иудаизм, христианство и ислам; • индийского происхождения, представленные индуизмом, южным буддизмом (тхеравада), джайнизмом и сикхизмом; • дальневосточные — конфуцианство, даосизм, синтоизм, северный буддизм (махаяна) .... Ислам (Islam) — монотеистическая (авраамическая) мировая религия. Слово «ислам» имеет несколько значений, буквально переводится как мир. Другое значение этого слова — «предание себя Богу» («покорность Богу»). В шариатской терминологии ислам — это полное, абсолютное единобожие, подчинение Богу, Его приказам и запретам, отстранение от многобожия (ширка). Людей, которые покорились Богу, в исламе называют мусульманами. С точки зрения Корана, ислам — единственная верная религия человечества, еѐ последователями были все пророки. В окончательном виде ислам был представлен в проповедях Пророка Мухаммада, получившего сведения о новой религии в виде Божественного Откровения. С точки зрения ислама, последователи древних пророков отошли от первоначального пути, который был указан им Богом, a священные тексты древних книг постепенно искажались. Каждый раз для обновления истинной веры (ислама) Господь отправлял к разным народам своих посланников, в том числе Авраама, Моисея, Иисуса. 292 Последним Посланником был Мухаммад, принесший человечеству ислам в окончательном виде. По мнению ислама, после пророчества Мухаммада все предыдущие Законы были отменены Богом, а их основные принципы были усовершенствованы и стали частью ислама. Ислам — одна из мировых религий, возникшая в начале VII в. н.э. на Аравийском полуострове. Бог ислама (Аллах) — бог воздаяния за дела, бог-судья. В отличие от христианства ислам никогда не был религией угнетенных. В нем сформировалось жесткое представление о власти и политической организации в обществе. Ислам оказался идеальной религиознополитической основой для централизованного государства и ведения военных действий против его врагов. Ислам предписывает быть справедливым, воздавать за добродобром, за зло — злом, быть щедрым, помогать бедным Христианство — одна из мировых религий, имеющая три основные ветви: православие, католицизм и протестантство. Общим признаком, объединяющим всех ее представителей, является вера в триединого Бога, а Иисус Христос при этом выступает как Богочеловек, Спаситель мира. Главным источником христианского вероучения служит Священное Писание — Библия, особенно ее вторая часть — Новый Завет. К основным особенностям христианства относятся: единственный путь спасения — уход от испорченного, греховного мира в себя, внутрь собственной личности; противопоставление плотским удовольствиям строгого аскетизма, а высокомерию и тщеславию — сознательного смирения и покорности, которые будут вознаграждены после наступления Царства Бо-жиего на земле. Христианство провозглашает равенство всех людей как грешников, порождает у них надежду получения свободы простым и понятным способом — через познание божественной истины, которую принес на землю Христос, чтобы навсегда искупить все человеческие грехи и пороки. Христианская апологетика утверждает, что в отличие от всех остальных религий мира христианство не создано людьми, а дано человечеству Богом в готовом и законченном виде. Литература: 1. www.hristiansto.ru 2. www. Energodar.net 3. www. Whyislam.ru Religion - a form of public consciousness Kyazymzada Rafik, Bodurova Sevda, Guseynova Mominat Summary In article the special attention is emphasized distinction and the importance of two fundamental religions – Islam of Christianity. 293 rac ufro berdeba, miT ufro gabeduli xdeba daviT Crdileli biznesis administrireba II kursi TinaTin giorgaZe [email protected]; Tel: 599772466 komunikaciis SesaZleblobebma sazogadoebaSi dRes-dReobiT globaluri maStabebi miiRo. Aadamianebi uamrav wignebs kiTxuloben cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, SeuZlebelia yvela maTganis wakiTxva originlaSi, amitom Targmanis xarisxs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. mTargmenlma sworad unda moaxerxos, ara mxolod Sinaarsis, aramed mwerlis ganwyobis, epoqis, mocemuli realobis ise gadmocema, rom ar daamaxonjos originali. sxvadasxva mwerals Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli weris manera aqvs, zogi advilad gasagebia, zogi rTuli eniTaa dawerili, zogisTvis elitaruli enobrivi kulturaa damaxasiaTebeli, zogisTvis ki bilwsityvaoba. Mmiuxedavad enis codnisa, adamiani informaciis did nawils mSobliuri enis saSualebiT iRebs. Tanamedrove msoflioSi normad iqca, ara mxolod mSobliuri, aramed ucxo enis da Tanac ara erTis codna, magram mTagmneis roli, rogorc mediatoris, kulturaTSoris komunikaciis sferoSi kvlav aqtualuria. XX saukunis egzistencializmis gavlena da “absurdis” Teoriis kvali tradiciul midgomebze igrZnoba. Gj. d. selinjeris romanSi “The Cather in the Rye‖ “TamaSi Wvavis yanaSi”. moTxroba atarebs aRsarebis xasiaTs da rogorc es aRsarebis dros xdeba xolme, mTxrobeli holden kolfildi (mTxrobelis saxeli da gvari modis frazidan “hold on caul field‖, “ar gamoxvide pirvandeli mdgomareobidan, anu Cvilis mdgomareobidan”. savaraudoa, rom Cvili selinjeris gagebiT ukavSirdeba qristes motivebs. rwmenis Tavisufleba ki iseTi ramaa, yvelas rom aRelvebs, gansakuTrebiT liberaluri Riebulebis adamiaanebs) iZiebs Tavis cxovbeas, romelic man gaacnobiera da aRsarebis bolos midis dadebiT daskvnamde. daumorCilebeli, meamboxe holden kolfildi meores mxriv mSiSara, sevdiani magram mosiyvarule biWia, ar SeidZleba mkiTxveli gulgrili darCes misi siyvarulis mimarT Tavis patara da fibiasadmi. is ver egueba TvalTmaqcobasa da siyalbes “minda vidge cicabo mTis piras da daviWiro yvela, vinc daRma daSvebas daiwyebs, Tu isini sirbiliT daeSvebian, verc ki dainaxaven saiTken mieqanebian. Mme iq rogorRac unda aRmovCnde da isini daviWiro”. ZiriTadi WeSmariteba romanSi isaa rom holden kolfildi, es jer kide bavSvuri sawyisi, cdilobs gaarkvios, rom am qveyanaze aris sikeTe da siborote, WeSmariteba da samarTali. Hholdenis aRsareba kidev erTi spiralia romanis xraxnisebur sistemaSi. Ees aris individualuri gza, gaerkves pirovnebad Camoyalibebis da sxvebTan urTierTobiis labirinTSi. 294 Txrobis procesSi mTavari gmiri sulierad yalibdeba, iZens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, Tumca erTi SexedviT is tovebs uaryofiTi, yvelafris uarmyofeli, adamianis STabeWdilebas, romelsac samarTlianoba swyuria. moTxrobis bolo xazebze marTebulad Jrers maswavlebel antolinis sityvebi: “adamianuri moumwifeblobis niSani is aris, roca iswrafis vaJkacurad Seewiros saqmes, xolo momwifebuli adamiani cdilobs mSvidad icxovros da am saqmes emsaxuros”. (v. WilaZe) “amaRlebuli miznisTvis Tavis dadeba umwifari kacis niSania, xolo imave miznisTvis mdablad cxovreba-zdasrulis” (g. WumburiZe) yuradRebas iqcevs is faqtic, rom romanSi movlenebi xdeba ara realobaSi, aramed mTxrobelis qvecnobierebis gavliT. Ees Tavisebureba fiqsirdeba romanis dasawyissa da boloSi. romanis pirveli da bolo Tavi Zalian lakoniuria, Tumca ZiriTadi movlenebi swored aq xdeba. sxva TaviseburebebTan erTad aRsaniSnavia wignSi gamoyenebuli ena, Jargoni, intimuri scenebis aRwera, bilwvsityvaoba, romelic sxvadasxva TargmanebSi sxvadasxvanairad Jrers es imazea damokidebuli, Tu romel periods ekuTvnis Targmani da rogori cenzuris pirobebSia gamocemuli o. WeliZis Targmani ufro akademiuri da literaturul enazea gadmoqarTulebuli, siTamame igrZnoba gia WumburiZis TargmanSi mas saTauric sxva aqvs “kldis napirze, Wvavis yanaSi” Tumca es ori saTauri rusul TargmanebSi gvxvdeba. rita-raiT-kovaliovam Tavisi SesaniSnavi TargmaniT Tema daxura, magram mas moyva m. nemcovis Targmani, romelsac aseve bevri Tayvanismcemeli hyavs. romanis dasawyisSi mTxrobeli Tavis aRsarebas uwodeb: “madman stuff‖,“iseTi feTiani ambavi minda giamboT” v.WilaZe “ra sibriyve gadamxda Tavs” g. WumburiZe romanSi uxvadaa sakamaTo frazebi, jobda maTi Targmna TavSekavebulad Tu gabedulad. AalbaT jobda ise rogorc mas holdeni Tavis qvecnobierebaSi gaifiqrebda. Aam frazebs wlebma siTamame Semata: ―got pretty run-down‖ ―that stuff doesn’t interest me too much right now‖ ―I think I ever miss that goddam Maurice‖ “dekemberi idga, cioda-ZaRli ar gaigdeboda gareT wamoidgineT ra susxi iqneboda im idiotur gorakze”. (v.WilaZe) “axla dekemberi iyo da im dedaimasqnil goraze ise cioda, rogorc dedabris ubeSi”. (g.WuburiZe) “fexebze ar ekida” (v. WilaZe) “sul qinZze kidia (g. WumburiZe) “kai TamaSi kia Cemma mzem” (v. WilaZe) “TamaSi ara, is kide . . . gavkari egeT TamaSs”. (g. WumbiriZe) 295 “is oxeri morisic ki momenatra – meTqi” ((v. WilaZe) “mgoni is viriSvili morisic ki maklia TvalSi” (g. WumburiZe) yvela dros Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli fenomeni aqvs, isini ara mxolod kulturis, aramed ideologiis matareblebi arian, amitom Targmans didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, raTa ar dairRves balansi. romanSi Cans ideaTa erTianoba. selinjers Tavmoyrili aqvs ZiriTadi Teoriebi sxvdasxva mecinierebebidan rogoricaa: albaTobis Teoria, filosofia, XX saukuniis Sua periodis literatura romelic ukavSirdeba post totalitarur kulturas, amitom misi naSromi mravalmxriv sainteresoa mkiTxvelisaTvis da TviT selinjerisTvisac, ratom gauCinarda selinjeri” Wvavis yanaSi” romanis daweris Semdeg? . . . gamoyenebuli literatura “The Catcher in the Rye‖ by J.D Salinger “TamaSi Wvavis yanaSi” vaxtang WilaZis Targmani “kldis piras Wvavis yanaSi” gia Wanturias Targmani “Над пропастью во ржи“Ритой Райт-Ковалевой “Ловец на хлебном поле“ Максим Немцов www.webground.su www.ueje.nejp Resume David Chrdileli Growing Older, Becomes Braver Above written article is connected with the importance of well-known novel ―The Catcher in the Rye‖ by J.D Salinger and the peculiarity of its language, ways of its Georgian translation and bold attitude of expressing author’s feelings in foreign language. 296 mxatvruli narativis kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodologia bedisa dumbaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti janjRava nino suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli profesori E-mail:[email protected] Tel. 599 15-26-40 roca vlaparakobT Tanamedrove humanitaruli azrovnebis translingvistur paradigmaze da am SemTxvevaSi vefuZnebiT r. bartis mier SemoTavazebul terminologias, saWiroa pirvel rigSi gvqondes imis ierTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba, Tu ras vgulisxmobT terminebiT `paradigma~ da `translingvistika~. swored am ori terminis mniSvnelobaTa sinTezi unda iyos imis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri winapiroba, Tu rogor unda xdebodes mxatvruli narativis analizi. termini `paradigma~ nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda gagebul iqnas rogorc imis maCvenebeli koncepti, Tu rogor xedavs esa Tu is mecnieruli disciplina sakuTari kvlevis obieqts da ra miaCnia mas am obieqtis yvelaze ufro arsebiT niSnad. magram, swored aqedan gamomdinare paradigmis koncepts aqvs meTodologiuri aspeeqtic, anu gansazRvravs obieqtis kvlevis modussa da mimarTulebas. Sesabamisad, roca vlaparakobT Tanamedrove lingvisturi azrovnebis paradigmaze, unda gavmijnoT erTmaneTisagan am paradigmis ori done _ metaparadigmuli da subparadigmuli doneebi. metaparadigmul doneze unda vigulisxmoT, rom Tanamedrove lingvistika mTeli Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi Tavis obieqts, anu enas xedavs semiotikurad, anu rogorc niSnobriv movlenas, subparadigmul doneze ki icvleba enis semiotikuri donis modusebi: sistemur-semiotikuri paradigmis SemTvevaSi mkvlevaris yuradRebis centrSi eqceva ena rogorc sistema, momdevno anTropocentruli paradigmis SemTxvevaSi ki aqcentirebulia sistemis aqtualizaciis Sedegi, anu diskursi. amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisTvis lingvistikaSi dominirebs lingvokulturologiuri paradigma, anu is paradigma, romlis farglebSi enis rogorc niSnobrivi polusi, anu sistemac da diskursic Sinaganad da arsebiTad ukavSirdeba kulturas, Sesabamisad termin `konotacias~, romelic wina paradigmebis periodSi gamoiyeneboda subieqturi modalobis gamosaxatavad, eniWeba lingvokulturologiuri statusi. kulturuli konotacia miuTiTebs ama Tu im enobrivi struqturis mimarTebaze kulturasTan. termini `translingvistika~ ki gulisxmobs mTeli humanitaruli azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel im Sinagan romlis Tanaxmad es azrovneba efuZneba lingvistikas rogorc niSnavs Semdegs: mTeli adamianuri sinamdvile danaxulia danaxulia ena Tanamedrove lingvistikis metaparadigmul diqotomiurad struqturirebul niSnobriv movlenas. humanitaruli azrovnebis translingvisturi 297 paradigma Tanamedrove struqturas, models, rac ise, rogorc doneze, anu gulisxmobs pirvel rigSi adamianuri sinamdvilis niSnobriv-diqotomiur xedvas da swored es unda miviCnioT am paradigmis ^Teoriul aspeqtad. magram amgvari Teoria, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs kvlevis iseT axal meTodologiasac, rogoricaa interdisciplinaruli meTodologia; Tanamedrove naratologia rogorc mxatvruli narativis Teoriuli xedva, warmoadgens translingvistikis im sferos, romlis kvlevisas amave dros unda xdebdodes mTeli im paradigmuli gzis gaTvaliswineba, romelic gavlili aqvs Tanamedrove lingvistikas da romelic moiTxovs interdisciplinarul midgomas, rac niSnavs Semdegs, erTis mxriv mxatvruli narativi warmoadgens mxatvrul diskurss, anu mxatvrul-verbalur teqsts da, Sesabamisad, misi kvleva unda daefuZnos im principebs, romlebic safuZvlad edo yovel linvistur paradigmas. e.i. semiotikurobis. semiotikurobisa da sistemurobis, anTropologizmisa da komunikaciurobis principebs. magram, amave dros, mxatvruli narativis interdisciplinaruli kvleva gulisxmobs erTdroulad imasac, rom igi unda miviCnioT (rogorc amas moiTxovs lingvokulturulogiuri paradigma) mxatvruli kulturis rogorc semiotikuri sistemis aqtualizaciad. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Р. Барт. Лингвистика дискурса. in: Система моды. Статьи по семиотике культуры, Москва, 2003. Resume Bedisa Dumbadze Modern Methodology of Fiction Narrative Research The report deals with the interpretation on the term proposed by R. Bart that is with ―translinguistics‖. It is supposed that this term should be given a paradigm interpretation both from theoretical and methodological points of view. As for narratology it should be understood as one of the domains of translinguistics. 298 sazogadoeba ana mamulaSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli saswavlo universiteti seu socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis fsiqologiis specialobis II kursi maia kiknaZe filosofiis akademiuri doqtori ,,adamiani qmnis sazogadoebas da sazogadoeba xdis adamians adamianad” sociologiis TeoriaTa Soris mTavari sazogadoebis cnebaa. is yvela sociologiur TemasTan SedarebiT zogadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. sociologiisaTvis sazogadoebis cnebas imitom aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom mis gagebazea damokidebuli sociologiis, rogorc mTliani mecnieruli sistemis xasiaTi. Tanamedrove amerikeli sociologi neil smelzeri Tavis wignSi ,,sociologia” ambobs, rom am sityvas yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi yvelani Tavisuflad viyenebT, magram mecnierebisaTvis misi ganmarteba dRemde didi Tavsatexia. mTavar siZneles ki sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebaTa simravle qmnis. arsebobs sazogadoebis warmoSobis gansxvavebuli Teoriebi. erTis mixedviT sazogadoeba adamians misca RmerTma. meores mixedviT sazogadoeba bunebrivad warmoiSva, erTeuli adamianebisagan maTi bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. mesameni ki Tvlian, rom sazogadoeba adamianiTa Segnebuli moqmedebis Sedegia da igi ar aris xelovnuri warmonaqmni. meoTxeni miiCneven, rom sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo adamianTa Soris arsebuli konfliqtis mosagvareblad Seiqmna. jer kidev aristotele SeniSnavda, rom sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa erTobliobaa, romelic sakuTari arsebobisaTvis sakmarisia. hobsi, ruso da loki ambobdnen, rom sazogadoeba kontraqtiT gaerTianebul adamianTa erTobaa. sociologiis mama konti miiCnevda, rom sazogadoeba socialuri organizmis Semadgeneli elementebis erTobliobaa. tards miaCnda, rom sazogadoeba mimbaZvel adamianTa erTobliobaa. am yvelaferTan erTad sazogadoeba adamianTa urTierTobaa, romelic mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos. amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sazogadoeba urTierTobaSi myof adamianTa gaerTianebaa, romelic istoriuli da kulturuli xasiaTis mqonea. sazogadoeba aris adamianTa specifiuri urTierToba, romelic gaerTianebulia istoriulad Camoyalibebuli urTierTkavSirisa urTierTzemoqmedebis formebiT. sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba mdgradobiT, mTlianobiT TviTganviTarebiT da socialuri Rirebulebebis, normebis mocemulobiT, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianTa qcevas sazogadoebaSi. aseve sazogadoebas axasiaTebs socialuri, samarTlebrivi, zneobrivi da sxva 299 urTierTobebis regulacias. sazogadoeba aris socialuri sistema, romelic gamoirCeva: ierarqiuloba Riaoba TviTregulacia informaciuloba TviTdeterminirebuloba TviTorganizacia sazogadoebis centraluri principia samarTlianoba. imisaTvis rom miRweuli iqnas samarTlianoba, runda Sesruldes ori principi: yvela adamiani Tanasworia unda daexmaro Raribs da susts adamians sWirdeba sazogadoeba TavdacvisaTvis. sazogadoebis arseboba moiTxovs, socialuri ierarqiis arsebobas, Zalauflebas, Semosavlebs, socialur statuss Soris. magaliTad ganasxvaveben umaRles klass, saSualo klass da dabal klass. socialuri statusi aris individis mier dakavebuli mdgomareoba, romelic ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri, politikuri, erovnuli, asakobrivi da sxva niSnebiT. sazogadoebas unda SeeZlos TviTregulaciarogorc unari SeinarCunos Sinagani mdgomareobis mdgradoba, TviTkoordinaciis meSveobiT. sazogadoeba adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis Sedegad warmoSobili sinamdvilea, Tumca erTad cxovreba sazogadoebis arsobriv niSans ar warmoadgens, radganac erTad cxovreba biologiuri samyaros calkeul warmomadgenelTaTvisac da a. S. Tumca adamianebisagan gansxvavebiT arcerTi bunebrivi erToba Segnebuli kavSiris Sedegad ar aris Seqmnili. sazogadoebis specifikis gamomxatvelia termini sociumi. es imas niSnavs, rom mxolod adamianebi arian iseTi arsebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian erToblivi cxovrebiTa da saqmianobiT, Segnebuli, myari, aucilebeli da ganmeorebadi urTierTobebiT. sazogadoeba- e saris sociumi, romelsac Sromis socialuri danawileba axasiaTebs. sazogadoebis cneba adamianTa Tanacxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa gacnobierebas gulisxmobs. misi interpretaciis araerTi paradigmaa cnobili sociologiaSI. paradigm or umTavres kiTxvaze pasuxs gulisxmobs: ra aris sazogadoeba? ratom da rogor icvleba is? emil diurkemi- funqcionalisturi paradigm—is mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba subieqtebis erTobliobaa, is obieqturi bunebis matarebelia da raoden ucnauradac undamogeCvenoT, igi individebisagan 300 Seqmnili, magram maTgan damoukidebeli realobaa. is ufro metia vidre individebisagan Seqmnili, magram maTgan damoukidebeli realobaa. is ufro metia, vidre individTa ubralo jami. Cvens mier Seqmnili realoba, CvenTan mimarTebaSi garegani da maiZUlebeli xasiaTis mqonea.misi arseboba win uswrebs Cvens arsebobas: sazogadoeba arsebobda Cvenamde da Cvens Semdegac iarsebebs. radganac is totaluri realobaa, mas Cvenze zemoqmedebis Zala aqvs da Sesabamisad igi mimarTulebas Zlevs Cvens azrebs da moqmedebebs. diurkemma daadgina, rom sazogadoebis mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa da SenarCuneba misi Semadgeneli socialuri elementebis funqciis gareSe SeuZlebelia. am azriT, sazogadoeba erT mTlianobad Sekruli sistemaa, romlis yoveli elementi garkveuli funqciis matarebelia. Tundac iseTi uaryofiTi movlena, rogoric danaSaulia, diurkemis mixedviT garkveuli socialuri funqciis matarebelia.socialuri TvalsazrisiT igi ,,normaluri” movlenaa, radganac mis gareSe sazogadoeba ar arsebobs. diurkemma isic SeamCnia, rom tradiciul sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoeba naklebad zRudavs adamians, rac diurkems maincdamainc ar moswons, radganac masSi anomiis saSiSroeba imaleba. tradiciuli sazogadoeba meqanikuri solidarobis principzea agebuli, rac Sromis danawilebasa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis specializaciaSi gamoixateba. gerhard lenski- sociokulturuli paradigma: cnobili amerikeli sociologis Gerhard lenskis Sromebi sxvadasxva tipia sazogadoebebs Soris kolosaluri gansxvavebebis danaxvaSi gvexmareba. man ZiriTadi aqcenti im cvlilebebze gadaitana, romelic sazogadoebaSi axali teqnologiebis danergvas moaqvs Tan. misi azriT socialuri cvlilebebis temps teqnologiebi ganapirobeben, Sesabamisad sazogadoebis tipologiasac is udevs safuZvlad. lenskim aCvena, rom axali teqnologiebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis siRrmeSSi aRwevs da mTlianad moicavs mas. karl marqsikonfliqtologiuri paradigma: konfliqtologiuri paradigmis mixedviT, warmoeba da ekonomikuri faqtorebi sazogadoebis arsebobisa da cvalebadobis ganmsazRrelni arian. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis istoria warmoebis, ekonomikis ganviTarebis istoriaa, is gansazRvravs sazogadoebis da adamianis aramarto fizikur arsebobas, aramed sulier cxovrebasac. marqsis mixedviT, yoveli sazogadoebis bazisze garkveuli zednaSenia aRmarTuli, e.i. sazogadoebis politikuri, samarTlebrivi, zneobrivi, kulturuli da a.S. Rirebulebani. bazisi adamianTa warmoebiTi urTierTobebisa da sazogadoebis ekonomikuri wyobilebaa. sazogadoebas warmoeba ganapirobebs, magram igi mTeli rigi konfliqtebis matarebelia. konfliqtis wyaro ki socialuri uTanasworobaa, socialuri konfliqti pirvel rigSi klasTa Soris brZolas gulisxmoba. marqsistuli Teoriis mixedviT, kapitalizmi aramarto klasTa Soris brZolas aramed gaucxoebasac gulisxmobs. amitom marqsisTvis miuRebelia. man gaucxoebis oTxi forma gamoyo:1. Sromis procesisagan gaucxoeba; 2. Sromis produqtebisagan gaucxoeba; 3. sxva muSebisagan gaucxoeba; 4. adamianis arsisgan gaucxoeba. sazogadoebis tipebi: arsebobs sazogadoebis ramdenime tipi. isini 301 erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian sakuTrebis formiT, dominanti socialuri institutebiT, kulturiT, cxovrebis wesiTda materialuri warmoebis saSvalebebis doniT. amrigad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis niSnebi mravalgvaria. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba: yvelaze primitiuli sazogadoebebi monadireobiTa da Semgrovebluri meurneobiT inaxaeven Tavs, rac primitiuli iaraRebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. lenski miiCnevds adamianis gaCenidan moyolebuli Zvw. XII aTaswleulamde yvela adamiani an monadire an Semgrovebeli iyo. msgavsi sazogadoebebi kacobriobis istoriaSi mravlad yofila da arian dResac. cxovrebis am wesis mimdevari adamianebisacxovrebel adgils xSirad icvlian. sazogadoeba gvarovnul principzea agebuli. am tipis sazogadoebis adamianebi erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian, Tumca garkveuli asakobrivi genderuli Taviseburebebi aqac aris. ZiriTadi saqmianobiT janmrTeli da SedarebiT axalgazrdebi arian dakavebuli. genderuli upiratesoba, lenskis mixedviT, amgvar sazogadoebaSi arcerTi sqesis warmomadgenels ar aqvs, erTaderTi adamiani vinc yvelas pativiscemas imsaxurebs Samania. miwadmoqmedTa da mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba: daaxloebiT 10-12 aTasi wlis winaT momxdarma teqnologiurma cvlilebebma sazogadoebis formireba gamoiwvia. adamianebma Sromis primitiuli iaraRebiT miwis damuSaveba da mosavlis moyvana daiwyes, Tumca am saqmianobas mxolod adamianTa garkveulma nawilma mihyo xeli, kerZod ki imaT romlebic nayofier miwaze cxovrobdnen, xolo udabnosa da mTaSi mcxovreblebma ki cxovelebis moSinaureba daiwyes da mesaqonleobas mihyves xeli. cxovelTa moSinaurebam da miwadmoqmedebam produqtebis warmoeba sagrZnoblad gazarda, aman Tavis mxriv xelosnoba da vaWroba ganaviTara. agraruli sazogadoeba: agrokulturis Camoyalibeba guTnis gamogonebasa da misi saSvalebiT xvna-TesvasTanaa dakavSiebuli. am faqts lenski ,,civilizaciis gariJraJs” uwodebs. am droidan moyolebuli msoflios mosaxleobis didi nawili sasoflo-saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli, Tumca mrewvelobac viTardeboda. agrokulturam sazogadoebaSi manmade arsebuli genderuli balansi daarRvia da mamakacs qalTan SedarebiT meti upiratesoba mieniWa. d. belis miekuTvneba sazogadoebrivi istoriis ganviTarebis danawileba 3 stadiad: industriandeli (tradiciuli), industriuli da postindustriuli. tradiciulisazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria soflis meurneoba. mTavari socialuri institutebia eklesia da armia. tradiciulia sazogadoeba, romlis wevrTa cxovrebas tradiciebi da adaT-wesebi marTaven. industriuli(samrewvelo sazogadoeba) yalibdeba me-18 saukuneSi industriuli revoluciebis Sedegad. am sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria mrewveloba. ZiriTadi ekonomikuri resursia ara miwa, aramed adamianis mier gadamuSavebuli masala. igi fabrika-qarxnuli warmoebis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs, industrializacia moiTxovs sul ufro met kvalificiur muSaxels, rac codnaze moTxovnas zrdis. industriulma 302 teqnologiam ojaxis transformacia gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qalaquri cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba, sayuradRebo faqtia agreTve mecnierebis ganviTareba, romellic industriuli sazogadoebis Tanamdevi procesia. am tipis sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi nawili ZiriTadad evropasa da aziaSi gvxvdeba, postindustriuli sazogadoeba- mas zogjer informaciul an postmodernul sazogadoebas uwodeben. am sazogadoebaSi mravalferovnebaa. 1962 wels amrikelma akonomistma friston meklapma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom SesaZlebelia codnis warmoeba, gadaadgileba da Sesabamisad nebismieri produqtis msgavsad yidva-gayidva. postindustriuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo teqnologiuri ganviTarebis momdevno fazaSi Sesvlam. postindustriuli sazogadoebis ekonomika ,,servisul meurneobazea” agebuli.mas maRali marketinguli kultura axasiaTebs, rac TavisTavad pirovnebaTaSorisi komunikaciebis, ganaTlebis da mecnieruli kvlevebis prioritets gulisxmobs.am tipis sazogadoebis sinonimia ,,codnis sazogadoeba” Ria da daxuruli sazogadoeba- Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebis cneba avstro-ingliselma filosofosma da sociologma, karl raimund poperma SemoiRo. daxuruli sazogadoeba statikuri socialuri struqturiT, SezRuduli mobilurobiT, inovaciebisadmi uunarobiT, tradicionalizmiT da dogmaturi avtoritaruli ideologiiT xasiaTdeba. daxurul sazogadoebas safuZvlad udevs Sexeduleba, rom mmarTVelebi floben absolitur WeSmaritebas da mis safuZvelzea agebuli sazogadoebrivi struqtura, amitom misi Secvla ar SeiZleba da danaSaulia. Ria sazogadoeba gamoirCeva dinamiuri socialuri struqturiT, maRali socialuri mobilobiT, inovaciurobiT, kriticizmiT, individualizmiT da demokratiuli ideologiiT xasiaTdeba. Ria sazogadoebis fundamentur Rirebulebebs warmoadgens: sityvis Tavisufleba, religiuri Tavisufleba, SiSisagan Tavisufleba, gaWirvebisagan Tavisufleba, socialuri pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. Ria sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo ideologia srulebiT ar arsebobs. masSi didi asparezi eTmoba SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas da novaciebs. Tu daxurul sazogadoebaSi yvelas magivrad erTi adamiania pasuxismgebeli, Ria sazogadoebaSi piriqiTaa da yoveli calkeuli adamiania pasuxismgebeli, amitom am tipis sazogadoeba pasuxismgeblobisadmi gansakuTrebuli midgomiT gamoirCeva. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. v. erqomaiSvili, filosofia Tbilisi 2013 2. v. ramiSvili, filosofia Tbilisi 2010 3. k. qecbaia, sociologiis Sesavali Tbilisi 2011 303 Society Ana Mamulashvili Resume In spite of many ideas related to society, everyone agrees that the main concept of sociology describes regulated unity, co -habitation of people on the certain sphere. It has the face of structural wholeness. Joint of people, their co-working is necessary either for individual or for achieving public goals. inglisuri enis istoria misi periodizacia Teona mosiaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiti II kursi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xelmZRvaneli: nona kobalaZe E-mail:[email protected] Tel:598171045 E E-mail:[email protected] 551 55 11 21 yvela ganaTlebulma adamianma unda icodes aramarto Tavisi mSobliuri enis struqtura, aramed Seswavlili ucxo enis struqturac. misi adgili msoflios enebis sistemaSi, misi mimarTeba, damokidebuleba sxva enebTan, enis leqsikuri maragi da am maragis gamdidrebis da gamravalferovnebis wyaroebi da saSualebebi. inglisuri enis ganviTareba asaxavs ingliseli xalxis politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis istorias. dRevandeli inglisuri ena asaxavs ganviTarebis mraval saukunes. Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgens inglisuri enis istoriis da misi periodizaciis kvleva da is, Tu rogor iqca inglisuri ena sinTezuri enidan, romelsac mkveTrad gamoxatuli fleqsiuri sistema da Sesabamisad, rTuli morfologiuri struqtura gaaCnda analizur enad, sadac gramatikuli kategoriebi aRweriTi saSualebebiT iwarmoeba da sadac ufro mniSvnelovani adgili sintaqss da winadadebaSi sityvaTa wyobas ukavia. ena viTardeba da icvleba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki ena ganviTarebas wyvets, igi kvdeba. klasikuri laTinulri, magaliTad mkvdari enaa, radgan TiTqmis 2000 wlis manZilze igi ar ganviTarebula, ar Secvlila. cocxal enaSi es cvleleba da ganviTareba SeiniSneba misi leqsikuri maragis cvlaSi. Zveli sityvebi kvdeba da amovardeba xmarebidan, axali sityvebi Semodis, arsebuli sityvebi icvlian mniSvnelobas. aseve icvleba enis gramatikuli da fonetikuri wyobac. inglisurma enam enobrivi struqturis yvela doneze (leqsikuri, gramatikuli, fonologiuri ) kardinaluri cvlilebebi ganicada misi ganviTarebis procesSi, raSic garkveuli roli iTamaSa rogorc Sida enobrivma anu intralingvisturma, ise gare enobrivma, anu eqstralingvisturma 304 faqtorebma. enobrivi kontaqtebiT gamowveul Sida struqturul movlenebs ganekuTvneba e.w."substratis" da "superstratis" SemTxvevebi. "substrati" is movlenaa, roca mosaxleoba iRebs qveynis dampyrobTa enas da Seaqvs masSi sakuTari enis elementebi. "superstrati"ki roca gamarjvebuli damarcxebulis enas iRebs da masze garkveul gavlenas axdens. ena, rogorc sistema, arsebobs socialur drosa da sivrceSi. lingvisturi kvlevac enisadmi orgvar midgomas gulisxmobs, erTi Seiswavlis enas droSi, mis cvalebadobas drois garkveul monakveTSi, meore ki ganixilavs enas sivrceSi- mis garkveul mdgomareobas dinamikaSi. pirvel midgomas diaqronuli ewodeba, xolo meores-sinqronuli. enis sinqronul WrilSi Seswavlisas mas vixilavT rogorc sistamas, romlis elementebi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarseboben. diaqronul WrilSi Seswavlisas ki rogorc sistemas, romlis SigniTac yoveli elementi icvleba, moZraobs, viTardeba. inglisuri enis istorias sam periodad vyofT: I_Zveli inglisuri periodi_Old English-OE II_saSualo inglisuri periodi_MMiddle English-ME III_ axali inglisuri periodi_New English-NE enis istorias viwyebT V saukunidan_germanelTa tomebis britaneTis teritoriaze gadmosaxlebis droidan. nawili mecnierebisa fiqrobs, rom enis istoria daviwyoT VII saukunidan e.i. damwerlobis dasawyisidan. werilobiTi Zeglebi inglisur enaze mxolod VIII saukunidan mogvepoveba. Zveli inglisuri periodi ganisazRvreba XI saukunemde, 1066 wlamde, rodesac normanebi daesxnen Tavs britaneTis teritorias. Zveli nglisur periods pirobiTad or nawilad vyofT: I_ adreuli Zveli e. w. damwerlobiTi inglisuri periodi Pre-written old English Period- (450-700 ) II_gviani (damwerlobisdroindeli) Zveli inglisuri periodi Late Written Old English Period-(700-1066 ) am periods sxvagvarad anglo-saqsur periodsac uwodeben. Anglo-Saxon Period. Zveli inglisuri ena iyo tipiuri goTuri ena wminda germanuli leqsikiT da mcire sazRvargareTuli sityvaT sesxebiT. Zveli inglisuri ena iyo sinTezuri, fleqsiuri ena, kargad ganviTarebuli morfologiuri kategoriebis sistemiT. XIX saukunis cnobili ingliseli mecnieri henri suiti Zvel inglisur periods uwodebda "srul daboloebaTa periods" :The Period of Full Endiongs". am periodSi umaxvilo marcvalSi sityvis bolos mosalodneli iyo yovelgvari bgeris arseboba. morfologiuri sistemis rRveva daiwyo X_XI s.s-Si. saSualo inglisuri periodi M(Middle English)-moicavs XI-XV saukuneebs. 305 igi iwyeba normanuli dapyrobiT Norman Conquest da grZeldeba sabeWdi manqanis gamogonebamde (1475 w.) saSualo inglisuri periodi (1066_1475w.w.) or nawilad iyofa. I_ adreuli saSualo inglisuri periodi Early Middle English Period- (1066-1360w.w.) II_gviani anu klasikuri saSualo inglisuri periodi Late or Classical Middle English Period- (1360-1475w.w.) I periodi grZeldeba XIV s. I naxevramde. es aris skandinaviuri da franguli dapyrobebis periodi. normanebis periodSi inglisSi oficialur enas franguli ena warmoadgenda. es iyo gabatonebuli ena literaturaSic. inglisuri ena Tavisi adgilobrivi dialeqtebiT mxolod mdabio xalxis salaparako enad gamoiyeneboda. II periodi grZeldeba XIV s. I naxevridan XV s. II naxevramde. es periodi moicavs saSualo saukuneebis didi ingliseli mwerlis jefri Coseris epoqas da warmoadgens inglisuri renesansis winamorbeds. es aris periodi, rodesac inglisuri ena aRsdga Tavis uflebebSi, rogorcsaxelmwifo da saliteraturo ena. werilobiT da saliteraturo enas safuZvlad udevs londonuri dialeqti. am periodSi xdeba fleqsiebis gaTanabreba metyvelebis yvela nawilSi. bolokidur umaxvilo marcvlebSi yvelgan Cndeba aso "e". henri suiti am periods uwodebs "SeTanasworebul daboloebaTa periods"_ "The Period of Levelled Endings". 1475 wels ingliselma uiliam keqstonma gamoiyena sabeWdi manqana, ramac didi cvlilebebi moaxdina enaSi. aqedan daiwyo axali inglisuri periodi_New English, romelic sam nawilad iyofa: I_ adreuli axali inglisuri periodi Early New English- (1476-1660) II_normalizaciisa da SesworebaTa periodi an " neo klasikuri epoqa"_ The age of Normalization and Correctness or "Neoclassical Age"- (1660-1800) III_ gviani axali inglisuri periodi anu Tanamedrove inglisuri periodi_Late New English or Modern English (Mod E) Period-(1800-up to now). axali inglisuri enis I periodi iwyeba 1476 w. da grZeldeba 1660 wlamde. igi moicavs Seqspiris epoqas da aris gardamavali periodi saSualo periodis londonuri literaturuli epoqidan renesansis epoqamde. am periodSi daiwyo leqsikuri da fonetikuri cvlilebebi, daiwyo gardaqmnebi xmovanTa sistemaSi, romelmac sabolood migviyvana im movlenamde, rasac marTlwerasa da warmoTqmasSoris gansxvaveba hqvia. umaxvilo marcvalSi daikarga xmovani, XV s. daikarga fleqsiebi. am periods henri suiti uwodebs '"dakargul daboloebaTa periods"_ "The Period of Lost Endings." II periodi iwyeba XVIIs. II naxevridan da grZeldeba XVIII s. bolomde. am periodis yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi movlena isaa, rom inglisuri ena gascda britaneTis kunZulebis farglebs da gadavida pirvel rigSi CrdiloeT 306 amerikis kontinentze. III anu Tanamedrove inglisuri speriodi iwyeba 1800wlidan da grZeldeba dRemde. am periodSi Camoyalibda klasikuri literaturuli ena, romelic gansxvavdeba salaparako inglisuri enisa da misi dialeqtebisagan. rogorc davinaxeT, inglisuri enis istoriis periodebad dayofa dakavSirebulia aramarto istoriul_qronologiur movlenebTan, aramed im cvlilebebTanac, romelic ganicada inglisuri enis gramatikulma, leqsikurma da fonetikurma wyobam 15 saukunis ganmavlobaSi. enis istoriis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro Rrmad SevimecnoT Tanamedrove inglisuri ena, aRviqvaT igi rogorc ganviTarebis xangrZlivi procesis Sedegi da ganvsazRvroT misi adgili sxva enebTan mimarTebaSi. Ggamoyenebuli literatura Albert C .Braugh and Thomas Cable ― A history of the English language‖, London, Henley and Boston, 1978 Ilush V.A. ― History of the English Language‖, Moscow, 1973 Rastorgueva T.A. ―A history of English‖ Moscow, 1983 Morton A. L. ― History of England‖, London, 1950 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language http://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/english-language-history.html http://www.anglik.net/englishlanguagehistory.htm http://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq/history.htm http://www.llp.armstrong.edu/5800/histno.html The History of English Language Resume Teona Mosiashvili English is a West Germanic language. brought to Britain by Germanic invaders. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually became predominant. The English language underwent extensive change in the middle Ages. Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar in vocabulary and grammar to other old Germanic languages such as Old High German and Old Norse, and completely unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognizable in written Middle English of AD 1400. The transformation was caused by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. A large proportion of the modern English vocabulary comes directly from AngloNorman. 307 personalis SerCeva da maTi stimulireba mariam demurovi da nona mosiaSvili a(a) ip goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti socialur mecnierebaTa biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis fakulteti finansebis specialobis III kursis studentebi: nino liparteliani goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori [email protected] tel: 598667668; 59843546 dRevandeli biznesis umniSvnelovanes elements warmoadgens adamianuri kapitali. [stenli fiSeris mixedviT adamianuri kapitali aris adamianSi gansxeulebuli unari miiRos Semosavali, anu igi moicavs dabadebisTanave miRebul unars da talants, aseve ganaTlebas da SeZenil kvalifikacias]. yoveli qveyana, romelic miznad isaxavs civilizebuli, liberalur da demokratiul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmnas, miznis misaRwevad gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs maqsimalurad meti investiciebi Cados adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebaSi, saidanac fizikur kapitalTan SedarebiT ukugeba mniSvnelovnad maRalia. dRes menejmentis praqtikulad yvela specialisti aRiarebs, rom XXI saukunis firmis warmatebas ZiriTadad ganapirobebs adamianuri faqtori. „aucilebelia „kargma adamianebma“ sargebloba moitanon bunebaSi,sxvanairad rom iyos ar SeiZleba,xolo CvenTvis isini sargeblobas moitanen im SemTxvevaSi Tu Cvens saqmeebs sworad ganageben“ [sokrate]], amitom xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom organizaciis yvela elements Soris unikaluri roli akisria mis cocxal komponents-adamians. momsaxure personalis gareSe arc erT organizacias ar SeuZlia arseboba da dasaxuli miznis miRweva. amisaTvis saWiroa kandidatebis Seswavla da maTi SerCeva im specialobis mixedviT, romelic firmisTvisaa saWiro. personalis SerCevis procesi mniSvnelovania 3 mizeziT: pirveli - Tqveni samuSaos efeqturoba didaa damokidebuli Tqveni daqvemdebarebulobis muSaobis efeqturobaze. saWiro unarebis armqone muSakebi imuSaveben warumateblad, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba Tqvens saqmianobaze. meore mizezia personalis SerCevis siZvire, amerikuli standartiT saSualod, es danaxarji udris 47000 dolars weliwadSi (aq Sedis Zebnis, gasaubrebebis, rekomendaciis Semowmebis, mgzavrobis da sxva xarjebi ). mesame mizezia arakeTilsasurveli iuridiuli situacia, erTis mxriv, unda iqnes daculi kanoni samuSaos Tanasworuflebianobisa, xolo meores mxriv, sul ufro metad izrdeba damsaqmebelTa winaaRmdeg sarCelis raodenoba „samuSaoze arakeTilsindisierad miRebasTan“ dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebiT, xSirad, sasamarTlo akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas damsaqmeblebs im SemmTxvevebSi, roca kriminaluri warsulis mqone muSakebs eZlevaT klienTa saxlebSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba. eqspertebi amtkiceben, rom arakeTilsindisieri daqiravebis ricxvi sul ufro matulobs. 308 daqiravebulebma unda icodnen zustad, Tu ra moTxovnebs uyeneben maT. magaliTad, daxasiaTeba „aramoZalade“ namdvilad ar iqneba im unarebis CamonaTvalSi, rac moeTxoveba remontis specialists, Tumca swored am pirobis Seusruleblobam gamoiwvia Zalian bevri sarCeli damsaqmebelTa winaaRmdeg. amitom damsaqmeblebs uwevT lavireba da SesarCevi procedurebis daxvewa. erTis mxriv, maT unda gamoavlinon saWiro Tvisebebi da meores mxriv, unda uzrunvelyon usafrTxoeba am sityvis farTo gagebiT. warsulSi xelmZRvanelebi xSirad arCevdnen axal TanamSromlebs kadrebis samsaxurebis gareSe. am dros isini eyrdnobodnen sakuTar intuicias da gamocdilebas, agreTve rekomendacias wina samuSao adgilidan. xSiri Secdomebi ki iwvevda TanamSromelTa xSir ganTavisuflebas da axlis daniSvnas. personalis SerCevis sistema gansxvavebulia aSS-sa da iaponiaSi. garkveulwilad, iaponur firmebSi ,,organizacias argeben adamians”. aq ufro nakleb yuradRebas aqceven specialur codnas, unar-Cvevebs da praqtikul gamocdilebas, romelic saWiroa Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis dauyovnebeli SesrulebisaTvis da koncentrirebulni arian individualur potencialze da swavlis xarisxze. es imiT aixsneba, rom iaponur firmebSi ama Tu im pirovnebis daqiraveba xdeba, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. konkretuli specialuri unarCvevebis da gamocdilebis miReba xdeba uSualod firmaSi. anu maT firmaSi xdeba momzadeba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba. kadrebTan muSaobis mTeli sistema aq morgebulia ,,mudmivi daqiravebis” princips. aSS-Si ki upiratesobas aniWeben iseTi momuSaveebis daqiravebas romlebsac gaaCniaT praqtikuli gamocdileba, profesiuli codna da unar-Cvevebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi axali momuSaveebis swavlebaze gacilebiT naklebi danaxarjebia saWiro da daqiravebuls SeuZlia pirdapir Seudges masze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebas. dRes, warmatebuli organizaciebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve post-sabWour sivrcesa da saqarTveloSi, zrunaven ara mxolod personalis SerCeva-ganviTarebaze da efeqtian marTvaze, aramed axali, inovaciuri resursebis moZiebazec. organizaciaTa umravlesoba iyenebs vakantur Tanamdebobebze SerCevis gavrcelebul proceduras, romelsac kadrebis ganyofileba axorcielebs. personalis SerCevis tipiuri procedura moicavs 6 safexurs, esenia: >>gancxadebis blankis da biografiuli anketis Sevseba; >>testireba; >>winaswari SesarCevi gasaubreba (gamokiTxva); >>rekomendaciebis da dakavebuli Tanamdebobebis siis Semowmeba; >>samedicino Semowmeba; >>gadawyvetilebis miReba. SerCevisas xSirad gamoiyeneba sareklamo gancxadebebi vakanturi samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. aseTi gancxadebebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia efeqturi Sedegebis miReba minimaluri danaxarjebiT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi damqiraveblisa da daqiravebuls Soris urTierTobas awesrigebs daqiravebis sakontraqto sistema. igi momuSaves kontraqtis moqmedebis vadaSi aZlevs dasaqmebis garantias, xolo administracias avalebs uzrunvelyos es ukanaskneli Sromis pirobebiT da Sesabamisi anazRaurebiT. mravali kompania iyenebs axali muSakebis swavlebas imis gamo, rom ar moxdes maTi denadoba erTi samuSaodan meoreSi rac amcirebs warmoebas da Sromis nayofirebas. aseve Tuki adamians sakuTari saqme ar uyvars, igi mas 309 warmatebiT ver Seasrulebs. konkretuli muSakis warumatebel saqmianobas ki mTliani organizaciis warumateblobaSi Seaqvs wvlili da piriqiT, saTanado muSaki erT-erTi mTavari ganmapirobebelia biznesSi gamarjvebis albaT, swored amitom aris rom Tanamedrove organizaciebi sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebul TanamSromlebs eZeben da vakansiebis ganTavsebisas aplikantebs erT-erT aucilebel pirobad TviTmotivirebulobas uyeneben. Tumca gamokvlevebma uCvenes, rom muSaki maqsimalurad motivirebulia samsaxurSi ayvanidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg ki, Tuki ar arsebobs rigi wamaxalisebeli faqtorebi, mas es motivacia uqveiTdeba. HR-menejeris erTerT mTavar funqcias warmoadgens personalis motivacia, rac, samwuxarod xSirad ugulebelyofilia. mmarTvelobiT personals aviwydeba, rom maTi mTavari aqtivi swored rom adamiania, romelic qmnis im faseulobas, romlis meSveobiTac is izidavs momxmareblebs da saboloo jamSi iRebs mogebas, rac Tavis mxriv, biznesis ganxorcielebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens. amasTan, rac ufro motivirebulia muSaki, miT ufro warmatebulia kompania. ra ganapirobebs motivacias personalSi? xelfasi, sityvieri waxaliseba, samuSao garemo, megobruli atmosfero, profesiuli ganviTareba. mag: kadrebis momzadebis da gadamzadebis mizniT, wamyvani kompaniebi iyeneben calkeul universitetebTan da kolejebTan saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa formas. erT-erTi aseTi kompaniaa „motorola,“ romelsac aqvs centruniversiteti, sadac axdens weliwadSi 100 aTasi muSakis momzadebas, gadamzadebas da socialur uzrunvelyofas. gamoyenebuli literatura avTandil nukraZe ,,personalis mozidva, SerCeva, daqiraveba“ Tb. 2008 i. WavWavaZis universiteti mewarmis samagido wigni. Tb. 2009 axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia http://pragenti.wordpress.com; www. Netexpo.ge; www.gbc.ge; www. Securities.com; www.google.ge; www.gaap.ru/biblio ; www. e-info.ge; www. factiva.com. ru; www. kursowiki.ru; Resume Mariam Demurovi Nona Mosiashvili Stuff Selection and Stimulation Plan, select, and take a decent shot; Make sure that the distributed duties clear and realistic; Let the individual interests of the organization and the opposite people not be with each other, creating a warm and attractive work environment; Make sure that the system is fair and transparent feedback and rewarding; Ensure staff development systems - gave them the opportunity to utilize their potential, to maintain their confidence, give them hope of future days. 310 Charlotte Bronte “Jane Eyre” N Nino Acharadze Ilia Chavchavadze University Faculty of Art and Science, Supervisor: Ekaterine Maruashvili Jane Eyre is a famous and influential novel by English Writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published in London, England in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. with the title Jane Eyre. An Autobiography under the pen name "Currer Bell". The American edition came out the following year published by Harper & Brothers of New York. Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character. The novel goes through five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gates head, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Logwood School, where she acquires friends and role models but also suffers privations; her time as the governess of Thorn field Manor, where she falls in love with her Byronic employer, Edward Rochester; her time with the Rivers family at Marsh's End (or Moor House) and Morton, where her cold clergyman-cousin St John Rivers proposes to her; and her reunion with and marriage to her beloved Rochester. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism. It is a novel considered ahead of its time. In spite of the dark, brooding elements, it has a strong sense of right and wrong, of morality at its core. Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters and most editions are at least 400 pages long (although the preface and introduction on certain copies are liable to take up another 100). Jane Eyre is not only a love story; it is also a plea for the recognition of the individual's worth. Throughout the book, Jane demands to be treated as an independent human being, a person with her own needs and talents. Early on, she is unjustly punished, precisely for being herself — first by Mrs. Reed and John Reed, and subsequently by Mr. Brocklehurst. Her defiance of Mrs. Reed is her first active declaration of independence in the novel, but not her last. Helen Burns and Miss Temple are the first characters to acknowledge her as an individual; they love her for herself, in spite of her obscurity. Rochester too loves her for herself; the fact that she is a governess and therefore his servant does not negatively affect his perception of her. Rochester confesses that his ideal woman is intellectual, faithful, and loving — qualities that Jane embodies. Rochester's acceptance of Jane as an independent person is contrasted by Blanche and Lady Ingram's attitude toward her: they see her merely as a servant. Lady Ingram speaks disparagingly of Jane in front of her face as though Jane isn't there. To her, Jane is an inferior barely worthy of notice, and certainly not worthy of respect. And even though she is his cousin, St. John Rivers does not regard Jane as a full, independent person. Rather, he sees her as an instrument, an accessory that would help him to further his own plans. Jane acknowledges that his cause (missionary work) may be worthy, but she knows that to marry simply for the sake of expedience would be a fatal mistake. Her marriage to Mr. Rochester, by contrast, is the marriage of two independent beings. It is because of their independence, Brontë suggests, that they acknowledge their dependence on each other and are able to live happily ever after. 311 Bibliography Charlotte Bronte „‟Jane Eyre”. Free encyclopedia. reziume nino aWaraZe Sarlota bronte “jein eari” jein eari aris pirivneba, romelic TviTon gadmogcems sakuTar ambavs. Romani Sedgeba xuTi Tavisagan: jeinis bavSvoba geiTsedSi, sadac is emociurad da fizikurad Sewuxebulia Tavisi bicolis da biZaSvilebisgan; misi swavla lovudis skolaSi, sadac is iZens megobrebs; misi aRmzrdelad muSaoba TornfildSi, sadac mas uyvardeba; cxovreba riverebTan da dabruneba ukan TornfildSi. naxevrad avtobiografiuli romani asaxavs jeinis cxovrebas. is savsea cinizmis elementebiT, magram jeins aqvs Zlieri gZnoba moralobis rom moipovos sakuTari adgili sazogadoebaSi. William Shakespeare-the Bard of Avon Nana Tsutskiridze Sukhishvili Teaching University Business Administration, 2 course Supervisor: Ekaterine Maruashvili The last half of the XVI and the beginning of the XVII centuries are known as the golden age of English literature. It was the time of the English Renaissance and sometimes it is called ―The Age of William Shakespeare‖. William Shakespeare was born on 23 April, 1564 was an English poet and playwright, now widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world ’s most famous dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet and the ―Bard of Avon‖. William Shakespeare was born and raised in Strafford-upon-Avon, in the south of England. Around 1585 William Shakespeare left Strafford and moved to London where he began his successful career in the theatre. Little is known about this period of his life, but he was certainly well established both as an actor and popular playwright. In London his plays were staged mainly at The Globe Theatre, which he partly owned himself. Soon he began to write plays, and a few years became a well-known author. His works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets and several poems. William Shakespeare ’s plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. William Shakespeare’s experience as an actor helped him greatly in the writing of his plays. His knowledge of the stage and his poetical genius made his plays the most wonderful ones ever written. Among his plays there are deep tragedies, such as Hamlet, King lear, Othello, Macbeth, 312 light comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor, All‟s Well That Ends Well, Twelfth Night, historical dramas, such as Henry IV ,Richard III, and the most important beautiful 154 Sonnets. My favorite play from his works is 154 Sonnets, I think it is extraordinary and careful play because there are many wonderful events about life. Tired with all these, for restful death I cry, As, to behold desert a beggar born, And needy nothing trimmed in jollity, And purest faith unhappily forsworn, And gilded honor shamefully misplaced, And maiden virtue rudely trumpeted, And right perfection wrongfully disgraced, And strength by limping sway disabled, And art made tongue-tied by authority, And folly doctor-like controlling skill, And simple truth miscalled simplicity, And captive good attending captain ill: Tired with all these, from these would I be gone, Save that, to die, I leave my love alone. William Shakespeare is a respected poet and playwright in Georgia as well. His plays were first translated in the 19th century by Ivane Machabeli and today all of Shakespeare’s major plays have been translated into Georgian. Theatres in our country have a long and interesting history of staging William Shakespeare’s plays in Georgian and some of the productions have been successfully performed abroad, including in England and Scotland. William Shakespeare spent the last years of his life at Stratford, where he died 1616.He was buried in the church of Strafford. A monument was erected to the memory of the great playwright in the Poet’s Corner in Westminster Abbey. Bibliography: 1. William Shakespeare Sonnets (154). 2. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. 313 uiliam Seqspiri nana cucqiriZe reziume mocemuli Tema exeba udidesi ingliseli mwerlis uiliam Seqspiris cxovrebas, kerZod, mis bavSvobas. uiliam Seqspiri aris pirovneba, romelmac dawera “romeo da julieta”, “hamleti” da sxva. magram miuxedavad am piesebisa, man dawera 154 soneti da yvelaze STambeWdavi 66 soneti, romelSic man asaxa Tavisi ganvlili cxovreba da problemebi. mixeil javaxiSvilis publicistika mariam xaniaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitaruli fakulteti _ qarTuli ena da literatura nino mindiaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent profesori EE-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 “arsena marabdelis” epilogSi m. javaxiSvili wers: “sul ubralo sofels maSin gauvardeba saxeli, Tu iq didi vaJkaci daibada”. misi naTqvami gamarTlda. Zvelad borCalod wodebuli ori mivardnili sofeli - weraqvi da sioni, samudamod Sevida istoriaSi, radgan iq didi mwerali da moRvawe, mixeil javaxiSvili daibada. mixeil javaxiSvilma, Tavisi mxatvruli da publicisturi nawarmoebebiT, umal miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba. ganaTlebulma axalgazrdam, pirdapiri da principuli pozicia gamoamJRavna da saocari siTamamiT Caeba im drois sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi. Tavis werilebSi is zogadsakacobrio Temebsa da sakiTxebsac ixilavda. Tavidanve masSi igrZnoboda is Semtevi paTosi da mebrZoli suli, romelic mis bunebas axasiaTebda. samwerlo asparezze gamosvlis dRidan, sicocxlis bolomde, mixeili Tavisi xalxis erTguli darCa, cdilobda, epoqas ar CamorCenoda da yofiliyo Tavisi xalxis gamomxatveli, axali epoqisa da cxovrebis amsaxveli. jer kidev sakmaod axalgazrdam, Tamamad gamoTqva Tavisi azri literaturasa da xelovnebaSi axali Tvalis, axali Temis, axali adamianis dasamkvidreblad. mixeil javaxiSvilis publicisturi werilebi mkiTxvelTa gansakuTrebul mowonebas imsaxurebda. 1904 wlidan mixeili “iveriis” redaqtori gaxda. ase, rom. ymawvili, romelsac erT dros saguramoSi “iliaoba” dRes didma iliam gza dauloca, axla TviT ilias daarsebuli gazeTs redaqtorobda. mixeili iyo erTi imaTgani, visac arasodes ganelebia eris didi moZRvaris siyvaruli. 314 1906 wels adamaSvili gazeT “glexs” redaqtorobda metismeti gabedulebisaTvis mwarali pasuxisgebaSi iqna micemuli. filipe gogiCaiSvilis TanadgomiT mixeili, moaxerxebs sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas da amiT sasjelisagan Tavis daRwevas 1906-1907 wlebSi mwerali Jenevasa da parizSi cxovrobs. ismens leqciebs da cdilobs srulyofilad daeuflos evropul literaturas. wers publicistur werilebs, moTxrobebs da samSobloSi agzavnis. 1907 wlis martSi mixeili kvlav TbilisSia. msaxurobs gazeT “isris” radaqciaSi. es is redaqciaa, romelmac pirvelma Seityo 1907wlis 30 agvistos momxdari erovnuli tragediis Sesaxeb. gaognebuli mwerali meore dResme saguramoSi midis, sadac misTvis bavSvobidanve mSobliuri iyo yvelaferi. is Rame iq gaaTia saSineli da mtanjveli fiqrebiT. “arasodes ar damaviwydeba is Rame,- ogonebda mwerali,- sxvebma damaswres da loginebi dairiges, darCa mxolod erTi baliSi, ilias sisxliT mosvrili baliSi romelic mokvlis dros zurgis ukan edo. bevri yoymanis Semdeg Zlivs gavbede: is baliSi kaklis qveS wyarosTan davde, zed cxvirsaxoci davafare da fsiqiurad datanjulma mamlis yivilisas Zlivs CaviZine.” ilias gardacvalebis Semdeg javaxiSvili iZulebulia kvlav sazRvargareT, safrangeTSi gaemgzavros. ukan brundeba 1909 wels da saTaveSi udgeba Jurnal “ers”. 1910 wels kvlav daapatimres samSoblos siyvarulis gulisTvis miusajes 1 wliT cixe da 5 wliT saqarTvelodan rostovSi gadasaxleba. mixeilis mizani iyo TanamgrZnob patriotebTan erTad ilias anderZis aRsruleba- samSoblos gaTavisufleba. da, ai, 1915 wels radikalurad ganwyobilma erovnul moRvaweTa axalgazrdebis jgufma gamosca im droisaTvis yvelaze mZafri, Tavisuflebis zarebis damarisxebeli gazeTi ” saqarTvelo”, romlis redaqtori iyo adamaSvili. kvlav gaixsenes adamaSvili iq, sadac jer ars da kavkasiis samxedro olqis ufrosma ” urCia”,kavkasias gaSoreboda. . . iZulebuli gaxda literaturul saqmianobas CamoSoreboda. 1916 wlidan wiTeli jvris sazogadoebis xaziT mixeili sparseT-osmaleTis frontze gaemgzavra da mTeli weliwadi sparseTSi dahyo. samSobloSi mixeili 1917 wels brundeba. am wels daarsda saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia. am partiis wevrebi da maT Soris mixeili daucxromlad ibrZvian saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis. 1918 wlis 26 maiss mefisnacvlis yofili sasaxlis Tavze saqarTvelos erovnuli droSa afrialda. mixeils TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi lomis wili edo, magram, kvlav bedis ironia. saqarTvelos mTavroba, faqtobrivad, social demokratebma Seadgines. im xalxma, vinc Tavis droze swored saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideis Casaklavad ibrZoda. . javaxiSvili da misi megobrebi 315 amjeradac opoziciis kuTxeSi aRmoCdnen. parlamentSi, rogorc iTqva, umravlesobas socializmis mqadagebeli social-demokratebi warmoadgendnen, romlebisac javaxiSvils araferi swamda. erTgan mas Cauweria: „socializmis ideam ganuzomeli zarali moutana saqarTvelos da SemdegSic ukidures xifaTs uqadis”. magram raki Tavisufal saqarTvelos eRirsnen, ganze mainc aravin gamdgara. javaxiSvili sxvadasxva dawesebulebebSi msaxurobda. kalami gverdze gadado da qveynis ekonomikur moRonierebas uwyobda xels. marTalia, male Sewyda 117 wlis Semdeg aRdgenili saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis arseboba. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals qarTveli eri kvlav dapyrobili aRmoCnda bolSevikuri ruseTis mier. mixeil javaxiSvils sazogadoeba icnobs,rogorc saintereso mweralsa da mxatvruli teqstebis avtors. Tumca, aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi publicisturi werilebi. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom misi saxiT qarTul mwerlobas hyavs ubadlo mesityve. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is werilebi, sadac aanalizebs qarTul enasTan dakavSirebul problemebs da Cveni kvlevis saganic mixeil javaxiSvilis is werilebi, romlebic swored am sakiTxebs exeba. “udidesi amocana enis dawmendaa da am saqmis pirveli meTauri qarTveli mwerali unda iyves. xolo am ukanasknels rom SeeZlos sxvaTa mxileba, jer TviT unda ganikurnos”. es sityvebi mixeil javaxiSvils ekuTvnis werilSi “qarTuli ena”. mTavar problemad avtori enis gauwmendaobaSi xedavs.amtkicebs, rom provinciuloba miuReblad ar miaCnia. albaT, TiToeulma Semoqmedma ubralod is unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom yvela nawarmoebs individualuri midgoma sWirdeba. magaliTad, javaxiSvilis azriT, sul ar mouxdeboda vaJas Semoqmedebas literaturuli ena. mwerlis amocanaa miyves ZiriTad samwerlobo enas, provinciidan motanili sityvebi ki mxolod mis Senakadad gamoiyenos. werili qarTul enaze 1924 wlis 20 maiss daiwera. am dros qarTul enas, qarTul literaturas, qarTul kulturas cudi dRe adga. gansakuTrebiT proletari mwerlebisgan, romlebic proletariatis diqtaturisadmi apirebdnen qarTuli mwerlobisa da saerTod kulturis daqvemdebarebas. .maTTvis mTavari iyo bolSevikuri Temebi, xolo formebi, gamoxatvis saSualebebi, xarisxi mniSvnelovani ar gaxldaT. amgvari movlenebis winaaRmdeg yovelTvis ilaSqrebdnen namdvili qarTveli mwerlebi. swored amgvar gulistkivils gamoxatavs mwerali am teqstSi. mixeil javaxiSvili samwerlobo-publicistur asparezze gamodis 1903 wels. pirvelad man SeaRo gazeT “cnobis furcelis” redaqciis kari da am organos sasurveli TanamSromeli gaxda. javaxiSvili arsebuli reJimis wnaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, Tavs esxmis mas, amxels mis velur bunebas,sicrues da yalTabandobas. mis werilebSi ruseTis cxovrebidan iseTi ambebia aRebuli, romelic amxels TviTmpyrobelobas mefis 316 xelisuflebisas, mis pirsisxlian da jalaTis saxes. werilebSi yvelgan gabedulad igrZnoba avtoris zizRi arsebuli weswyobilebisa da Savbneli reaqciis mimarT. amave dros werilebs wiTel zolad gasdevs didi siyvaruli da simpaTia daCagrulTa da SeviwrovebulTa mimarT, revoluciis mimarT. ufro metic, am werilebSi avtori mosCans Seupovar, gabedul, uSiSar da anTebul revolucionerad, romelic Tavisi mgznebare publicistikiT aTasebis gulebs aanTebs revoluciis xanZris gasaRviveblad da gasaZliereblad. “isev qarTuli enis Sesaxeb” - am werilSi avtori TiTqmis imave problemas svams rasac pirvelSi. SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams damaxinjebul enaze. im Jargonebze, romlebsac SegviZlia TiTos qarTuli ramdenime sityva davaxvedroT, magram yvelaze cudi isaa, rom es Jargonebi Cvevadaa qceuli. ”uceb rom Cvenma winaprebma wamoiwion da yuri ugdon dRevandel qarTuls, nebayoflobiT ukanve Cascvivdebian saflavebSi” ambobs javaxiSvili da SiSobs ar gadaSendes SoTas, ilias, akakis ena. mTavar gamosavlad asaxelebs sakuTar Tavze, ojaxze muSaobas, enis gadasarCenad. es werili dResac aqtualuria, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enaa, problema isev dgas. xSirad gaigonebs kaci: ”spiCka”, “daJe”, “imenna” da ase Semdeg. ver iqna da rusuli sityvebi ver moviSoreT. Tu gvinda, rom saqarTvelom namdvilad miaRwios Tavisuflebas, unda gavumklavdeT imperiis Semotevebis Sedegad datovebul manks da davamarcxoT. me-20 saukunis damdegs uamravi qarTveli moswyda samSoblos da ucxoeTSi gadaixvewa. mwerali Tavis piblicistur werilebSi exmaureba axalgazrdebis wasvlas sakuTari ojaxebidan da maT samudamo gaucxoebas. arada, qveyana usaso mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. cxadia, daiwyeboda genofondis Semcireba. am savalalo Sedegebis molodinma aaRebina kalami mixeil javaxiSvils xelSi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis mTavari sazrunavi metyvelebis iaraRi “ena” iyo da aqtiurad cdilobda qarTuli enis gadagvarebas. javaxiSvils es mTavari problema aqvs dasmuli werilSi “qarTulis damaxinjebani”. erT-erTi pirvelTagani, vinc xma aimaRla qarTuli enis dacvisTvis da gaafTrebuli brZola gamoucxada masSi yovelgvar simaxinjes, qarTuli sityvis didostati mixeil javaxiSvili gaxldaT. igi Zlier ganicdida am faqts da gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda, rom qarTulma mwerlobam ver mouara xucesis, merCules, mTawmindelis, SoTas da sxvaTa enas. misi sityviT “dRevandelma literatorma veRar zida samemkvidro ganZi da lafSi Caagdo”. mwerali daundobeli iyo inteligenciis im nawilis mimarT, vinc gulgrilad ekideboda am saqmes da TiTqos Seugneblad uwyobda kidec xels qarTuli enis damaxinjebas. Zalian sainteresoa javaxiSvilis werili arsena marabdelze. sadac is ganixilavs arsenas pirovnebas. imas, Tu ram misca sababi daewera arsenaze romani da Semdeg ukvdavad eqcia. aq zogi personaJi mogonilia, zogic 317 namdvili, magram TiToeuls Tavisi prototipi hyavs mwerlis TvalsawierSi.nawarmoebis Sesaxeb kritikasa da rCeva-darigebebs mwerali ganixilavs publicistur werilSi “pasuxi arsena marabdelis irgvliv gamarTul disputze”, ambobs sxvebis azri gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tumca viRacam sTqva; “yvelas mousmine, magram bolos mxolod Sen Tavs daujereo”. asec iqceva mwerali,ambobs-“bodiSs vixdi,magram yvelafers isev Cemi WkuiTa da gonebiT gadavWrio. es istoriuli romani 1933-36 wlebSi daiwera. am periodis sisxliani represiebis fonze romanma kidev ufro daamZima xelisuflebis mwerlisadmi damokidebuleba. romanSi naCvenebia xalxis brZola erovnuli da socialuri TavisuflebisTvis, swored meoce saukunis pirvel saxevarSi. me-20 saukunis 20iani wlebis saqarTvelo arsebiTad imave movlenebiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc romanSi asaxuli me-19 saukunis pirveli naxevari. javaxiSvili iZulebulia amoefaros istoriis Tematikas, warsulSi moiZios iseTi ambebi da siuJetebi, rac mis TanamedroveTa Tvalwin xdeba. warsulis saxiT ilaparakos im problemebze, romelic axalgazrdebs awuxebT da ver gamouTqvamT. arsena marabdelis epoqa axlosaa mwerlis epoqasTan. swored es romani gaxda erTerTi safuZveli imisa, rom 1937 wels mwerali daepatimrebinaT da Semdeg sikvdiliT daesajaT. is eris majiscemas miyuradebuli mamuliSvili iyo, rogorc pavle ingoroyvas uTqvams, igi mwerlobaSi publicistikidan da politikidan movida. rac imas niSnavs,rom cxovrebis SuagulSi trialebda da sazogadoebrivi problemebis arsi „ZiriT Ziramde hqonda gaCxrekili“. avtobiaografiaSi javaxiSvili wers: ”adamaSvilis moRvaweobis mTavari mizania saqarTvelos Tavisufleba,saqarTvelos avonomia”. misi am sityvebis sinamdvilesa da sialaleze xom misive Semoqmedeba miuTiTebs, romlis skrupulozurad gacnoba imeds gvitovebs, rom didi mwerlisa da publicistis Sroma da garja uSedegod ar Caivlis qarTveli erisTvis. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. javaxiSvili mixeili, werilebi ,Tb.,1980 w.tV Publicism of Mikheil Javakhishvili MMariam Khaniashvili Resume The work discusses publicism one of the greatest writers of 20th century – Mikheil Javakhishvili. The target of the above article is to discuss letters of Mikheil Javakhishvili dedicated to Georgian language. In the letters the writer speaks about issue related to Georgian language. The main problem for writer is to pollute language and thinks that everyone should analyse the issue of languge purity. 318 okribis karstuli masivebi Temur kublaSvili suxiSvilis universitetis biznesis administrirebis II kursis studenti namoraZe leila suxiSvilis universitetis mowveuli maswavlebeli [email protected] Tel: 599 38 00 43 karstuli reliefi saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli(6.4%) da bunebriv pirobebSi karbonatuli qanebis wyalSi gaxsnas ukavSirdeba. karsti umTavresad Cveni qveynis dasavleT nawilSia gavrcelebuli. aq gvxvdeba rogorc Tanamedrove, moqmedi karsti, ise Zvelic-paleogenuri asakisa. saqarTveloSi 1300-ze meti karstuli siRruea cnobili. maTi jamuri siRrme 55 km-s, xolo sigrZe 240 km-s aRwevs. qveynis karstis grandiozulobaze miuTiTebs okribis teritoriaze (istoriuli mxare dasavleT saqarTveloSi. moicavs tyibulis municipalitetis teritorias. mTagoriani mxarea; misi farTobi 478.2 kv.kmia.) arsebuli karstuli cxrajvaris mRvimeebi. masivebi: cucxvaTis, tyibula-Zevrulas da cucxvaTis mRvime mdebareobs tyibulis raionis sofel cucxvaTis samxreTiT, okriba-argveTis serze, zRvis donidan 250-400 m-ze. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am mRvimur sistemas „maRaras“ saxeliT moixseniebs. mRvimuri kompleqsi gamomuSavebulia cucxvaTis qvabulSi gamdinare patara mdinarisSabaTaRelis mier qvedacarculi asakis masiur kirqvebSi. Sesasvlelebi aqvs okriba-argveTis seris orive mxareze. cucxvaTis qvabuls wagrZelebuli forma aqvs. Tavisi siZveliTa da sarTulebis raodenobiT mRvimes msoflioSi meore adgili ukavia. profesor levan maruaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebulma eqspediciam mRvimis 75 m-ian vertikalur WrilSi 13 sarTuli gamoyo. pirveli sarTuli adamianisaTvis gauvali viwro xvrelia, romelSic mdinare SabaTaRelis mudmivi nakadi gaedineba. meore sarTuli, anu mTavari talani giganturi bunebrivi gvirabia, romlis sigrZe- 200 m, sigane-10-30 m, simaRle ki-10-28 m-ia. mdinaris nakadi aq mxolod wyaldidobis periodebSi gadadis. mRvimis zeda sarTulebi TiTqmis mSralia, qveda sami sarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, isini gamWoli ar aris da mxolod TiTo Sesasvleli aqvs. mRvimeeebSi ar gvxvdeba naRvenTi formebi, samagierod, SabaTaRelis Senakadebs gamomuSavebuli aqvT xSiri da Rrmad CaWrili xeobebi; SabaTaRele amJamad amuSavebs kalapotisqveSa sadinars, romelic uaxles iarusad 319 SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli. cucxvaTis mRvimeebSi pirvelyofili adamiani savaraudod paleoliTis xanidan cxovrobda, rac dasturdeba aq napovni kaJis iaraRebiT, cxovelTa ZvlebiTa da neandertalelis kbiliT. uZvelesi adamiani mRvimes religiuri miznebiTac iyenebda - erT-erT maTganSi aRmoCenilia erTmaneTze dawyobili daTvis Tavis qalebi da wina TaTebi, rac msxverplSewirvis rituals unda asaxavdes. qarafSi gaxsnil mRvimeebSi SemorCenilia feodaluri xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qviTkiris kedlebi, safexurebi da Tixis WurWeli. cucxvaTis mRvimovani, rogorc unikaluri bunebrivi da arqeologiuri Zegli, saxelmwifo nakrZalad aris gamocxadebuli. tyibula-Zevrulas mRvimis Casasvlelebi mdebareobs tyibulisa da Terjolis raionebis sazRvarze, okriba-argveTis seris flatis ZirSi, sofel Zevris maxloblad zRvis donidan 490m-ze. mRvimis gamokvleuli nawilis sigrZe 1600 m-ia, fskeris farTobi 5500 kv.m, xolo moculoba 35000 kubur metrs uaxlovdeba. gamomuSavebulia zedacarcul Sreebriv kirqvebSi. mRvimis samive Sesasvleli mokle Webisa da daxrili safexurebis monacvleobiT ukavSirdeba subhorizontalur galereas, romelic mraval ganStoebas Seicavs. isini Sedgeba rogorc mokle da wyliani, ise grZeli da mSrali nawilebisagan. 220m -is siRrmeze galerea sifonuri tbiT ixSoba. cxrajvaris mRvime mdebareobs tyibulis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, raWis qedis (naqeralas) samxreT ferdobze, zRvis donidan 1435 m-ze. gamomuSavebulia qvedacarcul sqelSreebriv kirqvebSi. Sesasvleli kirqvis giganturi lodebiT aris Caxergili. mRvimis wina nawili erTiani grandiozuli darbazia (simaRle- 6-7m, fskeris farTobi- 3000 kv.m, xolo moculoba-17000 kub.m-ia). cxrajvaris mRvime Sedgeba viwro yeliT dakavSirebuli ori nawilisagan, romelTa jamuri sigrZe 470 m-ia. meore nawili erT-erTi udidesia axali aTonis mRvimis „qarTvel speleologTa darbazis“ Semdeg. cxrajvaris mRvimis erT-erT ubanze SemorCenilia bunebrivad moCuqurTmebuli stalagmitebi. Weri TeTri naRvenTi formebiTstalaqtitebiTa da kalcitis fardebiT , fskeri ki stalaqtitebis namtvrevebiTaa mofenili, rac Weris periodul Camoqcevaze migvaniSnebs. aqve mikvleulia mRvimuri daTvis Tavis qala da sxva nawilebi. savaraudod aq winaT arsebobda erTi mRvimidan meoreSi gasavleli, saidanac daTvebi wylis dasalevad Sediodnen. Semdeg mRvimis Weri Camoiqca, Sesasvleli amoqola da mRvime daTvebis sasaflaod aqcia. axla mxolod viwro xvrelia SemorCenili. okribis teritoriaze arsebuli mRvimovani sistema unikaluria. misi Seswavla mniSvnelovania rogorc mecnieruli , ise praqtikuli saWiroebebidan gamomdinare-turistuli da samedicino TvalsazrisiT. 320 dReisaTvis mRvimeebis kvleva garTulebulia ZviradRirebuli aparaturis arqonis gamo. misi specifikurobisa A da adgilobrivi mosaxleoba miiCnevs, rom mRvimeebis popularizaciis SemTxvavaSi mimdebare soflebi turistul funqcias SeiZens, rac momgebiani iqneba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. mRvimeebis turistuli eqsploatacia sifrTxiles moiTxovs. maTi keTilmowyoba da ganaTeba safrTxes uqmnis naRvenTi formebis arsebobas. mRvimis aqtiuri ventilacia Weridan stalaqtitebis mtvrevas iwvevs (saTafliis mRvime), xolo Tanamedrove dekoratiuli ganaTebis pirobebSi Cndeba mcenareebi (promeTes mRvime), rac arRvevs mikroklimats. misi SenarCuneba ki mRvimis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. m. alfeniZe, z. seferTelaZe, e. daviTaia, k. xaraZe ,,saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia” , Tbilisi 2009. 2. ,,saqarTvelos bunebrivi saocrebani”, saymawvilo enciklopedia t. IX, gamomcemloba ,,dila”, Tbilisi 2008. 3. l. maruaSvili ,,mRvimeTmcodneobis safuZvlebi”, Tbilisi 1973. 4. www.imereti.ge 5. www.apa.gov.ge 6. www. ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/okriba Okriba Karstic Massive Temur Kublashvili Resume Georgia is a unique country from the point of view of spreading of the karstic relief. The work deals with the caves existing on the Okriba territory in West Georgia. These caves are famous for their worldwide importance. 321 gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebis sazogadoebasTan integraciis procesSi masmediis saSualebaTa roli da mniSvneloba dea svaniZe, sofo jaWvaZe soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis ganatlebis fakultetis III kursi rusudan fifia soxumis sax. universitetis filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 Cven garemoSi mravali gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamiani cxovrobs. tradiciulad, sazogadoebis es garkveuli nawili ase Tu ise jer kidev socialuri da politikuri cxovrebis miRma rCeba. sazogadoeba, rogorc wesi, naklebad icnobs maT. gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianisTvis ki sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad yofna sirTuleebis gadalaxvas niSnavs, fizikuri da Ffsiqologiuri barierebis daZlevas. Tu ratom arian isini `uxilavni~ da naklebad CarTulni sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, amis mravali mizezi arsebobs, maT Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sazogadoebaSi arsebuli negatiuri ganwyobaa. negatiuri ganwyobis mowmeni Cven TviTon gavxdebiT, rodesac gavecnobiT fizikur, socialur da fsiqologiur barierebs, romlebic xels uSlis integraciis process. Catarebulma kvlevebma gamoavlina am adamianebTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebis sxvadasxvagvari xedva. gamokiTxulTa 45% Tvlis, rom aseT adamianebs aqvT arasrulfasovnebis gancda, ris gamoc isini skolaSi wasvlisgan Tavs ikaveben, nawili ki miiCnevs, rom aseT bavSvebs an ar aqvT swavlis survili, an ar SeuZliaT swavla. gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqoneTa mimarT swori sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebas SeuZlia daarRvios sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebi. TiToeulma adamianma unda Seignos, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebs TanagrZnoba da Tanadgoma sWirdebaT, raTa maT sazogadoebisgan mowyvetilad ar igrZnon Tavi, zedmet tvirTad da usargeblo adamianad. mogexsenebaT, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone ar niSnavs mxolod gonebaSezRuduls da rom maT Soris bevri uniWieresi adamiania, romelTa gonebriv SesaZleblobebTan SeiZleba fizikurad sruliad normaluri adamiani verc ki mivides. istoriam mravlad Semogvinaxa msgavsi magaliTebi, roca smenadakarguli adamiani saocar musikas, xolo brma mxatvari ki msoflio Sedevrebs qmnida. [3;gv.243] amdenad, msgavs adamianTa mxolod avadmyofebad aRqma da maTi erTgvarad `mokveTa~ aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan araTu arasasurveli faqti, aramed danaSaulic kia. am adamianebs ufleba aqvT, icxovron da iRvawon TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi. yovelive amis misaRwevad ki aucilebelia masmediis sasualebebis aqtiuri propaganda. masmedia Zlieri saSualebaa sazogadoebrivi azris Sesaqmnelad. Tu uaxloes istorias gadavxedavT, aSkarad SeimCneva SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone 322 adamianTa gaaqtiureba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris periodSic ki arsebobda usinaTloTa sazogadoeba, romelsac hqonda Tavisi mcire sawarmoebi, sadac dasaqmebuli iyvnen usinaTlo adamianebi da iqmneboda farTo gamoyenebis produqcia. roca aseTi adamiani grZnobs, rom sargeblobis motana SeuZlia da mZime tvirTad ar awveba garSemo myofT, es ukve misi gamarjvebaa im tkivilze, romelsac guliT daatarebs Tavisi fizikuri naklis gamo. aRiarebulia, rom erT-erTi mniSvnelovani barieri, romlis gadalaxvac SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs uwevT, aris sazogadoebis damokidebuleba maTdami. samwuxarod, sazogadoeba jer kidev ar aris mzad aRiqvas isini srulfasovan da sruluflebian wevrebad. jer kidev Zlieria gaucxoebisa da `sinanulis~ faqtori, maTze saubrisas xSirad gaismis sityvebi: `sabralo~, `sawyali~, `ubeduri~ da a.S. rac ara marto araeTikuri, aramed damamcirebelic kia. dRes skolebSi unarSezRudul bavSvTa swavlebis sakiTxi sabolood formirebuli da Camoyalibebuli ar aris. sxva sakiTxia ramdenadaa dainteresebuli ama, Tu im skolis direqcia, rom maTTan msgavsi SesaZleblobebis bavSvebma iswavlon. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom gaaCndes kiTxva: xom ar daafrTxobs mSobels is, rom misi Svili erT klasSi iqneba SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone bavSvTan? xom ar SeuSlis es xels mis Svils srulfasovani ganaTlebis miRebaSi? garda amisa, dResdReobiT saqarTvelos skolebSi ar aris pirobebi imisa, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebma damoukideblad (individualurad) SeZlon gadaadgileba. Zalian mniSvnelovania, skolas hqondes iseTi asasvleli saklaso oTaxamde, biblioTekamde da a.S, romelsac savarZelSi mjdomi adamiani gamoiyenebs. CvenTan jer kidev ar danergila politikurad koreqtuli terminologia. mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad propaganda unda gaewios iseTi gansazRvrebebisa da cnebebis damkvidrebas, romlebic ar iwvevs negatiur asociaciebs. [2;gv.46] terminebi, romlebic ar unda gamoviyenoT Sez. Ses. Mmqone pirebis mimarT: 1. SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piri ar unda movixsenioT invalidad, xeibrad; 2. gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis mqone bavSvi _ avadmyofad, defeqturad; 3.adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli zrunva sWirdeba _ arasrulfasovnad; 4. pirovneba, romelic etliT gadaadgildeba _ etls mijaWvul adamianad; 5. Tandayolili SezRudva _ Tandayolil defeqtad; 6. gonebrivi ganviTarebis Seferxebis mqone pirovneba _ gonebaClungad, gonebrivad arasrulyofilad, debilad; 7.Ffsiqikuri problemebis mqone piri, sulieri an emociuri darRvevebis mqone _ giJad; 8. susti mxedvelobis mqone, mxedvelobis SezRudvis mqone, usinaTlo _ brmad an brucianad; 9. smenis SezRudvis, smenisa da metyvelebis darRvevis mqone bavSvi _ yrud da yrumunjad. [2;gv.47] ra grZnobebi, emociebi da asociaciebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios mkiTxvelSi am sityvebma? aRmoCnda, rom: etls mijaWvuli asocirdeba _ ganwirulobasTan; 323 yru-munji _ urTierTobis sirTulesTan; uxelo `paralitiki~ TanagrZnobas, sibraluls iwvevs; gonebaClungi, dauni _ zizRTan, dakavSirebulia usiamovno moulednelobasTan, saSiSroebasTan, safrTxesTan. rogori unda iyos sazogadoebis warmodgena, damokidebuleba gansxvavebul adamianebze, Tuki statiebSi gamoyenebuli TiToeuli sityva zemoTqmul emociebs iwvevs: erT-erT gazeTSi gamoqveynda statia, romelic integrirebuli swavlebis sakiTxs Seexo. sakiTxis mimoxilvis Semdeg avtori statias ase amTavrebs: `Cveni jamrTeli bavSvebi isedac ar iklaven Tavs swavliT da unarSezRuduli moswavleebis gverdiT miiReben ki srulyofil ganaTlebas? ~ qarTul presasTan erTad gavecaniT ucxour presas, romlis wakiTxvamac sruliad sapirispiro ganwyobaze dagvayena, es iyo statiebi Cveulebriv adamianebze, maT saintereso pirad da profesiul cxovrebaze. sainteresoa piter radkes mosazreba gansxvavebul adamianTa sakiTxebsa da masmediaze. piter radke germaniis erT-erT qalaqSi mdebare patara telestudiisa da filmebis mwarmoebeli kompaniis mTavari menejeri da redaqtoria. is ukve 19 welia, uSualod muSaobs gansxvavebuli adamianebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Temebze. piter radke aseve gaxlavT evropis gansxvavebul adamianTa forumis sakomunikacio komitetis aqtiuri wevric. moviyvanT nawyvets masTan interviudan: `_ batono radke, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs. Tqven rogor TvliT, es ubralod imis bralia, rom sazogadoeba ar aris dainteresebuli maTi cxovrebiT, Tu ubralod am adamianebTan urTierTobis damyareba raRacis SiSiT aris gamowveuli? _ gansxvavebuli adamianebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba sakmaod izidavs sazogadoebas, magaliTisTvis sakuTar Tavs moviyvan. adamianebma arc ki ician, Tu rogor SevZeli cxovrebaSi raimesTvis mimeRwia, isini ufro gaocebuli miyureben, rodesac manqanaSi vjdebi da verc ki warmoidgenen, Tu rogor SevZleb sruli datvirTviT vimuSao samsaxurSi. Cven unda SevwyvitoT fiqri imaze, rom Cveni cxovreba ar aris saintereso sazogadoebisTvis da SevecadoT, rogorme SevamciroT is zRvari, rac arsebobs Cvensa da im adamianebs Soris, romelTac dRes `aragansxvavebulad~ moiazreben... Cven unda gadavlaxoT Cven win arsebuli nebismieri barieri. Cven unda gadaviqceT `uxilavi~ moqalaqeebidan `xilulebad~ da Tu Cveni moqalaqeebi ar movlen CvenTan stumrad, Cven vewvioT maT Sin media kompaniis warmoebiT (statiebiTa da TV JurnalistebiT)~. SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebis mimarT interess iCenen sportuli federaciebi. magaliTad, ramdenime kviris win gaimarTa Sejibri jomardobaSi, romelSic monawileobdnen etliT mosiaruleebi, aseve uaxloes momavalSi igegmeba paraplaniT frena. Cven garSemo mcxovrebi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebi zogi am gansxvavebulobiT daibadnen an Semdeg SeiZines _ cxovrebis manZilze, 324 Tumca amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs. ubralod, gansxvavebuloba moiTxovs gansakuTrebul pirobebs, specifikuri saWiroebebidan gamomdinare. magaliTad, maT sWirdebaT etlebi, sasmeni aparatebi, megzuri ZaRlebi... magram gacilebiT Znelia, ebrZolo uxilav sirTuleebs _ sazogadoebis uaryofiT damokidebulebas. JurnalistTa informirebulobis gazrda gansxvavebul adamianTa sakiTxebis garSemo xels Seuwyoobs koreqturi leqsikuri erTeulebis SerCevas da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi danergvas, rac Tavis mxriv gansxvavebul adamianTa imijis Seqmnas da pozitiuri sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas ganapirobebs. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. avtorTa jgufi: r. fifia, i. buxuleiSvili. Jurnali `ganaTleba, axali xedcva da axleburi midgomebi~ (soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti). 2. viswavloT erTad, inkluziuri ganaTleba. 3. avtorTa jgufi: mark l. bedSou, nensi j. roizeni, gaetano r. lotreCiano. `bavSvebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebiT~. The Role and Importance of Media for Disabled People to be Integrated in Society Dea Svanidze, Sopo Jachvadze Resume The works speaks about society’s dependence towards desabled people and the role of media in this process. The author thinks that spreading information about disabled people by journalists will contribute to select corrective lexical units and to estabilsh them in everyday life. It will cause to form positive public opinion towards disabled people. qarTuli tansacmeli, fexsacmeli da Tavsaburavebi mariam arCuaZe, irina yaziSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti turizmis specialobis II kursi badri razmaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori Tavisi xangrZlivi evoluciis gzaze adamianma Seqmna tanisamosi. msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebma tansacmeli miusadages sakuTari qveynis bunebriv, saomar, nadirobis, Sromisa da kulturuli dasvenebis pirobebs da, amasTanave, im nedleuls, romelic konkretul geografiul garemoSi saamisod 325 moepovebodaT (tyavi, matyli, seli, kanafi, bamba, abreSumi da a.S.). vinaidan tyavi da qsovili drois gamocdas ver uZlebs, arqeologebi qsovilis mxolod fragmentebsa da nafleTebs pouloben, specialistebi tansacmlis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad msjeloben im naxatebiT, qandakebebiT, qsoviliani keramikiTa da antikuri periodis istorikosebisa da mwerlebis CanawerebiT, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia. gamoCenili germaneli mxatvari da kulturologi, berlinis samxatvro akademiis profesori german veisi (1822_1897w.w.) Tavis wignSi ,,civilizaciis istoria, romelic sam tomadaa gamocemuli da civilizaciis enciklopedias warmoadgens, sxvaTa Soris, Cveni planetis xalxTa tanisamossac aRwers dawyebuli Cvens eramde, meoTxe aTaswleulidan, vidre saukunemde Cveni welTaRricxviT. german veisis samtomeulis wakiTxvis Semdeg, qarTvel kacs uli siamayiT evseba imis gamo, rom Cven, msoflios mraval sxva erisgan gansxvavebiT, sakuTari niWiT, axlis mudmivi ZiebiTa da daucxromeli SromiT Segviqmnia sakuTari originaluri tansacmeli, fexsacmeli da Tavsaburavebi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli erovnuli tansacmeli imdenad xandazmuli, mravalferovani, natifi, esTetikurad da higienurad srulyofili da, amasTanave praqtikulia, rom msoflios nebismieri xalxi iSviaTad Tu gauwevs mas metoqeobas. Cveni winaprebi adridanve flobdnen safeiqro xelovnebas, romelic gvain antikur xanaSi ganviTarebis maRal dones aRwevs. bedenis erT-erT samarxSi mikvleulia Teqis, fardagis da qsovilebis fragmentebi, romlebic Zv.w. aTaswleulis dasawyisiT TariRdeba. mkvlevarebs dRemde ver daudgeniaT, ras warmoadgenda e.g. oqros sawmisi, erT-erTi versiis mixedviT, romelic safeiqro saqmis specialistebs ekuTvniT, oqros sawmisad miCneulia ara cxvris tyavi, aramed unatifesi qsovili, romelsac kolxebi selisagan amzadebdnen. varaudobdnen, rom iseTi qsovili, romelsac erqva wyali an haeri, mzaddeboda imdenad wminda Zafisgan, romlis miReba Tanamedrove sarTav manqanebzec ki metad Znelia da SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ar Canda, aseTi maRali normis Zafis narTi, roca saeqsfortod gahqondaT, erTi grami ormoci grami oqro Rirda da swored amis gamo miCneuli iyo ,,oqros sawmisad. Zvel berZnebs ainteresebdaT aseTi narTis miRebis teqnologia. romlis saidumloc grZneulma medeam kargad icoda da, ra Tqma unda, argonavtebis laSqrobis ZiriTadi mizanic, albaT, es gaxldaT. jer kidev Zv.w. V saukuneSi herodote Tu sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas kolxuri selis qsovilze, romelsac kolxeTSi egviptelTa msgavsad amuSavebdnen, qsenofonte mouTiTebda xalibebisa da mosinikebis selis tansacmelze, strabonis drosac kolxeTSi amuSavebdnen sels da kanafs. seli qveynis gareTac gahqondaT. maRali xarisxis Salis Zafis misaRebad saWiro iyo nazmatyliani cxvris moSeneba. saqarTveloSi cxvris Zvlebisa da misi sakreWi makratlebis (duqardebis) mravlad aRmoCena safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT mecxvareobis farTo gavrceleba anikur xanaSi. savaraudoa, rom qarTuli Cacmuloba ukve antikur xanaSi Camoyalibda. 326 samosi weliwadis drois sesabamisi mzaddeboda, zamTarSi-sqeli da Tbili, zafxulSi - grili da Txeli. saqarTveloSi, rogorc amas werilobiTi wyaroebi adasturebs, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli ,,samoseli tyavisani, ,,samoseli cxovarTa tyapuWi. uZvelesi warmoSobisaa qarTuli nabadi, romlis Sesakravi grZeli brinjaos sakinZebi Zv.w. aTaswleulidanaa CvenSi cnobili. ase rom, qarTvelma erma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeimuSava Cacma-daxurvis unikaluri wesi da qarTulma erovnulma kostiumma mecxramete saukunis 20-ian wlebamde SeinarCuna Tavis funqciuri daniSnuleba. qarTuli erovnuli Cacmulobis mravalferovnebisa da originalurobis sailustraciod sakmarisia qalisa da mamakacis Cacmulobis elementebis Semdegi CamonaTvali: I. mamakacis Tavsaburavi - 1) qeCis qudebi: TuSuri, xevsuruli, svanuri, imeruli, megruli; 2) yabalaxi; 3) imeruli ,,fafanaki; 4) fafaxi - glexuri da qalaquri. II. qalis Tavsaburavi: mandili, Tavsakravi, xilabandi, TavSali, leCaqi, abreSumis Tavsafari - ,,baRdadi, Cixti, kopi, Ciqila. III. perangi: qarTluri, xevsuruli, TuSuri, aWarul-megrul-guruli. IV. Sarvali da Coxa-axaluxi: qarTluri Sarvali, qarTlur-kaxuri axaluxi da naqsovi qamari (,,xonjari), xevsuruli ,,Sarvali, imeruli axaluxi, imeruli Sarvali, aWarul-guruli Sarvali (,,Caqura), aWarul guruli axaluxi, qalis ,,SeidiSi, qalis inglisouri Sarvali, qalis aWaruli Sarvali, glexis qarTuli Coxa,masrebiani Coxa,xevsuruli Coxa, aWarulguruli Coxa. V. qalis qarTuli zeda Casacmeli ,,qaTibi, TuSuri kaba, winsafari, xevsuruli ,,tyavi, ,,sadiaco da zeda samosi. VI. fexsacmeli: qalamani, qoSi, Ceqma, moxeuri qalamani, svanuri dawnulZirebiani qalamani, wuRa-mesti, TuSuri naqsovi ,,CiTa xevsuruli ,,TaTebi, natis aWaruli lafaCini, xis qoSebi. amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT, qarTvelebi SesaniSnavad imosebodnen. maT hqondaT Sroma - saqmianobis, saomari moqmedebis, mTisa da barispirobebis Sesaferisi universaluri Tavsaburavi, tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, ris Sesabamisadac erma SeimuSava Cacma-daxurvis originaluri tradiciebi, romelTa angariSis gaweva savaldebulo iyo rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebisaTvis. magaliTad, didad samarcxvino yofila saukuneSi qarTveli kacisaTvis Tavsaburavis gareSe gamoCena, razedac metyvelebs rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosnis Semdegi monakveTi:,, vinca iyos uaresi, TavSiSveli, sam dRers vlides-o.” aseTive normebs eqvemdebareboda qalisa da mamakacis sxva Sesamosic. ra Tqma unda, aziisa da evropis gzajvaredinze mcxovreb ers zomierada aqvs SeTvisebuli, rogorc aRmosavluri, ise dasavluri Cacmadaxurvis elementebic. bunebam TiToeuli adamianis garegnobas ganumeorebeli individualoba mianiWa da moCvenebiTi garegnuli msgavseba xSir semTxvevaSi sruliad gansxvavebul midgomas moiTxovs ama Tu im pirovnebis garegnuli ieris gaformebaSi, radgan arsebobs raRac Sinagani, faruli niSan-Tvisebebi, 327 romlebic gadamwyvet rols asruleben tansacmlis formisa da feris SerCevaSi. swored amis gamo TiToeulma pirovnebam unda Seiqmnas Cacmulobis sakuTari ansambli. sityva ,,ansambli arqiteqturidanaa nasesxebi da aseTi saxiTac gamoiyeneba xolme ,,Cacmulobis ansambli. Cacmulobis ansamblSi ganasxvaveben ZiriTad nawilebs: palto, kaba, kostiumi da maT danamatebs: fexsacmeli, Tavsaburavi, xelCanTa da samkaulebi. ansamblis Sesaqmnelad SeiZleba dagvWirdes sami, xuTi an aTi nivTic ki da yvela es nivTi unda qmnides erT mTels anu unda iyos urTierTTan harmoniulad Serwymuli. gulsatkenia, rom eri, romelsac Cacma-daxurvis SesaniSnavi tradiciebi hqonda da sxvisgan sasesxebeli TiTqmis araferi sWirda, dRes brmad iziarebs qarTvelisTvis yovlad Seuferebeli Cacma-daxurvis ucxour wesebs. Tu yuradgebiT davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom qarTveli qalebi Tojinebad gadaaqcies da rogorc sur, ise acmeven. maT elvis siswrafiT miatovebines kabebi da SarvlebiT Seucvales, Semdeg weli mouRiaves da sasircxo organo - Wipi gamouCines, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Wipi dRes epidemiad iqca, aravin uwyis, xval ra formaSi vixilavT Cven saTayvanebel qarTvel qalebs. bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom erSi, rogorc soflad ise qalaqSi, mravlada gvyavs sanaqebo, kargi ojaxiSvili qaliSvilebi da qalebi, romlebic egre iolad ara xdebian modis yurmoWrili monebi, imosebian uzadod, maT SesaniSnavad aqvT erovnuli tanisamosis Sesabamisi da, amasTanave, individualobis gamomxatveli Cacma-daxurvis SesaSuri gemovneba. vuyurebT maT, vRebulobT umaRles esTetikur siamovnebas da gveZleva imis imedi, rom qarTveli qali momavalSic CvenTvis saamayo da saTayvano iqneba. gamoyenebuli literatura 1 b. razmaZe ,,SevinarCunoT jansaRi qarTuli tradiciebi gamomcemloba ,,universali Tbilisi 2009w. (gv.14_300) 2 r. TofCiSvili ,,saqarTvelos eTnologia Tbilisis unuversitetis gamomcemloba 2008w. (gv. 235-238) 3 n. brailaSvili ,,aseTi maxsovs saqarTvelo gamomcemloba ,,xelovneba 1990w. wigns paginacia ar gaaCnia, aris ilustraciebis nomrebi. 4 veisi german ,,civilizaciis istoriagamocemulia sam tomad, moskovi ,,eksmo-press 1998w. Georgian Clothes, Footwear and Headwear mxolod Mariam Archuadze Irina Kazishvili Resume At the present thesis is well reviwed about clothes, shoses and hedgeare’s history. It is important to use German Vice’s encyclopedia during working about this topic. The speakers touch Bronze Age, antique period and finish to reviewing by twentieth century. Altogether this thesis whit its contents fully reflects Georgian clothes evolution way. 328 individualur stilTa statistikuri Seswavla sintaqsur doneze E ekaterine maruaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti nugzar sixaruliZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti sruli profesori stilistika aqamde TiTqmis ar iyenebda im saSualebebs, rac moutana enaTmecnierebas meTodebs axalma, stilistika maTematikurma iRebs da jer-jerobiT kibernetikulma mxolod ori meTodebma. wyarodan: am erTia maTematikuri stilistika, xolo meore _ informaciis Teoria (kibernetikis Teoriuli safuZveli). maSin roca enaTmecnierul SromebSi am or wyarosTan erTad farTod gamoiyeneba ukve iseTi disciplinebi, rogoricaa simravleTa Teoria da maTematikuri logika. stilistikas yovelTvis iyenebdnen stilistikuti kvlevisas, magram igi arasodes ascilebia ariTmetikikis dones, dRes ki mkacri maTematikuri aparatis saSualebiT xdeba metyvelebis stilistikuri struqturebis dadgena da aRwera. sruliad axalia stilis kvlevisas informaciis Teoriis gamoyeneba. es siaxle gamoixateba, rogorc kvlevis meTodikaSi, ise stilistikisadmi Tanamedrove mecnierul midgomaSi, Zveli problemebis axlebur gadawyvetasa da axali problemebis gamoyenebiT seriozul dasmaSi. Sedegebs vidre miaRwevs, stilistika saWiroa axali meTodebis stilistikur cnebaTa formalizacia, rac did siZneleebs warmoadgens, vinaidan ena da enobrivi stili iseTi rTuli sazogadoebrivi warmonaqmnia, rom masSi yvelaferi ar emorCileba zust aRweras. es aris erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom dRemde ar aris sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmarteba stilis cnebisa Tumca stilis Semswavleli disciplina didi xania arsebobs. cxadia, rom verc mxolod maTematikuri meTodebis saSulalebiT moxerxdeba stilis cnebis Camoyalibeba; magram am meTodebs SeuZliaT zustad daadginos da aRricxos stilis iseTi tendenciebi, rogoric fiqsirebuli formis ganmeoreba da fiqsirebuli Taviseburebani gamijvnis formis enis Teoriul darRvevaa; raodenobrivad Seiswavlos Tavisi Seitanos yvela doneze, da praqtikul wvlili sakiTxebSi, rac stilis ena-stilis xels Seuwyobs Semdegi ZiriTadi stilistikas, rogorc obieqturi mecnierebis Camoyalibebas. M metvelebis stilis kvlevisas sakiTxebis gamoyofa: 329 miRebulia “1. ra saxis gamomxatvelobiTs funqcias asrulebs garkveul sityvaTa SerCeva, ra daniSnuleba gansazRvravs maincdamainc am garkveuli leqsikiT sargeblobas gacilebiT ufro farTo leqsikuri maragidan? 2. ra gamomxatvelobiTs saxecvlilebas iZleva sityva konteqstis mixedviT, ra da ranairi Sinaarsebis gadmocema xerxdeba erTi da imave sityviT, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra enobriv viTarebaSia igi gamoyenebuli? 3. ra daniSnulebas emsaxureba da upasuxebs sxvadasxva saxis Sesityveba, sityvaTa garkveuli saxiT SeTanxmeba, maTi rigi da Tanmimdevroba? ra gamomxatvelobiTs Zalas Seicavs sityvier monacemTa garkveuli ganlageba gabmuli metyvelebis ama Tu im monakveTsa da saxeobaSi?” stilistikis zemodxsenebuli sakiTxebis damuSavebisas warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT statistikuri meTodebi, radgan aq naTlad Cans enobriv movlenaTa raodenobrivi analzis aucilebloba. vinaidan es sakiTxebi stilistikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebia, romlebic metad rTul da amave dros, did sferos Seexeba, amitom maTi gadawyvetisaTvis aucilebelia mravalferovani masalis damuSaveba, yvela im Seswavla, romelic ukavSirdeba ZiriTadi sakiTxebis wres. aseT Cveni kvlevisaTvis mizanSewonilia zogadi sakiTxebidan sakiTxis viTarebaSi konkretuli sakiTxebis gamoyofa da amave dros, sakvlevi masalis Semofargvla. kvlevisaTvis aRebulia mxatvruli literatures nimuSebi, romelTa stilistikuri analizi warmoebs rogorc garegani stilistikis (stylistique externe), ise Sinagani stilistikis (stylistique interne) sferoSi. Aaqve mocemulia individualur avtorTa stilistikuri maxasiaTeblebis dadgenis cda erT SeTxvevaSi, leqsikur, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi sintaqsur doneze. L elegardis gamokvlevis negatiuri Sedegi, ra Tqma unda ar niSnavs imas, rom meTodi, rogorc aseTi, Seufardebelia avtorebis dasadgenad. im kvalifikaciiT, rasac am meTods herdani aZlevs (DR-is gamoiyeneba rogorc albaTuri Sefardebisa), elegardis procedura warmoadgens axal statistikur meTods avtoris stilis dasadgenad. marTalia, elegardma ver miaRwia sasurvel Sedegs iuniusis problemis kvlevisas, magram mis mier Semotanilma Sefardebam moulodnelad migviyvana albaTur Sefardebamde, romelic stilTa gansxvavebulobis axali parametria. aqamde gvqonda leqsikis xmarebulobis ori maxasiaTebeli-xdomilebaTa sixSire, rogorc cvalebadobis bazis da msgavsi stilebisaTvis saerTo leqsika. axla maT miemata albaTuri Sefardeba, rac naTels mohfens leqsikis 330 struqturis mTlianobis Seswavlas. amave dros, es Sefardeba iyenebs ena-stili mimarTebis axleburad ganxilvis sakiTxs, kerZod, rogor erTiandebian, Tanxmdebian ena da stili xSiri elementebis warmoqmnisas. is, rom elementTa sixSire leqsikis gamoyenebisas mxolod nawilobriv aris stilis saqme, herdanma aTi wlis winadac aRniSna (G. Herdan, Language as Choice and Chance, gv. 35-41), magram sruli da zusti formulireba enasa da stils Soris arsebuli mimarTebisa jer aravis moucia. leqsikis struqturis axali maxasiaTebeli (DR), cxadia, mniSvnelovan biZgs miscems ara marto am sakiTxis ganviTarebas, aramed, igi uaRresad mniSvnelovani iqneba lingvisturi kodis damuSavebis cnebisaTvis leqsikis doneze. Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. gr. kiknaZe “metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi”, Tbilisi 1957. 2. M. Riflaterre, Stylistic context, Word 16, 1960. 3. G. Herdan, Quantitative Lingvistics, London, Butlerworths 1964. 4. P.Guiraud, Problems et methods de la statistique Linguisique, Paris, 1960. 5. J. Mersand, Chauce s Romance Vocabulary, New York, 1939. Resume Ekaterine Maruashvili Statistical studying of Individual Styles on the Syntax Level In this study, speech synthesis system in speech characteristics of various speaking styles was assessed. The results of the present analysis being as encouraging as they are, future research will focus on the following aspects: addition of new styles, annotation of syllabic prominence in the database for enhancing the selection of units according to their accentuation, better technical integration of the style. The research aims in currency study is to investigate connections between speech styles and statistic. 331 metyvelebis stilebi sametyvelo kvlevaSi ekaterine maruaSvili saqarTvelos teqqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti nugzar sixaruliZe sruli profesori saqarTvelos teqqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti am prezentaciaSi me Sevecdebi gavce preliminaruli pasuxi SekiTxvas, romelic exeba salaparako stilis sametyvelo kvlevas: xuT (1) ra tipis monacemebia gamoyenebuli salaparako stilis kvlevisas? (2) ra aris Sedarebuli erTmaneTs sametyvelo stilis kvlevisas? (3) romelia fonemuri da fonologiuri korelatebi sametyvelo stilebSi? (4) ra iqna gamokvleuli fonemur da fonologiur stilebSi? (5) ra saxis kategoriebi iqna gamoyenebuli, rom gangvesazRvra sametyvelo stilebi? Aamis gasaketeblad me gamoviyeneb masalebs “The Phonetics and Phonology of Speaking Styles‖, romelic warmodgenili iqna barselonaSi 1991 wlis oqtomberSi (LIisterri & Poch (Eds.) 1991). Me mjeravs, rom am stilebis koleqcia Seiqmna da ganaxlda erTsa da imave dros da warmoadgens farTo rigs fonemuri da fonologiuri sametyvelo stilebis kvlevisas. masalis tipi, romelic gamoyenebul iqna da Semdeg klasicifirda or mTavar jgufad: erTi warmoadgenda metnaklebad moumzadebel situaciebs da meore warmoadgenda winaswar momzadebul teqsts; ukanaskneli ganixila, rogorc “gadabmuli metyveleba” da pirveli, rogorc “spontanuri metyveleba”, romlebic ganxilul iqna konvenciis avtorTa mier. “spontanur metyvelebaSi” Cven gamovarCevT sami tipis masalas, damokidebuls garemosamyaroze, romelSic isini moiazrebian: nimuSebi Cawerilia laboratoriul pirobebSi, nimuSebi Cawerilia radiosa da satelevizio gadmocemebis dros, da nimuSebi Cawerilia mSobliuri enis molaparakis garemopirobebSi. TxuTmeti ganxiluli statiidan, romlebic ganixilaven mimarTulebas, Tormeti ganxorcielda laboratoriaSi, oTxi dasaxmareblad gadaeca radiosa da televizias, mxolod erTi iqna Cawerili molaparakesTan normalur garemopirobebSi. Cven migvaCnia, rom rasac vuwodeT “spontanuri metyveleba”, misi umetesi SemTxvevebi citirebulia aramSobliuri situaciidan, mag. laboratoriaSi, sadac mosaubre irCevs Tavis mSobliur konteqsts, rom awarmoos sametyvelo nimuSebi eqsperimentuli kvlevisaTvis. neba momeciT warmogidginoT ufro zusti gamokvlevebi sametyvelo nimuSebisa, romlebic miRweul iqna laboratoriul pirobebSi. isini Cveulebriv miiRweoda intervius dros, romlebic aRwerilia zogierTi avtoris mier, rogorc “directed” an “semi-directed”. umetes SemTxvevebSi mosaubre pasuxobs gamomcdels misi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, samsaxurze, bavSvobaze, swavlaze, karieraze da sxv. pasuxebi xSirad emsgavseba mokle monologebs, mas Semdeg rac mkvlevari cdilobs SeaRwios an Caerios 332 naklebad, Tu es SesaZlebelia mocemul pirobebSi. svams SekiTxvebs, mxolod maSin, roca subieqti iRleba an iqanceba mocemuli Temis irgvliv. aSkaraa, rom es ar aris ubralo saubari, mas Semdeg rac mimzidveli cvlileba varaudisa aris ZaldatanebiTi. “interviu”- gamoyenebuli bevri avtoris mier – Cans metad aqtualuri am mokle statiaSi. Uaxloesi miaxloeba bunebriv situaciasTan SeiZleba miRweul iqnas, rodesac molaparake saubrobs Tavis da mkvlevaris mier arCeul megobarTan (hansoni 1991). ufro metad gamocdil SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebuli amocanaa daniSnuli subieqtisTvis im mizniT, rom gamovlindes spontanuri saubari. es amocana SeiZleba metnaklebad daZabuli iyos. erTis mxriv Cven vnaxeT kontinuumis gacilebiT meti bunebrivi amocanebi, rogorc yoveldRiuri mgzavrobis aRwerisas. meores mxriv, sverti (1991) iyenebs sivrciT badis msgavs qsels, romelic STagonebulia linearizaciul eqsperimentSi, romelic Seiqmna leventis mier da Sejamebulia (1989: 140-144). araferi ise Rirebuli ar iyo, rogorc zogierTma mkvlevarma airCia interviu professional mosaubresTan. maT mouxdaT daebronaT es sakuTar gonebaSi, rom TiTqos isini ar iyvnen profesionali mosaubreebi, magram maT uxdebodaT warmoedginaT sakuTari Tavi, magram CautardaT interviu zogad topikebSi. erT-erTi mizezi amis gakeTebisa Seamcirebs stresis raodenobas, romelic gamowveulia studiis pirobebSi da gadasaRebi aRWurvilobis win. es stimuls miscems met bunebriv produqciebs, magram aseve arsebobs safrTxe, rom gamsaubreblebis muSaoba mediasTan midrekilebas iqoniebs, rom gamoiyenos misi “profesiuli” stili mocemul garemocvaSi, romelic ketavs mas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Barry, M.C (1984) “connected speech: processes, motivations, mpdels”, Cambridge Papers in ohonetics and Experimental linguistics 3: 2.1-2.16 2. Delgado, M.R. – Freitas, M.J. (1991) “Temporal atructures of speech: “Reading news on TV”, in Proceedings of ESCA Workshop „Phonetics and Phonology of Speaking Styles: Reduction and Elaboration in Speech Communication‟. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 30 September-2 October 1991. Pp 19-1 – 19-5. 3. Dressler, W.U. – Wodak, R. (1982) “Sociophonological methods in the study of sociolinguistic variation in Viennese German”, Language and Society 11: 339- Speech Styles in Speech research Ekaterine Maruashvili Resume This work refers to the stylistically analysis researching different syntax level. But our producing survey may be called syntactical, because our research object was not dependence between words and sentence members. We were not interested in sentences constructions. Our research is referred to sentence members who are studied in syntax. For research we took models of literature which stylistically analyses were made in stylistic extern and stylistic intern. 333 gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia United Nations Organization mariam durgliSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti specialoba: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xelmZRvaneli: titviniZe Sorena (inglisuri enis ufrosi maswavlebeli) Email: [email protected] Tel: 595 69 29 23 . 1941 wlis agvistos aSS-s prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti da didi britaneTis premier-ministri ser uinston CerCili atlantikis okeaneSi sabrZolo xomaldze („uelsis princi“) gamarTul Sexvedraze SeTanxmdnen msoflio samSvidobo gegmaze. mogvianebiT 1942 wlis 1 ianvars, 26 saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli aSS-is dedaqalaq vaSingtonSi Seikriba, sadac pirvelad gaCnda termini „gaerTianebili erebi“, romelic ruzvelts ekuTvnis. Semdegi Sexvedra moskovSi Sedga. am Sexvedraze aSS-s, ssrk-s, CineTisa da didi britaneTis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen CamoeyalibebinaT organizacia, romelsac mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis funqciebi daekisreboda. 1945 wlis 26 ivniss san-franciskoSi 50-ma suverenulma saxelmwifom xeli moawera gaeros wesdebas. damfuZnebeli kreba kaliforniis StatSi, sanfranciskoSi, redvod grouSi gaimarTa. oficialurad gaero Seiqmna 24 oqtombers, wesdebis ratificireba moxda xelmomweri saxelmwifoebis mier gaero Tanamedrove msoflios yvelaze didi da avtoritetuli organizaciaa. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia suverenul saxelmwifoTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba da saerTaSoriso samTavroboTaSoriso organizaciaa. gaero Tavad ar flobs suverenitets. organizaciis nebas wevrisaxelmwifoebi gansazRvaraven, romlebic gadawyvetilebas iReben demokratiul principebze dayrdnobiT - konsesusis an kenWisyris gziT. TiToeuli saxelmwifo, ganurCevlad sididisa, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zlierebisa, erTi xmis mflobelia. gamonaklisia uSiSroebis sabWos 5 mudmivi wevri. esenia: aSS. didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, CineTi da ruseTis federacia. maT msoflio usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas SeuZliaT vetos ufleba gamoiyenon. erTa liga Secvala axalma, gaerTianebuli erebis saerTaSoriso organizaciam. misi winamorbedis zogierTi funqciis miRebasTan erTad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam moicva adamianis uflebaTa masiuri Selaxvis da teritoriuli suverenitetis seriozuli darRvevebis problemebi - is movlenebi, romlebmac gamoiwvia ori msoflio omi da gamoiwvia adamianTa didi tanjva. ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ori msoflio omis uprecedento, damangrevelma Sedegebma politikuri azrovnebis iseTi demoralizacia gamoiwvia, rom momavali Taobebis amgvari travmisagan dacvis mizniT aucilebeli gaxda damajerebeli meqanizmis Camoyalibeba. am mizniT, mizanSewonilad CaiTvala saerTaSoriso reagireba. arsebuli ganwyobiT 334 konsensusi male iyo mosalodneli. sabolood, 1945 wels san-franciskoSi miRebuli iqna gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba (SemdgomSi „wesdeba“), romelic ZalaSi 1945 wlis 24 oqtombers Sevida. Ggaero (gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia) United Nations Organization (UNO) gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, gaero (United Nations Organization, UNO; SemoklebiT – United Nations, UN): sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofisa da saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis saerTaSoriso organizacia Seiqmna 1945 wlis 26 ivniss, roca san-franciskos konferenciaze 50 saxelmwifom xelimoawera mis wesdebas. wesdeba ZalaSi Sevida 1945 wlis 24 oqtombers. es dRe yovelwliurad aRiniSneba msoflioSi, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis dRe. organizaciis Seqmnis istoria: gaeros Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda hitleruli germaniisa da misi blokis winaaRmdeg mebrZol saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba mZlavr koaliciad. 1942 wlis 1 ianvars maT xeli moaweres “gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracias”, romlidanac Semdgom warmosdga organizaciis saxelwodeba. gadawyvetileba axali saerTaSoriso organizaciis Seqmnis Taobaze miiRo 3 didma saxelmwifom – ssrk, aSS da didi britaneTi – 1943 wlis 30 oqtombers moskovis konferenciaze, rac gamowveuli iyo faqtiT, rom “erTa ligis” arsebuli organizacia politikuri da organizaciuuli mankierebis gamo uZluri aRmoCnda Tavidan aecilebina kacobriobisTvis me-2 msoflio omi. organizaciis wesdeba SemuSavebul iqna dumbarton-oqsis (1944 wlis agvisto) da yirimis (1945 wlis Tebervali) konferenciebze. amis Semdeg gadawyda wesdebis gansaxilvelad da misaRebad san-franciskos konferenciis mowveva. gaeros wesdeba: gaeros wesdeba umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa, romelSic asaxulia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi demokratiuli principebi. wesdebis Tanaxmad, gaeros mTavari miznebia: daicvas saerTaSoriso mSvidoba; ganaviTaros saxelmwifoTa megobruli urTierToba, dafuZnebuli xalxaTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da TviTgamorkvevis principebze; ganaxorcielos saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da humanitaruli problemebis gadasaWrelad; xeliSeuwyos adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa sayovelTao pativiscemas yvelasaTvis, rasis, sqesis, enisa da religiis ganurCevlad. am miznebis misaRwevad gaeros wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda ixelmZRvanelon Semdegi principebiT: gaero dafuZnebulia yvela saxelmwifos suverenul Tanasworobaze; urTierTSoris dava maT unda gadawyviton mxolod mSvidobiani gziT, raTa safrTxe ar Seeqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da samarTlianobas; saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Tavi unda Seikavon Zalismieri muqaris an Zalis gamoyenebisagan ama Tu im saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis an politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg; yovelnairad unda daexmaron gaeros da Tavi Seikavon im saxelmwifoTaTvis daxmarebisagan, 335 romlis winaaRmdeg gaero prevenciul Tu iZulebiT RonisZiebebs axorcielebs; gaero ver Caereva iseT saqmeSi, romelic arsebiTad saxelmwifos Sinagan kompetencias ganekuTvneba, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca gaero movalea iZulebis zomebi miiRos saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dasacavad an aRsadgenad. gaeros struqtura generaluri asamblea: gaeros mTavari saTaTbiro organo, sadac warmodgenilia gaeros yvela wevri saxelmwifo. TiToeul maTgans xmis micemis Tanabari ufleba aqvs (1 xma). generaluri asamblea moiwveva yovelwliurad, xolo aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mowveul iqnes specialuri an sagangebo specialuri sesiebi. uSiSroebis sabWo: gaeros mudmivmoqmedi organo. gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisad uSiSroebis sabWos aqvs dakisrebuli mTavari pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebaze. ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo: gaeros organo, romelic uflebamosilia Caataros gamokvlevebi da Seadginos angariSebi saerTaSoriso sakiTxebze ekonomikis, socialur urTierTobaTa, kulturis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis, adamianTa uflebebis, ekologiis da sxva sferoebSi. sameurveo sabWo: gaeros organo, romlis mizania koloniebisa da damokidebuli teritoriebis ganviTarebaze zrunva maT damoukideblobamde. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo: gaeros mTavari sasamarTlo organo. Seiqmna 1945 wels. misi mizania saxelmwifoTa Soris davebis gadawyveta maTi TanxmobiT da iZleva konsultaciebs da daskvnebs samarTlebriv sakiTxebze. samdivno: gaeros biurokratiuli organo, romlis wevrebi axorcieleben organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas da mis proeqtebs. samdivnos xelmZRvanelobs gaeros mTavari administraciuli Tanamdeblbis piri – generaluri mdivani. gaeros sistemaSi Sedian agreTve, gaeros damxmare organoebi: msoflio sasursaTo sabWo, gaeros bavSvTa fondi, gaeros ganviTarebis programa da sxvebi. gaeros specializebuli dawesebulebebi: saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki, iunesko, iunido da sxvebi. sxva avtonomiuri saerTaSoriso organizaciebi: msoflio savaWro organizacia, atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagento. organizaciis funqcionireba Stab-bina: gaeros mTavari bina niu-iorkSia. iq aris misi mudmivmoqmedi organoebi – uSiSroebis sabWo da samdivno. metwilad iq tardeba sxva mTavari da damxmare organoebis sesiebi. gaeros zogierTi organoebi muSaoben mis evropulofisebSi Jenevasa da venaSi. oficialuri enebi. gaeros oficialuri enebia: 336 arabuli, espanuri, inglisuri, rusuli, franguli da Cinuri. am enebzea Sedgenili wesdebis avTentikuri Targmanebi, SeiZleba sityviT gamosvla gaeros organoebSi da qveyndeba oficialuri dokumentacia. gaeros samuSao enebia inglisuri da franguli, zogierT organoebSi aseve espanuri da rusuli. biujeti: gaeros biujeti Sedgeba wevri saxelmwifoebis yovelwliuri Senatanebisagan. organizaciis biujetis 25%-saSS avsebs. “msxvili gadamxdelebi” arian agreTve: iaponia (10,8%), germania (8,3%),safrangeTi (6,4%), didi britaneTi (4,9%). gaeros wevrebi: gaeros wevrad saxelmwifo miReba xdeba uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciiT generaluri asambleis mier, Tu es organoebi miiCneven, rom miRebis mTxovneli mSvidobismoyvare saxelmwifoa da namdvilad surs da SeuZlia Seasrulos wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi. uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciiT generaluri asambleas SeuZlia SeaCeros im wevri saxelmwifos ufleba-privilegiebis ganxorcieleba, romlis mimarTac uSiSroebis sabWo prevenciul Tu iZulebiT zomebs iRebs, da gaerodan garicxos saxelmwifo, romelic sistematurad arRvevs wesdebis principebs. amJamad gaeros wevria 192 saxelmwifo, amas garda damkvirveblis statusiT sargebloben vatikani da palestinisganTavisuflebis organizacia. gaeros damfuZnebeli saxelmwifoebia avstralia, argentina, aSS, axali zelandia, belgia, belarusi, bolivia, brazilia, gvatemala, dania, didi britaneTi, dominikelTa respublika, egvipte, eTiopia, ekvadori, erayi, venesuela, TurqeTi, indoeTi, irani, iugoslavia, kanada, kolumbia, kosta-rika, kuba, libani, liberia, luqsemburgi, meqsika, niderlandi, nikaragua, norvegia, panama, paragvai, peru, poloneTi, saberZneTi, salvadori, samxreT afrikis respublika, saudis arabeTi, safrangeTi, siria, ssrk, ukraina, urugvai, filipinebi, Cexoslovakia, Cile, CineTi, haiti, hondurasi. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Lucius librery.wordpres.com/2011/02/13/gaertianebuli erebi 2. Ka.wikipedia.org/wik/gaertianebuli_erebis_organizacia United Nations Organization Mariam Durglishvili Resume The author highlights the topic- UNO and covers all necessary information about the international organization, brings the short history of its foundation and development and covers all the problems connected with its activities. The article speaks about the detailed information of the most popular and important international organization – UNO. 337 terorizmi nadeJda elikaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti specialoba: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi titviniZe Sorena (inglisuri enis ufrosi maswavlebeli) Email: [email protected] Tell: 598 99 36 88 sityva terori laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs SiSs, saSinelebas. teorizmi 21-e saukuneSi TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos №1 problemadaa qceuli, Tumca mas gacilebiT didixnis istoria aqvs, vidre misi samarTlebrivi Sefaseba da kriminalizacia moxdeboda. M mokled mimovixilavT terorizmis istorias. jer kidev Sua saukuneebamde terorizmi xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis erT-erT xerxadac ki gamoiyeneboda. terors mimarTavdnen sasaxlis gadatrialebisas, arasasurveli xelisuflebis Camogdebisas, inkviziciis dros, gansakuTrebis mZvinvarebda revoluciebis ganmavlobaSi. terori da terorizmi ama Tu im saxiT yovelTvis arsebobda, magram politikuri terorizmis istorias 19-e saukunis pirveli meoTxedidan iwyeben. 19-e saukunis terorizmis revoluciur terorizms uwodeben, radgan politikuri miznis miRwevis erTaderT gzad revoluciuri cvlilebebi miiCneoda, xolo terors am gzis aucilebel atributad Tvlidnen. swored 19-e saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi iwyeba naciolalizmis, anarqizmis, socializmis ideebis farTo gavrceleba da terorizmic am moZraobebis radikaluri mimarTulebebis brZolis formad iqca. anarqizmis gaigiveba ZaladobasTan yovelgvar safuZvels aris moklebuli, magram 19-e saukuneSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli warmodgeniTi termini „anarqisti“ „teroristis“ sinonimad iTvleboda. evropisa da amerikis TiTqmis yvela qveyana dazaralda anarqistebis qmedebebiT. gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo anarqistuli moZraoba dasavleT da samxreT evropis kaTolikur qveynebSi (safrangeTi, italia, espaneTi) da ruseTSi. acionalisturi terorizmi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo 19-e saukuneSi italiaSi, irlandiaSi, osmaleTis imperiis dapyrobil xalxebSi (serbebi, makedonelebi, somxebi) avstria-ungreTSi, agreTve ruseTis imperiaSi (polonelebi, kavkasiis xalxebi). socialisti teroristebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad moqmedebdnen ruseTSi. narodnikebma mokles imperatori aleqsandre meore, Semdeg asparezze gamovidnen social-demokratebi da eserebi. maTi moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi; 20-e saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis evropaSi farTo gaqaneba hpova memarjvene terorizmma. Tavdapirvelad es iyo italiuri faSizmis Tanmdevi teroristuli qmedebebi, Semdeg ki germanuli nacisturi terorizmi, romelic 338 gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda. manamde gavrcelebuli terorizmis saxeebisgan gansxvavebiT italieli faSistebisa da germaneli nacistebis terorizmi saxelmwifo terorizmi iyo. kerZod, musolinisa da hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg terori saxelmwifo pilitikis nawilad iqca da qveynis specsamsaxurebis mier igegmeboda da xorcieldeboda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg memarjvene, neofaSisturi terorizmi ZiriTadad italiis, germaniis, avstriisa da safrangeTis calkeuli mcirericxovani organizaciebis ganxorcielebul aqtebSi gamoixata, romlebic memarcxene Zalebis an ucxoeli imigrantebis winaagmdeg iyo mimarTuli. memarcxene terorizmi Tavisi masStatebiT da gavrcelebiT aRemateboda memarjvene terorizms. ruseTSi bolSevikebis gamarjvebis Semdeg qveynis oficialuri ideoligia mTel msoflioSi komunizmis gamarjvebas iTvaliswinebda. am miznis misaRwevad ki aucileblad iTvleboda brZola yvela mowinaaRmdegesTan, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise gareTac. sabWoTa komunizmi terori iyo, romelmac uamravi adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla. meore msoflio omis Semdeg memarcxene terorizmi kidev ufro gafarTovda da sxva socialisturi qveynebis politikis nawilic gaxda. garda amisa, socialisturi qveynebis mxardaWeriTa da dafinansebiT moqmedebdnen sxvadasxva memarcxene organizaciebi ganviTarebul kapitalistur da ganviTarebad qveynebSi (e.w. wiTeli brigadebi). civi omis damTavrebis da orpolusiani saerTaSoriso sistemis cvlilebis Semdeg memarcxene terorizmis roli da mniSvneloba daeca da Tanamedrove msoflioSi terorizmis sxva formebi gamovida wina planze. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso terorizms, 20-esaukunis 90-iani wlebidan igi msoflios seriozul problemad iqca. Igi politikuri partiebis, socialuri fenebis ideologiebis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba. terori niSnavs danaSauls, romelic miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis daSinebasa da iZulebas, masze zemoqmedebas. terorizmis mizezebad asaxeleben: neokolonializms, rasizms, agresiis politikas, politikuri reJimis arademokratiulobas, usamarTlobas, separatizms, religiur fanatizms da a.S. yvela zemoTCamoTvlili faqtori ar aris axali da uaxlesi istoriis pirmSo. es mizezebi saxelmwifoebriobis gaCenidan arseboben, uZvelesi droidan modian, Sua saukuneebSi ixvewebian, rasac gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo kaTolikurma religiam, eklesiam inkviziciis marwuxebiT da bolos, dRevandel dRes isini srulyofil saxes iReben. saerTaSoriso terorizmi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi uaRresad seriozuli da mwvave globaluri problemaa, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola sayovelTao amocanad iqca. teroris ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva meTodiT xdeba da teroristebis miznebic mkveTrad gansxvavdebaerTmaneTisagan. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi terorizmi arissakuTari miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli Zaladoba, romelic xorcieldeba ukiduresi formiT: mkvleloba, afeTqeba, gataceba, daWra, mZevalTa ayvana, da a.S. es ari smZime danaSauli, romelic mudmiv SiSSi amyofebs rogorc mosaxleobas, ise xelisuflebas da kritikul mdgomareobaSi agdebs mTel qveyanas. 339 terorizmi sayovelTao globalur safrTxed iqcaukanasknel aTwleulebSi, roca man saerTaSoriso terorizmis forma miiRo da mTel msoflios daemuqra, amitom mis winaaRmdeg brZola SeuZlebelia erTi romelime qveynis an qveyanaTa jgufis farglebSi da mTeli kacobriobis erTian Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. gansakuTrebul safrTxed msofliosaTvis iqcnen islamistur-teroristuli oraganizaciebi. yvelaze ufro mTavar teroristul dajgufebebs miekuTvnebian: • hesbolahi, libanis radikaluri organizacia, romlis teroristuli aqciebi mimarTulia ara amarto israelisa da aSS-s winaaRmdeg, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi muslimani sunitebis winaaRmdegac. • jihad al islamia, mniSvnelovan teroristul organizaciebadaa miCneuli da hamasi – palestinis sunituri radikaluri samxedro politikuri organizaciebi, romlebsac saRvTo omi aqvs gamocxadebuli israelTan da mis mxardamWerebTan. • talibani, ukiduresad konservatiuli, radikaluri islamisturi organizaciaa, romelic mmarTveli Zala iyo avRaneTSi da aqtiurad uWerda mxars islamistur-fundamentalistTa teroritul dajgufebebs. • laSqareTaibi, pakistanis islamisturi moZraoba; jamaaT alislamia, islamisturi organizacia, romlis mizania centraluri aziis islamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna. • al qaida, teroristul-islamur organizaciaTa SorisgansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia eqstremistul-teroristuli islamuri organizacia. Misi meTauria usama ben ladeni. swored mis mier iyo organizebuli 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebi, ramac aiZula aSS da saerTod mTeli civilizebuli msoflio erTiani ZaliT gamosuliyvnen saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg. am saerTo RonisZiebebis Sedegi iyo avRaneTSi talibanisa da eraySi sadam huseinis reJimebis damxoba, Tumca am movlenas terorizmis faqtebi ar Seumcirebia. Terorizmis winaaRmdeg oms analogi ar moepoveba. Ees aris omi, sadac arsebobs saomari moqmedebis areali, frontis xazi, regularuli armia da mSvidobiani mosaxleoba. es aris e.w. asimetriuli, globaluri damravalganzomilebiani omi. aseT omSi samxedro moqmedebis koordinacia SeuZlebelia. ar arsebobs samxedro marTvis erTiani centri, frontis xazi gadadis yvelgan nebismier adgilas, safrTxe SeiZleba yvelasagan modiodes, amitom aucilebelia yvela saeWvo piris ganadgureba. yovelive es sastik ukureaqcias iwvevs da dapirispireba ufro sastiki da araadamianuri xdeba. swored es aris terorizmis mTavari globaluri problema, romlis gadaWrisaTvis ganxorcielebuli Zalisxmeva jerjerobiT warmatebulad ver CaiTvleba. 340 terorizmi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi 2010 wels, terorizmis Sesaxeb amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis 2010 wlis angariSis Tanaxmad, msoflios masStabiT teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenoba, 2009 welTan SedarebiT, 5 procentiTaa gazrdili, msxverplis raodenoba ki - 12 procentiT Semcirebuli. angariSSi, romelic 18 agvistos gamoqveynda, aRniSnulia, rom 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios 72 qveyanaSi 11 500-ze meti Tavdasxma gamxorcielda, maT Soris 4 - saqarTveloSi. realurad mimarT... es miniSnebebi wels gakeTda ruseTis specsamsaxurebis 2010 wlis 22 seqtembers TbilisSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCodan 100 metrSi, moxda afeTqeba, romelsac msxverpli da ngreva ar mohyolia; 7 oqtombers samegreloSi, sofel Waladidis sarkinigzo xidze, aRmoaCines asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba, romelic uvnebelyofil iqna; 22 oqtombers Tbilisis sarkinigzo vagzlis maxloblad ori mowyobiloba afeTqda, rasac msxverpli aseve ar mohyolia. dabolos, 28 oqtombers TbilisSi, leiboristuli Sromis partiis ofisTan afeTqebam erTi qalis sicocxle imsxverpla. mogvianebiT, imave dRes, afeTqeba moxda muxianis dasaxlebaSic. esaa is oTxi SemTxveva, romelic terorizmis Sesaxeb amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 2010 wlis angariSSi moxvda. angariSis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mTavroba gasuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos antiteroristuli rezoluciebis Sesrulebas. aRniSnulia isic, rom qveyana terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobda evrokavSiris ramdenime qveyanasTan da amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi antiteroristuli RonisZiebebis dagegmvaze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirveli wlebidanve aqtiurad muSaobda, aRniSnavs eqsperti erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi beso aladaSvili. igi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs gasul wels saqarTveloSi momxdar afeTqebebze SeerTebuli Statebis administraciisa da specsamsaxurebis reagirebas. aqamde SeerTebul Statebs aseTi mkveTri Sefasebebi ar hqonia, SeniSnavs beso aladaSvili: ”realurad es miniSnebebi wels gakeTda ruseTis specsamsaxurebis mimarT da, faqtobrivad, es iyo informaciis Segnebuli gaJonva SeerTebuli Statebis gazeTebSi, rom ruseTis specsamsaxurebi uSualod monawileobdnen am teraqtebSi. iq dasaxelebuli iyo samxedro dazverva. esec mniSvnelovani momentia. bunebrivia, Cven imasac veTanxmebiT, rom sanam es afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis teritoria da sazRvrebi ver kontroldeba, teraqtebis saSiSroeba da safrTxe yovelTvis iarsebebs.” saqarTvelom, rasakvirvelia, yvelanairad unda gaakeTos aqcenti imaze, rom mas Teoriulad eqneba mxardaWera dasavleTidan... afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTze kontrolis ararseboba, rogorc regionSi terorizmTan brZolisa da ruseTTan sazRvris dacvis Semaferxebeli 341 faqtori, saxelmwifo departamentis 2010 wlis angariSSi sagangebodaa xazgasmuli. rogorc saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros analitikuri departamentis ufrosi SoTa utiaSvili ambobs, sazRvarze damatebiTi RonisZiebebi tardeba, Tumca damatebiTi kontingentis ganTavseba ar igegmeba: ”samwuxarod, es problema axlaxan gaCnda, gasuli wlidan, roca daiwyo afeTqebebis seria. ase rom, Cven gavamaxvileT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradReba am problemaze, ramdenadac mis gagrZelebas SesaZloa sakmaod mZime Sedegi mohyves. imedia, rom es afeTqebebis seria dasruldeba da ruseTis federacia Sewyvets am teraqtebis organizebas.” saqarTvelom unda gaaZlieros regionaluri samsaxurebi antiteroristuli kuTxiTo, gviTxra, Tavis mxriv, gasuli wlis Sefasebisas terorizmisa da politikuri Zaladobis kvlevis centris xelmZRvanelma, samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri usafrTxoebis institutis eqspertma badri naWyebiam: ”saqarTvelom, rasakvirvelia, yvelanairad unda gaakeTos aqcenti imaze, rom mas Teoriulad eqneba mxardaWera dasavleTidan da, pirvel rigSi, SeerTebuli Statebidan, magram, gamomdinare Cveni regionaluri mdgomareobidan, albaT, saqarTvelom unda gaaZlieros Tavisi specsamsaxurebi, pirvel rigSi, antiteroristuli kuTxiT. marto Sinagan saqmeTa saministro araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris sakmarisi amasTan dakavSirebiT.” msoflioSi terorizmis Sesaxeb amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis 2010 wlis angariSis saqarTvelos nawilSi Sefasebulia aseve is konkretuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic qveyanam gasul wels gaatara rogorc sakanonmdeblo da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis, ise terorizmis dafinansebis monitoringisa da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mimarTulebiT. rac Seexeba konkretulad terorizmis braldebiT dakavebulebs, angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom dakavebulebi arian teraqtebis seriaSi eWvmitanilebi, 18 grami gamdidrebuli uranis kontrabandisTvis ki patimroba 2 pirs Seefarda. cnobili teroristuli aqtebi: beslanis teroristuli aqti — qalaq beslanSi (CrdiloeT oseTi) № 1 skolis moswavleebis mZevlebad ayvana boevikTa jgufis mier 2004 wlis 1 seqtembers. sami dRis ganmavlobaSi teroristebs skolis SenobaSi gamomwyvdeuli hyavdaT 1100 bavSvi, mSoblebi da maswavleblebi. skolis aReba scada ruseTis specdaniSnulebis razmma, romlis Sedegad wamowyebuli srolebiT 350 mZevali daiRupa. moklulTa naxevari skolis moswavleebi iyvnen. 500-ze meti adamiani daiWra. moklul iqna 31 teroristi, 1 cocxlad iqna ayvanili. es iyo ruseTis istoriaSi umsxvilesi teroristuli aqti. 342 11 seqtembris Tavdasxma (ingl. „September 11 attacks“, SemoklebiT „9/11“, nine-eleven — cxra-TerTmeti) iyo al-qaidas TviTmkvlel teroristTa koordinirebul TavdasxmaTa seria aSS-is teritoriaze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers. am dRes 19 islamistma teroristma Seipyro oTxi komerciuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavi. gamtacebleblma gamiznulad daajaxes ori TviTmfrinavi niu-iorkSi msoflio savaWro centris or caTambjens (e.w. tyupebs), ris Sedegadac daiRupa yvela mgzavri da am SenobebSi im momentSi myofi xalxis didi nawili. orive Senoba ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi Camoiqca da Tan moiyola mimdebare ori Senoba da mravali sxva Zlier daaziana. gamtaceblebma mesame TviTmfrinavi pentagonis Senobas daajaxes. meoTxe TviTmfrinavi somerset qaunTis, pensilvania, velze Camovarda. oTxive TviTmfrinavis yvela mgzavri daiRupa. madridis teraqti — espaneTis saparlamento arCevnebamde sami dRiT adre, 2004 wlis 11 marts (3/11) ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqti. qalaqis sagareubno matareblebSi sadgurebze atoCa, el-poso da santa-euxenia, 5 wuTis intervalSi afeTqda 13 bombi. daiRupa 191 adamiani, 1247-ma miiRo sxeulis dazianeba. Tavdapirvelad aRniSnul teraqtze pasuxismgeblobas akisrebdnen baskur teroristul organizacias eta-s, magram rogorc Semdeg gairkva teraqti mowyobili iyo islamuri organizaciis al-yaidas mier. teroristuli aqtis dro SeirCa simboluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT: afeTqeba moxda niu-iorkis 11 seqtembris teraqtidan 911 dRis Semdeg. gamoyenebuli literatura Wordpress.com/saertashoriso terorizmi-g/ www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content /article/24301636 Terrorism Nadezhda Elikashvili Resume The above represented issue concerns the problematic topic – terrorism. The work brings the history of terrorism and its development throughout the centuries, lists the main international organizations that fulfill their actions and missions as terrorist groups and brings the greatest events carried out by different terrorist groups in the world. The article also highlights the terrorism as the problem connected with Georgia. 343 fsiqologia da XXI saukunis mzardi problema – internetdamokidebuleba Mmegi mamukaSvili i. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo Uuniversiteti specialoba: fsiqologia titviniZe Sorena (inglisuri enis ufrosi maswavlebeli) Email: [email protected] Tel: 598 33 38 97 „fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli aqvs, magram mokle istoria“ – es sityvebi gamoCenil germanel fsiqologs, herman ebinhauss ekuTvnis (man pirvelad daiwyo mexsierebis procesebis Seswavla). fsiqologiis sawyisebi jer kidev uZveles droSi Caisaxa (pirvel fsiqologiur naSromad aRiarebulia aristoteles „sulis Sesaxeb“), Tumca fsiqologiis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis Camoyalibeba mxolod XIX saukunis 70–ian wlebSi moxda, rac vilhelm vundtis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli (1879 wels germaniis qalaq laipcigSi man pirvelma daaarsa fsiqologiuri laboratoria). fsiqologiis amocanaa mecnierulad Seiswavlos rogorc adamianis fsiqikuri aqtivoba, mentaluri procesebi, aseve gamovlenadi qcevac. (fsiqologebi pirovnebas ganixilaven ara mxolod ideografiuli, aramed nomoTeturi midgomiTac). fsiqologia gasuli saukunidan dRemde uzarmazar winsvlas ganicdis, magram, miuxedavad amisa, kacobriobis winaSe jer kidev rCeba gadauWreli problemebis grZeli CamonaTvali, romelsac yovelwliurad emateba aTobiT axali fsiqikuri Tu mentaluri daavadeba. Cems naSromSi msurs mimovixilo XXI saukuneSi warmoSobili daavadeba, romelic ganpirobebulia Tanamedroveobis miRwevebiT, kerZod, kompiuteris, internetisa da socialuri qselebis zepopularobiT. aseTi daavadebaa internetdamokidebuleba (msoflioSi cnobili, rogorc IAD – (Internet addiction disorder). fsiqologTa da fsiqiatrTa wreebSi am dromde mimdinareobs dava, imis Sesaxeb, Seitanon Tu ara IAD „fsiqikuri darRvevebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelos“ (DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) mexuTe gamocemaSi. ras warmoadgens realurad interneti adamianebisaTvis? informaciis mopovebis praqtikul da saWiro wyaros Tu „drois mWamels“? am kiTxvebze yovel Cvengans gansxvavebuli pasuxi SeiZleba hqondes, imisda mixedviT Tu ra dros vatarebT kompiuterTan da ramdenad Rirebulad aRviqvamT daxarjul saaTebs. erT–erT e.w. „drois mWamelad“ internetSi yofnisas gvevlineba socialuri qselebi. statistik breinis (STATISTIC BRAIN) uaxlesi monacemebis mixedviT socialur qselSi gawevrianebulia ramdenime miliardi adamiani, maT Soris liderobs facebook–i 1,2 miliardi momxmarebliT. logikurad ismis kiTxva, ra aris realurad socialuri qseli da 344 xalxis amxela masas ratom esaWiroeba zustad aseTi formis urTierTobebi? socialuri qseli esaa struqtura, romelic Sedgeba calkeuli individebisagan, romlebsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebT megobroba, saerTo interesebi, oficialuri an finansuri urTierTobebi, ojaxiswevroba, religia, rwmenebi an sxva saxis urTierTdamokidebulebis formebi. avstralieli mecnierebis ukanaskneli kvlevebis Tanaxmad, msxvili socialuri saitebis zemoqmedeba adamianze da mis fsiqikaze, yovelwliurad sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. ufro metic, axlaxans amerikelma mecnierebma daadgines, rom Tuki ucbaT (momentalurad) socialuri qselebi Sewyveten muSaobas, maTi momxmareblebis (aq saubaria mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb momxmareblebze) daaxloebiT 65% ver SeZlebs am faqtis umtkivneulod gadatanas: – maT did nawilSi gamovlindeba sxvadasxva fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, depresiebi da TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobebic ki. Cvens droSi internetis momxmarebelTa 62% socialuri qselebis aqtiuri momxmarebelia, romelTagan 36% Tavis gverdze (profilSi) Sedis minimum 2-3-jer dReSi. momxmareblebis 10 %, rac aris socialuri gverdebis yoveli meeqvse momxmarebeli, fasdebian rogorc “socialuri narkomanebi”. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT sWirdebaT Tavisive gverdis daTvaliereba, siaxleebis damateba, an sxva manipulaciebis Catareba, rac iRebs permanentul xasiaTs. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo socialuri qselebi xelmiuwvdomelia, aseT adamianebs ewyebaT nervuli aSlilobebi (imis gamo rom isini ver axerxeben siaxleebis naxvas). Sedegad, maTi organizmi ganicdis Zlier fsiqologiur stress, rac vlindeba mouTmenlobaSi, gaRiZianebasa da agresiaSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avstralieli mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom sul raRac 5 wlis win „socialuri narkomanebis“ klasSi SeiZleba Sesuliyo socialuri qselebis momxmarebelTa mxolod 4%. xolo axla, 20082013 wlebSi „socialuri narkomanebis“ ricxvi 2,5-jer gaizarda da Seadgina socialuri qselebis momxmarebelTa 10%. aseTi Sedegis mizezi aris, rogorc socialuri qselebis popularizacia, aseve maTi („socialuri narkomanebis“) Sinagani ganviTareba da adaptacia, agreTve is faqti, rom socialur qselebSi dResdReisobiT daregisrtirebulia Zalian bevri adamiani, rac qmnis martivi urTierTobis erT–erT SesaniSnav wyaros. ukanasknelma neirofsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena cvlilebebi im adamianTa tvinis struqturaSi, romlebic ganicdian internetdamokidebulebas. kerZod, dadginda, rom xdeba tvinis mniSvnelovani areebis Semcireba da TeTri nivTierebis (rac erTgvar gamtars warmoqmnis tvinSi) Seviwroeba. saintereso faqtia, rom es cvlilebebi Zalian hgavs im cvlilebebs rasac ganicdis heroinze an msgavs sxva nivTierebaze damokidebuli adamianis tvinis ujredebi. internetis aqtiur momxmareblebs Seadgenen umetesad 12–dan 45 wlamde asakis adamianebi. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben yuradRebas iseTi 345 kategoriis momxmareblebze, romelTa fsiqika jer kidev ar aris bolomde Camoyalibebuli. aseT jgufSi moiazrebian mozardebi. vinaidan maTi fsiqika arastabiluria, isini xSirad avlenen „internetdamokidebulebas“, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs maT progressa da msofmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. ganusazRvreli droiT „qselSi“ yofna mozardebs (da ara marto maT) arTmevs cxovrebis aRqmis unars, realobisa da dRevandelobis SegrZnebas, „aq da amJamad“ arsebobis, egzistenciis unars. amasTanave socialuri qselebi xels uSlian maT ganviTarebasa da gazrdas, radgan is xdeba maTi cxovrebis narkotiki. aranakleb saxifaToa mozardebis mier seqsualuri qcevisaken mimarTuli winadadebebisa da mowodebebis kiTxva, rac uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens mozardTa fsiqikaze. gansxvavebuli situaciaa mozrdilTa kategoriaSi (24–25 wlidan 45 wlamde). am asakobriv jgufSi adamianebi, romlebsac ar hyavT napovni partniori, did imedebs amyareben socialur qselebze. fiqroben, rom iternetis saSualebiT bevrad advilia adamianis gacnoba da daojaxeba. Tumca, sinamdvileSi Tavs iCens xolme ufro meti uaryofiTi mxare, vidre dadebiTi, rac iwvevs sinanulis SegrZnebas, imedgacruebas, SfoTvasa da Rrma depresias. cnobilia, rom bolo dros did britaneTSi warmoebuli ganqorwinebebis 20% socialur qsel Facebook–s ukavSirdeba. (am faqtis Sesaxeb wers The Daily Mail ). yovel mexuTe meuRles ojaxis dangrevis erT–erT mizezad misi meore naxevris socialur qselebSi zedmetad CarTuloba mohyavs. ufro metic, ramodenime Tvis win gavrcelda Semzaravi informacia – aSS–Si dedam sakuTari Svili mxolod imis gamo mokla, rom Cvili dedas „feisbuqis“ fermaSi „mosavlis aRebas“ ar aclida. (socialur qselebTan dakavSirebuli msgavsi problemebi saqarTveloSic araerTia. magaliTad, cota xnis win qarTveli gogonebis xelCarTuli Cxubisa da daWris mizezi is gaxda, rom mozardma virtualur nacnob biWs SefasebaSi erTi qula dauwera). aseTive gavlenas axdens adamianis fsiqikaze video da onlain TamaSebi. fsiqologTa nawili acxadebs, rom mwvave fsiqologiur damokidebulebas iwvevs mxolod onlain TamaSebi, sadac moTamaSeebs aqvT saSualeba iurTierTon sxva moTamaSeebTan, rac xSirad xdeba mizezi imisa, rom virtualuri urTierToba maTTvis xdeba bevrad mniSvnelovani, vidre realuri cxovrebiseuli urTierTobebi adamianebTan (anu adamianis afiliaciis moTxovnileba saxecvlilad TiTqos kompensirdeba, kmayofildeba virtualurad). Tumca am azrs bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben ara marto onlain, aramed zogadad kompiuterul TamaSebis mZlavr gavlenaze. udavoa, rom kompiuterma, internetma da sxva Tanamedrove miRwevebma ukve Rrmad SemoaRwies Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da gaidges fesvebi Cvens fsiqikaSi. mecnierebis azriT, xalxi jer kidev ver afasebs im zegavlenis realur sidides, rasac ukanaskneli aTwleulebis miRwevebi axdenen adamianze. ganviTareba da winsvla rogorc mecnierul, aseve teqnologiur doneze udavod misasalmebelia. warmoudgenelia XXI saukune kompiuterisa da internetis gareSe. ubralod unda vecadoT maqsimalurad Semcirebul iqnas 346 gavlenis xarisxi da efeqti. virtualur urTierTobebze metad upiratesoba uda mieniWos pirispir, cocxal urTierTobebs. Tu vacnobierebT rom vxdebiT internetmijaWvuli (internetdamokidebuli), SevecadoT sakuTar Tavs misi gamoyenebis SezRudvebi davuwesoT. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. Psychology as a Science – Paul D. Ackerman 2. Boring, E.G. A history of experimental psychology, 2nd edition. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950, pp.134-138. 3. Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E: Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256:464–475 4. Hollander E, Stein DJ (eds): Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders. Arlington, Va, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2006 5. Block JJ: Pathological computer use in the USA, in 2007 International Symposium on the Counseling and Treatment of Youth Internet Addiction. Seoul, Korea, National Youth Commission, 2007, p 433 6. Beard KW, Wolf EM: Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001; 4:377–383 7. The more they play, the more they lose. People’s Daily Online, April 10, 2007 8. Block JJ: Pathological computer game use. Psychiatric Times, March 1, 2007, p 49 9. Block, J. (2008) Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction 10. „feisbuqiT“ dangreuli ojaxebi da virtualuri sayvarlebi daojaxebuli qalebis „frendlistebSi“, - Sorena gogolaZe, 5 dekemberi, 2012. 11. presa.ge http://www.presa.ge/new/?m=society&AID=12343 Resume Megi Mamukashvili Psychology and the Greatest Problem of XXI Century Internet Addict The above represented work concerns the most popular topic of today’s world and that is internet and using social nets. The author brings it in the frame of psychological point of view, how the ―internet addiction disorder‖ begins to become one of the most important problems of society and how IAD spreads day by day. The work brings the problems connected with the subject and researches that are carried out by leading psychiatrists throughout the world. 347 depresia da misi daZlevis fsiqologiuri meTodebi naTia jojua soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti ganaTlebis fakulteti brolisa wulaia pedagogikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori E-mail: [email protected], E [email protected] Tel: 555 56 23 49 xSirad mohkravT yurs, rogor SesCivis erTi adamiani meores,rom mas depresia tanjavs. samwuxarod, es problema marTlac sayovelTaod gavrcelda. dRes, Tu dasavleTis qveynebSi depresiulia mosaxleobis 15-17%, CvenSi esmaCvenebeli sagrZnoblad maRalia.... depresiis gamo,bevri adamiani cxovrebis normaluri ritmidan vardeba, kargavs sicocxliT tkbobis unars, ufro metic, zogjer sicocxlis azrsac kargavs. depresia 21-e saukunis daavadebaa, antidepresantebi ki 21-e saukunis wamlebi. amJamad sazogadoebis mier gaweuli materialuri danaxarjebis mixedviT, depresia daavadebaTa Soris mesame adgilzea, saerTo samedicino praqtikaSi misi sixSire 20-30 procents aRwevs, maSin rodesac me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi 2-3 procents aRemateboda. depresia an depresiuli sindromi ewodeba simptomTa farTo kompleqsis farTo wres, romlis struqturaSic aucilebel da wamyvan (garda maskirebuli anu farulad mimdinare depresiebisa) simptoms warmoadgens e.w hipoTimia – guneba - ganwyobilebis paTologiuri, araadekvaturi daqveiTeba. 3,116 depresia es avadmyofuri mdgomareobaa, romelsac sakmaod didi istoria aqvs, misi etimologia Zveli egviptis samedicino traqtatidan iwyeba, sadacigi aRwerilia, rogorc melanqolia. depresia laTinuri sityva deprimodanwarmodgeba da daTrgunvas niSnavs. mravali sxvadasxva definiciis miuxedavad, Cven SegviZlia depresia ganvmartoT, rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebis cvalebadoba, romlis diapazoni meryeobs ugunebobidan mZime apaTiur formamde. TiToeuli adamiani isedac zogadad xasiaTdeba individualurobiT da arc es SemTxvevaa gamonaklisi. gaaCnia pirovnebas rogori stresuli zRurbli aqvs, rogori temperamenti da ramdenad iracionaluri arsebaa. Tumca gansazRvrulia zogadi simptomatika, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia depresiis diagnostireba.. depresia Tavisi bunebiT Zalian veragia, radgan misTvis sulerTia ra statusi aqvs adamians, ramdenad ganaTlebulia da rogor socialur safexurze dgas igi. zogadad depresiis gamomwvev mizezebze Tu visaubrabT esenia, yoveldRiuri stresebi, moulodnli danakargi, mZime imedgacrueba da maT Soris konkurentunarianobac. Cemi azriT sakiTxi Zalian aqtualuria,radgan 348 civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, garemo adamians yoveldRiurad uwyobs gamocdebs da daZabul stresul reJimSi amyofebs.depresiis msubuq formas fsiqoTerapevtebi sakmaod advilad erevian, TumcaRa, rogorc wesi,garTulebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia fsiqiatriuliCarevac ki, radgan saqme SesaZloa gvqondes uamrav fsiqikur aSlilobasTan, rogoricaa: aRqmis paToogia an maniakaluri depresia da sxva.zogjer adamiani saWiroebs medikamentozur mkurnalobasac, antidepresantebis saxiT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi antidepresantebs warmoadgens Rimili, fizikuri datvirTva an Sokoladis fila, magram zogjer dgeba momenti, roca es yovelive uZluria. swored am dros anxorcielebs intervencias fsiqoTerapevti an fsiqiatri. Tumca iqamde upriani iqneba Tavad depresiis gamomwvev mizezebze visaubroT da Semdeg ganvixiloT daZlevis starategiebi. depresiis definicia da mecnieruli midgomebi: depresia - es aris ubralod uguneboba,is qronikuli da morecidive daavadebaa, saidanac gamosavali eqimis an fsiqologis daxmarbiT unda veZeboT. sxvadasxva adamianSi depresiis niSnebi sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlindeba, zogTan es umweobis da uimedobis gancdaa, zogTan yoveldRiuri saqmianobisadmi interesis dakargva, madis da wonis cvlilebebi, moZraobis da metyvelebis Seneleba, Cumi metyveleba, uenergioba, momatebuli gaRizinebadoba an sruliad sakuTar TavSi Caketva, aseT dros adamianebi eZalebian tkbileuls, alkoholsa da narkotikebsac ki. depresiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia somaturi Civilebic sxvadasxvagvari klinikuri gamovlinebebiT(muclis da Tavis tkivili); samwuxarod mZime depresias, rodesac adamiani xsnas ver poulobs an misi tkivili autanelia,zogjer suicidamdec mihyavs igi. rogorc wesi axloblebi sakmaod gvian igeben realuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da ufro metic,arc ki ician rogor miudgnen maT, rac kidev ufro amZimebs suraTs. sxvadasaxva mecnieri depresiis amosavals sxvadasxva mizezSi xedavs, zogierTi miiCnevs rom depresiisken midrekileba genetikiTaa ganpirobebuli da umeteswilad depresiac imaT satanjavT, visma winaparmac TviTmkvleloba scada an misi ojaxis wevrebi gamoirCevian Raribi urTierTobebiT socialur garemosTan. Caketil wreSi triali erT-erTi Zlieri determinantia, Tumca garemoc, rom udides rols asrulebs depresiis aRmocenebis procesSi es udaoa. - stresi, danakargi, globaluri katastrofebi, ekonomiuri krizisi, nebismieri myari interpersonaluri kontaqtis rRveva, postravmulistresi, fizikuri dazianeba an nakli, ukurnebeli daavadebis diagnozi, martooba da kidev mravali mizezi SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad depresias, swored amitom fsiqoTerapevtebi mas calmxrivad ar ganixilaven da udgebian kompleqsurad. depresiis niRbebi: rodesac depresiaze vsaubrobT, aucileblad unda vaxsenoT organizmSi mimdinare cvlilebebi, am dros icvleba zogierTi neirotransmiteris koncentracia, xdeba hormonaluri cvlilebebic, SesaZloa swored amitomaa 349 rom statistikis mixedviT qalebi da mozardebi ufro xSirad itanjebian am daavadebiT, es kategoria SesaZloa moxvdes atipiuri depresiis kategoriaSi, romlis drosac damaxasiaTebelia guneba ganwyobilebis swrafi cvalebadoba, wonis problemebi, kritikisadmi zemgrZnobeloba, umweobisa da sakuTari uunarobis gancda, sxeulis xatis rRveva da arastabiluri, aramyari urTierTobebi... samwuxarod, amas SesaZloa mohyves arasasurveli orsuloba, upasuxismgeblo mSobeli da SesaZloa gamosavali fataluric iyos, rogorc wesi atipiuri depresia gaivlis im SemTxvevaSi Tu garemo gaxdeba stabuluri da arastresuli, Tumca mas axasiaTebs recidivi nebismieri dabrkolebis daZlevisas. xSiria mSobiarobis Semdgom periodebSic. didi depresia gacilebiT ufro saSiSia da misi simptomatikac mkveTrad gamoxatulia, SeuZlebelia igi ver SevamCnioT - Caketiloba, gaRizianebuloba, sakuTari Tavis siZulvili da isic recesiulobiT xasiaTdeba. arsebobs depresiis kidv erTi forma da mas disTimia ewodeba. disTimia ufro msubuqi formaa, radgan misi simptomatika ar aris mkveTrad gamoxatuli da didi depresiisgan gansxvavebiT gacilebiT ufro did xans gastans, TumcaRa, saSiSia im mxriv, rom arRvevs adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ritms. droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianisTvis sulerTi xdeba mis garSemo mimdinare procesebi, movlenebi, maT ar SeswevT cxovrebiT tkbobis unari, isini sxvebis TvalSi kritikuli da usicocxlo adamianebis STabeWdilebas toveben, rac aisaxeba maTi megobrebis raodenobazec, aravis unda aseT adamianTan didxans gaCereba.es mdgomareoba martivad inkurneba specialistis Carevis Sedegad, Tumca aris SemTxvevebi,roca Tu mas sruliad uyuradRebod davtovebT,am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa didi depresiac daerTos, am movlenas ormag depresias uwodeben. sxvaTaSoris, adamianis depresiul mdgomareobas amindic ganapirobebs,medikosebi amas vitaminebis naklebobasTan an metabolizmis darRvevasTan akavSireben, fsoqologebiki sezonur, Semodgoma- zamTris depresias uwodeben, am dros adamiani gaRizianebulia da SfoTvac gacilebiT momatebulia, radgan SfoTva TavisTavad umizno,uniadago SiSia, adamiansac uWirs ganmartos sakuTari mdgomareoba. depresiis erT-erTi yvelaze mZime formaa bipolaruli aSliloba, rodesac xan Zalian daTrgunuli da uenergioa adamiani, xanki uzomod aRgznebuli da gadaWarbebuli optimizmiT gamoirCeva. aseT dros ra Tqma unda erTmniSvnelovnad dakargulia racionaluri azrovnebis unari, pirovnebas uWirs mizanze koncentracia, gadawyvetilebis miReba da prioritetebis dalageba. am mdgomareobas sxvagvarad maniakalur depresiulsac uwodeben,ase gansazRvraven mas fsiqiatrebi. maniakaluri epizodebis monacvleoba monacvleobiT,an dReSi ramdenjerme. SesaZloa meordebodes sezonuri depresia mxolod sust arsebebs rodi mtrobs, mis samizned xSirad 350 Zlieri sqesis warmomadenlebic xdebian. Tu qalebTan depresiuli mdgomareoba ukavSrdeba orsulobas,menopauzas, martoxela dedobas, mamakacebTan is xSiria Suaxnis krizisis dros, finansuri warumateblobisas an karieruli winsvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. unda aRiniSnos,rom qalebi gacilebiT xSirad saubroben TavianT mdgomareobaze da orjer ufro xSirad akiTxaven specialists,vidre kacebi, samagierod mamakacebSi gacilebiT metia suicidi an misi Cadenis mcdelobebi. 2,633 depresia Tineijerobis asakSi: gansakuTrebulad yuradsaRebia depresia mozardebSi. depresia Tineijerebis cxovrebis yvela sferoze axdens gavlenas. am asakSi is gansakuTrebiT seriozuli daavadebaa. mozardebis depresias mxolod ojaxsa da skolaSi rodi mohyveba problemebi - maT SeiZleba mimarTon narkotikebs da Caidinon kriminaluri danaSauli. zogjer yalibdeba iseTi gaukuRmarTebuli mdgomareoba, rogoric aris sakuTari Tavis siZulvili. am dros mozardi iCens Zaladobas sakuTari Tavis mimarT an mimarTavs suicids. sabednierod, bevri ram SgiZliaT SecvaloT sasikeTod. SeiswavleT depresiis simptomebi da Tu isini SeatyveT mozards, gamosavali eZebeT. mozardebis depresiis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi mravali mcdari Sexedulebaa gabatonebuli. marTalia, es uxeSi da jiuti asakia, magram Tineijerebis umetesobas Seswevs unari, sakuTari vnebaTaRelva daabalansos kargi megobrobis, swavlaSi, sportSi an sxva saqmianobaSi miRweuli warmatebebis xarjze. zogjer isini ugonebod arian da araordinaluradac ki iqcevian, magram aseTi ram am asakSi dasaSvebia, Tu xSiri ar aris.ra Tqma unda, aseTi SemTxvevebi depresiis gamoxatulebas ar warmoadgens. depresia mozardis pirovnebas Zireulad SeZravs. am dros maT dauZleveli sevda, uimedoba an brazi euflebaT. rac ufro Rrmad Seiswavlis medicina depresias siyrmis asakSi, miT ufro metad rwmundeba, rom es daavadeba ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli mozardebs Soris, vidre warmogvidgenia. axalgazrda pacientebis didi nawili ar mimarTavs eqims da mkurnalobis gareSe rCeba. mozrdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic TviTonve marTaven sakuTar cxovrebas, mozardebi damokidebulni arian mSoblebze, maswavleblebsa da momvlelebze, romlebic unda miuxvdnen, ra problema awuxebT maT. amitom, Tu urTierToba gaqvT mozardTan, sasurvelia, kargad gaecnoT am asakisTvis damaxasiaTebeli depresiis simptomebs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenoT es codna. mozardi didi fsiqologiuri zewolis qveS imyofeba. momwifebis asakSi mis winaSe uamravi kiTxva wamoiWreba: vin aris is? ra adgili ukavia mas cxovrebaSi?-da a.S. bavSvobidan zrdasrulobisa da damoukideblobisaken gadadgmuli pirveli nabijebi xSirad warmoSobs gaugebrobas mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris, rasac konfliqti mohyveba. amdeni xasiaTobrivi da fiqologiuri cvlilebebis fonze zogjer Znelia erTmaneTisagan ganasxvao mozardis Secvlili, magram normaluri ganwyobileba da depresiuli mdgomareoba.garemoebas ufro metad arTulebs is faqti, rom zogjer mozardebis depresia ar gamovlindeba iseTi tipuri niSnebiT, rogoric aris 351 sevdianoba da garSemo myofebisgan gariyva; gaRizianebadoba da agresiuloba axasiaTebs. zogierT depresiul Tineijers zrdasruli adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardTa depresiisTvis ufro metad aris damaxasiaTebeli iseTi simptomebi, rogoricaa: gaRizianebadoba da brazi. rogorc aRvniSneT, am asaks sevdianobaze gaRizianebadoba axasiaTebs. depresiiT Sepyrobili Tineijerebi xSirad buzRuneben, mtrul damokidebulebas amJRavneben ama Tu im pirovnebis mimarT, advilad ecvlebaT ganwyobileba da advilad kargaven wonasworobas. SesaZloa brazisgan Tavic ki dakargon. auxsneli tkivilis fenomeni: depresiis dros mozardebi(iseve, rogorc zrdasruli mamakacebi) xSirad uCivian Tavisa da muclis tkivils. aseT Civilebs raime obieqturi safuZveli ar gaaCnia. gadaWarbebuli mgrZnobiaroba kritikisadmi. depresiuli Tineijerebi xSirad itanjebian uvargisobis gancdiT da amitom gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aRiqvamen kritikas, uaryofas an warumateblobas. aseTi mgrZnobiaroba ufro metad axasiaTebT uiRblo da naklebad warmatebul mozardebs. adamianebisgan arCeviTad gandgoma: Tu zrdasruli piri depresiis dros yvela adamianisadmi kargavs interess, mozardebi ase ar iqcevian. isini agrZeleben urTierTobas zogierT nacnob-megobarTan, Tumca imavdroulad maTi socialuri aqtivoba adrindelTan SedarebiT Sesustebulia. isini SesaZloa gaxdnen gulCaTxrobilni mSoblebTan, zogjer Sordebian Zvel megobrebs, magram amasTanave SeiZleba eZebon axali megobrebi, Tineijerebis depresiis erTaderTi Sedegi, melonqolia ar aris man SesaZloa gamoiwvios arajansaRi da asocialuri Sexedulebebi da qcevebi. namdvili deprsiuli mdgomareoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba e.w melanqoliuri ganwyobilebisagan, depresiuli ganwyobileba ara mxolod cud xasiaTze yofnaa, aramd seriozuli daavadebaa, romelsac droulad da seriozulad esaWiroeba mkurnaloba. bolo wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda depresiul adamianTa riski,am ricxvis gazrdas ukavSireben cxovrebis swraf temps da mraval stresul situaciebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis swraf temps da mraval stresul situaciebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis maRal konkuentul dones, garda sazogadoebaSi zogierTma Rirebulebebma miiRo kultivirebuli saxe, ris gamoc adamiani mudmivad ukmayoifiloa sakuTari sxeulis araidealuri fizikuri monacemebiT, cxovrebis araidealuri pirobebiT da a.S. 3,117 vinaidan depresiis gamo, daqveiTebulia energia da koncentrirebis unaric, mozardma, romelic manamde kargad swavlobda, SesaZloa gaacdinos gakveTilebi da uari Tqvas swavlaze. zogjer depresiuli axalgazrda Sinidan gaqcevas cdilobs, rac metad saxifaTo mdgomareobaa. zogierTi guls 352 narkotikebs ayolebs. anoreqsia da bulemiac zogjer depresiis mauwyebelia. zogierTs interneti itacebs da amgvarad cdilobs moswydes problemebs, magram es mxolod amZafrebs pirovnebis martosulobasa da izolacias. depresiis erT-erTi metad arasasurveli Sedegia TviTdazianebis, TviTdamaxinjebis mcdeloba. zogierTma Tineijerma SesaZloa sarisko qmedebasac mihyos xeli. biWebi, romlebic sxvadasxva Zaladobis msxverplni arian, Semdgom TviTonve xdebian sastiki moZaladeebi. depresiuli mozardebi xSirad fiqroben da saubroben suicidze. zogjer TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba yuradRebis mipyrobas isaxavs miznad. aseTi fiqrebi da mcdelobebi yovelTvis sayuradRebo da sagangaSoa. mozardebTan depresiis prevenciis zogierTi saSualeba Tu eWvobT, rom mozardi depresiiT aris Sepyrobili, uyuradReboT nu datovebT. nu gegonebaT, rom depresia droebiTi movlenaa da TavisTavad gaivlis. pirvel rigSi, scadeT gaesaubroT mozards. saubris dros nu gansjiT mas usaqcielobisa Tu ucnaurobis gamo. iyaviT TanagrZnobiT aRsavse msmeneli da ara Wkuis damrigebeli. Tu mozardi uaryofs depresias da am Temaze saubars gaurbis, am SemTxvevaSi mimarTeT eqims, romelic ukeT gaerkveva mozardismdgomareobaSi. suicidi Tu misi mcdeloba, sakmaod aris gavrcelebuli Tineijerebs Soris, droTa ganmavlobaSi aseTi SemTxvevebi xSirdeba. es Zalze damafiqrebelia TviTmkvlelobas safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSliloba. erT-erTi maTgania depresia. aucilebelia drouli mediko-fsiqologiuri mxardaWera da mkurnaloba. depresiis diagnostireba da misi daZlevis gzebi depresiis diagnostireba arc Tu ise martivi saqmea, radgan aucileblad unda iqnas gamoricxuli iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa, gardatexis asaki, Suaxnis krizisi, alkoholizmi an narkodamokidebuloba, TumcaRa, TavisTavad TiToeuli maTgani SesaZloa gaxdes daavadebis aRmocenebis maprovocirebeli, miT umetes Tu arsebobs genetikuri faqtori. depresia veragi daavadebaa im mxriv, rom adamianebs yoveldRiurad imdeni gadauWreli problema gvaqvs, gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove cxovrebis stilidan gamomdinare.... sul ufro cota dro gvrCeba gansamuxtad, gansatvirTad. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, absoluturad araswori iqneba yovelgvar ugunebobas dapresia vuwodoT, misi diagnostireba aucilebeblia specialistis mier moxdes. depresiis diagnostireba xdeba sakvlevi, standartizirebuli specialuri testebis meSveobiT. 353 depresiis daZleva da mkurnaloba sxvadasxva meTodiT aris SesaZlebeli. ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia-medikamenturi Terapia da fsiqoTerapia. orive meTodi efeqturia, xolo maTi kombinirebuli saxiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi umetesad dadebiTia. Cvens naSromSi yuradRebas SevaCerebT ufro fsiqoTerapiul meTodze, romelsac umetesad specialisti fsiqologebi iyeneben am daavadebasTan dakavSirebiT. fsiqoTerapia depresiis mkurnalobis aramedikamenturi alternativaa, romelic miznad isaxavs pacientis problemebis gulaxdili ganxilviTa da saubriT miaRwios sasurvel Sedegs. samwuxarod fsiqoTerapevtis roli da daniSnuleba jer kidev arasakmarisd aris gaSuqebulic da gamoyenebulic Cvens cxovrebaSi. aseTi saubrebi pacients exmareba, ukeT gaarkvios mdgomareobis mizezebi, ufro advilad ipovos gamosavali mdgomareobidan .fsiqoTerapias sxvadasxva meTodi aqvs. yoveli maTgani gansxvavebul principebs efuZneba. kognituri qceviTi Terapia erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs pacients, aRmoaCinos sakuTar TavSi is mcdari Sexedulebebi, rwmena Tu qcevis forma, romelsac igi depresiul ganwyobilebamde miyavs yvelaze mTavari ki am dros Tanadgomaa. mimovixedoT, iqneb Cvens garSemoc arian adamianebi, romlebic saWiroeben daxmarebas, magram ver xvdebian arss, an ver bedaven gamxelas! aseTi Sexedulebebisa da moqmedebebis jansaRi mimarTulebis Secvla, xels uwyobs pacients, gansxvavebulad Sexedos movlenebs da problemebsac ufro ukeT momzadebuli xvdeba. kognituri qceviTi Terapia problemebs, marTalia, ver agvarebs, magram exmareba pacients, gansxvavebuli kuTxiT Sexedos da ufro advilad gaumklavdes maT. depresias adamiani damoukideblad ver gaumklavdeba, magram arsebobs wesebi romelTa dacviT pacienti mniSvnelovan daxmarebas gauwevs sakuTar Tavs. Tu depresia gawuxebT misdieT Cven rCevebs: __ nu SewyveT antidepresiuli preparatebis miRebasa da fsiqoTerapiul seansebs, survilisamebr mkurnalobis uecari Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi depresiuli mdgomareoba dagibrundebaT. __ ivarjiSeT! fizikuri aqtivoba amcirebs depresiis simptomebs. iseirneT, irbineT, icuraveT. SearCieT iseTi aqtivoba, romelic siamovnebas moganiWebT. __ erideT alkoholsa da narkotikebs. maT mier mogvrili Sveba droebiTi da macduria. sinamdvileSi ki alkoholi da narkotikebi adamians depresiaSi ufro Rrmad iTrevs. __ moiwesrigeT Zilis reJimi. srulfasovani Zili gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania depresiis simptomebis ukuganviTarebisaTvis. Tu cudad gZinavT, aucileblad acnobeT amis Taobaze eqims. 354 __ nu CaiketebiT sakuTar TavSi. nu daigrovebT gulSi uaryofiT emociebs. mouyeviT Tqveni problemebis Sesaxeb axlo megobars. moiwvieT megobrebi SesaZloa Sin an Tavad estumreT maT. gaiCineT axali nacnobebi. saamiso ganwyobileba ar gqondeT, magram ecadeT, sazogadoebisgan ar gairiyoT. SeinarCuneT urTierTobebi Tundac mciredi Zaldatanebis fasad. __ mieciT Tavs mciredi fufunebis ufleba: gaatareT Tavisufali dro bunebis wiaRSi, uyureT mxiarul filmebs, diTxans inebivreT abazanaSi, mousmineT musikas, wereT dRiuri, gamonaxeT dro sayvareli saqmianobisTvis, romlisTvisac ver iclidiT bolo xans. __ TiToeuli adamianisTvis aucilebelia relaqsacia miiReT srulfasovani sakvebi. es aucilebelia energiisaTvis da janmrTelobisaTvis. mTavari amocana, is aris, rom adamianma SeZlos efeqturad gaumklavdes krizisul situaciebs da ar CaiZiros depresiul mdgomareobaSi, aseve man unda gaacnobieros sakuTari problemebi da daisaxos mizani: ,,me yvelafers davZlev”. daimaxsovreT! 1) arasodes ar gaaidealuroT Tqveni warsuli. 2) ecadeT, rom daZlioT eWvebi yvela adamianisa da yvelfris mimarT. 3) ecadeT, rom Tqveni fiqrebi koncentrirebuli iyos dadebiT emociebze. 4) ecadeT, rom ar daisaxoT samomavlod ararealuri, auxdeneli miznebi. 3,117-118 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. 2. 3. 4. TezelaSvili, fsiqologiuri enciklopedia, Tb. 2007 weli gerigi, f. zimbordi, fsiqologia da cxovreba, Tb. 2008 weli nargiziSvili m. praqtikuli fsiqologia, Tb. 2011 weli internet stresi/Tamis blogi Depression and Ways of Overcoming Natia Jojua Resume The work talks about one of the most spread problems for nowadays – depression and methods of overcoming it. Expressions of depression according to different ages, its harmful influence over people are described. Phsichotherapic methods for overcoming depression collaborated by research scientists are given. The work also gives some useful psychological advises to defeat. 355 The Earth is in Danger Meri Koblianidze Sukhishvili teaching university International relations, II course Supervisor: Jujuna Khitarishvili ; Tel:595 255 144 April 22 is Earth day. People all over the world think about our planet. They think about air, water, planets and animals, on the Earth. We all say: “Life’s good, Life’s beautiful”. For this we must keep our towns, cities, and country side clean. Since ancient times Nature has served man, being the saurce of the life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with envinoment. But with the development of civilization man’s interference with nature began to increase. There are a lot of large cities with thousand of smoky indostrial enterprises (dust) all over the world today. For this they pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land where the plunts grow. As a result some rere speeeies to animal, birds, fish, plants disapper, a number ot rivers, lakes dry up. We know that the world had over nine million sq. km of forests. This is a lot of trees and also a lot of different species of trees. We use pape and cand boand, both made from wood. We use different kinds of wood in furniture in houses and buildings. Every year over 100 000 sq. km of forests are cleared for different uses, Nowadays the most serious environment problems are: a) pollution in the many forms (water polution, air pollution, air pollution, air pollution, nuclear pollution) b) c) Noice from cars, buses, planes. Destruction of wild life and countrysside beauty. d) Shortage of natural resonces. (Metalus, diffferent kind of fuel). e) The groth of population. There is no ocean of sea which isn’t used as a dump. The Pcific Ocean, ecpecially has suffered from nuciear pollution, becouse there is tastedd nuclear weapons there. Many seas are used from dumping industrial and nuclean waste this poisions and kills fish and sea animals. ,, Nuclear poisoned’’ fish can be eaten by people, Not only seas but nivers and lakes are poisoned too. Thhere is not enough oxygon in the woten. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die if people drink this poisoned water they can die too. It happened so because nuclear power stations can go wrong and couse nuclear pollution. More and more often people are told not to be direct sunlight. Some people’s activites do a lot of harm to the forests. They cut down trees to build farms and roads the way people live have changed the climate on our planet. Water is very important, for life on the Earth. IT”S OEEANS< SEAS< RIVERS AND LAKES> There is much water on our planet and at the. Same time there is litle woter on it. It is becouse very little water is good for drinking. 1. Don’t litten with paper, cans on bottles. 356 2. Plant more trees. 3. Feed brds in winther and help them survive in the cold. 4. 5. Save energy. Turn off the lights, when you leave a room. Clean, rubbish from lakes and rivers. 6. Keep your towns, cities and countryside clean. 7. Keep the envioroment clean. 8. 9. Don’t put poisons into the water. Nowadays the temperature is rising and becomes warmer. This is bad from the Earth. So, the problem now is to probe life on the Earth, to save our planet for people. gamoyenebuli literatura newspaper. The contributor March 2011 pg 6. Paul Kelly. Top scone-stud. book pg 74. Stuart Redman – English in use pg 178. English Vereshchagina p.v pg 121 pg 149. D dedamiwa safrTxeSia Mmeri qoblianiZe reziume Cven unda gamovnaxoT swori gza da davamyaroT balansi miwas, adamiansa da cxovelebs Soris. Cven unda gadavarCinoT gareuli cxovelebi, Cven unda vizrunoT bunebaze. Cven unda davzogoT wyali imitom, rom is Zalian mniSvnelovania dedamiwaze sicocxlisaTvis.… zigmund froidi – fsiqikis struqtura elikaSvili nadeJda suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: izolda buxuleiSvili tel: 555 56 23 49 avstrieli fuZemdebeli. igi nevropaTolgi, fsiqiatri, aris fsiqologiis, rogorc adamianis xedvis da pirovnebis siRrmis pirveli fsiqologi, fsiqoanaliz axali Teoriis - fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli. aseve misi wvlili fsiqologiaSi imiTacaa niSandoblivi, rom man Camoayaliba 357 da ganaviTara romelSic fsiqodinamika, rogorc axali fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi, centraluria aracnobieri. froidi flobda mkurnalobis sakmaod eleqtroTerapia, hipnozi. hipnozi ar iyo es iyo sarkmeli. romliTac froidi viwro mxolod repertuars mkurnalobis masaJi, meTodi – swvdeboda fsis saidumloebiT mocul sferoebs. sigara da antikvariati - es misi gatacebebi iyo. arqeologia misi hobi iyo da SesaZlebelia mecnierebis idealic ki. igi eZebda ,,sulis siRrmeSi damaluli yvelaze did saganZurs”. fsiqoanalitikosi – sulis arqeologia. igi ayalibebs pirovnebis struqturas: ,,idi”, ,,ego”, ”super-ego”. misi azriT, SeuZlebelia konfliqtebi, Tu froidi aixsnas pirovnebis davuSvebT imas, damangreveli nevrotuli rom pirovneba _ es erTi mTlianobaa. yofs mas Semadgenel nawilebad. TiToeuli maTgani sakuTar TamaSobs da sakuTar interess instiqtebisa da gatacebebis romelic ZiriTadad gonebiT emsaxureba ,,idi”-es aris rols vnebis, samflobelo. ,,super-ego” moralis instanciaa, aRmocendeba mamis avtoritetTan Sejaxebis Sedegad. dajildovebulni ego Suamavlis rols asrulebs survilebs da realobas Sinagan da garegan samyaros, ,,idisa” da ,,super-egos” Soris. amitom ,,ego” yovelTvis erTdroulad or skamze zis”. man unda gauZlos Seuracxofebs da daicvas Tavisi ,,matareblis” konfliqtebisgan – daicvas nevrozebis fasad. froidma mTlianad rodesac 1896 wels bavSvobis seqsualur veneli gancdebze. ganicada es faqti sakuTar fsiqiatrebis winaSe kiTxulobda naSroms gabrazebul Tvlis wers: ,,Cemma naSromma im virebisgan Sefaseba. da es mas Semdeg, Tavze, rac mdgomareobaSi miiRo maT uCvenes myofi. mecnieruli igi zRapris gadawyveta problemis, romelzec aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi fiqrobdnen adamianebi!” gaafTrebuli froidi mourideblad gamoxatavs Tavis damoukideblobas: ,,jandabamdec gza hqoniaT!” zigmund froidi fsiqomodinamikis swavleba fsiqikis Sesaxeb – arkvevs, Tu qcevis motivaciaSi. froidamdeli normaluri, fsiqikurad fuZemdebelia. fsiqodinamikia - ra monawileobas iRebs fsiqika fsiqologiis kvlevis obieqti iyo da fizikurad janmrTeli adamiani, xolo mizani – cnobierebis fenomenis eqsperimentuli Seswavla. frodis mier mowodebuli fsiqoanalizi iSva, rogorc nevrozebisa da isteriis mkurnalobis fsiqikis Seqmna: topografiuli asaxsnelad froidma ori didi modeli 358 meTodi. modeli da struqtululi kombinaciiT. Tanamedrove a) anu pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri modeli Teoria orive sami elementis models iyenebs. topografiuli modeli: cnobieri, qvecnobieri da aracnobieri. aracnobieri ZiriTadi sfero froidis yvelaze proncipia–adamianis procesebiT. cnobieri SevimecnebT, rogorc qcevis moicavs gare mniSvnelovani aRmoCnenaa, xolo axsna yvela im samyarodan, aracnobieri fiqrs ise da grZnobas, rasac qvecnobieridan realobis subieqturi gancdaa. qvecnobieri aerTinebs arsebuli yvela Cvens ideas, grZnobs, mogonebas, rodesac fokusireba xdeba. qvecnobieris ZiriTadi fsiqikuri (obieqturi mexsierebaSi masze yuradRebis finqciaa wesrigSi moiyvanos individis fsiqika, da icavs cnobieri aracnobiuri fiqrebisgan. aracnobieri sfero garegan zemoqmedebas ar emorCileba. adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara mxolod saarsebo pirobebiT, aramd aracnobieri sferoTic, sadac arsebobs siyvaruli da usazRvro cnobili meorad da qvecnobieri procesebs, vinaidan pirveladi procesi egoizmi. sferoebis xasiaTdeba aris muSaoba froidma realuri araorganizebuli samyaros gonebrivi CvenTvis ucxoa, vinaidan igi moqmedebs pirveladad miukuTvna Cvens gancdebiT. aqtivoba, aracnobierSi. g) pirovnebis struqturuli modeli, froidma ,,individis aparati 3-ad individis impulseb. idSi gaerTianebulia impulsebi. idis impulsebi ZiriTadi tkivilisa da mZvinvarebis, SimSilisagan da STamomavlobis da instiqtebi isntiqti gagrZelebis ewoda biologiur stimulebsa da primitiul wyurvilis gancdebi. seqsualuri ltolva, ori fsiqikuri dahyo: ID (idi-,,igi”), EGO (ego-me), Super Ego (,,ze-me”) ,,idi” yvelaze Zireul, bazisur rac gamohyo: instiqti, TviTSenaxvisa da Tavdacvis, aracnobieria. erosi – froidma TviTgadarCenisa Tanatoci swrafva idSi da sikvdilisaken, ganadgurebisaken. ego pirovnebis TvisebaTa is nawilia, romelic erTveba yvela im unarSi, rasac igi iyenebs, raTa moxdes idis Zlieri harmonireba. umetesad ,,ego” cdilobs cnobieria da daTrgunos viTardeba institutebi. mozardis urTierTobisas. janmrTeli mowifuli ufro gare samyaros Soris. super –egos misi egos moqnili sxvadasxva stresebis mimarT. amrigad, ,,ego”aris cnobieri sfero, aqvs 359 kritikuli survilebis funqciebi garemosTan, mSobelTan da armzrdelTan individi aris adamianis ZiriTadad matarebeli cxovrebiseuli Semavali idsa da da damsjeli fuqciebi, rolebi danaSaulis axlosaa idTan da grZnobasa da cnobierebis qenjnas iwveven. superego ewinaaRmdegeba ,,mes”, rasac SesaZloa Sinagani konfliqti mohyves da ramac SeiZleba pirovneba realuridan irealur da iluziur samyaroSi gadaiyvanos. aRniSnuli movlenis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT m. javaxiSvilis erT-erT naSromebis sidonias tragikuli personaJis cxovrebis istoria. m. javaxiSvilis -,,TeTri kurdReli” Rrma fsiqologiuri nawarmoebia, romelic mTavaris personali axalgazrda qali – sidoniaa. meuRle, romelTanac usiyvarulod cxovrobs da ori mas hyavs Svili, juanSeri da kato. erT zafxuls sidonia dasasveneblad bakurianSi imyofeboda SvilebTan da sayvarelTan erTad, rodesac sidonia wavida, saxlSi dabrunebuls Zalian mZime juanSeri momakvdavi viTarebaSi aRmoCnda mis erTaderT gadarCena warmoadgenda – raTa sindisi rodesc bavSvi masTan eqimTan dauxvda. igi cxadia fiqrs im omentSi Svilis sufTa hqonda. moiyvanes. uTxres, rom gadarCeboda, dagvianebuli ar iyo, magram samwuxarod bavSvi gadarCena ver momentidan sidonias fsiqikaSi kardinaluri rom Svilis sikvdilSi damnaSave usworebda realobas radgan Tu moaxerxes. im cvlilebebis moxda. man icoda iyo, magram amas Cemi Sesaxvedrad ver aRiarebda Tvals ver azriT, igi amisTvi susti aRmoCnda da davis gamarTlebas ararealur samyaroSi gadnacvlebiT cdilobda. mis fantaziis nayofad, romelsac Svilad aRiqvamda, gaxda juanSeris sayvareli saTamaSo, mis TeTri dabrunebas kurdReli. cdilobs prfesori fsiqiatri profesionalizmiT da udidesi moTminebiT epizods fsiqiatriisa da pacientis da realur romelic Tavis akeTebda futkrebiviT moviyvanT ramdenime urTiertobidan. dafrTxobas, romlebic buzebiviT laparakiTRa exvevian da hkbenen. marTla Seasrula dedis Tqma cxovrebaSi saqmes maRali ,, Zilis magivrad isev laparakobs, radgan mxolod hlamobs SiSisa da landebis ra daxmarebas unda, Seasrula! vali sidoniam? Tavidan bolomde Seasrula! an meti raSeeZlo? araferi, meti araferi! amitom...” ,,qali - sidoni, Seni gaxevda, gainaba. doraSvili ki mkacrad miabijebs gziT: biZina salaxan yofila! 360 Tavis - vai me! – ambobda sidonia. - yvelgan Tavi - gamitexa! Semarcxvina! - salaxana! aramzada! – utkepnis - salaxana, aramzada! – braziT imeorebs sidoniac. - sazizRari! saZageli! - uuh, sazizRari, saZageli!! - juanic biZinam mohkla! - biZinam mohkla, biZinam! - amitom TaviTon biZinac mogvWra! Segvarcxvina! saxeli gavitexa! doraSvili. sikvdilis Rirsia! – gamoaqvs ganaCeni doraSvils. - Rirsia, Rirsi! – arar - maS mokvdes!! – CasZaxis eqimi. - mokvdes! mokvdes!! amosZaxis sidoniac”. mizani indobs garkveulwilad sidoniac. miRweulia, juanSeris sikvdilSi ara mxolod is, aramed am faqtis gacnobierebam udidesi biZgi sidoniam ,,sxvacaa misca mis daijera, rom damnaSave”, swored realur cxovrebaSi dabrunebas. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. 2. 3. 4. mircxulava, r., xelovnebis fsiqologia., Tb., 2010 CitaSvili m., zigmund froidi javaxiSvili m., ,,TeTri kurdReli” www. google.ge (wikipedia) Zigmund Froid - psychic structure Elikashvili nadejda Rezume The article is about the structure of the psyche Zigmund Frodo (Yiddish, ego, super-ego), the author analyzed with respect to the sun. Server work, the white rabbit, "the main character's departure as a serious mental condition, which was caused by the death of his son. The article aghtsrilia episodes gipnozis through on how to return the world to the surreal world of irialur departure as a psychiatrist. … 361 goris literatoruli cxovreba XIV-XX (natalia aziani da niko diasamiZe) saukuneTa mijnaze n. elikaSvili, n. berkacaSvili, m. durgliSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialobis pirveli kursis studentebi nino bibilaSvili suxiSvilis universitetis sruli profesori. goris literaturulma cxovrebam araerTi mwerlisa Tu sazogado moRvawis saxeli warmoaCina. XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze goris istoriul warsulSi ikveTebian iseTi pirovnebebi, romlebmac TavianTi moRvaweobiT sagrZnobi kvali datoves ara marto Cveni qalaqis, aramed im periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi. kvlevisas davinteresdiT goris literaturuli warsuliT da aRmoCnda CvenTvis naklebad cnobili pirovnebebi gaxldaT goreli dramaturgi natalia aziani da sazogado moRvawe niko diasamiZe. gori xSirad maspinZlobda mwerlebs, imarTeboda literaturuli saRamoebi. gansakuTrebiT xSirad stumrobda gors didi mgosani akaki wereTeli. mas waukiTxavs sajaro leqcia `vefxistyaosanze~, romelsac didi rezonansi mohyolia. es iyo sajaro leqciebis pirveli cda CvenSi. erT-erTi stumrobisas igi Sexvedria levan razikaSvils, mas leqsic ki uZRvna. samefo quCaze yofila xaratovebis saxli da swored iq imarTeboda xolme finjan Caize literaturuli saRamoebi. kvlevis dros wavawydi CvenTvis bolomde Seuswavlel da miviwyebul niWier dramaturgs natalia azians da agreTve akakis maspinZlebs diasamiZeebs. am pirovnebebiT dainteresda goreli qalbatoni, profesori nino bibilaSvili. mec misi naambobidan damebada survili gamokvlevas gavyolodi da Cemi xedviT gameSuqebina mkiTxvelisTvis sainterso informacia. natalia azianis (samwerlo fsevdonimi) namdvili gvari dondarovaa. misi biografia gorTanaa dakavSirebuli. daibada gorSi 1878 wels, gaqarTvelebuli somxis SeZlebul ojaSi. fsevdonimis arCevaSi `iveriis” TanamSromlebi damexmarneno, radgan me gamoucdeli viyavio _ igonebs igi. mSobliur qalaqSi mas saxeli daudevari xasiaTiT, enakvimatobiTa da iumoris gansakuTrebuli grZnobiT hqonda ganTqmuli. werda patar-patara iumorulsatirikul scenebs, leqsebs gorel `meSCan-obivatelebze~, vaWar-CarCebze da maT meWore colebze, moqeife Tavad-aznaurebze; bevjer karikaturebsac urTavda aman ki sazogadoebis nawili gaaRiziana, mas `lanZRvis mwerali~ Searqves, magram yvelaze saintereso aRmoCnda misi dRiurebi, romelic WeSmaritad gardasul dReTa literaturuli mateanea. 362 pirveli piesa `inJineri da doxturi~ imdenad irbliani aRmoCnda, rom am nawarmoebma ara marto qarTul scenaze ipova Tavisi adgili, aramed gazeT `iveriis~ furcelzec, rac imas niSnavs, rom avtorma TviT didi ilias yuradReba daimsaxura. gazeT `iveriis~ recenziiT waxalisebulma dawera meore komedia `fuli da xarisxi~, romelsac didi gamarjveba xvda wilad. amas mohyva mTeli rigi feletinebi da leqsebi. `dailoca Cveni gori~ _ ase ityodnen xolme Tbilisidan dabrunebuli gorelebi, ase aqvs naTqvami dramaturg qalbatonsac. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos mec, roca vbrundebi mSobliur qalaqSi, ase vambob. Tbili qalaqia gori, patara da lamazi. mivubrundeT azianis mogonebebs qalaqze _ `mxolod gorSi Tu igemeb piris pativsa, mama ucxondebaT qalaqelebsa! CvenisTana Casuqebul qarva-dedlebs da indaurebs mogarTmeven, me Sen giTxra! an amisTana RviZliviT pursa. cocxal-cocxal cimor Wanarze xom aRar vityvi! _Sen atenuri da xidisTauri Rvino da atami Tqvi! _ bans iZleva mosaubre, meore goreli. sainteresod ikiTxeba mogonebebSi `uwindeli gori” _ werili ZmasTan, yaCaRebis CamoxrCobis ambavi gorSi; akaki wereTlis xsovnas; mogonebebi qarTvel mwerlebze; ori SemTxveva soso juRaSvilTan da sxva. gansakuTrebuli emociuri grZnobiT aRwers akakisTan Sexvedras. SesaniSnavi sazogado moRvawis anastasia TumaniSvil-wereTelis ojaxSi SeigrZno da gaiTavisa XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis Tavkacebis ilias da akakis fiqrebs, gulis tkivils da kidev ufro Rrmad Caaxeda yofis problemaSi. rogorc misi mogonebebidan Cans, yvelaze didi sixaruli misTvis akakisTan Sexvedrebs moutania. `qalo, Sen sanaxavaT gorSi movdiodio~ _ Cveuli iumoriT miumarTavs akakis n.azianisaTvis, razedac aRelvebula igi da gurwfelad upasuxnia: `Tqven SeiZleba damciniT, batono akaki, magram me ki marTlac, Tqven sanaxavaT TbilisSi giaxeliT-meTqi~. akakis misTvis leqsebis krebuli miucia da rodesac gadaSala ydaze akakis xeliT wawerili leqsi waukiTxavs: “mweral qalsa aziansa, niWiers da azriansa, Tanac didaT braziansa! Tu ar argebs, arc ras awyens ar moutans mas ziansa!” `sazriani~ da `niWieri~ Zalian gaxarebia, `braziani~ sixaruliT igi dafrinavda. aseTi ki saintereso ar eWaSnika, masalebi magram Semonaxula literaturis muzeumSi; rom Zalian uyvarda qalaqi gori, mimzidvelad wers Zmas: `davinaxe Tu ara goris cixe, Tvalebze cremli momadga~. ise amitokda guli, iseTi zRva grZnobebi da tkbili mogonebebi ameSala, TiTqo pirvel siyvaruls, axalgazrdobas gataceba-ocnebas Sevxvdi am siberis dros... natalia aziani realisti mweralia. igi XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis realisturi skolis mimdevaria, `cremliani sicili~, 363 romelsac ilia Cveni sazogadoebis gankurnebis upirveles saSualebad miiCnevda, mis nawarmoebebSi Zalumad ismis. pirveli Teatraluri warmodgenebi, literaturuli Sekrebebi; diskusiawarmodgenebi sxvadasxva problematur sakiTxebze xSirad ojaxebSi imarTeboda. erT-erTi aseTi kera iyo niko diasamiZis saxli, sofeli brilsa da TbilisSi. mama-Svili niko da grigol diasamiZeebi imdroindeli gorisa da Tbilisis gaxmaurebuli movlenebis centrSi idgnen. maTi sagvareulo samcxe-saTabagoSi werilobiT wyaroebSi 1443 wlidan ixsenieboda. osmalTa mier dapyrobis Semdeg diasamiZeebis erTma nawilma qarTls Seafara Tavi. daviT diasamiZe nikos mama, goris Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli, marSali yofila. niko diasamiZe upirvelesad cnobili publicisti, sazogado moRvawe da gamomcemeli iyo. niko TvalsaCino figura iyo ara marto gorSi, aramed TbilisSic. SeZlebuli memamule arafers zogavda sazogado saqmisaTvis. am periodSi gorSi xorci esxmeba Teatraluri warmodgenebis gamarTvas. Seiqmna scenismoyvareTa komiteti, romelSic Sevidnen n. lomouri, s. qvliviZe, p. burjanaZe da s. mgalobliSvili. niko diasamiZe erT-erTi pirvelia, romelic marTavda saRamoebs da scenis moyvareebs dauTmo Tavisi saxli. poeti akademikosi ioseb griSaSvili wers: `niko diasamiZis binaze, sololakSi imarTeboda literaturuli orSabaTobebi~, sadac Tavs iyridnen Cveni sazogado moRvaweni. zafxulobiT miemgzavreboda niko da Cveulebriv Tavis `literaturuli sagvareulo orSabaTobebic~ iq sof. brilSi ewyoboda. brili istoriuli sofelia qarTlSi. brilis wyaroebma aRafrTovana Tavis droze giorgi leoniZe, romelmac mSvenieri striqonebi uZRvna 1955 wels: `brili, brili datborili uSreteli vercxlis wyaro, wminda, rogorc xalxis guli, sadRac qarTlSi mocincxalobs”... swored aq brilSi gadawyda yovelkvireuli gazeT `kvalis~ daarseba. gamomcemlad dasaxelda giorgi wereTeli, redaqtorad al. WiWinaze. niko diasamiZe `ficxi~ xasiaTis kaci iyo, magram mas namdvili megobroba SeeZlo. lomouri, is axloblobda cnobil moRvaweebTan, rogorebic sof. mgalobliSvili, mixeil yifiani, gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda siyvaruliT wereTelTan. 364 aleq. arian: WiWinaZe. garemocul niko Tumca akaki didi interesi gamoiwvia da Sesabamisi rezonansi mohyva 1882 wels akakis mier gorSi pirveli wakiTxul cda iyo leqcias Cvens `vefxistyaosanze~. qveyanaSi. saRamo es sajaro dauviwyari leqciebis aRmoCnda goris sazogadoebisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba mouxdenia rus mxatvar golovnianze, romelmac Seqmna SoTas portreti, magram rogorc gazeTi `iveria~ werda suraTi ar gvinaxavs, magram bevri qeba gvsmenia gorelebisagano. 1880 wels gazeT `driubaSi~ da `iveriaSi~ sistematiurad ibeWdeboda niko diasamiZis werilebi, rogoricaa: ruisis bankis gaxsna; dava mamulebis gamo; arCevnebi gorSi 25 agvisto, 1881 weli; skolebis daarsebisa da saxsrebis gamonaxvis Sesaxeb; uTanxmoebani vano maCabelTan; didliaxveli; akakis madlobis werili niko diasamiZes `Tamar cbieris~ dabeWvdis gamo. 1897 wlis 17 agvistos ki `iveriaSi~ qveyndeba cnoba Tavad nikoloz diasamiZis sofel brilSi mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. 13 agvistos, saRamos 9 saaTze, mohkles gzaSi Casafrebulma Tavis sof. brilSi Tavadi nikoloz DdaviTaZis Ze diasamiZe. `iveria~ 1897 w. 15 agvisto niko diasamiZis dasaflaveba 1897 wlis 19 agvisto `iveria~ ratom mokles ase avazakurad eris aseTi uangaro msaxuri. misi danaSauli iyo mamuliSviloba, samSoblo qveynis siyvaruli da masze zrunva. guram SaraZe Tavisi fundamenturi naSromis `qarTveli emigrantuli literaturis istoriis~ mexuTe tomSi mkiTxvels acnobs niko diasamiZis vaJs _ grigol diasamiZes saxelmwifos (1870-1960ww) romelsac damoukideblobis xelyofis bolSevikebis gamo wilad mier qarTuli xvda ucxoeTSi samudamod dasaxleba. sacxovreblad berlinSi gaCerda, sadac redaqtirobda Jurnal `morgen-lands~, agreTve saTaveSi udgas qarTul saTvistomos. 1952 wels samudamo sacxovreblad niu-iorks irCevs. aqve gardaicvala 1960 wels 90 wlis asakSi. grigol diasamiZe gaxldaT revoluciamdeli qarTuli presis brwyinvale warmomadgeneli, gazeT `Temis~ redaqtori, akakis uaxloesi umcrosi megobari. 1912 wels akakis raWa-leCxumSi mogzaurobis dawyebis win quTaisis baRSi gadaRebulia foto, romelzedac akakisTan erTad am mogzaurobis erT-erTi iniciatori grigol diasamiZecaa aRbeWdili. grigol diasamiZe profesiiT iuristi yofila. mas odesis universiteti daumTavrebia 1892 wels, magram ojaxis mier Canergilma siyvarulma Tavisi gaitana da Jurnalist-literatorisa da pedagogikis gza airCia, 1899-1904 wlebSi grigol diasamiZe muSaobda goris mazraSi Tavmjdomared. 1901-1910 wlebSi mas ekava deputatis adgili. mas gauxsnia skolebi sof. WrebagiSi 365 saqaSeTSi, sofelalSi. 1915 wels TbilisSi daafuZna Semnaxveli salaro da mevenaxeobis amxanagoba `aleqsandrouli~. rac Seexeba gazeT `Tems~ dRemde rCeba qarTuli presis istoriis mniSvnelovan organod. grigol diasamiZis farTo erudiciaze da msoflmxedvelobaze, mis patriotizmze metyvelebs misi mogognebebi goris sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. am mSvenier mogonebas ase amTavrebs grigol diasamiZe: `yovlad ubadruki Seiqmneba Cveni qveyana, Tu CvenSi ar gamefda patiosani sazogadoebrivi azri. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. n. bibilaSvili _ natalia aziani. 2002 weli. 2. xelnaweri daculia g. leoniZis sax. qarTuli literaturis muzeumSi natalia azianis arqivSi, #2502-x. 3. g. leoniZis sax. qarT. lit-is muzeumi. n. azianis fondi. 2490-x gv. 17-18. 4. es leqsi dabeWdilia gaz. `TemSi~ #206, 8 Teberv. 1915 w. 5. n. bibilaSvili _ niko diasamiZe. 2012 w. 6. g. SaraZe _ ucxoeTis cis qveS. Tb. 1993 w. 7. e. mamisTvaliSvili _ goris istoria t. II. 1999 w. 8. s. mgalobliSvili _ mogonebebi, Tb. 1938 w. The literary life of the XIV-XX centuries Elikashvili, Berkacashvili, durglishvili Resume This theme represents literatury-cultural life of our native town Gori at the of XIXth-XXth centuries. It is Madame Natalia Azian’s remembrancewho was a playwrigther and citizenship of Gori. She mentions there about Niko Diasamidze, who was public figure, publicist and publisher. He was the initator a lot of good work. 366 seqcia #5 zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani ___________________________________________ seqciis Tavmjdomareebi: laSa ninoSvili neli goginaSvili 367 miokardiumis infarqti ATamar CilindriSvili farmaciis specialoba, II kursi xelmZRvaneli: laSa ninoSvili E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 598-14-03-52 gulis kunTs sisxliT koronaruli arteriebi amaragebs. rodesac koronarul arteriebSi Trombi Cndeba da sisxlis mimoqceva wydeba, pacients ewyeba Zlieri tkivili gulis areSi. am mdgomareobas ucxour literaturaSi popularuli eniT gulis Setevas uwodeben, misi Sesatyvisi samedicino termini ki miokardiumis infarqti gaxlavT. "mio" kunTs niSnavs, "kardio" guls, xolo "infarqti" aris qsovilis kvdoma Jangbadis naklebobis gamo. iseve, rogorc nebismier sxvas, gulis kunTsac gamudmebiT sWirdeba Jangbadi. misi deficitis dros gulis kunTis ujredebi ziandeba, rac tkivilisa da zewolis SegrZnebas iwvevs. Tu gulis mkvebav koronarul sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis mimoqceva ar aRdga, gulis kunTis ujredebi iRupebian da gulis kunTSi nawiburi warmoiqmneba, romelic ara kunTovani, aramed SemaerTebelqsovilovani agebulebisaa. gulis kunTisTvis Jangbadis miwodebis mkveTri ukmarisoba SesaZloa gulis regularuli ritmis darRvevis anu ariTmiis mizezadac iqces. ar aris gamoricxuli, zogierTi ariTmia sabedisweroc aRmoCndes. cvlilebebi koronarul arteriebSi. gulis Seteva maSin aRmocendeba, roca ixSoba erTi an meti iseTi arteria, romelic guls JangbadiT mdidari sisxliT kvebavs. am arteriebs koronaruli anu gvirgvinovani arteriebi ewodeba. isini marTlac gvirgvinis msgavsad exveva guls. koronaruli arteriebi SeiZleba Seviwrovdes qolesterinis dagrovebisa da amis Sedegad egreT wodebuli aTerosklerozuli folaqis formirebis gamo. aTerosklerozis gamo gulis Setevas koronarSi warmoqmnili aTerosklerozuli folaqis gaskdoma da am areSi Trombis formireba iwvevs. Tu Trombi didia, koronarul arteriaSi sisxlis mimoqceva wydeba. ufro iSviaTad gulis Setevis mizezi koronaruli arteriebis spazmia, rac gulis kunTisTvis sisxlis miwodebas mkveTrad amcirebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kokaini SesaZloa sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi spazmis mizezad iqcdes. ra xdeba miokardiumis infarqtis dros. miokardiumis infarqti aris im procesis saboloo stadia, romelic, Cveulebriv, ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. yovel wuTs gulis kunTis sul ufro meti nawili ganicdis sisxlis deficits, ris gamoc ziandeba da kvdeba. Tu gulis sisxliT momarageba droulad aRdga, dazianeba SesaZloa minimaluri iyos an saerTod aviciloT Tavidan. wlebis winaT miokardiumis infarqti xSirad sruldeboda sikvdiliT. dRes, mkurnalobis gaumjobesebuli meTodebisa da gulis Setevis simptomTa mniSvnelobis ganmartebis wyalobiT, pacientTa umravlesoba gulis Setevis Semdeg sicocxles inarCunebs. cxovrebis wess - kvebis xasiaTs, fizikuri varjiSis intensivobas, stresul faqtorebs - didi mniSvneloba aqvs gulis Setevis Semdeg pacientis gamojanmrTelebisTvis. 368 simptomebi: • moWeris, zewolis an SeboWvis SegrZneba da tkivili mkerdis Zvlis ukan, rac ramdenime wuTs grZeldeba; • tkivili, romelic gulmkerdidan vrceldeba beWebis, mxrebis, zurgis, zog SemTxvevaSi - qveda ybisa da kbilebisken; • gulSi tkivilis epizodebis gaxSireba; • gaxangrZlivebuli tkivili muclis zeda nawilSi; • qoSini; • oflianoba; • sikvdilis SiSi; • gulis wasvlis SegrZneba; • gulisreva da Rebineba. specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom qalebSi gulis Seteva SesaZloa gansxvavebuli simptomebiT warimarTos. zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis garda, mosalodnelia: • muclis tkivili an gulZmarva; • civi ofli; • Tavbruxveva; • uCveulo da erTi SexedviT umizezo sisuste. es simptomebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva xarisxiT aris gamoxatuli. gulis SetevaTa umravlesoba arc iseTi dramatulia, rogorc kinofilmebSi aCveneben. zogierTs simptomebi saerTod ar aqvs. ulis Seteva SeiZleba aRmocendes muSaobisas Tu garTobisas, mosvenebisas Tu fizikuri aqtivobisas. zogjer moulodneld iwyeba, magram umetesad win uZRvis simptomebi, romlebic mas saaTobiT, dReobiT, kviraobiTac ki uswrebs. Setevis yvelaze adreuli winamorbedi simptomi SeiZleba iyos ganmeorebiTi tkivili gulmkerdSi, romelic fizikuri daZabvisas aRmocendeba, xolo mosvenebisas mcirdeba. rodis unda mivmarToT samedicino dawesebulebas gulis Setevis dros bevri kargavs Zvirfas dros, radgan ver acnobierebs simptomebis mniSvnelobas an ar mimarTavs eqims, raTa Tavidan aicilos "fuWi" viziti. sinamdvileSi umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic zrdis gadarCenis Sanss, aris samedicino dawesebulebaSi droulad misvla. dadgenilia, rom gulis Setevis dros gardacvlilTa daaxloebiT naxevari Setevis dawyebidan pirvel saaTSi kvdeba. nu datovebT gulis Setevis simptomebs uyuradRebod, miT ufro, Tu maTi xangrZlivoba 5 wuTs aRemateba. dauyovnebliv gamoiZaxeT saswrafo daxmareba an mimarTeT uaxloes kardiologiur klinikas. sadiagnozo gamokvlevebi. regularuli gamokvleva aucilebelia, raTa eqimma daadginos riskfaqtorebi, romlebic SeiZleba gulis Setevis mizezad iqces, magram Cvens sinamdvileSi eqims maSin mimarTaven, roca gulis Seteva ukve dawyebulia. am dros, garda pacientis gasinjvisa, tardeba gamokvlevaTa mTeli wyeba, romlebic gvexmareba davadginoT, ra aris pacientis Civilebis WeSmariti mizezi. es kvlevebia: • eleqtrokardiografia; 369 • sisxlSi zogierTi fermentis aqtivobis Seswavla; • eqokardioskopia - misi meSveobiT adgenen, gulis romeli area dazianebuli da rogor ikumSeba is; • angiografia - aCvenebs koronaruli arteriebis Seviwroebas an blokirebas. kvlevisas specialur kaTeters qvemo kiduris arteriidan gulisken amoZraveben da gvirgvinovan sisxlZarRvebSi sakontrasto nivTiereba SehyavT, ris Sedegadac arteriebi rentgenis aparatze Cndeba. garda amisa, damatebiT SesaZlebelia arteriebis blokirebis mkurnaloba specialuri baloniT koronaris blokirebuli aris gafarToeba (balonuri dilatacia) an arteriaSi specialuri stentis Cadgma, romelic arterias gafarToebul mdgomareobas unarCunebs da garkveulwilad icavs xelaxali Seviwroebisgan. garTulebebi miokardiumis infarqtis dros aRmocenebuli garTulebebi gulis kunTSi aRmocenebul cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. mas SeiZleba mohyves: ariTmia anu gulis ritmis darRveva, zogjer - fataluric; gulis ukmarisoba - SesaZloa, gulis kunTis dazianeba imdenad mniSvnelovani iyos, rom gulma veRar Seasrulos Tavisi umTavresi funqcia veRar gadaqaCos sisxli mTel sxeulSi. amis gamo viTardeba qoSini, sisuste, qvemo kidurebis SeSupeba. gulis ukmarisoba SesaZloa Setevis moxsnisTanave ukuganviTardes, magram ar aris gamoricxuli qronikuli ukmarisobis aRmocenebac, romelic gulis kunTis Zlieri dazianebis Sedegia. gulis gaxeTqva - infarqtis Sedegad dasustebuli gulis kunTi SeiZleba gaskdes. es mdgomareoba swrafad sruldeba sikvdiliT. sarqvlebis dazianeba - infarqtis gamo sarqvlebis dazianebam SesaZloa sicocxlisTvis saSiSi garTulebebi gamoiwvios. mkurnaloba pacientma, romelsac gulis Seteva aqvs, dro ar unda dakargos. gaxsovdeT: yoveli wami zrdis dazianebuli da mkvdari ujredebis raodenobas. saswrafo daxmarebis mosvlamde miiReT nitroglicerini, erideT zedmet moZraobebs. gulis Setevis samkurnalod iyeneben: aspirins - es preparati SeiZleba gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis medpersonalma SemogTavazoT. is amcirebs sisxlSi Trombocitebis agregacias da gvexmareba, rom Seviwroebul koronarSi sisxlis mimoqceva ar Sewydes. Trombolizur saSualebebs - isini Slis sisxlZarRvSi arsebul Trombs. Trombolizuri preparatebis adreuli gamoyeneba zrdis gulis kunTis dazianebis xarisxis Semcirebisa da pacientis gadarCenis Sanss. Sededebis sawinaaRmdego sxva saSualebebs. isini garkveulwilad hgavs aspirins da axali Trombebis formirebisgan gvicavs. am jgufis warmomadgenelia klopidogreli (plaviqsi) da IIb/IIIa receptorebis sxva blokerebi. sisxlis gamaTxierebel sxva saSualebebs. SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes heparini, romelic zrdis sisxlis Txevadobas da amcirebs axali Trombebis warmoqmnis albaTobas. heparini nemsiT SehyavT intravenurad an kanqveS. is, wesisamebr, miokardiumis infarqtis pirvel dReebSi gamoiyeneba. tkivilgamayuCebel saSualebebs - roca tkivili Zlieria, mas morfiniT 370 ayuCeben. nitroglicerins - es preparati, romelic stenokardiis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba, droebiT afarToebs arteriul sisxlZarRvebs da aumjobesebs sisxlis dinebas gulidan da gulisaken. beta-blokerebs. es preparatebi aadvilebs gulis muSaobas, vinaidan amcirebs gulis SekumSvaTa sixSires, aqveiTebs arteriul wnevas. betablokerebs SeuZlia gulis kunTis dazianebis Semcireba da ganmeorebiTi Setevebis profilaqtika. qolesterinis damaqveiTebel preparatebs. isini amcirebs sisxlSi arasasurveli, e. w. cudi qolesterinis Semcvelobas. reabilitacia Tu gadaudebeli daxmarebis mizani miokardiumis infarqtis dros gulis kunTis Semdgomi dazianebis Tavidan acilebaa, mkurnalobis mizania gulis aRdgena da Setevis ganmeorebis profilaqtika. swored am mizans emsaxureba reabilitacia, romelic medikamentur mkurnalobas, cxovrebis wesis Secvlas da emociur sferoze zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs. rasodes aris gviani im RonisZiebebis dawyeba, romelTa daxmarebiTac SesaZlebelia gulis Setevis Tavidan acileba. profilaqtika aucilebelia maSinac, roca pacients Seteva erTxel ukve hqonda. am TvalsazrisiT medikamenturi mkurnaloba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. miokardiumis infarqtis Semdeg gajansaRebisa da ganmeorebiTi Setevis Tavidan asacileblad: • SewyviteT Tambaqos weva. • ikontroleT sisxlSi qolesterolis done. • Tu diabeti gaqvT, regularulad ikontroleT sisxlSi glukozis Semcveloba. • regularulad gamocxaddiT eqimTan profilaqtikuri gasinjvisTvis. • ikontroleT sisxlis arteriuli wneva. • ivarjiSeT regularulad. • SeinarCuneT sxeulis normaluri wona. • daicaviT jansaRi kvebis principi. • erideT stress. • uari TqviT alkoholian sasmelebze. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. irine kvaWaZis redaqciiT ,,adamianis fiziologia”, Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis gamomcemloba 2008 w. 2. vaxtan yifiani ,,organoebis da sistemebis paTofiziologia”, Tbilisi 2000 w. Myocardial Infarct Tamar Chilindrishvili Resume Myocardial infarct is the hardest disease that has fatal complications. Each year hundreds of thousands of people die with this disease. The work describes process, reasons, and treatment of the pathology. 371 podagra (nekrisis qari) ani janezaSvili faramacia II kursi E-mail: [email protected] tel: 598 77 99 96 xelmZRvaneli: laSa ninoSvili organizmis zogadi daavadebaa, romelic viTardeba genetikuri ganwyobiTa da alimenturi faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli purinuli cvlis darRvevis gamo. purinuli cvlis moSlas Tan axlavs organizmSi SardmJava naerTebis sagrZnobi mateba da sxvadasxva qsovilSi Calageba. daavadebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia hiperurikemia (sisxlis SratSi SardmJavas koncentraciis mateba), SardmJava marilebis (kristaluri uratebis) SemaerTebel qsovilSi - sinoviur garsSi, myesSi, xrtilSi, Zvlis saxsrovan nawilSi, Tvalis skleraSi, Tirkmelebis intersticiul SreSi, sisxlZarRvebSi - Calageba, rac mimdinareobs upiratesad saxsrebis reaqtiuli anTebiT (podagruli arTriti da mravlobiTi kvanZis - tofusebis ganviTareba), aseve - Sinagani organoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tirkmelebisa da sisxlZarRvovani sistemis dazianebiT. evropasa da aSS-Si gavrcelebul daavadebaTa Soris podagris wilad 0,01-0,3% modis, sxva revmatul daavadebebs Soris ki misi xvedriTi wili 2-5%ia. umTavresad (daaxloebiT 98%) gvxvdeba 30-40 wlis mamakacebSi. qalebSi podagra iSviaTia da SeiZleba ganviTardes mxolod klimaqsur periodSi. gamomwvevi faqtorebi genetikuri ganwyoba. Tu adamians aqvs Tandayolili enzimopaTia - sxvadasxva enzimis (fermentis) cvlis genetikurad ganpirobebuli darRveva, amas mohyveba purinebis sinTezis mkveTri gaZliereba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom podagris dros ferxdeba TirkmelebiT SardmJavas gamoyofa, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs hiperurikemias sisxlSi misi saerTo raodenobis momatebas. alimenturi faqtori. igulisxmeba purinebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis Semcveli sakvebisa da alkoholis Warbi moxmareba. aranakleb mniSvnelovania maRalkaloriuli dietisa da mcire fizikuri aqtivobis Tanxvedra. hiperurikemiasTan erTad avadmyofebs arcTu iSviaTad aReniSnebaT lipiduri (cximovani) cvlis darRveva, kerZod, hiperqolesterinemia, da umniSvnelo hiperglikemia (sisxlSi Saqris donis momateba). podagra SeiZleba iyos pirveladi, anu purinuli cvlis pirveladi darRveviT ganpirobebuli, da simptomuri anu meoreuli. es ukanaskneli Tan axlavs romelime ZiriTad daavadebas, iseTs, rogoric aris, magaliTad, eriTremia, leikozi, anemiis zogierTi forma, mielomuri daavadeba, nefropaTia, sarkoma da kibo, aseve - sxvadasxva nivTierebiT intoqsikacias, kerZod, tyviiT mowamvlas, samkurnalo nivTierebebiT mowamvlas, sxivur Terapias. mwvave podagruli arTriti podagris ganviTarebaSi ganasxvaveben sam periods: premorbiduls, intermisiuls anu monacvleobiTs da qronikuls. premorbidul periods axasiaTebs sisxlSi SardmJavas donis usimptomo 372 momateba, romelic SeiZleba TveobiT, zogjer ki wlobiTac gagrZeldes. aris SemTxvevebi, roca hiperurikemia periodulad qreba. mwvave podagruli arTriti aRiniSneba daavadebis meore, intermisiul anu monacvleobiT periodSi, romelsac axasiaTebs saxsrebSi mwvave lokaluri anTebiTi procesis monacvleoba usimptomo periodTan da myari hiperurikemia. mwvave podagruli arTriti umetesad uviTardebaT Suaxnis mamakacebs erTbaSad, TiTqmis umizezod, Tumca cnobilia Setevis ganviTarebis riskfaqtorebi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia: • gansazRvruli tipis (purinebiT mdidari) sakvebi da alkoholuri sasmelebi; • travma; • fizikuri gadaRla; • nervul-emociuri datvirTva; • gacieba; • qirurgiuli Careva; • cxovrebis wesis Secvla (aqtiuri cxovrebidan pasiurze gadasvla an piriqiT); • zogierTi infeqciuri daavadeba; • alergiuli reaqcia; • zogierTi preparatiT (kofeini, Teobromini, diuretini, eufilini, vitaminebi, Sardmdenebi, sulfanilamidebi, RviZlis eqstraqtebi da a.S.) mkurnaloba, xangrZlivi steroiduli Terapia an steroidebis uecari Sewyveta. xSirad ramdenime faqtori erTmaneTs erwymis. mwvave podagruli arTritis klinikuri suraTi, gansakuTrebiT - misi pirveli Seteva, imdenad damaxasiaTebelia daavadebisTvis, rom podagris erTerT sadiagnozo kriteriumadac kia miCneuli. podagris pirveli signali umetesad terfis pirveli (didi) TiTis winaterf-falangis saxsris arTritia, iSviaTad - terfis sxva TiTebis, koWwvivis, muxlis, kidev ufro iSviaTad - sxiv-majis, idayvis, xelis mtevnis, menj-barZayis da sxva saxsrebis arTriti. wesisamebr, saqme gvaqvs erTi saxsris anTebasTan, Tumca arc poliarTritia gamoricxuli. podagrul arTrits lokalizaciis mxriv garkveuli kanonzomiereba axasiaTebs: zeda kidurebis saxsrebze xSirad qveda kidurebisa ziandeba, msxvil saxsrebze xSirad - wvrili. podagruli arTritis Seteva Seteva viTardeba uecrad, umetesad - RamiT. avadmyofs aRviZebs terfis didi TiTis Zlieri tkivili. saxsari swrafad (ramdenime saaTSi) sivdeba, kani hiperemiulia, daWimuli da mbzinavi. xSirad gafarToebuli venebic ki moCans. Sesivebuli qsovilebi mkvrivia, adgilobrivi temperatura - momatebuli, saxsarSi yovelgvari moZraoba - mkveTrad mtkivneuli (aseTi Zlieri tkivili arc erTma arTrologiurma daavadebam ar icis). Cveulebriv, krizi grZeldeba ramdenime saaTidan 10-12 dRemde da TandaTanobiT (erT-or kviraSi) cxreba. amis paralelurad qreba SeSupeba da saxsris funqcia savsebiT aRdgeba. avadmyofs Tavi gamojanmrTelebuli hgonia. 373 zog SemTxvevaSi anTebiTi procesi iTrevs periartikulur qsovils myesebsa da maT CanTebs. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, anTebiTi procesi limfis gziT vrceldeba. periartikuluri qsovilis amgvari dazianeba klinikurad Zlier hgavs flegmonas (faSari qsovilis Cirqovan anTebas). podagris amgvari fsevdoflegmonuri formebi xSirad qceula mcdari qirurgiuli Carevis mizezad. iSviaTad tkivili sustia, saxsrebis Sesiveba da maTi funqciis darRveva - mcired gamoxatuli. aseT formas asTeniurs uwodeben. mwvave krizis dros avadmyofs SeiZleba hqondes subfebriluri temperatura, magram Tu msxvili saxsrebia dazianebuli, maSin temperatura maRalia. rogorc aRiniSna, podagruli krizis dasrulebis Semdeg avadmyofi Tavs savsebiT janmrTelad grZnobs, magram ramdenime xnis Semdeg Seteva meordeba. misi sixSire da intensivoba TiToeuli avadmyofisTvis individualuria. zogierTs saxsrovani krizi umeordeba weliwadSi erTxel an orjer, tkivili ar aris Zlieri da Sromisunarianobas didi xniT ar aqveiTebs, zogi ki Zlier da xSir Setevebs adreul invalidobamde mihyavs. Tu pirveli ramdenime Seteva upiratesad azianebs terfis pirveli TiTis winaterf-falangTaSua saxsars, momdevno Setevebi ukve sxva saxsrebis dazianebasac iwvevs. Tu daavadebis dasawyisSi ZiriTadad erTi saxsris anTebasTan gvaqvs saqme, Semdgom podagris mwvave Seteva erTdroulad ori an meti saxsris dazianebiT mimdinareobs. Setevebs Soris avadmyofebis umravlesoba arafers uCivis. tofusebi daavadebis ganviTarebis mesame, qronikul periods tofusebis warmoqmna axasiaTebs. SeiZleba Camoyalibdes qronikuli podagruli poliarTriti an orive paTologia erTad. tofusi sxvadasxva zomisaa, magaliTad, gvxvdeba rogorc muxudos marcvlisodena, aseve vaSlisodena warmonaqmnebi. kanqveSa, zedapirulad mdebare tofusi TeTria, mkvrivi. umetesad warmoiqmneba yuris niJaraze, skleraze an idayvis areSi, SedarebiT iSviaTad - xelis, terfis TiTebze da nebismier sxva adgilas. tofusi xSirad rbildeba, TavisTavad ixsneba da iqidan gadmoedineba kbilis pastis magvari TeTri masa. mikroskopiuli gamokvlevisas masSi aRmoaCenen SardmJava natriumis kristalebs. Wriloba Zalian iSviaTad inficirdeba, rac unda aixsnas SardmJava marilebis baqtericiduli efeqtiT (am efeqts ganapirobebs mJava reaqcia). qronikuli forma pirveli saxsrovani krizidan 3-5 wlis Semdeg podagra qronikul formaSi gadaizrdeba. asea umetesad, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, es periodi 10-15 wlamdec gagrZeldes. Setevebs Soris periodi TandaTan mcirdeba. procesi TandaTanobiT iTrevs axal saxsrebs. SeumCnevlad warmoiqmneba podagrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvanZebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi imatebs saxsrebis myari dazianebani, yalibdeba tipuri qronikuli poliarTritis suraTi - saxsrebis defiguracia da deformacia Zvlebis wanazardebis xarjze, TiTebis qveamovardnilobebi, kontraqturebi, saxsrebis uxeSi xraSuni, moZraobis SezRudva. avadmyofs uWirs moZraoba, uqveiTdeba an sruliad ekargeba Sromis unari. Cveulebriv, qronikuli poliarTritis 374 saboloo Sedegi meoreuli madeformirebeli poliosteoarTrozia. podagruli Tirkmeli podagris visceruli gamovlinebebidan yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli SardkenWovani daavadeba, romelic podagriT daavadebulTa 14-38%-s aReniSneba. podagruli Tirkmeli gulisxmobs intersticiul nefrits TirkmelebSi kenWis arsebobis gareSe da podagrul glomerulonefrits. podagruli Tirkmlis yvelaze specifikuri niSania uratebis Calageba Tirkmelebis tvinovan, iSviaTad - qerqovan SreSi. uratebis Calageba Tavdapirvelad kerovani xasiaTisaa, mere da mere am keris irgvliv mdebare Tirkmlis qsovilebSi viTardeba anTebiTi reaqciebi. ziandeba Tirkmlis sisxlZarRvebi. jer fibrozi viTardeba, mogvianebiT SesaZloa nefroangiosklerozic ganviTardes. ufro iSviaTad wina planze gorglovani aparatis dazianeba wamoiwevs. mimdinareoba da simptomebi podagruli Tirkmeli klinikurad gamovlindeba: • proteinuriiT (SardSi cilis arsebobiT); • cilindruriiT (SardSi cilindrebis arsebobiT); • arteriuli hipertoniiT (wnevis matebiT); • calkeul SemTxvevebSi viTardeba Tirkmlis ukmarisoba. sxva organoebis podagruli anTeba mwvave podagruli anTeba, garda saxsrebisa, sxva organoebSic SeiZleba ganviTardes. aRwerilia podagruli warmoSobis mioziti, kanis dazianeba WinWris ciebis saxiT, faringiti, tonziliti, laringiti, glositi, flebiti, gastriti, mwvave iriti, iridocikliti da sxva. podagriT daavadebulTa naxevarze meti simsuqnes uCivis. xSiria podagris Serwyma Saqrian diabetTan. cnobilia agreTve, rom podagra xels uwyobs aTerosklerozisa da hipertoniis adreul ganviTarebas, oRond podagris dros sisxlZarRvebSi Cndeba ara aTerosklerozuli folaqebi, aramed uratuli kvanZebi da viTardeba e.w. urikosklerozuli kardiosklerozi. klinikurad es ukanaskneli iseve mimdinareobs, rogorc aTerosklerozuli kardiosklerozi da xSirad adreul asakSive iwvevs insults an infarqts. gamoyenebuli literatura http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge/enciklopedia.html?task=term&id=8092 http://janmrtelobainfo.ge/?page_id=5444 vaxtang yifiani – zogadi patologia “Tbilisi 2008” Mmarina SaqaraSvili-zogadi patologia “Tbilisi”2011 Nnugzar tatiSvili, irakli tatiSvili – Sinagan sneulTa diagnostika “ saqarTvelos macne” Tbilisi 2003. Podagra Ani Janezashvili Resume In the work there are described disease causing factors, its pathological and stable condition. Also, it is described disease symptoms and fight methods with it. 375 avitaminozi Ggvanca kareliZe Ffarmaciis specialoba, II kursi xelmZRvaneli:laSa ninoSvili E-mail: [email protected] Tel:557-11-87-27 avitaminozi aris organizmSi vitaminebisa da mikroelementebis raodenobis sagrZnoblad Semcireba,romelic viTardeb, rodesac adamiani sistematurad ikvebeba vitaminebiT Raribi sakvebiT. am davadebis dros iwyeba Tmis cvena, kanis simSrale, bavSvebSi zrdis SeCereba, nervuli sistemis darRveva, gamofitva, sxvadasxva jirkvlebis disfunqcia, infeqciebTan winaaRmdegobis ar arseboba, raqiti,suravandi,pelagra da sxva. eqimebi vitaminebis naklebobis ganviTarebas ramdenime mizezs ukavSireben.ZiriTadi mizezi ki arabalansirebuli kveba da erTferovani sakvebia. avitaminozis gamomwvevi kidev erTi xSiri mizezi adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis funqciis darRvevaa. aRniSnuli daavadebebis mkurnalobas ki garTulebuli avitaminozi uSlis xels. avitaminozi gansakuTrebiT SemCnevadia zamTris miwurulsa da gazafxulis dasawyisSi, swored am dros organizmi dasustebulia da imyofeba mTeli rigi virusuli daavadebebis, infeqciebisa da motexilobebis ganviTarebis saSiSroebis winaSe.vitaminebis Semcirebas iwvevs produqtebis arasworad Senaxva da damuSaveba. ganasxvaveben hipovitaminozis ori formas: egzogenur anu alimentarul da endogenur hipovitaminozs. alimentaruli anu egzogenuri hipovitaminozi viTardeba sakvebTan erTad vitaminebis Semcirebuli raodenobiT miRebisas. maSin, rodesac bavSvs xangrZlivad aZleven erTferovan sakvebs, magaliTad, mxolod Zroxis rZes. am SemTxvevaSi viTardeba C vitaminis,B jgufis vitaminebis,PP da D vitaminebis deficiti; an rodesac Cvilis kvebis racionSi gvian CaerTveba damatebiTi sakvebi bostneulis, wvenebis saxiT. vitaminebis deficitis mizezi SesaZloa iyos sakvebis arasworad momzadeba, misi arasakmarisi an Warbi miReba. magaliTad, rodesac Warbi raodenobiT iReben naxSirwylebs rafinirebuli, maRalkaloriuli produqtis saxiT;rodesac organizmi itvirTeba SaqriT, TeTri puriT an sakonditro nawarmiT. hipovitaminozi SesaZloa ganviTardes sxvadasxva medikamentis gamoyenebisas, rogoricaa: sulfanilamidebi,barbituratebis jgufi da sxv. hipovitaminozebis meore forma, endogenuri, SesaZloa ganviTardes ori mizezis gamo - vitaminebis nawilobrivi daSliT saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi an organizmSi misi Sewovis darRveviT. endogenuri hipovitaminozis mizezi SesaZloa iyos kuWis daavadebebi, xelSemwyob faqtorad iTvleba dabali mJavianoba. vitaminebis deficitis xelSemwyob faqtorebSi ganixileba aseve naRvlis buStis paTologiebi,rodesac arasakmarisi raodenobiT miewodeba naRveli an xdeba sanaRvle gzebis atrezia (xSirad axalSobilobis asakSi viTardeba), an SedarebiT gvian periodSi naRvel-kenWovani daavadebis, 376 qronikuli hepatitebisa da cirozebis dros. gazafxulze hipovitaminozis gamovlena ufro xSiria, radgan bunebrivi gziT miRebuli saSualebebi - xili da bostneuli aRar Seicavs vitaminebis did marags. zamTarSi am vitaminebis erTi nawilis daSla xdeba. Sesabamisad, organizmi veRar maragdeba vitaminebis sasurveli raodenobiT. gavlenas axdens is virusuli infeqciebi, romlis gadatanac uxdeba adamians Semodgomidan gazafxulamde. esec imunodeficitis ganmapirobebeli garemoebaa, rac avitaminoziT vlindeba. sxvadasxva vitaminis deficitis dros klinikuri gamovlena sxvadasxvagvaria. A vitaminis, anu retinolis deficitis dros klinikurad pacienti avlens sinaTlis SiSs, viTardeba Ramis sibrmave(qaTmis sibrmave), kanis sifermkrTale, midrekileba kanze Cirqgrovisa da ferimWamelebisken, aRiniSneba frCxilebis advilad mtvrevadoba da icvleba Sardis Seferiloba. gazafxulze organizmi yvelaze xSirad D da C vitaminebis deficits ganicdis: C vitamini infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas uSlis xels. am vitaminis naklebobis dros organizmSi xdeba imunobiologiuri reqciebis Semcireba. C vitaminis naklebobis damaxasiaTebeli klinikuri niSnebia: imunuri sistemis sisuste, kanis simSrale da sifermkrTale, kanis dazianebis Senelebuli aRdgena, Tmis cvena, saerTo sisuste, advilad daRla, kunTebis tonusis Semcireba, revmatoiduri tkivilebi kidurebSi da sisuste kudusunis areSi. sisxlZarRvebis sisustis gamo RrZilebidan sisxlisdena,tuCis kuTxeebis damskdroba da kanze sisxlCaqcevebi.igi iwvevs daavadebas,romelic suravandis saxeliT aris cnobili. D jgufis vitaminebi ganekuTvneba biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebaTa jgufs, romelic Seucvleli nawilia kvebis racionSi:D vitaminis nakleboba iwvevs ujredis zrdis problemas. es vitamini aregulirebs kalciumisa da fosforis aTvisebas. kbilebisTvis D vitamini aucilebelia.misi naklebobisas adamiani kargavs Zvlovan da kunTovan masas, sustdeba imuniteti, uaresdeba Tavis tvinis mdgomareoba. viTardeba daavadeba raqiti.arasasurveli movlenis Tavidan acilebisTvis, eqimebis rCevaa, rom adamianebma gazafxulis damdegs rac SeiZleba meti dro gaataron sufTa haerze, gansakuTrebiT mzian dReebSi.Zalze sainteresoa bavSvTa asakSi D vitaminis deficiti,romlis mizezi SesaZloa iyos mzis sxivebis da sufTa haerze yofnis nakleboba. vitaminis deficits aseve SesaZloa iwvevdes ekologiuri,fsiqosocialuri faqtorebi. magaliTad, rodesac ojaxSi yuradReba ar eqceva fizikuri aRzrdis elementebs - masaJs, fizkulturas; rodesac Zvlovani struqtura naklebad maragdeba sisxliT. B jgufis vitaminebis naklebobis dros SesaZloa adamians CaexliCos xma, dasustdes misi kunTovani aparati, aReniSnebodes gulis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, rasac Tan sdevs taqikardia, qoSini da gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis ukmarisoba (SegubebiTi tipis). qronikuli daRlilobis SegrZneba, cudi mada, uxasiaToba -mianiaSnebs imaze, rom SesaZloa bavSvi vitamini B1-is deficits ganicdis.misi nakleboba iwvevs beri-beris daavadebas.naxeTqebi piris kuTxeebSi, wylulebi enaze, Tvalis gaZlierebuli mgrZnobeloba sinaTlis mimarT - es is simptomebia, 377 romlebic vitamin B2-is deficitze metyvelebs. B5 vitaminis naklebobas axasiaTebs gaRizianebadoba, daRliloba,aRiniSneba TiTebSi wvis SegrZneba, zogjer krunCxvebic, dasaSvebia Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis ukmarisobac. B6 vitaminis deficitis dros SesaZloa ganviTardes stomatiti,wylulovani gastriti, seboreuli dermatiti, SesaZloa aRiniSnos CamorCena fizikur ganviTarebaSi, aseve fsiqikuri ganviTarebis Seferxeba,madis daqveiTeba, musvenroba,gaRizianeba da epilefsiis msgavsi gulyrebi. rac Seexeba B12 vitaminis deficits, am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba Tmis cvena,diarea, atrofiuli gastritis movlenebi. PP vitaminis, anu nikotinis mJavas deficitis dros organizmSi,xSirad viTardeba pelagra. avadmyofs damatebiT SesaZloa awuxebdes tuCebis simSrale, stomatiti da sxv. E vitaminis, anu tokoferolis nakleboba SesaZloa ganviTardes rkinis Semcveli preparatebis Warbi gamoyenebis, damwvrobis dros.klinika am vitaminis deficitisas SesaZloa gamoxatuli iyos nevrologiuri aSlilobiT, rasac mosdevs siarulis maneris Secvla,Tvalis mamoZravebeli kunTis parezi da sxv. mecnierebi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis 13 vitamins asaxeleben da maT or nawilad yofen - wyalSi xsnadi da cximSi xsnadi vitaminebi. wyalSi xsnadi vitaminebis jgufs miakuTvneben C da B jgufis vitaminebs: B1(Tiamini), B2(riboflavini), B5 (panTetenis mJava), B6 (piridoqsini), B12(cianokabalamini), vitamini PP (niacini), foliumis mJava da vitamini H(biotini). cximSi xsnadi vitaminebis jgufSi Sedian: vitamini A retinoli, E tokoferoli, D kalciferoli da vitamini K.magram, sad unda veZeboT organizmisTvis ase aucilebeli vitaminebi?gavrcelebuli azriT vitaminebi ZiriTadad xilsa da bostneulSia.magram unikaluri vitaminebi (askorbinis mJava, foliumis mJava, vitamini K da A vitaminis winamorbedi karotini) mcenareul sakvebSi arc ise bevria. cximSi xsnadi vitaminebi da maTi monaTesave B jgufis vitaminebi,ZiriTadad cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtebSi, mcenareul zeTsa da sasargeblo marcvleulSi unda veZeboT. Tanamedrove adamianma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira energiis xarjvis maCvenebeli. rogorc amis Tanmdevi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda misi kvebis racionic, pirvel rigSi raodenobrivad. amitom, Zalian rTulia adamianma vitaminebis saWiro raodenoba sakvebTan erTad srulad miiRos. vitaminebi namdvilad gvWirdeba, magram romeli da ra raodenobiT?mas Semdeg, rac XX saukuneSi sinTeTikuri vitaminebis Seqmna daiwyes,avitaminozis problema TiTqos moixsna, magram gamokvlevebma cxadyo,rom xelovnurad Seqmnili vitaminebi adamianis organizmze negatiurad moqmedeben. gamodis, rom Tu naturaluri vitaminebi adamianis organizms daavadebebisgan icaven, xelovnuri vitaminebi SesaZloa maTi gamomwvevi mizezic ki gaxdes. organizmi xelovnur vitaminebs bolomde ver iTvisebs maSinac ki, Tu romelime maTganis Rrma deficits ganicdis. 378 sinTeTikuri vitaminebis kompleqsSi SesaZloa ramdenime erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli vitaminic iyos warmodgenili. zogs am problemis gadaWris erTerT saSualebad bad-ebi(biologiurad aqtiuri danamatebi), naturaluri an naturalurTan identuri biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi miaCnia. magram, isinic vitaminebis kompleqsis msgavsad, mxolod nawilobriv akmayofileben organizmSi vitaminebis deficitiT gamowveul SimSils. mravalwlianma dakvirvebebma cxadyo,rom gamajansaRebeli produqtebis sameulSi yvelaze dabal safexurze farmacevtuli komponentebi dgas, meore adgilze bad-ebia, xolo upiratesoba futkris produqcias eniWeba. mefutkreobis produqcia advilad umklavdeba imas, rac sxva saSualebebisTvis faqtobrivad dauZlevelia. cnobilia, rom Taflis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis vitaminebi: Tiamini,riboflavini, piridoqsini, panTotenis mJava, nikotinis mJava, biotini,foliumis mJava da askorbinis mJava. yvavilis mtveri (igive futkris fexgunda) unikaluri vitaminuri kompleqsia, romelic Seicavs yvela cnobil vitamins, agreTve yvela sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mikroelementebs. gamoyenebuli literatura 1.marina SaqaraSvili ,,zogadi paTologia”,Tbilisi 2011w. 2.http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9 0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98 3. http://tentorium.ge/?page=archive&id=83 3. http://sknews.ge/index.php?newsid=116#.UYoRtKKKLVx 4. http://www.dentalcafe.ge/modules/news/print_news.php?id=102 Avitaminosis Gvantsa Karelidze Resume Essay discusses the importance of vitamins in the human body. Well as the impact of each change in the number of children and adults, and provides several examples. Discussed as well as how to avoid A vitamin and how to fight the disease, which means that the disease is no longer implements energies and vice versa, to go toward recovery. 379 amebiazis Taviseburebani ani nonikaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti farmaciis specialobis II kursi xelmZRvaneli- medicinis doqtori laSa ninoSvili amebiazi nawlavTa daavadebaa, romelsc amebaTa ojaxis erTujrediani paraziti iwvevs. Mmas axasiaTebs msxvili nawlavis wylulovani dazianeba, sxvadasxva organoSi abscesis ganviTareba da xangrZlivi mimdinareoba. amebiazis gamomwvevia histolitikuri ameba, romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes sami formiT; didi vegetatiuri (qsovilovani), Mmcire vegetatiuri (sanaTurovani) da incistirebuli (cistebis saxiT).Aamebis qsovilovani forma Cndeba daavadebulis qsovilebSi da ganavalSi da gaaCnia Zlierad gamoxatuli invaziuri Tvisebebi. paTogenezi. Aadamianis organizmSi ameba xვdeba cistebis saxiT. moxvdebian ra saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi, isini gardaiqmnebian sanaTurovan formebad. Aam ukanasknels gaaCnia აqtiuri moZraobis unari da gamoyofs proteolizur fermentebs, romlebic msxvili nawlavis kedlis qsovilTა galRobasa da liziss iwveven wylulebis warmoqmniT. Mmsxvili nawlavis kedlis lorwovanSi da lorwqveSa SreSi moxvedris Semdeg, sanaTurovani forma, mniSvnelovnad izrdeba da gardaiqmneba qsovilovan formad. epidemiologia dasnebovneba xdeba histolitikuri amebis cistebis zrdasruli formebis, piris Rrus gavliT, kuW-nawlavis traqtSi moxvedris Sedegad .adamianis dasnebovneba xdeba amebiaziT daavadebulebisa da cistebis mtareblebis ganavliT dabinZurebuli sasmeli wylisa da sakvebi produqtebis gamoyenebis Semdeg (amebiaziT daavadebulebis fekaliebiT ganayofierebuli bostnidan axladmowyvetili, gaurecxavi bostneulis da kenkris sakvebad gamoyeneba). daavadeba gavrcelebulia Tbili da cxeli klimatis pirobebSi; amebiazi gvxvdebakavkasiaSi, Sua aziis zogierT raionSi. inkubaciuri periodi grZeldeba 20-30 dRe. gamoyofen nawlavur, aranawlavur da kanis amebiazebs. ZiriTad klinikur formas warmoadgens nawlavuri amebiazi. klinikuri suraTi ameburi kolitis ZiriTadi simptomebia: madis daqveiTeba, Seberva da yuryuri, Sekrulobebisa da aSlilobebis monacvleoba. muclis temperatura daavadebis gamwvavebisas izrdeba zomierad da xanmokle periodiT. ameburi dizenteriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakmao intensivobis, 380 SeteviTi an movliTi xasiaTis tkivilebi muclis areSi, saerTo sisuste, SeuZlod yofna, kuWis moqmedebis sixSire dReSi 10-mdea. temperature momatebulia 38 gradusamde, da SenarCunebulia 3-5 dRis ganmavlobaSi. ena dafarulia nadebiT, muceli zomierad Seberilia, aRiniSneba yuryuri; zogierT SemTxvevaSi RviZli zomieradaa gadidebuli. iseve rogorc ameburi colitis dros, ameburi dizenteriisTvis damaxasiaTebelia cudi mada, Sromisunarianobis daqveiTeba, uZiloba, anemia, avadmyofis wonaSi dakleba. nawlavuri amebiazi uxSiresad mimdinareobs RviZlis dazianebiT. ameburi hepatitis an RviZlis abcesis saxiT. ameburi hepatitisTvis damaxasiaTebelia intoqsikacia, sxvadasxva intensivobis siyviTle, rig SemTxvevebSi – cxeleba, RviZlis zomebis momateba. RviZlis ameburi abcesisTvis tipiuria heqtiuri cxeleba, tkivilebi marjvena neknqveSa midamoSi, mtkivneuli da gadidebuli RviZli, arc Tu iSviaTad – siyviTle. cnobilia agreTve Tavis tvinis, elenTis da sxva organoebis ameburi abcesebi. kanis amebiazi Cveulebriv Tan sdevs amebiazis nawlavur formas. amebiazis garTulebebi. nawlavuri sisxldenebi, perikoliti, msxvili nawlavis perforacia, nawlavuri gauvaloba, filtvebis abcesebi da sxva. kedlis diagnozi daavadebis gamocnoba xdeba epidemiologiuri monacemebis, anamnezis, klinikuri suraTis da avadmyofis ganavlis parazitologiuri kvlevis safuZvelze. maTSi histolikuri amebis qsovilovani formebis naxva adasturebs am daavdadebis diagnozs da metyvelebs paTologiuri procesis aqtiur mimdinareobaze. profilaqtika im adgilebSi, sadac xSirad gvxvdeb aamebiazi, aucilebelia sasmeli wylis marTlebulad momarageba, misaxleobisTvis piradi higienis zomebis gacnoba, sasmelad mxolod anaduRari wylis gamoyeneba, tualetis higienurad Senaxva da dezinficireba, sakvebi produqtebis dacva. cistebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inarCuneben sicocxlisunarianobas sxvadasxva wyalsatevSi. cistebis matareblis daSveba ar SeiZleba wylis momaragebis sitemaSi, sakvebis gamomuSavebis sawarmoebSi, sazogadoebrivi kvebis obieqtebSi samuSaod, agreTve bavSvebis momvlelebad. infeqciis mTavar wyaroa cistebis gamomyofi (matarebeli) adamiani. mwvave period cicistebi ar gamoiyofa, amitom avadmyofi saSiSi ar aris. saSiSroeba Tan sdevsgamojanmrTelebis dasawyiss. ar aris gamoricxuli aamebiazis Serwyma sxva daavadebebTan: amebiazis kombinacias axasiaTebs uecari dasawyisi, temperaturis mateba, intoqsikaciis 381 niSnebi. mkurnaloba amebiazis samkurnalo mravali efeqturi saSualeba daavadebis klinikuri formisa da stadiis Sesatyvisad SeirCeva. Tu daavadeba droulad gamovlinda, maSin misi mkurnaloba waarmatebiT dasruldeba. zogjer garTulebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba qirurgiuli Careva. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. “qarTuli samedicino enciklopedia”- amebiazi 2. http://mkurnali.ambebi.ge/component/encyclopedia/?task=term&id=422 3. http://infeqciuri.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_4.html Peculiarities of Amebiasis Ani Nonikashvili Resume Amebiasis is socially important disease that can be spreader widely. The work describes epidemiological, Pathogenesis and clinical peculiarities of this disease. aTerosklerozi nino samadalaSvili farmaciis specialoba, II kursi xelmZRvaneli: laSa ninoSvili E-mail: [email protected] Tel:598-94-12-92 aTerosklerozi qronikuli daavadebaa, romlis drosac arteriis kedlebi sqeldeba da eSveba, sanaTuri viwrovdeba da sisxlis mimoqceva Zneldeba. daavadeba Suaxnis da asakovan adamianebs emarTebaT, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, aTerosklerozuli cvlilebebi bavSvebsac (axalSobilebsac ki) aRmoaCndeT. gansakuTrebiT sariskoa asakis (35 wlis zemoT) da stresis Tanxvedra.didi mniSvneloba aqvs memkvidreobiT faqtors. aTerosklerozis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs zogierTi daavadebac, maT Soris - Saqriani diabeti, simsuqne, podagra, naRvelkenWovani daavadeba. daavadebis kidev erTi riskfaqtoria - magram ara uSualo mizezi - cxoveluri cximis Warbi miReba. aTerosklerozis ganviTarebaSi did rols asrulebs fizikuri aqtivobis simcire, fsiqoemociuri gadaZabva, nervuli sistemis travma,cxovrebis daZabuli ritmi, xmauri, specifikuri samuSao garemo da 382 sxva. daavadebis ganviTareba janmrTeli adamianis sisxli Tavisuflad miedineba arteriebSi,aRwevs sxeulis yvela ubans da mas JangbadiT da sakvebi nivTierebebiT amaragebs. sisxlSi arsebuli Warbi qolesterini sisxlZarRvebis SigniTa zedapirze ileqeba da warmoqmnis aTerosklerozul folaqebs,romlebic umTavresad cximisa da kalciumisgan Sedgeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi aTerosklerozuli folaqis zedapirze ileqeba Trombocitebi (sisxlis SededebaSi monawile sisxlis elementebi) da cilebi. Cndeba Trombi. Trombi, garda imisa, rom ufro metad aviwroebs arteriis sanaTurs,imiTac aris saSiSi, rom SeiZleba moswydes nawili, romelic sisxlis nakadis meSveobiT manamde gadaadgildeba sisxlZarRvSi, vidre sadme ar gaiWedeba. daxSuli sisxlZarRvi sisxlis mimoqcevas mkveTrad arRvevs.romelime organos (an mis nawils) sisxli aRar miewodeba da is kvdeba. gulis mkvebavi sisxlZarRvis dazianebisas miokardiumis infarqti viTardeba, xolo Tu aTerosklerozma Tavis tvinis mkvebavi arteria daaziana, mosalodnelia insulti. daavadeba wlobiT mimdinareobs, nel-nela progresirebs da ufro da ufro met sisxlZarRvs azianebs. roca sisxlZarRvis sanaTuri 2-jer Seviwrovdeba, adamiani ama Tu im qsovilis an organos sisxliT momaragebis ukmarisobis pirvel niSnebs SeigrZnobs. simptomebi da mimdinareoba aTerosklerozis gamovlineba mis lokalizaciazea damokidebuli. aortis aTerosklerozi vlindeba TandaTanobiT mzardi arteriuli hipertenziis saxiT. uares SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba ganviTardes aortis aSrevebadi anevrizma - aortis kedeli metismetad Txeldeba, Signidan ki Trombi awveba, amitom mosalodnelia aortis gaxeTqva. aortis rkalis aTerosklerozi iwvevs Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvovan ukmarisobas, rac Tavbruxvevas, gulis wasvlas ganapirobebs. mosalodnelia insultic. gulis koronaruli arteriebis aTerosklerozi gulis iSemiuri daavadebis mizezad iqceva. jorjlis arteriis (nawlavebis mkvebavi arteriis) aTerosklerozma SeiZleba gamoiwvios:arteriis totebis Trombozi, rac, Tavis mxriv, nawlavis kedlisa da jorjlis nekrozs ganapirobebs; muclis kolikis (Wvalis) msgavsi Seteva, romelic Wamis Semdeg iCens Tavs, arcTu iSviaTad Tan sdevs Rebineba da muclis Seberva. Tirkmlis arteriis aTerosklerozis dros TirkmelebSi sisxlis mimoqceva irRveva, rac myar, mkurnalobisadmi daumorCilebel arteriul hipertenzias iwvevs. misi Sedegi nefrosklerozi da Tirkmelebis qronikuli ukmarisobaa. sasqeso asos sisxlZarRvTa aTerosklerozuli dazianeba,romelic 383 Tambaqos wevis, Saqriani diabetisa da hipertenziis fonze viTardeba, ereqciis darRvevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia. qveda kidurTa arteriebis aTerosklerozs avlens wvivebis qronikuli tkivili, romelic siarulisas aRmocendeba da dasvenebisas qreba. siarulis dros fexis kunTebis tkivili adamians SeCerebas aiZulebs. amas xangamoSvebiT koWlobas uwodeben. diagnostireba avadmyofis Civilebis safuZvelze eqimi gamokvlevis gegmas adgens.pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia sisxlis bioqimiuri analizi da qolesterinis donis gansazRvra. Semdeg, saWiroebisamebr, tardeba gamokvleva. magaliTad, Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvTa aTerosklerozi SesaZloa karga xans usimptomod mimdinareobdes, magram kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodi ultrabgeriTi doplerografia mis adreul etapze gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. sisxlZarRvTa mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad mimarTaven koronarografias, romlis meSveobiTac zustad ganisazRvreba aTerosklerozuli folaqis adgilmdebareoba. mkurnaloba aTerosklerozs da mis Sedegebs qirurgiuli meTodiT mkurnaloben,romlis mizania Seviwroebuli sisxlZarRvebis balonuri gafarToeba,aTerosklerozuli folaqis mocileba, sisxlZarRvis dazianebuli nawilis stentireba, sisxlis nakadisTvis axali gzis Seqmna da a.S. profilaqtika janmrTelobis SenarCuneba am radikaluri Carevis gareSec SeiZleba.magaliTad, Tu fexebis tkivili igrZeniT, siaruls ki ar unda moukloT, aramed moumatoT. tkivilis aRmocenebisas SeisveneT, Semdeg ki, roca tkivili gagivliT, odnav ufro nel tempSi ganagrZeT siaruli.siaruli kolateraluri sisxlZarRvebis amuSavebas uwyobs xels da mdgomareoba SesamCnevad umjobesdeba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovrebis jansaR wess: jansaR kvebas, sigaretis mitovebas, eqimTan droul vizitsa da profilaqtikur gamokvlevas.arsebobs preparatebic, romlebic sisxlSi qolesterinis Semcvelobas amcirebs. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. vaxtang yifiani ,,organoebis da sistemebis paTofiziologia” Tbilisi 2005w. 2. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0 %E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D% E1%83%96%E1%83%98 Atherosclerosis Nino Samadalashvili Resume Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease. Lack of physical activity plays a big role in its development, psycho-emotional surge, nervous system trauma, and tense rhythm of life, environment, and other special work. Manifestation of atherosclerosis depends on its localization. 384 kibo ana TeTrauli suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti farmacia II kursi xelmZRvaneli: laSa ninoSvili tel: 599 22 62 21 ra aris kibo? kibos daavadebaTa farTo jgufs uwodeben, romlebic atipuri ujredebis gaukontrolebuli zrdiTa da gamravlebiT xasiaTdeba. organizmis zrdasTan erTad ujredebis raodenoba izrdeba da es procesi mkacrad kontrolirdeba. zogierTi ujredi, masSi warmoqmnili cvlilebebis gamo aRar eqvemdebareba aseT kontrols da usasrulod mravldeba. avTvisebiani simsivne avTvisebiani simsivne (kibo) – am saxis simsivnes SeuZlia SeiWras, daazianos da daarRvios axlomdebare qsovilebi da gavrceldes sxeulis sxva organoebz keTilTvisebiani simsivne – aseTi simsivne iSviaTad Tu warmoadgens sicocxlisaTvis saSiS daavadebas da igi ar vrceldeba sxeulis danarCen nawilebze. keTilTvisebiani simsivnis qirurgiuli mocileba SesaZlebelia da Cveulebriv misi xelaxla warmoSobis riski dabalia. daxasiaTeba simsivne, iseve rogorc normaluri qsovili ujredebisagan Sedgeba, magram normaluri ujredebisagan gansxvavebiT simsivnur ujredebs daqveiTebuli an sruliad dakarguli aqvT momwifebis, diferenciaciis unari da axasiaTebT ganusazRvreli gamravleba, ris Sedegadac warmoqmnili simsivnuri qsovili azianebs da arRvevs irgvlivmdebare normalur qsovilebsa da organoebs; simsivneebs Seiswavlis mecniereba onkologia. imisda mixedviT Tu romeli qsovilisagan viTardeba simsivne, ganarCeven mwife anu keTilTvisebian simsivnes, romelic SenebiT waagavs dedur qsovils (homeoplazia), da umwifar anu avTvisebian simsivnes risi Seneba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba deduri qsovilisagan (anaplazia). diferenciacia keTilTvisebian da avTvisebian simsivneebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba isaa, rom avTvisebiani simsivnisTvis damaxasiaTebelia swrafi zrda, simsivnuri ujredebis SeWra irgvlivmyof saR qsovilebSi (infiltraciuli zrda), simsivnuri ujredebis sisxlisa da limfis gziT gadatana daSorebul organoebSi da iq meoreuli simsivnuri kvanZebis — metastazebis gaCena, simsivnis amokveTisas imave adgilas ganmeorebiTi simsivnis ganviTareba simsivnis aRmocenebamde didi xniT adre qsovilebSi xdeba ujredTa jer difuzuri, xolo Semdeg kerovani gamravleba. es cvlilebebi cnobilia rogorc simsivniswinare anu kiboswinare mdgomareoba. ukve ganviTarebuli simsivne droTa ganmavlobaSi iZens axal Tvisebebs (simsivnis progresia), rac safuZvlad udevs simsivnuri procesis dayofas stadiebad. simptomebi kibos simptomatika damokidebulia simsivnuri warmonaqmnis adgilmdebareobaze, misi zrdis xarisxsa da metastazebis arsebobaze. 385 metastazi (berZn. μτάασις; gadanacvleba, gadasvla) — meoreuli paTologiuri warmonaqmni, romelicviTardeba organoSi an qsovilSi pirveladi keridan maavadebeli faqtoris (simsivnuri ujredi, infeqciuri agenti da sxv.) gadanacvlebis Sedegad.warmoadgens sinsivnuri qsovilis implants, romelic vrceldeba simsivnis ZiriTadi keridan sxva organoebSi. keTilTvisebiani simsivneebi metastazirebas ar ganicdian. avTvisebiani simsivneebis dros adgilobrivi invazia ganapirobebs sisxlmilebSi, limfur milebSi, RruebSi simsivnuri ujredebis penetracias da gavrcelebas. metastazireba Cveulebriv xdeba sisxlis nakadiT da limfiT. kibos ujredebi umetesad limfogenuri gziT vrceleba, sarkomisa ki hemategenurad. metastazi SeiZleba ganviTardes agreTve simsivnuri ujredebis CanergviT mezobel saR qsovilSi. metastazirebis procesi samfaziania: simsivnuri ujredis SeRweva sisxlZarRvebSi an limfur sadinarebSi, misi gadatana sisxlis an limfis nakadiT uaxloes an Soreul organoSi; metastazuri simsivnis ganviTareba axal keraSi.metastazi simsivnuri procesis avTvisebianobis maCvenebelia da gansazRvravs daavadebis mimdinareobas. simsivneTa umravlesobis metastazebi uaxloes regionalur limfur kvanZebSi viTardeba, Tumca avTvisebiani simsivnis metastazebs axasiaTebs arCeviTi lokalizacia: mag., Zvlis simsivne umetesad iZleva metastazebs filtvebSi, sarZeve, farisebri da winamdebare jirkvlebis kibo - ZvlebSi, filtvis kibo RviZlsa da Tavis tvinSi da sxv.Tavisi agebulebiT metastazi pirveladi simsivnis agebulebas imeorebs. zogjer metastazuri kvanZis histologiuri struqturis mixedviT SeiZleba SeumCneveli simsivnis pirveladi keris aRmoCena. RviZlis makropreparati,mravalricxvovani metastaziT. Tavisa da zurgis tvinis simsivneebi – tvinis simsivneebi (Tavisa da zurgis tvinis) gansakuTrebiT xSirad viTardeba 50-55 da 5-10 wlis asakSi. 15 wlis zemoT, Tavis tvinis avTvisebiani simsivneebis 70%-s Seadgenen glioblastoma da avTvisebiani astrocitoma; SedarebiT iSviaTad diagnostirdeba ependimoma, glioma, oligodendroglioma, meduloblastoma. bavSvebSi Tavis tvinis simsivneebi sixSiriT meore adgils ikaveben avTvisebian simsivneTa Soris (leikozebis Semdeg). 60% Seadgenen meduloblastoma, astrocitoma da ependimoma, iSviaTad gvxvdeba sxva simsivneebi. hemangioblastoma – Tavis an zurgis tvinis simsivne, romelic viTardeba tvinis garsebis an TviT tvinis sisxlisZarRvebisgan.aseTi simsivnis ganviTarebas xSirad Tan axlavs feoqromocitomebis warmoqmna da siringomielia. tuCis kibo – tuCis kibo daaxloebiT 90%-Si lokalizebulia qveda tuCis centralur nawilSi; SemTxvevaTa 90%-Si warmoadgens garqovanebul brtyelujredovan kibos. winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebia: tuCis lorwovani garsis qronikuli travmatizacia, sigaretis weva. tuCis kiboswinare daavadebebia: qeiliti, hiperkeratozi, meWeWisebri predkibo, keratoakanToma, kanis rqa. piri Rrus lorwovani garsis kibo - am jgufSi Sedis avTvisebiani 386 simsivneebi, romlebic viTardebian enaze, loyebis lorwovan garsSi, piris Rrus fskerze, zeda da qveda ybebis alveolur kideebze, magar da rbil sasaze, sasis wina rkalebze. avTvisebiani simsivnis yvelaze xSiri histologiuri variantia btyelujredovani garqovanebuli kibo. am lokalizaciis simsivneebi xSiria mamakacebSi. simsivniswina procesebia: bouemis daavadeba, leikoplakia, papilomatozi, wiTeli mgluras Sedegebi. cxvir-xaxis simsivneebi – cxvir-xaxis simsivneebis ZiriTad histologiur variants warmoadgens brtyelujredovani kibo. gvxvdeba aradiferencirebuli kibo (30%), limfosarkoma da limfoepiTelioma. simptomebi damokidebulia mezobeli organoebis invaziis xasisxze. cxvir-xaxis kibo vrceldeba xaxis kedelze qveviT, moicavs rbil sasas, amasTan gaZnelebulia ylapva, aRiniSneba xmis CaxleCa, xvela. saylapavis kibo – saylapavis kibo (esophageal carcinoma) Cveulebriv diagnostirdeba 55 wlis asakSi da zeviT, mamakacebSi 3-jer xSiria vidre qalebSi. ZiriTadi histologiuri formaa brtyel-ujredovani kibo. avTvisebian simsivnes win uZRvis qronikuli ezofagitebi, peptikuri wylulebi, qimiuri da Termuli damwvrobebi. xorxis kibo - xorxis kibo Seadgens daaxloebiT 2%-s yvela avTvisebiani simsivneebisa. mamakacebSi igi 8-9-jer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre qalebSi. lokalizebuli simsivneebi aRiniSneba avadmyofTa 60%-Si; SemTxvevaTa 30%-Si vlindeba regionaluri metastazebi, da 10%-Si – Soreuli metastazebi. ZiriTadi histologiuri formaa – brtyelujredovani kibo. yvelaze ufro xSirad ziandeba xorxis naoWzeda nawili (70%), Semdeg naoWisa (28%) da naoWqveda nawili (2%). farisebri jirkvlis kibo – farisebri jirkvlis kibo Seadgens simsivneebis 1%-s. qalebSi igi 2-jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi. daavadebis dawyebis saSualo asakia 43-44 weli. histologiurad gansakuTrebiT xSiria papilaruli kibo (60-70%); folikuluri Seadgens SemTxvevaTa 30%-s; iSviaTad vlindeba anaplasturi da meduluri kibo. papilaruli da folikuluri kibos dros ZiriTadi simptomebia: solitaruli kvanZisarseboba farisebri jirkvlis sisqeSi. farisebraxlo jirkvlis simsivneebi – gvxvdeba sakmaod iSviaTad. Cveulebriv warmoadgens keTilTvisebian adenomas, zogjer karcinomas. xasiaTdeba neli ganviTarebiT; metastazirdeba regionalur limfur kvanZebSi, filtvebSi, RviZlSi. vrclad.. kanis kibo – kanis kibo (skin cancer) warmoadgens kibos erT-erT yvelaze xSir formas. SedarebiT xSirad gvxvdeba 50 wels gadacilebul pirebSi; Cveulebriv sxeulis Ria nawilebze. gamoyofen bazalurujredovan da brtyelujredovan kibos. iSviaTad diagnostirdeba kanis danamatebis kibo (cximis, saofle jirkvlebis, Tmis folikulebis). kibos ganviTarebas xels uwyobs zedmeti insolacia, sxivuri dazianeba. kiboswinare daavadebebad iTvleba hiperkeratozebi, bo-venis daavadeba, radiaciuli dermatiti, pigmenturi qseroderma, albinizmi, qronikuli wylulebi da nawiburebi da sxv. 387 melanoma (melanoma) – viTardeba melanocitebidan. gansakuTrebiT xSirad lokalizdeba kanSi (90%), iSviaTad koniunqtivaSi, Tvalis qorioidul garsSi, cxviris, piris Rrus, saSos, swori nawlavis lorwovan garsSi. kanis melanoma vlindeba xSirad 30-50 wlis asakSi. riskis faqtorebia: ultraiisferi radiaciis mniSvnelovani dozebi, nevusebis travmebi, ojaxuri winaswarganwyoba melanomebisadmi, pigmenturi qseroderma, diubreis melanozi. SemTxvevaTa 50-70%-Si kanis melanoma viTardeba pigmenturi nevusidan. filtvis kibo – kibos erT-erTi yvelaze xSiri lokalizaciaa mamakacebsa da qalebSi, 40 wlis asakis zemoT. filtvis kiboTi daavadebis riski gansakuTrebiT maRalia mwevelebSi. magaliTad, dReSi ori da meti kolofi sigaretis mowevisas filtvis kibos sixSire izrdeba 15-25-jer; riskis sxva faqtorebia: muSaoba asbestTan, dasxiveba da sxv. kuWis kibo - daavadebis klinikuri simptomebi araspefikuria: gulisreva, Rebineba, boyini, disfagia, saerTo sisuste, wonaSi dakleba, anemia da sxv. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa aRniSnuli simptomebis gaCena adre janmrTel pirebSi. diagnozis dadgenaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba gastroskopiasa da kuWis rentgenologiur gamokvlevas. sarZeve jirkvlis kibo (breast cancer) – riskis faqtorebia: menopauza 50 wlis zeviT, mSobiarobis ararseboba an pirveli mSobiaroba gviandel asakSi (daavadeba 3-jer xSiria); ojaxuri anamnezi, sadac fiqsirdeba sarZeve jirkvlis kibo dedasTan da dasTan (2-jer xSiria) an orivesTan erTad (6-jer xSiria); fibrozul-cistozuri mastopaTia. RviZlis kibo - RviZlis kibo avTvisebiani simsivneebis daaxloebiT 11,5%-s Seadgens. gansakuTrebiT xSirad viTardeba hepatoceluluri kibo (90%), iSviaTad – qolangiocelularuli (10%). RviZlSi kibo SesaZlebelia ganviTardes RviZlis cirozis fonze an mis gareSe. RviZlis avTvisebiani simsivne RviZlSi lokalizebuli axalwarmonaqmnia, romelic viTardeba RviZlis ujredebisa da misi struqturebisgan an warmoadgens RviZlSi gavrcelebul sxva simsivneTa metastazs. monacemebis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi yovelwliurad 250 aTas adamianze mets RviZlis kibos diagnozi udasturdeba. daavadeba gacilebiT xSiria im qveynebSi, sadac maRalia qronikuli virusuli hepatitebiT moavadeTa ricxvi. RviZlis kiboTi gacilebiT xSirad avadoben mamakacebi. daavadeba nebismier asakSi SeiZleba ganviTardes, Tumca yvelaze xSirad is 40 wels gadacilebulebs Soris gvxvdeba pankreasis kibo – kuWqveSa jirkvlis kibo sixSiris mixedviT erT-erT pirvel adgilzea avTvisebian simsivneebs Soris. daavadebis riski ukve 30 wlis asakidanaa da piks aRwevs 70 wlis Semdeg. ganasxvaveben kuWqveSa jirkvlis Tavis, sxeulisa da kudis kibos. ZiriTadad viTardeba sadinris kibo (adenokarcinoma). jirkvlis Tavis nawilSi simsivne lokalizdeba SemTxvevaTa 75%-Si. naRvlis saerTo sadinarze zewola iwvevs meqanikur siyviTles. vrclad.. sanaRvle gzebisa da Tormetgojas didi dvrilis kibo – naRvlis buStis kibo (gallbladder carcinoma) ZiriTadad gvxvdeba 50 wels gadacilebul pirebSi, umetesad qalebSi. morfologiuri agebulebiT 388 warmoadgens sxvadasxva diferencirebis adenokarcinomas, zrdis infiltraciuli tipiT; iSviaTad – brtyelujredovani kibos. vrclad.. Sardis buStis kibo – sxvadasxva lokalizaciis kibos saerTo raodenobis daaxloebiT 3%-s Seadgens. daavadebis riski maRalia im adamianebSi, romlebsac muSaoba uxdebaT aromatul aminebTan, aseve qronikuli cistitiT daavadebulebSi. gansakuTrebiT xSirad gvxvdeba gardamavalujredovani kibo, SedarebiT iSviaTad – brtyel-ujredovani kibo da adenokarcinoma. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis simsivneebi – ganasxvaveben Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis keTilTvisebian da avTvisebian simsivneebs, romlebic viTardebian jirkvlis qerqovani da tvinovani Sreebidan. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis qerqSi lokalizdeba adenomebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian glukokortikoidebis an aldosteronis Warbi sekreciiT, xolo tvinovan SreSi – feoqromocitoma, romelic axdens adrenalinisa da noradrenalinis producirebas. avTvisebiani simsivneebi (kortikosteroma, feoqromoblastoma, neiroblastoma), iseve rogorc adenomebi, SeiZleba iyvnen sekretirebadi da arasekretirebadi. saSvilosnos sxeulis kibos ZiriTadi simptomia saSodan sisxldenis darRveva (menopauzis, an menstruaciebs Soris periodSi). tkivili menjSi da suniani gamonadeni – niSania daavadebis gviani stadiisa. diagnostikis ZiriTadi meTodia saSvilosnos yelis arxisa da saSvilosnos Rrus gamofxeka da Semdgomi histologiuri kvleva. diagnostikis citologiuri meTodi naklebad saimedoa, iseve, rogorc histerografia da histeroskopuli gamokvlevebi. adenokarcinoma warmoadgens ZiriTad morfologiur variants (70%-mde); gvxvdeba agreTve adenokanTomebi da jirkvlovan-brtyelujredovani kibo. sakvercxis kibo – gansakuTrebiT xSiria sakvercxis serozuli, mucinuri da endometrioiduli avTvisebiani simsivneebi. serozuli kibo viTardeba Cveulebriv cilioepiTeluri kistomisagan; xasiaTdeba serozuli siTxis dagrovebiT malignizirebuli cisturi warmonaqmnebis SigniT. kafsulis zrdisa da metastazirebis Sedegad viTardeba asciti. winamdebare jirkvlis kibo – winamdebare jirkvlis kibo sixSiris mixedviT erT-erT pirvel adgilzea mamakacebSi. gansakuTrebiT xSirad diagnostirdeba 60 wlis zeviT. warmoadgens sxvadasxva diferencirebis adenokarcinomas. simsivne axdens mucinSemcveli sialis mJavas sekrecias da Seicavs mJave fosfatazasa da glukuronidazas. diferencialuri diagnozi tardeba winamdebare jirkvlis adenomasTan. adenomas gaaCnia mkveTri konturebi, umniSvnelo simkvrive, gamoirCeva neli zrdiT. vrclad.. msxvili nawlavis kibo – ukanasknel wlebSi aRiniSneba kolinjisa da swori nawlavis kiboTi daavadebis mniSvnelovani zrda. adenomebi, difuzuri polipozi da araspecifikuri wylulovani koliti zrdian kibos ganviTarebis risks da ganixilebian rogorc kiboswina daavadebebi. magaliTad, difuzuri poplipozis dros malignizacia aRiniSneba TiTqmis 100%-Si. kolinjis kibos lokalizacia SesaZloa iyos sxvadasxva – aswvrivi, ganivi, daswvrivi da sigmoiduri nawlavis. swori nawlavis kibo lokalizdeba analur, qveda, Sua, zeda ampulur da reqtosigmoidul nawilebSi. simsivne izrdeba upiratesad 389 egzofiturad (nawlavis sanaTurSi) an endofiturad (nawlavis kedlis sisqeSi). wvrili nawlavis avTvisebiani simsivneebi – wvrili nawlavis avTvisebiani simsivneebi sakmaod iSviaTia. karcinoidi gansakuTrebiT xSirad lokalizdeba TeZos nawlavis terminalur nawilSi, aqvs mcire zomebi, viTardeba nela. serotoninis sekreciis ararsebobisas klinikuri simptomebi naklebadaa gamoxatuli (diarea, wonaSi dakleba). simsivnis gadidebisas TandaTanobiT vlindeba tkivili mucelSi da nawlavTa nawilobrivi gauvalobis simptomebi. simptomebis gamovlinebidan diagnozis dadgenamde SesaZloa gavides ramdenime weli. Zvlis avTvisebiani simsivneebi – ganasxvaveben Zvlovani qsovilidan ganviTarebul (osteogenuri sarkoma, parostaluri sarkoma, qondrosarkoma, avTvisebiani giganturujredovani simsivne) da araZvlovani warmoSobis (iungis sarkoma, fibrosarkoma, qondroma, angiosarkoma, adamantioma) simsivneebs. vrclad.. mecnierebma kibos ujredebis genetikuri kodi gaSifres genetikosTa mtkicebiT, maT SeZles ori yvelaze gavrcelebuli onkologiuri daavadebis – kanisa da filtvebis kibos ujredebis kodis srulad gaSifrva. fondis ”Wellcome Trust” warmomadgenlis TqmiT, am aRmoCenam SesaZloa revolucia moaxdinos kibos daavadebebis profilaqtikasa da mkurnalobaSi. igi SesaZlebels gaxdis, sisxlis analizis Sedegebis mixedviT ara mxolod gansazRvros adreul stadiaSi simsivnis arseboba, aramed xels Seuwyobs axali, ufro efeqturi medikamentebis SemuSavebas.garda amisa, maTive TqmiT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba aseve sisxlis analizis meTodikis SemuSaveba, romelic xels Seuwyobs janmrTel adamianebSi kibosadmi genetikuri midrekilebis gamovlenas. simsivnis 5 SesaZlo niSani: 1 tkivilis SegrZneba 2 wonis swrafi dakargva 3 mudmivi moTenTiloba 4 maRali temperatura 5 Tmebisa da kanis mdgomareobis cvlileba. simsivne cxovelebSi cxovelebSi simsivne farTodaa gavrcelebuli. daavadebis sixSire cxovelis asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba. avaddeba yvela saxeobis cxoveli, gansakuTrebiT ZaRli da qaTami. diagnozs adgenen daavadebuli cxovelis klinikuri niSnebiTa da gamokvlevis Sedegad. mkuranloba metwilad qirurgiulia, iyeneb agreTve saTanado preparatebsa da hormonul saSualebebs. simsivne mcenareebSi mcenareebSi simsivne SeiZleba gamoiwvios sokoebma, baqteriebma, virusebma, mwerebma, nematodebma agreTve dabali temperaturis moqmedebam. umravlesad avaddeba fesvi, Zirxvenebi, gorglebi, Reroebi, SedarebiT iSviaTad foTlebi. brZolis RonisZiebebi mimarTulia simsivnis gamomwvevi mizezis salikvidaciod. 390 rabdomiosarkoma bavSvebSi – warmoadgens bavSvebSi rbili qsovilebis sarkomis yvelaze xSir formas. ganasxvaveben 3 histologiur variants: embrionuli, alveoluri da polimorfuli. xSiria 2-dan 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebSi lokalizaciis Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: Tavi da kiseri, winamdebare jirkvali, Sardis buSti da saSo. Wabukobis asakSi amgvari avTvisebiani simsivneebi viTardeba kidurebze, saTesleebSi da paratestikulur qsovilSi. gamoyenebuli literatura • vaxtang yifiani-zogadi patologia " Tbilisi 2008" • marina SaqaraSvili-zogadi patologia "Tbilisi 2011" • http://janmrtelobainfo.ge/?page_id=5444 • http://janmrtelobainfo.ge/?page_id=5444 Cancer Ana Tetrauli Resume In the work there are described malignant and non-malignant growths, their descriptions, differentiation and symptoms. And also considered organism changes during growths in general. antihipertenziuli saSualebebi qeTevan kvinikaZe suxiSvili saswavlo universiteti, farmacia, III kursi xelmZRvaneli: prof. givi yuraSvili E-mail: [email protected] arteriuli hipertenzia aris daavadeba, romlis drosac adgili aqvs sisxlis wnevis momatebas ramdenime aTeuliT wnevis normaluri maCveneblidan. wneva mTel msoflioSi 1 miliardamde adamians aReniSneba. avadmyofobiT gamowveuli globaluri xarjis 4.5% am daavadebaze modis. daavadeba iSviaTad iwyeba 30 welze axalgazrda da 60 welze ufrosi asakis pirebSi. arteriuli hipertenzia sawyis etapze, xangrZlivi drois manZilze, SesaZloa Civilebisa da yovelgvari gamovlinebebis gareSe mimdinareobdes. daavadebis pirvelma niSnebma SesaZloa Tavi iCinos garTulebebis ganviTarebis Semdeg. hipertenzias raime specifiuri Civili ar axasiaTebs. igi xSirad wnevis SemTxveviTi gasinjvisas vlindeba. arteriuli hipertenziisTvis zogjer damaxasiaTebelia wnevis uecari, mkveTri momateba xanmokle vadiT – hipertonuli krizi, romlis drosac saWiro xdeba saswrafo Careva. arteriuli wneva unda daqveiTdes TandaTanobiT, vinaidan wnevis swrafma dawevam SesaZloa gamoiwvios Tavis tvinis, gulisa da Tirkmlebis sisxlmomaragebis darRveva. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dabali wnevis mqone 391 pirebs krizi emarTebaT 130–140 mmvwysv–ze. amdenad, didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ramdenia adamianis wnevis sawyisi maCvenebeli. ganasxvaveben hipertonuli daavadebis ramodenime formas. erT -erTia hiperadrenerguli forma, romelic xSirad vlindeba daavadebis sawyis periodSi, magram SesaZlebelia SenarCunebuli iyos misi mTeli mimdinareobisas (avadmyofTa daaxloebiT 15%). misTvis tipiuria iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa sinusuri taqikardia, aramyari arteriuli wneva, sistoluri hipertenziis siWarbiT, oflianoba, Tvalebis sibzinvare, saxis gawiTleba, Tavis areSi pulsis SegrZneba, gulis friali, Sinagani daZabuloba, SfoTva. hipertonuli davadebis hiperhidrataciuli forma SeiZleba gamovlindes iseTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT, rogoricaa periorbitaluri SeSupeba da saxis SeSupeba dilaobiT, xelis TiTebis SeSupeba, maTi gabuJeba da paresTeziebi, diurezis cvlilebebi gardamavali oliguriiT, wyalmarilovani hipertenzuli krizebi, natriumis da wylis SedarebiTi swrafi Sekaveba simpaTolizuri saSualebebiT mkurnalobis dros (rezerpini, dopegiti, klofelini da sxv.). hipertonuli daavadebis avTvisebiani forma, warmoadgens swrafad moprogresire daavadebas arteriuli wnevis momatebiT Zalian maRal cifrebamde, rac iwvevs encefalopaTiebis ganviTarebas, mxedvelobis darRvevas, filtvebis SeSupebasa da Tirkmelebis mwvave ukmarisobas. amJamad avTvisebianad mimdinare hipertonuli daavadeba sakmaod iSviaTia, gacilebiT xSiria meoradi arteriuli hipertenziis avTvisebiani finali (renovaskularuli, pielonefrozuli da sxv.). aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT pirveli, meore da mesame stadia: pirveli (msubuqi) stadia xasiaTdeba arteriuli wnevis SedarebiT mciredi momatebiT: 160-177 (180) mm vwy sv sistoluri, 95-104 (105) mm vwy sv diastoluri wnevis farglebSi. arteriuli wnevis done aramyaria. meore stadia (saSualo) wina stadiisagan gansxvavdeba arteriuli wnevis SedarebiT meti da myari momatebiT, romelic avadmyofis mSvid mdgomareobaSi 180-200 mm vwy sv sistoluri da 105-114 mm vwy sv diastoluri wnevis farglebSia. avadmyofebi uCivian Tavis tkivils, Tavbrusxvevas, tkivils gulis areSi, xSirad stenokardiuli xasiaTis. am stadiisaTvis tipiuria hipertonuli krizebi. vlindeba samizne-organoebis dazianebis niSnebi mesame stadia (mZime) xasiaTdeba sisxlZarRvovani krizebis SedarebiT xSiri warmoqmniT, rasac gansazRvravs arteriuli wnevis mniSvnelovani da stabiluri mateba da SedarebiT msxvili sisxlZarRvebis arteriosklerozisa da aTerosklerozis progresireba. klinikuri suraTi ganisazRvreba gulis (stenokardia, miokardis infarqti, sisxlis mimoqcevis ukmarisoba, ariTmia), tvinis (iSemiuri da hemoragiuli infarqtebi,encefalopaTia), Tvalis fskeris (angioretinopaTia), Tirkmelebis dazianebiT. 392 mkurnaloba SesaZleoa farmakologiuri meTodebiT: ganxorcieldes arafarmakologiuri da arafarmakologiur mkurnalobas miekuTvneba: a)wonaSi dakleba, dietaSi cximebisa da naxSirwylebi Semcirebis xarjze; b)sufris marilis gamoyenebis SezRudva; g) kurortuli mkurnaloba, fizoTerapiisa da samkurnalo fizkulturismeTodebi; d) fsiqoTerapiuli zemoqmedeba. farmakologiuri meTodebi efeqturia daavadebis pirvel stadiaSi. farmakologiuri mkurnaloba emyareba e. w. safexurovan princips, romelic iTvaliswinebs wamlebis daniSvnas garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT. arsebobs hipotenziuri preparatebis Semdegi klasipikacia: ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi. ZiriTadi hipotenziuri preparatebi: 1.Bbeta-adrenoreceptorebis seleqciuri mablokirebeli hipotenziuri preparatebi. 2.renin-angiontenzin-aldosteronis sistemaze moqmedi hipotenziuri preparatebi. 3.‟‟Ca”-is neli arxebis mablokirebeli periferiuli miotropuli hipotenziuri preparatebi. 4.Sardmdeni-salurezuli moqmedebis preparatebi anaprilini warmoadgens araseleqtiur beta-adrenoblokators. igi amcirebs simpaTikuri impulsaciis zemoqmedebas gulis betaadrenoreptorebze, aqveiTebs guliscemis sixSires da misi SekumSvis Zalas, ris gamoc mcirdeba miokardiumis moTxovna Jangbadze da klebulobs arteriuli wneva. amave dros, sisxlZarRvebis saerTo periferiuli winaaRmdegoba zomierad matulobs. anaprilins gaaCnia antiariTmuli moqmedeba, xolo did dozebSi igi iwvevs sedaciur efeqts. amasTan erTad, igi iwvevs Tireostatuli saSualebebis moqmedebis potencirebas. anaprilini swrafad Seiwoveba peroraluri miRebisas da SedarebiT swrafad eliminirdeba organizmidan. gverdiTi movlenebi: bradikardia, arteriuli hipotonia, taqikardia, atrioventrikuluri blokada, gulis ukmarisobis gaZliereba. es simptomebi xSirad aRiniSneba avadmyofebSi gulis moqmedebis darRveviT. SesaZlebelia sisuste da sicivis SegrZneba kidurebSi. gulisreva, Rebineba, diarea, yabzoba. Aatenololi–hipotenziuri, antianginaluri, antiariTmiuli saSualeba. upiratesad moqmedebs gulis beta-adrenoreceptorebze, amcirebs simpaTikuri inervaciis mastimulirebel zemoqmedebas gulze, sinusuri kvanZis avtomatizms, gulis SekumSvaTa sixSires, anelebs atrioventrikulur gamtareblobas, amcirebs miokardiumis agznebadobas, kumSvadobas, gulis moTxovnilebas Jangbadze. uaryofiTi qronotropuli efeqti vlindeba miRebidan 1 saaTis Semdeg da maqsimums aRwevs 2 - 4 saaTSi, xolo antihepertenziuli moqmedeba grZeldeba 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. araseleqtiur beta-adrenoblokatorebTan SedarebiT atenolols naklebad aqvs gamoxatuli zegavlena bronqebisa da periferiuli arteriebis gluv kunTebze: umniSvnelod amcirebs filtvebis sasicocxlo funqcias, praqtikulad ar asustebs izoproterenolis bronqodilataciur moqmedebas. 393 sistemuri gamoyenebisas ,,atenololi neo‟‟ iwvevs arteriuli wnevis TandaTanobiT daqveiTebas. stabiluri hipotenziuri efeqti miiRweva mkurnalobis meore kviris bolos. atenololi kuW-nawlavis traqtidan Seiwoveba swrafad, magram arasrulad - 50-60%. sisxlis plazmaSi maqsimaluri koncentracia miiRweva preparatis peroralurad miRebidan 2-4 saaTis Semdeg. dauSvebelia dozirebis TviTneburi Secvla da mkurnalobis Sewyveta. preparatis miRebis swrafad Sewyvetam SeiZleba gamoiwvios gulis iSemia stenokardiis an arteriuli hipertenziis gamwvavebiT an SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos miokardis infarqtis ganviTarebas. amitom, preparatis moxsna unda moxdes etapobrivad mkurnali eqimis kontrolis qveS.sawyisi dozaa 25-50mg dRe-RameSi. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi erTi kviris Semdeg dozas zrdian 50amg-iT. dozis Semdgomi momateba ar aris rekomendirebuli, radgan Terapiuli efeqti aRar izrdeba, mxolod matulobs gverdiTi efeqtebis ganviTarebis riski. Terapiuli efeqtis gasaZliereblad rekomendirebulia sxva hipotenziuri saSualebebis damateba. ,,atenololi neo”-s maqsimaluri sadReRamiso dozaa 200mg. preparatis moxsnis dros saWiroa yovel 3-4 dReSi doza 3/4-iT Semcirdes.. arteriuli hipertenzia: mkurnaloba iwyeba 25-50mg-iT 1-jer dReSi. stabiluri hipotenziuri efeqtis misaRebad saWiroa 1-2 kvira. efeqtis gasaZliereblad doza SeiZleba gaizardos 100mg-mde dReSi. dozis Semdgomi momateba ar aris rekomendirebuli, radgan Terapiuli efeqti aRar izrdeba. preparati sifrTxiliT iniSneba pacientebSi Semdegi daavadebebiT: gulis qronikuli ukmarisoba, sunTqvis organoebis qronikuli obstruqciuli daavadebebi, Saqriani diabeti (gansakuTrebiT, labiluri formisas), reinos daavadeba, periferiuli arteriebis maoblitirebeli daavadeba, feoqromocitoma, Tireotoqsikozi, pacientebSi Tirkmlis gamomyofi funqciis gamoxatuli darRvevebiT, xandazmuli asakis pacientebSi. ar aris rekomendirebuli verapamilisa da atenololis erTdrouli gamoyeneba, gansakuTrebiT pacientebSi darRveuli gamtareblobiT. SardmdenebTan, antihipertenziul saSualebebTan, nitratebTan erTdrouli gamoyenebisas Zlierdeba ,,atenololi neo”-s antihipertenziuli moqmedeba. varapamilTan, dilTiazemTan erTdrouli daniSvnisas Zlierdeba ,,atenololi neo”-s kardiodepresiuli moqmedeba. sagule glikozidebTan erTdrouli daniSvnisas Zlierdeba bradikardiis ganviTarebis, atrioventrikuluri gamtareblobis darRvevis riski. arasteroiduli anTebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi da gansakuTrebiT indometacini amcirebs ,,atenololi neo”-s antihipertenziul moqmedebas. gamoxatuli bradikardiis dros – atropinis Seyvana, mZime arteriuli hipotenziis dros – dobutaminis an dopaminis Seyvana. Mmetoprololi β1–adrenoreceptorebis kardioseleqciuri blokatoria, romelsac ar aqvs simpatomimeturi aqtivoba da membranomastabilizebeli moqmedeba. preparats hipotenziuri, antianginaluri da antiariTmiuli moqmedeba axasiaTebs. igi amcirebs sinusuri kvanZis avtomatizms, miokardiumis agznebadobasa da kumSvadobas, anelebs A-V gamtarobas. misi moqmedebiT mcirdeba gulis SekumSvaTa sixSire, gulis 394 wuTmoculoba da Jangbadze miokardiumis moTxovnileba. preparati Trgunavs reninis aqtivobas plazmaSi. fizikuri da fsiqoemociuri datvirTvisas igi amcirebs kateqolaminebis mastimulirebel zemoqmedebas gulze. metoprololis farmakokinetika: metoprololi swrafad da mTlianad (95%) Seiwoveba kuW-nawlavis traqtidan. pirveli miRebis dros preparatis bioSeRwevadobaa 50%, ganmeorebiTi miRebisas igi 70%-mde izrdeba. sakvebis miReba bioSeRwevadobas 20_40%-iT zrdis. metoprololis maqsimaluri koncentracia sisxlis plazmaSi 1–1.5 sT-Si miiRweva. preparatis daaxloebiT 20% ukavSirdeba plazmis cilebs. farmakokinetika gansakuTrebul klinikur SemTxvevebSi: orTostatikuri hipotenzia, bradikardia, arteriuli hipotenzia, gulis friali; iSviaTad _ miokardiumis kumSvadobis daqveiTeba, gulis qronikuli ukmarisobis simptomebis droebiTi gaZliereba, ariTmiebi, periferiuli sisxlis mimoqcevis darRvevis gaZliereba (sicivis SegrZneba qveda kidurebSi, reinos sindromi), miokardiumis gamtarobis darRvevebi; kardialgia. sasunTqi sistemis mxriv: qoSini datvirTvisas, bronqospazmi (maRali doziT daniSvnisas an bronqospazmis midrekilebis mqone pacientebSi). Warbi dozireba metoprololiT: gamoxatuli sinusuri bradikardia, Tavbruxveva, gulisreva, Rebineba, cianozi, arteriuli hipotenzia, ariTmia, parkuWovani eqstrasistolia, bronqospazmi, kardialgia, sinkope, kardiogenuri Soki, cnobierebis dakargva, koma, gulis gaCereba. dilTiazemi Sedis e. w. kalciumis antagonistebis samkurnalo jgufSi. is amcirebs kalciumis ionebis miwodebas gulis ujredebSi da sisxlZarRvebSi da amgvarad iwvevs sisxlZarRvebis gafarTovebas, gulTan sisxlis midinebis zrdas da JangbadiT momaragebis gaumjobesebas, amcirebs gulis moqmedebis sixSires da amcirebs arterialur wnevas. preparats iReben peroralurad, uSualod Wamis win. Cveulebrivi sadReRamiso doza Seadegns 30 mg, dReSi oTxjer Wamis win. sam an oTx miRebaze dayofil dRiur dozas zrdian TandaTan 2-3 dRis intervaliT optimaluri efeqtis miRwevamde. efeqturi doza individualuria TiToeuli avadmyofisaTvis, magram saSualod efeqturi doza Seadgens 180 – 240 mg/dReSi, gayofili sam an oTx miRebaze. maqsimaluri sadReRamiso doza Seadgens 360 mg/dReSi. gverdiTi reaqciebi umeteswilad dakavSirebulia dozasTan da mkurnalobis xangrZlivobasTan. diltiazemi kargad gadaitaneba umetesi pacientebis mier da sxva kalciumis antagonistebTan SedarebiT iwvevs sustad gamovlenil gverdiT efeqtebs. SeSupeba Tavis tkivili, gulis reva , winagul-parkuWovani blokada , Tavbrusxveva), gamonayari , sisuste, qavili. I xarisxis winagul-parkuWovani blokada, II da III xarisxis winagul-parkuWovani blokada, pulsis Seneleba, SegubebiTi gulis ukmarisoba, eleqtrokardiogramis cvlileba, SewiTleba, arteriuli wnevis daqveiTeba, guliscema, parkuWovani eqstrasistolia (pulsis ariTmia). gulis reva, Sekruloba, kuWis aSla, pirSi simSrale, gemos Secvla, wyurvili, Rebineba, sxeulis masis momateba. preparati miekuTvneba vazomotoruli centrebis tonusis damaqveiTebel 395 antihipertenzul saSualebas. igi axdens gamoxatul hipotenziur moqmedebas, romelic ganpirobebulia sisxlZarRvebis saerTo periferiuli winaaRmdegobis, gulis SekuSvis sixSiris SemcirebiT da misi sistoluri moculobis daqveiTebiT. preparatis moqmedebis meqanizmi realizdeba Tavis tvinis Semakavebeli struqturis postsinafsuri alfa2-adrenoreceptorebis stimulaciiT, simpaTikuri nervuli sistemis mediatoris gamoyofis SemcirebiT da gulze da sisxlZarRvebze eferentuli simpaTikuri impulsaciis moqmedebis daqveiTebiT. preparatis venaSi swrafi ineqciis dros SesaZlebelia arteriuli wnevis xanmokle momateba, romelic ganpirobebulia sisxlZarRvebis postsinafsuri alfa1-adrenoreceptorebis stimulaciiT. igi aseve avlens gamoxatul sedatiur moqmedebas. daskvna: dReisaTvis arteriuli hipertenzia sakmaod gavrcelebuli da problematuri daavadebaa. arteriuli hipertenziis mkurnaloba xangrZlivi procesia, dauSvebelia daniSnuli mkurnalobis Sewyveta, an Secvla eqimTan SeTanxmebis gareSe. xandaxan arteriuli wnevis matebas kompensatoruli xasiaTi aqvs da igi organizms sxva problemebis dasaZlevad sWirdeba. Ppacientma unda misdios jansaRi cxovrebis wess, gamoiyenos mxolod da mxolod eqimis mier daniSnuli medikamentebi. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. g.Turmanauli–samedicino Tbilisi 2006w. farmakologia, gamomcemloba ,,cis nami”, 2. g.Turmanauli- klinikuri farmacia, gamomcemloba ,,cis nami”, Tbilisi 2009w. 3. samedicino bazisuri farmakologia, gamomcemloba ,,cis nami”, Tbilisi 2008w. 4. d.a. xarkeviCi- farmakologia, gamomcemoba ,,mTawmindeli”, Tbilisi 2008w. 5. www.medcine.ge; 6. www.medgeo.net. Antihypertensive Preparations Ketevan Kvinikadze Resume The work discusses activity of contemporary Antihypertensive Preparations in the treating schemes. 396 saZile saSualebebi Tamar mWedliSvili specialoba_farmacia, kursi _ III. xelmZRvaneli: prof. givi yuraSvili E-mail – [email protected], Tel.:02360053 saZile saSualebebi _ gamoiyeneba CaZinebis gaadvilebis da Zilis saTanado xangrZlivobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. magram mniSvnelovania aramarto Zili, aramed misi xarisxic. Zili ramodenime fazisagan Sedgeba, maT Soris aris Tvalis swrafi moZraobebis faza, rodesac Cven gvZinavs, magram tvini aqtiurad muSaobs. saZile saSualebebis umravlesoba Trgunavs swored am fazas, romelic aucilebelia harmoniuli ZilisaTvis. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom viTardeba saZileebisadmi miCveva da garkveuli drois Semdeg TviTon wamali xdeba avadmyofobis mizezi - daZineba wamlis gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeba, wamali ki sul ufro naklebad moqmedebs. Zilis fazuri struqturis mixedviT, saZile saSualebebis umetesobiT gamowveuli Zili arsebiTad gansxvavdeba bunebrivi Zilisgan. Zilis gamoxatuli cvlilebebi da swrafi Zilis fazis gaxangrZliveba axasiaTebT barbituris mJavas warmoebulebs da gluteTimids. aRniSnuli fazis zomier cvlilebebs iwveven benzodiazepinis warmoebulebi. saZile saSualebebis moxsnis dros aRiniSneba e.w. ukugdebis fenomeni, romlis drosac, garkveuli periodis manZilze, swrafi Zilis fazis xangrZlivoba aRemateba Cveulebriv maCveneblebs, agreTve, am dros, vlindeba koSmaruli xasiaTis sizmrebi da adgili aqvs xSir gamoRviZebebs. saZile struqturis gamoyofen: saSualebebis klasifikacia, xorcieldeba maTi qimiuri mixedviT. aqedan gamomdinare, saZile saSualebebs Soris 1) barbituratebs e.i. barbituris mJavas warmoebulebs _ barbamili, barbital-natriumi, fenobarbitali, etaminal-natriumi da sx.; 2) benzodiazepinis warmoebulebs _ nitrazepami, lorazepami, diazepami, fenazepami da sx.; 3) piperidinis warmoebulebs _ gluteTimidi; 4) alifaturi rigis naerTebs _ bromizovali, qloralhidrati dasxv. ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala damikidebuleba sxvadasxva saZile saSualebebisadmi. barbituratebma, romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvlebodnen am jgufis ZiriTad preparatebad, dakarges TavianTi wamyvani mniSvneloba. nomenklaturidan amoRebulia barbamili da ciklobarbitali, barbitalis abebi, barbital-natriumi da etaminal–natriumi. alifatur warmoebulTa rigidan amoRebulia karbomali. farTod gamoiyeneba benzodiazepinis rigis preparatebi – nitrazepami da sxva struqturiTa da moqmedebiT monaTesave trankvilizatorebi, aseve sxva qimiuri jgufebis preparatebi.sadReisod arsebul benzodiazepinebis jgufis saZile 397 saSualebebs (nitrazepami da sxv.) barbituratebTan SedarebiT gaaCniaT garkveuli upiratesoba. isini ukeT gadaitaneba, Tumca Zilis xasiaTiT da gverdiTi efeqtebiT isini srulad ver pasuxoben ,,fiziologiur” moTxovnebs. barbituratebis mier gamowveuli Zili mimdinareobiT gansxvavdeba bunebrivisagan. isini aioleben CaZinebas, magram cvlian Zilis struqturas – swrafi (paradoqsuli, desinqronizirebuli) da neli (orTodoqsaluri, sinqronizirebuli) Zilis fazebis Sefardebas. arcTu iSviaTad aRiniSneba sizmrebis siuxve, koSmarebi, wyvetili Zili. Zilis Semdeg SesaZlebelia gaxangrZlivebuli Zilianoba, moZraobis koordinaciis darRvevbi, nistagmi da sxva arasasurveli reaqciebi. didma dozebma SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios sunTqvis daTrgunva, sisxlZarRvovani kolafsi, sxeulis temperaturis daweva, diurezis Semcireba da sxv. zogierT avadmyofze barbituratebi axdenen ,,paradoqsalur” reaqciebs – damSvidebisa da Zilis nacvlad iwveven agznebas. SesaZlebelia ganviTardes moxsnis efeqtic – preparatis miRebis Sewyvetisas sruli uZiloba. barbituratebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi uaryofiTi gamovlinebaa maTi ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis Semdeg fizikuri da fsiqologiuri damokidebulebis ganviTareba, rac garkveulwilad amsgavsebs maT narkotikuli moqmedebis nivTierebebTan. barbituratebi, dozidan gamomdinare, iwveven Zilis fazuri struqturis arsebiT cvlilebebs. amcireben Zilis dadgomis dros, gamoRviZebebis da moZraobebis raodenobas Zilis periodSi. aRiniSneba Zilis mesame da meoTxe stadiebis mniSvnelovani Semokleba. izrdeba swrafi Zilis fazis latenturi perodi. swrafi Zilis saerTo xangrZlivoba da misi ciklebis raodenoba mcirdeba. sunTqvis darRveuli funqciis mqone pirebSi, mag. filtvebis emfizemis an bronquli asTmis dros, barbituratebma SeiZleba daaqveiTon sunTqvis wuTmoculoba da, Sesabamisad, sisxlis JangbadiT gajereba. agreTve, saZile dozebSi, SesaZlebelia daaqveiTon areteriuli wneva, Seamciron gulis gandevnis fraqcia gulisken venuri ukudinebis SezRudvis xarjze, rac, ganpirobebulia venebSi sisxlis deponirebiT. toqsikur dozebSi Trgunaven miokardiumis funqciebs, axSoben sisxlZarRvebis simpaTikur inervacias, amcireben periferiul winaaRmdegobas. benzodiazepinuri receptorebis agonistebis umetesobas, maT Soris diazepams, fenazepams, oqsazepams da sx., gaaCniaT ama Tu im xarisxiT gamoxatuli saZile Tvisebebi da maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia saZile saSualebebis saxiTac. Tumca, am mizniT ufro xSirad iyeneben nitrazepams. is amcirebs Zilis pirveli stadiis xangrZlivobas. benzodiazepinebi axangrZliveben Zilis meore stadias da amcireben mesame da meoTxe stadiis xangrZlivobas. maTi umetesoba axangrZlivebs swrafi Zilis fazis latentur periods. swrafi Zilis fazaSi klebulobs Tvalebis moZraobebis sixSire. aRniSnuli preparatebis zegavleniT mcirdeba swrafi Zilis saerTo xangrZlivoba. benzodiazepinebis saZile efeqti, iseve rogorc maTi anqsiolizuri moqmedeba, ganpirobebulia benzodiazepinis specifikur receptorebTan - pre- da postsinafsuri damuxruWebis “gazm”-ergiuli meqanizmebis gaZlierebiT Tavis tvinSi. benzodiazepinebis zegavleniT icvleba rigi mediatorebis Semcveloba Tavis tvinSi. magaliTad, isini aqveiTeben 398 noradrenalinis brunvas Tavis tvinSi. maTi gavlena dofaminis brunvaze araerTgvarovania: zog struqturebSi isini mas aZliereben, zogSi ki aqveiTeben. benzodiazepinebis xangrZlivad gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia ganviTardes miCveva da Camoyalibdes medikamenturi damokidebuleba. maT, barbituratebisgan gansxvavebiT, gaaCniaT rigi upiratesobani: isini ufro nakleb gavlenas axdenen Zilis fizikur struqturaze, gaaCniaT Terapiuli moqmedebis farTo speqtri, naklebad cvlian RviZlis mikrosomuli fermentebis aqtivobas da iSviaTad urTierTqmedeben sxva samkurnalo saSualebebTan. ufro iSviaTad iwveven medikamenturi damokidebulebis ganviTarebas. piperidinis warmoebulebidan gluteTimidi, farmakologiuri TvisebebiT, barbituratebis msgavsia, magram CamorCeba maT aqtiurobaSi. is advilad Seiwoveba kuW-nawlavis traqtidan. preparatis daaxloebiT 50% ukavSirdeba plazmis cilebs. Seyvanili dozis daaxloebiT 2% Seucvleli saxiT gamoiyofa SardTan erTad. preparatis udidesi nawili metabolizdeba RviZlSi. amasTan, glutaTimidi astimulirebs RviZlis mikrosomuli fermentebis sistemas. barbituratebis msgavsad, gluteTimidic iwvevs Zilis fazuri struqturis arsebiT cvlilebebs. alifaturi rigis warmoebul bromizovals gaaCnia arc Tu ise Zlierad gamoxatuli saZile moqmedeba. organizmSi metabolizmis Sedegad, gamoiyofa bromis ionebi. aqedan gamomdinare, bromizovalis xangrZlivi droiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes “bromizms”. gamoxatuli saZile moqmedeba gaaCnia qloralhidrats. barbituratebisgan gansxvavebiT, qloralhidrati mniSvnelovan gavlenas ar axdens swrafi Zilis fazaze. Tumca aRniSnuli preparatis gamoxatuli adgilobrivi gamaRizianebeli Tvisebebi zRudavs mis gamoyenebas. ,,idealuri” saZile saSualeba unda akmayofilebdes: 1. aRadginos normaluri (fiziologiuri) Zili; 2. iyos efeqturi da usafrTxo sxvadasxva jgufis avadmyofTaTvis; 3. moaxdinos swrafi efeqti; 4. uzrunvelyos Zilis optimaluri moqmedeba; 5. ar gamoiwvios sunTqvis daTrgunva, mexsierebis darRveva da sxva gverdiTi movlenebi; 6. ar gamoiwvios SeCveva, fizikuri da fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba. ramdenadac arsebuli preparatebi am moTxovnebs srulyofilad ver pasuxoben, mimdinareobs axali saZile saSualebebisa Zieba. garkveulwilad grZeldeba gamoyeneba ,,Zveli” saZile preparatebis, maT Soris barbituratebis. benzodiazepinebis arasakmarisi efeqturobis SemTxvevebSi, zogierT avadmyofs uniSnaven barbituratebs. Tanamedrove saZile saSualebebs miekuTvneba - melaqseni, romelsac ar gaaCnia daRlilobisa da “texvis” SegrZnebebi. sizmrebi ufro naTelia da emociurad gawonasworebuli. is warmoadgens epifizis hormonis sinTezur analogs, awesrigebs cirkadul riTmebs, aregulirebs Zilisa da sifxizlis ciklebs, lokomotoruli aqtivobis da sxeulis temperaturis sadReRamiso cvlilebebs. xels uwyobs Ramis Zilis mowesrigebas (aCqarebs CaZinebas, aujobesebs Zilis xarisxs, amcirebs Ramis gamoRviZebebis raodenobas, 399 aumjobesebs guneba-ganwyobas diliT gaRviZebis Semdeg, gamoRviZebisas ar iwvevs uxalisobas). SigniT miRebisas swrafad Seiwoveba, advilad aRwevs histohematur barierSi, hematoencefaluri barieris CaTvliT. SesaZlebelia alergiuli reaqciebis ganviTareba preparatis komponentebis mimarT. gamoyenebis pirvel kviras SeSupeba, Tavis tkivili, Rebineba, gulisreva, diarea. mkurnalobis periodSi saWiroa Tavis arideba satransporto saSualebebis marTvisa da potenciurad saSiSi saqmiT dakavebas, romlebic moioTxoven yuradRebis momatebul koncentracias da swraf fsiqomotorul reaqciebs. qalebi, romlebic gegmaven orsulobas, informirebuli unda iyvnen preparatSi sustad gamoxatuli kontraceptuli moqmedebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. saWiroa mkveTri sinaTlis pirdapiri zemoqmedebisgan Tavis arideba. somnoli-aversi (zopikloni) - warmoadgens arabenzodiazepinur saZile saSualebas. igi miekuTvneba fsiqotropuli saSualebebis axal jgufs ciklopirolonebs. zopikloni iwvevs swraf CaZinebas da amcirebs Ramis gamoRviZebaTa sixSires. amave dros ar mcirdeba swrafi Zilis faza da ar icvleba Zilis struqtura. zopiklonis miRebis Semdeg ar viTardeba postsomniuri darRvevebi: moTenTiloba da Zilianoba meore diliT. CaZineba xdeba preparatis miRebidan 30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. Zili grZeldeba 6-8 sT. bioSeRwevadoba Seadgens 80%-s. plazmaSi preparatis maqsimaluri koncentracia aRiniSneba daaxloebiT 1.5 sT-is Semdeg. zopiklonis daaxloebiT 45% ukavSirdeba plazmis cilebs. naxevargamoyofis periodi Seadgens 3.5-6 sT-s. mkurnaloba unda iyos xanmokle da misi xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes 4 kviras. preparati miiReba peroralurad, Zilis win. “moxsnis” sindromis Tavidan asacileblad mkurnalobis Sewyveta umjobesia moxdes preparatis dozis TandaTanobiTi SemcirebiT. arcTu iSviaTia Tavbru, daRliloba, Zilianoba, Tavis tkivili; ufro xSirad asakovan pacientebSi cnobierebis dabindva, anterograduli amnezia, eiforia, koSmaruli sizmrebi, agznebadoba, SfoTva, nevrozuli mdgomareoba. adante (zaleploni) aris pirazolo-pirimidinuri tipis saZile saSualeba, romelic Tavisi qimiuri struqturiT gansxvavdeba benzodiazepinebisgan da sxva saZile saSualebebisgan. Ggamoiyeneba Zilis mZime darRvevebis dros, rac vlindeba daZinebis gaZnelebiT. mkurnaloba unda iyos SeZlebisdagvarad xanmokle, araumetes 2 kvirisa. yvelaze xSirad gamovlenili gverdiTi efeqtebia: Tavis tkivili, sisustis SegrZneba, Zilianoba, Tavbrusxveva. preparatis miRebam, maT Soris Terapiul dozebSi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios fizikuri damokidebulebis da moxsnis sindromis simptomebis ganviTareba. preparatis borotad gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia fsiqikuri damokidebulebis gaCenac. amerikeli mkvlevarebis gancxadebiT, adamianebi, romlebic regularulad iyeneben saZile saSualebebs, oTxjer zrdian naadrevi sikvdilis risks. specialistebi 30 Tvis ganmavlobaSi akvirdebodnen daaxloebiT 10 000 moxalises. yvela es adamiani Rebulobda saZile saSualebas, magram sxvadasxva raodenobiT. mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom 400 monawileebs, romlebic wlis ganmavlobaSi 18-132 saZile saSualebas Rebulobdnen, naadrevi sikvdilis albaToba 4,6-jer izrdeboda. maT, vinc ara umetes 18 Rebulobda, aReniSnebodaT sikvdilis sakmarisad maRali riski. garda amisa, eqspertebma SeZles daedginaT, rom aseTi preparatebis didi raodenobiT miReba 35%-iT zrdis adamianSi avTvisebiani simsivnis ganviTarebis albaTobas. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. g. Turmanauli – samedicino farmakologia. gamomcemloba ,,cis nami”, Tbilisi, 2006w. 2. g. Turmanauli - klinikuri farmacia. gamomcemloba ,,cis nami”, Tbilisi, 2009w. 3. g. Turmanauli - samedicino bazisuri farmakologia. gamomcemloba ,,cis nami”, Tbilisi, 2008w. 4. d. a. xarkeviCi - farmakologia, gamomcemoba ,,mTawmindeli”, Tbilisi 2008w. 5. lali dadeSiZe _ kerZo farmakologia da klinikuri farmacia; 6. www.vikipedia.ge 7. www.medicine.ge 8. www.medgeo.net Resume Tamar Mchedlishvili Sleeping Facilities The work discusses activity of contemporary sleeping facilities on the different phases of sleep. A arteriuli hipertenziis samkurnalo preparatebi nino melqoSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti E- mail: [email protected] T- 551-222-398 jandacvis fakulteti (specialoba- farmacia) IV kursi xelmZRvaneli: givi yuraSvili arteriuli hipertenzia warmoadgens gulis, Tavis tvinis da Tirkmelebis sisxlZarRvovani daavadebebis ganviTarebis umTavres faqtors. arteriuli hipertenziis risk-faqtorebia: 1) nikotinomania, 2)Warbi wona, 3) hipodinamia, 4) alkoholis Warbi raodenobit moxmareba, 5)sufris marilis Warbi raodenobiT mireba, 6) memkvidreobiTi faqtori, 7) mamrobiTi sqesi, 8) menopauza qalebSi. msoflioSi gulsisxlZarrvTa 401 daavadebi sikvdilis wamyvani mizezia. yovelwliurad am daavadebit 17.3 milioni adamiani iRupeba. gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebiT gardacvlilTa 80% registrirebulia dabal da sasualo Semosavlebis qveyanaSi. gaTvlebit dadgenilia, rom 2030 wlisTvis gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebiT gardacvlilTa ricxvi 23.6 milion adamians miaRwevs.gulis daavadebebisa da insultis ZiriTadi risk-faqtorebia: maRali arteriuli wneva, sisxlSi qolesterinisa da glukozis maRali done, Warbi wona, Tambaqos moxmareba, xilisa da bostneulis arasakmarisi miReba da dabali fizikuri aqtivoba. arteriul hipertenziad iTvleba sistoluri wneva 140 mm.vwy.sv. da meti an diastoluri wneva 90 mm.vwy.sv. da meti. ganixilaven arteriuli wnevis 3 kategoria: 1.normuli, 2.prehipertenzia, 3.hipertenzia. antihipertenziuli mkurnalobis daniSvnis kriteriumad ganixileba wnevis matebis xarisxi da mowodebulia yvela hipertenziuli piris mkurnaloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom prehipertenzia ar aris daavadebis kategoria. is moicavs im individebs, romlebic arian arteriuli hipertenziis ganviTarebis maRali riskis qveS da Sesabamisad saWiroebs cxovrebis wesis Secvlas. metic, Tu prehipertenziis mqone pirs aqvs diabeti an Tirkmlis qronikuli daavadebebi da cxovrebis wesis warmatebuli Secvla ver uzrunvelyofs wnevis 130/80 mm.vwy.sv-ze qvenoT daqveiTebas, unda Cautardes medikamenturi mkurnaloba. arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri simsuqnesa da arteriuli wnevis momatebas Soris. [5] gulis iSemiuri daavadeba gamovlinda devnilTa droebiTi Casaxlebis adgilis mixedviT: TbilisSi 19.2%, quTaisSi 21.7%, baTumSi 25%, foTSi 28%, zugdidSi 32.1%, abaSaSi 30.2%. gulis iSemiuri daavadebis sixSiris mxriv devnili mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT mamakacebi 50-60 wlis asakSi, TvalsaCinod sWarbobdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas (Sesabamisad 30,5% da 21%). gulis iSemuiri daavadebis fardobiTi riski mamakacebSi afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleobis, rogorc gulis iSemiuri daavadebiT, aseve arteriuli hipertenziiT avadoba 1.4-jer mosaxleobis saSualo maCvenebels, mosaxleobis nervul-stresuli, ekonomikuri mZime kontingentSi ar mdgomareobiT. iyo gamoxatuli aRemateba rac gamokvleuli SeiZleba fsiqoemociuri aRsanisnavia lipiduri adgilobrivi aixsnas faqtoriT, isic, cvlis devnili socialur- rom saerTo aRniSnul maCveneblis mniSvnelovani darRvevebi, Warbi kvebis Tu wonis risk-faqrori. afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleobis lipiduri cvlis Seswavla gamoavlina mxolod mcireodeni gadaxrebi normasTan SedarebiT, mamakacta 4.4% da qalta 11.2%-Si. devnilta soris lipiduri cvlis sedarebiT ukeTesi maCveneblebi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT Seizleba deficitiT, mzime ekonomikuri pirobebiT. 402 aixsnas wlebis manZilze kvebis [4] n.burkaZe, n.sadraZe, l.sxirtlaZe, b.biZinasvili da sxva. mecnier muSakTa azriT: Tavis tkivili, xmauri yurebSi, Tavbrusxveva, saerTo sisuste, gulis friali. aRniSnuli simptomebi SeiZleba segvxvdes igive sixSiriT normoTenziul populaciaSic. ufro metic, bevri simptomi, romelic Tan axlavs hipertenzias Tavis warmosobit aris fsiqogenuri. Tavis tkivilic ki, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganixileba rogorc hipertenziis yvelaze xSiri simptomi, sust korelaciaSi arteriuli wnevis sididesTan. simptomuri hipertenziis mizezebia: fsiqikuri travma, emociuri gadaZabva, Warbi gonebrivi datvirTva, nervul-fsiqikuri gadaRla, SeiZleba ganviTardes Tavis tkivili kontuziisa da iSemiis an klimaqsuri nevrozis dros. arteriuli jgufispreparatebi, daavadebis hipertenziis es simZimeze, samkurnalod ganpirobebulia aseve preparatebis Semdegi gardamqmneli fermentis Tanmxlebi Ziritadi gamoiyeneba pacientis individualurobaze daavadebis jgufebi: inhibitorebi, arsebobaze. diuretikebi, alfa- sxvadasxva da beta- da gamoiyeneba angiotenzinis blokatorebi, kalciumis arxebis antagonistebi da sxva. 1. jgufi diuretikebi: maryuJze momqmedi Sardmdenebi medikamenti dozireba mg/gdReSi dRiuri jeradoba furosemidi 20-80 2 laziqsi 20-80 1-2 125-250 1-2 5-10 1-2 50-100 1-2 Ddozireba mg/gdReSi dRiuri jeradoba atenololi 25-100 1 nonbloni 2,5-10 1-2 terazozini 1-20 1-2 saloveri 0,4 1 hipoTiazidi kaliumSemnaxveli Sardmdenebi 2. jgufi amiloridi triamtereni alfa- da beta- blokatorebi: medikamenti beta- blokatori alfa -blokatori 403 3. jgufi angiotenzinis gardamqmneli fermentis inhibitorebi: medikamenti Ddozireba dRiuri jeradoba mg/gdReSi agf-inhibitori angiotenzin receptorebis bkokatoriბი 4. kaptoprili 25-100 1 enalaprili 5-40 1-2 kvadrica 10-40 1-2 kanvesartani 8-32 1 ibresartani 150-300 1 aljeroni 2,5-5-10 ½1-2 kalciumis arxebis antagonistebi: jgufi medikamenti K kalciumis arxebis blokatorebi (aradihidropiridinis jgufis) dozir mg/g dR dR. jer. 180-420 1 80-320 2 verapamili (xanmokle moqmedebis) 120-480 1-2 verapamili (xangrZlivi moqmedebis) 120-360 1 nikardipini 2,5-10 2 nifedipini (xangrZlivi moqmedebis 60-120 2 dilTiazemi (xangrZlivi moqmedebis) lacipili kalciumis arxebis blokatorebi (dihidropiridinis jgufis) 5. kombinirebuli preparatebi: medikamenti dozir mg/g dR dRiuri jeradoba ekvatori 5-10 1 kvadripini 5-5 1-2 amloprili 5-5 1-2 amradipini 4-\10/8-10 1 prestansi 5-10 1 10/12,5 1-2 jgufi kombinirebuli moqmedebis saSualebebi agfinhibitoris gardamqmneli da kal.arxebis blokatorebis preparatebi) agf-inhibitoris gardamqmneli da diurezuli saSualebebis kvadrica-mite 404 Semcveli agf-II receptorebis antagonistebi diurezuli saSualebebis kvadrica-forte 20/25 1-2 amra 2/0,625 1-2 ko-mirati 80-12,5 1-2 ko-valtani 80-12,5 1-2 [1] hipertenziul pacientTa umravlesobas esaWiroveba ori an meti antihipertenziuli medikamenti samizne arteriuli wnevis misaRwevad. rodesac erTi preparatis adeqvaturi dozis miRebis Sedegad var xerxdeba wnevis kontroli, maSin saWiroa sxva jgufis medikamentis damateba. Tu arteriuli wneva samiznes aRemateba 20/10 mm/vwy.sv.-iT maSin sasurvelia mkurnalobis gagrZeleba erTdroulad ori preparatiT, romliTac miiRweva arteriuli wnevis ukeTesi kontroli. garkveul SemTxvevebSi saWiroa sifrTxilis gamoCena xamdazmul da diabetiT daavadebul pacientebSi, romelTac aReniSnebaT autonomiuri disfunqcia SesaZlo orTosTatiuri hipotenziis ganviTarebis gamo. mkurnalobis Rirebulebas mkveTrad amcirebs generiuli medikamentebis an maTi kombinaciebis gamoyeneba. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. www.medportal.ge. arteriuli hipertenzia arCil Sengelia, lali daTeSiZes statiis mixedviT 26 ivnisi 2009. 2. klinikuri praqtikis erovnuli rekomendacia (gaidlaini). 2007 wlis 27 agvisto. 3. suraTebi amoRebulia www.medgeo.net. 03/02/2013 4. n.burkaZe, n.sadraZe, l.sxirtlaZe, b.biZinaSvili da sxva gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebaTa risk-faqtorTa dinamika saqarTveloSi. prevenciuli kardiologiis problemebi. s/p konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi 2001, 8 dekemberi. gv. 11-12 5. gulis iSemiuri daavadebis gamomwvev risk-faqtorTa gavrcelebis sixSire saqarTvelos zogiert organizebul populaciaSi. g.CafiZe, s. kapanaZe, n.saluqvaZe da sxva. gulis iSemiuri daavadebis diagnostikis da mkurnalobis Tanamedrove aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 50-52. Resume Nino Melkoshvili Arterial hypertension and medicines Arterial hypertension is a major factor in the development of heart disease, brain and kidneys of both sexes, Hypertension is systolic blood pressure 140 mm.vtsq.sv. Or more or diastolic blood pressure 90 mm.vtsq.sv. And more. A problem throughout the world and 17.3 million people die of this disease every year. 405 qinolizidinis nawarmi alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli gociriZe ia farmacia, III kursi [email protected] tel.: 598 50 99 55 xelmZRvaneli: aleqsandre sxirtlaZe [email protected] tel.: 599 77 51 46 Termofsis balaxi _ Herba Thermopsidis lancetisebri Termofsisi – Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br., oj. Pparkosanni _ Fabaceae mravalwlovani balaxia mcocavi fesuriT, romlidanac amodian miwiszeda Reroebi. mcenare gamoirCeva kargad ganviTarebuli Zlieri fesurebisa da damatebiTi fesvebis sistemiT, amitom axasiaTebs kargi regeneraciis unari. fesvis sigrZe 2 metramdea. lancetisebri Termofsisi izrdeba cimbirSi, baikalze, Sua azaiSi. kargad xarobs mdinareebis, fiWvis tyeebisa da gzis pirebze. axasiaTebs kargi regeneraciis unari, mocelvis Semdeg advilad amoiyris axal totebs. balaxs amzadeben butonizaciisa da yvavilobis dasawyisSi. iReben rogorc moyvavile, ise vegetaciur ylortebs. Wrian namgliT an makratliT niadagidan 3-5 sm daSorebiT. aSroben 50-60 C. gemos ar usinjaven - Sxamiania. mcenaris balaxi mdidaria alkaloidebiT. wamyvan alkalodad Termofsini iTvleba. nivTierebaTa monacemTa bazaSi Termofsisze gawerilia Semdegi nivTierebebi da nivTierebaTa jgufebi: anagirini, argentini, askorbinismJava, eTerzeTebi, Termofsidini, Termofsini, lorwoebi, lupanini, meTilkarbonis mJavebi, meTilcitizini, mTrTilavi nivTierebebi, paqikarpini, saponinebi, flavonoidebi, citizini (0,16–2%), homoTermofsini. alkaloidebi moipoveba foTlebSi, yvavilebSi, nayofebSi. am ukanasknels amzadeben alkaloidebis misaReb, ZiriTad citizinis wyarod. Termofsini citizini Termofsis balaxi oficinaluri amosaxvelebeli saSualebaa. qronikuli bronqitisa da zemo sasunTqi gzebis anTebisas. didi doza iwvevs pirRebinebas. iyeneben gamonacemis, nayenis, mSrali eqstraqtisa da tabletebis saxiT. Seyvanisas iwvevs sunTqvis centris refleqsur gaRizianebas, arteriuli wnevis momatebas. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia axalSobilTa asfiqsiisas. citizini Sedis Tambaqos mowevis gadaCvevis mizniT xmarebul preparat ,,tabeqsis“ da ,,lobesilis“ SemadgenlobaSi. Termofsisi Sxamiania, amitom misi gamoyenebisas didi sifrTxilea saWiro; aucilebelia eqimis meTvalyureoba da dozis dacva. Termofsisi ukunaCvenebia kuWisa da Tormetgojas wylulovani daavadebis dros [1,2,9]. soforas balaxi – Herba Sophorae 406 sqelnayofa sofora – Sophora pachicarpa R. Br., oj. parkosanTa – Fabaceae. am gvarSi 45 saxeoba Sedis. ZiriTadad patara xeebi an buCqebia, magram gvxvdeba balaxebic. sxvadasxva saxeobebi bunebrivad xaroben evropaSi, aziaSi, avstraliaSi, wynari okeanis kunZulebze, da amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi mravali saxeobaa dekoratiuli mizniT Semotanili da Semoyolili. sakmaod Sxamiani mcenarea da yvavilobs ivlis-ivnisSi. udabnoebisa da naxevarudabnoebis mcenarea. bunebrivad gvxvdeba Sua aziis udabnoebSi. qmnis did nazardebs. saqarTveloSi ar gvxvdeba. gasul saukuneSi cdilobdnen moeSenebinaT azerbaijanSi. balaxs amzadeben mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi mcenaris butonizaciisa da yvavilobis periodSi an vegetaciis periodSi. balaxi, foTlebi, yvavilebi Seicavs 2,6-4% alkaloidebs. fesvebSi alkaloidebis raodenoba orjer naklebia. mTavari alkaloidia paqikarpini, is ufero, sqeli zeTisebri siTxea, polarizaciis sibrtyes abrunebs marjvniv, haerze swrafad muqdeba da ifiseba. nivTierebaTa monacemTa bazaSi sqelnayofa soforaze gawerilia Semdegi nivTierebebi da nivTierebaTa jgufebi: alkaloidebi, genisteini, goebelini, kempferoli, matrini (sofokarpidini). organuli mJavebi 4-13%, paqikarpini, sofobenzamini, sofokarpini, soforamini, flavonoidebi, qvercetini. paqikarpini sofokarpini amzadeben paqikarpinis hidroqlorids. gamoiyeneba gangliolitis, miopaTiis, periferiuli sisxlZarRvebis spazmis dros. xmaroben mSobiarobis dros sisxlis dakargvis Sesamcireblad. inseqticiduri saSualebaa. aseve aumjobesebs kunTebis funqcias. inaxaven B siiT[1,3,4,9]. yviTeli dumfaras fesvura – Rhizoma Nupharis yviTeli dumfara – Nuphar luteum oj. dumfarasebrTa – Nymphaceae dumfara mravalwylovani wylis mcenarea. fesvgamdgari mcenarea, msxvili horizontaluri fesuriT. yvavilobs ivlis–agvistoSi. Sxamiani mcenarea. izrdeba damdgar da nela moZrav wylebSi evropaSi, kavkasiaSi, Sua aziaSi, cimbirSi. gvxvdeba mdinareebis dagubebul adgilebSi, tbebSi, guburebSi, WaobSi. saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad Savi zRvis sanapirozea gavrcelebuli. yviTeli dumfaras fesvuris ZiriTad alkaloidad nufleini iTvleba. Seicavs sxva alkaloidebsac: nufarins, nufaridins, nufamins, dezoqsinufaridins, nufarolutins, qiobinufaridins, qionuflutinis sulfoqsids da sxv. 407 nufleini fesuridan amzadeben alkaloidebis jamur preparat lutenurins, romelic gamoiyeneba Sard-sasqeso organoebis mwvave da qronikuli triqonomadebis, agreTve rogorc kontraceptuli saSualeba. fesura aris zdrenkos miqsturis erT-erTi komponenti. homeopaTiaSi iyeneben impotenciisa da saSvilosnos awevis dros, popularulia mravali qveynis xalxur medicinaSi, urCeven antaciduri gastritis, aseve spazmolitur, hipotenziur da anTebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebad. aqvs spermatociduri aqtivoba, gamoiyeneba rogorc Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualeba. fesvebsa da fesuras aqvs anTebis sawinaaRmdego, damarbilebeli, tkivilgamayuCebeli, Semkvreli, Sardmdeni da rZis momgvreli moqmedeba [1,5,6,9]. sekurinegas ylorti – Cormus Securinegae naxevradbuCqisebri sekurinega – Securinega suffruticosa oj. rZianasebrTa – Euphorbiaceae buCqovani an naxevradbuCqovani mcenarea. sekurigena sam mertamde simaRlis izrdeba. sekurinega xarobs mSral, qvian ferdobebze. gavrcelebulia ruseTSi, mongoleTSi, CineTSi, koreaSi, iaponiaSi. plantaciebi arsebobs CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da moldovaSi. oficinaluri nedleulia sekurinegas yloti – Cormus Securinegae. ylortebs aWrian ivnisidan–seqtembramde. aSroben haerze an fardulebSi. inaxeba B-siiT, vargisia 4 weli. mcenaris yvela nawili Seicavs alkaloidebs: foTlebSi maTi raodenoba — 0,38%—0,8%, ylortebSi–0,19%–mde. yvelaze ukeT Seswavlilia sekurinini. igi striqininis farmakologiur analogad iTvleba. sekurinini misagan amzadeben sekurininis nitratis saineqcio xsnars, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc nervuli sistemis aRmgznebi saSualeba. gansakuTrebiT aZlierebs zurgis tvinis refleqsur aRgznebas. xmaroben nevrasTeniis, damblis, poliomielitis Semdgom periodSi. aqvs striqninis msgavsi moqmedeba; inaxeba AAsiiT [1,7,8,9]. 408 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. erisTavi l. farmakognozia (samkurnalo mcenareebi), Tbilisi, 2005w. 675 gv. 2. Zhang L, Fan J, Meng Q, Niu Y, Niu W. Caragana fabr. promotes revegetation and soil rehabilitation in saline-alkali wasteland. Int J Phytoremediation. 2013, 15(1), 38-50. 3. Yifeng M, Bin W, Weiqiao Z, Yongming Q, Bing L, Xiaojie L. Neuroprotective effect of sophocarpine against transient focal cerebral ischemia via down-regulation of the acid-sensing ion channel 1 in rats. Brain Res. 2011, 1382, 245-51. 4. Fakhimi A, Iranshahi M, Emami SA, Amin-Ar-Ramimeh E, Zarrini G, Shahverdi AR. Sophoraflavanone G from sophora pachycarpa enhanced the antibacterial activity of gentamycin against Staphylococcus aureus. Z Naturforsch C. 2006, 61(9-10), 769-72. 5. Salin ML, Bridges SM. Isolation and Characterization of an Iron-Containing Superoxide Dismutase From Water Lily, Nuphar luteum. Plant Physiol. 198, ;69(1), 161-5. 6. Gomez JM, Jimenez A, Olmos E, Sevilla F. Location and effects of long-term NaCl stress on superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Puget) chloroplasts. J Exp Bot. 2004, 55(394), 119-30. 7. Raj D, Luczkiewicz M. Securinega suffruticosa. Fitoterapia. 2008, 79(6), 419-27. 8. Ohsaki A, Kobayashi Y, Yoneda K, Kishida A, Ishiyama H. Securinega alkaloids from the wood of Securinega suffruticosa var. amamiensis. J Nat Prod. 2007, 70(12), 2003-5. 9. www.google.com Plants and raw materials of quinolizidine alkaloids Ia gotsiridze Resume Quinolizidine type alkaloides mainly are found in the family Fabaceae, Nymphaceae and Euphorbiaceae. In presented work are discussed distributions, raw material specifics, chemical content and medical usage of the plants Thermopsis lanceolata, Sophora pachycarpa, Nuphar luteum and Securinega suffruticosa. Quinolizidine alkaloides exhibits expectorate, antispasm, insecticidal, antiprotosoal, contraceptive and other activities. Tioglikozidebi, maTi Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli loTiSvili lia farmacia, III kursi [email protected] tel.: 598 96 17 01 xelmZRvaneli: aleqsandre sxirtlaZe [email protected] tel.: 599 77 51 46 Tioglikozidebi L TioSaqrebis cikluri formebis nawarmebia, romlebsac merkapto-(SH) jgufSi wyalbadis atomi Canacvlebuli aqvT alkilTo an arilTio jgufiT. rogorc yvela glikozidi, Tioglikozidebic ganicdian hidrolizur daSlas. Sesabamisi fermentis kompleqsebiT iSlebian safexurobrivad. mJave hidrolizis mimarT mdgradia, xolo tuteebi maT Slian TioSaqrebad da aglikonad. Tioglikozidebi gansakuTrebiT bevria bostneul kulturaSi, mdogvSi, TalgamSi, bolokSi, pirSuSxaSi, niorSi, prasSi, gvxvdeba kombostoSi da dedoflis enaSi. Tioglikozidebi an gogirdSemcveli Tavisufali eTerovani 409 zeTebi xasiaTdebian mSuSxavi gemoTi. iwveven kanisa da lorwovani garsis Zlier gaRizianebas, mcire doza aZlierebs madas, Zlier baqteriociduli saSualebebia. medicinaSi iyeneben am Tvisebebis gamo, rogorc adgilobriv gamaRizianebelsa da tkivilgadamtans pnevmoniis, iSiazis dros [1]. sareptis mdogvis Tesli - Semen Sinapis Junceae sareptis mdogvi- Brassica juncea, oj. jvarosanni- Brassicaceae 40-50 sm. simaRlis erTwlovani balaxia, Rero SiSveli, datotvili, foTlebi morigeobiTi, qveda foTlebi SesamCnevi yunwiT. sareptis mdogvi farTodaa kultivirebuli samx. ukrainaSi, yirgizeTSi, kavkasiaSi. gansakuTrebiT mdinare volgis midamoebSi. izrdeba gzis pirebSi da sacxovrebel saxlebTan axlos. CvenSi gvxvdeba Savi zRvis sanapiroze aWaraSi, afxazeTSi. samedicino praqtikaSi dasaSvebia meore saxeobac Brassica nigra. mdogvis Wotebi erTdroulad ar mwifdeba simwifeSi advilad skdeba da Tesli cviva. amitom mosavals iReben, rodesac Rero iwyebs gaxmobas. mcenares Wrian, kraven konebad da nayofebs acdian damwifebas. Semdeg Teslebs gamocexvaven da ganiavebiT gaasuTaveben minarevebisgan moqmedi nivTierebaa sinigrini. alilizoTiocianati anu mdogvis eTerovani zeTi Ria-yviTeli siTxea, mas iReben fermentaciiT, mdogvis wyalTan gadadeniT. sinigrini amzadeben mdogvis safenebs, iReben 12 sm zomis qaRaldis naWers romelsac usvamen kauCukis webos, ayrian cximwarTmeul mdogvis fxvnils, misi samkurnalo efeqti ganpirobebulia refleqsuri reaqciebiT, romelic iwvevs kanis nervuli daboloebebis gaRizianebas. safenebis zedmeti xniT gaCereba gamoiwvevs damwvrobas [1,2,3,8]. nivris nedli bolqvi - Bulbus Allii Sativi recens niori - Allium sativum. oj. xaxvisebrni- Alliaceae mravalwlovani balaxia, rTuli bolqvebiT. velurad mozardi niori araa cnobili. aSeneben yvelgan, rogorc bostneuls. nedli bolqvebis damzadeba xdeba zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, amoTxris Semdeg mas Txel fenebad gaSlian da aSroben. bolqvebi kvercxisebri formisaa. bolqvi Sedgeba 6-8 patara bolqvakisagan. axasiaTebs mkveTri mSuSxavi gemo, misi aqroladi nivTiereba nivris damaxasiaTebeli sunisaa, aRizianebs lorwovan garss. niori Seicavs Tioglikozidebsa da gogirdSemcvel eTerovan zeTs. es ukanaskneli Sedgeba dialildisulfidisagan (60%), dialiltrisulfidisagan 410 (20%) alilpropilsulfidisagan da sxva sulfidebisagan. nivris bolqvSi agreTve dadgenilia B da C vitaminebi, mikroelementebi. aliini alicini niors axasiaTebs antimikrobuli, antiseptikuri, antivirusuli aqtivoba. nedli bolqvidan amzadeben nayens, romelsac uniSnaven kuW-nawlavis daavadebebis (meteorizmis, atoniis) aTerosklerozis, hipertoniis dros. igi xels uSlis Tavisufali radikalebis gaCenas. awesrigebs imunur sistemas. aris antiTrombuli, antiblasturi, hipoglikemiuri, hipolipiduri saSualeba. niori popularuli iyo jer kidev 2 aTasi wlis win. egviptelebma papirusze Caweres nivris gamoyenebis 22 wesi. homeopaTiaSi nedl bolqvebs xmaroben mravali paTologiis dros [1,4,5,8]. xaxvis nedli bolqvi - Bulbus Allii cepae recens, xaxvi- Allium cepa, oj. xaxvisebrni- Alliaceae mravalwlovani balaxia, Rero 20-80 sm simaRlis, ufoTlo, SuaSi gamoberili. foTlebi milisebr Rruiani, yvaviledi burTiviT mrgvalia. bolqvebi didia, sqeli wvniani qerqlebiT. veluri Taviani xaxvi cnobili araa, xaxvis saxeobebis samSobloa CineTi, Sua da wina azia. aSeneben rogorc sanelebel bostneuls. cnobilia Taviani xaxvis mravali jiSi. bolqvebs amzadeben mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, Slian erT fenad da aniaveben. bolqvebi da foTlebi Seicavs S glikozidebs. aliins, cikloaliins, meTilaliins, propilaliins. cikloaliini aliini amzadeben preparat alilCeps, romelsac uniSnaven kuW-nawlavis atoniisas, xolo nayens - rogorc antiseptikur, antitrombul, antilipidur, hipoglikemiur saSualebas. axasiaTebs matonizebeli moqmedeba. mwvane xaxvi suravandis sawinaaRmdegoa [1,6,7,8]. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. erisTavi l. farmakognozia (samkurnalo mcenareebi), Tbilisi, 2005w. 675 gv. 2. Ren YX, Zhu XL, Fan DD, Ma P, Liang LH. Inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria for the improvement of lead accumulation by Brassica juncea. Environ Technol. 2013, 34(1-4), 4639. 411 3. Dubie J, Stancik A, Morra M, Nindo C. Antioxidant Extraction from Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal Using High-Intensity Ultrasound. J Food Sci. 2013, 78(4), 542-8. 4. Al-Qattan KK, Thomson M, Ali M, Mansour MH. Garlic (Allium sativum) attenuate glomerular glycation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A possible role of insulin. Pathophysiology. 2013 Apr 23. (in press) 5. Karuppiah P, Rajaram S. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012, 2(8), 597-601. 6. Bakhshaeshi M, Khaki A, Fathiazad F, Khaki AA, Ghadamkheir E. Anti-oxidative role of quercetin derived from Allium cepa on aldehyde oxidase (OX-LDL) and hepatocytes apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012, 2(7), 528-31 7. Golovchenko VV, Khramova DS, Ovodova RG, Shashkov AS, Ovodov YS. Structure of pectic polysaccharides isolated from onion Allium cepa L. using a simulated gastric medium and their effect on intestinal absorption. Food Chem. 2012, 134(4), 1813-22. 8. www.google.com Plants and raw materials of thioglycosides Lia Lotishvili Resume Thioglycosides are widely distributed in agricultural plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae and Alliaceae such as are Brassica juncea, Allium cepa and Allium sativum. In work are presented their distributions, chemical content and use in medicines. Thioglycosides are use as skin and mucous irritations, antiseptic, hypoglycemic, analgesic and others. izoqinolis nawarmi alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli patapovi lana farmacia, III kursi [email protected] tel.: 598 16 83 72 xelmZRvaneli: aleqsandre sxirtlaZe [email protected] tel.: 599 77 51 46 yviTeli yayaCura – Glaucium flavum Grantz, oj. yayaCosebrni – Papaveraceae ori an mravalwliani balaxovani mcenarea – lurji an rux–mwvane SeferilobiT. yviTeli yayaCura izrdeba zRvis sanapiroze, qvian da kldovan adgilebze. gvxvdeba tamanis naxevarkunZulidan md. Woroxis SesarTavamde. SedarebiT bevria bulgareTis Crdilo–aRmosavleT nawilsa da dunais dablobze. oficinaluri nedleulia yviTeli yayaCuras balaxi – Herba Glaucii flavi. balaxs amzadeben vegetaciis pirvel da meore wels, samjer: Reros amosvlis, butonizaciisa da yvavilobis periodSi. aSroben haerze, swrafad, kargi ventiliaciis pirobebSi. Tburi Sroba sasurvelia 50-60C. nedleuli 4%-mde alkaloidebs Seicavs: alkaloidi, allokriptopini, izoboldini, izokoridini, korunini, magnoflorini, peleritrini, protopini, 412 helirubini da sxva. mTavar alkaloidad iTvleba glaucini da sangvinarini. glaucinze modis 1-2%. nedleulis fassac Ziritadad glaucinis Semcveloba gansazRvravs. glaucini sangvinarini yviTeli yayaCuras miwiszeda nawilidan moipoveben alkaloid glaucins. am alkaloids aqvs aporfinuli struqtura da axasiaTebs kargad gamoxatuli xvelebis sawinaaRmdego efeqti. gamokvlevebiT dadasturda isic, rom, kodeinisgan gansxvavebiT, glaucini ar iwvevs yabzobas (abstipacias). es am alkaloidis mniSvnelovan Rirsebad iTvleba. am Tvisebis gamo, glaucini Seitanes samedicino praqtikaSi. amgvarad, dadgenilia, rom glaucini flobs xanmokle hipotenziuri da spazmolituri moqmedebis unars. glaucinis upiratesoba isaa, rom misi xangrZlivi miReba ar iwvevs am alkaloidisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xvelebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebasTan Seguebas; ar iwvevs aranair narkotikis msgavs damokidebulebas. glaucinis Terapiuli aqtivoba klinikuradac aris dasabuTebuli. misgan damzadebulma glauventma ukve daimkvidra Tavisi adgili, rogorc xvelebis sawinaaRmdego preparatma. glaucini Sedis kombinirebuli preparatis „bronqolitinis“ SemadgenlobaSic. inaxeba B-siiT [1,2,3,8,9,10]. qristesisxla - Chelidonium majus L. oj. yayaCosebrni - Papaveraceae 30-100 sm simaRlis mravalwlovani balaxia, yvavilobs IV-IX. qristesisxla izrdeba ruderalur adgilebze. zRvis donidan tyis zeda sartylamde, upiratesad tyeebSi, buCqnarebSi, baRebSi, mindvrebze, danagvianebul adgilebSi, saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvelgan. nedleuls Wrian yvavilobisas makratliT an namgliT ise, rom ar Seyves Reros qveda gauxeSebuli nawili. balaxis damzadeba warmoebs mxolod mSral amindSi. aSroben dauyovnebliv 50-60C temperaturaze saSrob karadebSi an sxvenze. Srobisas aucilebelia nedleulis drodadro Sereva. qristesisxlas balaxi neli Srobisas Savdeba da lpeba. mSral balaxs aqvs Taviseburi suni, gemos gasinjva dauSvebelia! qristesisxlas balaxi mdidaria izoqinolinis nawarmi sxvadasxva jgufebis alkaloidebiT. maTi raodenoba balaxSi 5%-mdea. ZiriTadi alkaloidebia: helidonini, heleritrini, protopini, sangvinarini, alokriptopini, koptizoni, berberini, helirubini, stilopini, dihidrosangvinarini, dihidroheleritrini da sxv. alkaloidebi ZiriTadad helidonis mJavas marilebis an Tavisufali saxiTaa mcenareSi. biologiurad aqtiuri 413 sxva qimiuri jgufebidan Seicavs: vitaminebidan C, karotinoidebs. organuli mJavebidan - limonis, qarvis, vaSlis; saponinebs, mTrimlav nivTierebebs, flavonoidebs, eTerovan zeTs, umaRles alifatur spirtebs. helidonini protopini qristesisxlas balaxi aris anTebis sawinaaRmdego garegani saSualeba. xmaroben kanis tuberkulozis, wiTeli mgluras sawinaaRmdegod meWeWebis mosacileblad. rekomendirebulia xorxis papilomebis, swori nawlavis polipebis dros. mcire dozebiT iReben Sinagan-RviZlis da naRvlis buStis daavadebebisas. popularulia homeopaTiaSi. eqsperimetSi Seswavlilia alkalo-idis moqmedeba. helidonini morfinis msgavsad adunebs centralur nervul sistemas; hemohelidonini adgilobrivi Zlieri anesTeziuri saSualebaa; sangvinarini narkozuli moqmedebisaa, protopini amcirebs vegetaciuri nervuli sistemis reaqtiulobas, aZlierebs saSvilosnos kunTebis tonuss. aRniSnulis gamo perspeqtiulia qristesisxlas ufro Rrmad Seswavla [1,4,5,8,9,10]. xaSxaSi, damaZinebeli yayaCo - Papaver somniferum L. oj. yayaCosebrni - Papaveraceae. xaSxaSi erTwlovani 1-1,5 m. simaRlis balaxia. yvavilobs VI-VII, nayofi mwifdeba VIII. xaSxaSi velurad ar gvxvdeba. samrewvelo plantaciebia mcire aziis qveynebSi, iranSi, avRaneTSi, siriaSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi. rZe-wvens, romelsac amifions uwodeben, amzadeben nayofis teqnikuri simwifis stadiaSi. amisaTvis dRis meore naxevarSi kolofbze akeTeben horizontalur an irib zedapirul naserebs ise, rom gadakveTon mxolod rZis savali milebi, magram wveni nayofis SigniT ar Caiqces. gaSrobis Semdeg mas nayofebidan mofxeken xis patara specialuri niCbebiT. amfionis Segroveba erTi da igive kolofidan SesaZlebelia samjer. mTeli mcenare garda Teslebisa, Seicavs alkeloidebs specialur rZis savalebSi. alkaloideb metia umwifari nayofebis rZe-wvenSi - amfionSi, romelic organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis narevs warmoadgens. amionSi dadgenilia 26-ze meti alkaloid, romlebic ramdenime jgufad yofen, mTavaria morfinis jgufi: morfini 12-16%, kodeini 1-3%, Tebaini 0,4-1%; benzoqinolinis jgufi: papaverini 0,5-1,5%. xaSxaSis Teslebi mdidaria cximovani zeTiT, romelSic mTavaria linolis da oleinis mJavebis gliceridebi. 414 morfini kodeini papaverini morfinis hidroqloridi tramvuli da sxva xasiaTis Zlieri tkivilebis gasayuCebeli saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT operaciebisas. amave dros narkotikuli da saZile Tvisebebisaa kodeinis fosfati amcirebs xvelebis centris agznebadobas da iwvevs mis daTrgunvas. papaverinis hidroqloridi spazmolizuri saSualebaa da gamoiyeneba hipertoniis, stenokardiis, saSarde gzebis Seviwrovebisas. ixmareba agreTve alkaloidebis jamuri da galenuri preparatebi - amfionis mSrali eqstraqti, martivi nayeni. morfini da amfioni inaxeba A siiT, xolo danarCenebi B siiT [1,6-10]. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. erisTavi l. farmakognozia (samkurnalo mcenareebi), Tbilisi, 2005w. 675 gv. 2. Cabo J, Cabo MM, Cabo MP, Cruz T, Ruiz C. Glaucium flavum Crantz. IV. Antimicrobial activity. Microbios. 1988, 56(228-229), 177-80. 3. Petitto V, Serafini M, Gallo FR, Multari G, Nicoletti M. Alkaloids from Glaucium flavum from Sardinia. Nat Prod Res. 2010 Jul;24(11):1033-5. 4. El-Readi MZ, Eid S, Ashour ML, Tahrani A, Wink M. Modulation of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by chelidonine and Chelidonium majus alkaloids. Phytomedicine. 2013, 20(3-4), 282-94. 5. Paul A, Bishayee K, Ghosh S, Mukherjee A, Sikdar S, Chakraborty D, Boujedaini N, KhudaBukhsh AR. Chelidonine isolated from ethanolic extract of Chelidonium majus promotes apoptosis in HeLa cells through p38-p53 and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2012, 10(9), 1025-38. 6. Winzer T, Gazda V, He Z, Kaminski F, Kern M, Larson TR, Li Y, Meade F, Teodor R, Vaistij FE, Walker C, Bowser TA, Graham IA . A Papaver somniferum 10-gene cluster for synthesis of the anticancer alkaloid noscapine. Science. 2012, 336(6089), 1704-8. 7. Achour S, Rhalem N, Windy M, Khattabi A, Mokhtari R, Soulaymani A, Soulaymani R. Respiratory depression induced by a decoction of Papaver somniferum L in two infants. Presse Med. 2011, 40(10), 971-2. 8. www.google.com 9. www.medgeo.net 415 Plants and Raw Materials of Isoquinoline Alkaloides Lana Patapovi Resume Isoquinoline group alkaloides mainly are observed in the family Papaveraceae. In presented work are discussed distributions, raw material specifics, chemical content and medical use of the plants Glaucium flavum, Chelidonium majus and Papaver somniferum. Isoquinoline alkaloides shows anticough, antispasm, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and other activities. sezonuri da H1N1 virusebis afeTqeba msoflioSi salome xaCiZe, elene lolua, naTia kobliaSvili suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti, ekologiis I kursi xelmZRvaneli: anna dedabriSvili. medicinis doqtori. E-mail: [email protected]. T.557224114 jer kidev 412 wels Cv. w-mde hipokratem aRwera gripismagvari daavadeba. gripis pirveli dokumentirebuli pandemia, romelmac Seiwira uamravi sicocxle, moxda 1580 wels. avadsaxsenebeli “espanuri gripi”, romelic gamoiwvia H1N1 virusma, 19181920 wlebSi mohyva 40 mln. adamianis sikvdili. anu “ispankam” daaziana msoflios maSindeli mosaxleobis 20-40%. adamiani, romelic sruliad janmrTeli iyo diliT, avad xdeboda SuadReze da saRamos kvdeboda. isini ki, vinc gadaurCa sikvdils pirvel dReebSi, iRupebodnen gripis garTulebebiT. “ispankas” Taviseburebas warmoadgenda is faqti, rom igi emarTeboda ZiriTadad axalgazrdebs. gripi - aris mwvave maRalkontagiozuri daavadeba, romelsac axasiaTebs gamoxatuli toqsikozi, zeda sasunTqi gzebis da filtvebis dazianeba. rogorc wesi, gripi iwyeba mwvaved.misi ZiriTadi tipebia A,A1,A2 da B. A gripis virusi iwvevs saSualod da mZimed mimdinare daavadebas. igi azianebs adamians da zogierT cxovels (cxeni, Rori, frinveli). swored igi agebs pasuxs pandemiebze da mZime epidemiebze. gripis virusi ar iwvevs pandemiebs. ZiriTadad igi gvevlineba lokaluri afeTqebebis da epidemiebis mizezad. misi afeTqebebi SeiZleba Tanxvdebodes A gripis afeTqebas an win uswrebdes mas. gripis B virusi cirkulirebs mxolod adamianis populaciaSi (uxSiresad daavadebas iwvevs bavSvebSi). gripis c virusi ar aris sakmaod Seswavlili. cnobilia, rom igi Seicavs nukleinis mJavis 7 fragments da erT zedapirul antigens. ainficirebs mxolod adamians. daavadebis simptomebi saerTod ar vlindeba an msubuq 416 xasiaTs atarebs. infeqciis wyaro yovelTvis aris daavadebuli adamiani,gansakuTrebiT gadamdebia daavadebis 1-2 dRes.daavadebis gadacema xdeba haerwveTovani gziT(xvelebis,ceminebis,laparakis dros). gansakuTrebiT infeqciis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba iqmneba saerTo sayofacxovrebo sagnebis moxmarebis dros, sazogadoebriv transportSi da a.S.gripis virusi iWreba cxvir-xaxis da zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovan garsSi,Semdeg gadadis sisxlSi da xdeba organizmis dainficireba. daavadebis gadatanis Sedegad SeZenili imuniteti mdgradia,amitom daavadeba SeiZleba ganmeordes imave wels. arasakmarisad gripis saSualo formis dros temperatura vlindeba daavadebis klasikuri simptomebi: 38,5-39,5°С aRwevs da daavadebis saSualo simZimiT mimdinareoba: • intoqsikacia – Warbi oflianoba, kunTebisa da saxsrebis tkivili, Tavis tkivili. sisuste, sinaTlis SiSi, • kataraluri simptomebi – rbili sasis da xaxis ukana kedlis hiperemia, koniuqtivis hiperemia • respiratoruli simptomebi – xorxis da traqeis dazianebis niSnebi, mSrali xvela, fonaciis darRveva, tkivili gulmkerdSi, riniti, cxviris Rrusa da xaxis lorwovani garsis simSrale, cianozuroba da hiperemia. garTulebuli mimdinareoba: • filtvebis segmenturi dazianebis sindromi – filtv-gulis dinamiurad mzardi ukmarisoba, erT-erT filtvSi tipiuri segmenturi daCrdilviT; keTilsaimedo gamosavlis dros klinikur-rentgenologiuri cvlilebebi qreba ukvalod 2-3 dRis ganmavlobaSi (pnevmoniisgan gansxvavebiT). hipertoqsiuri formis dros SesaZloa ganviTardes filtvebis SeSupeba, romelsac Tan axlavs hemoragiuli pnevmonia gripis mZime formis dros • sxeulis temperatura aRwevs 40-40,5°С. saSualo simZimis gripis gamovlinebebTan damatebiT Cndeba encefalopaTiis niSnebi (fsiqozuri mdgomareoba, krunCxva, halucinaciebi), sisxlZarRvovani darRvevebi (cxviridan sisxldena, wertilovani sisxlCaqcevebi rbil sasaze) da Rebineba. hipertoqsiuri formis dros 417 • Zalian maRalia letaluri gamosavlis albaToba, gansakuTrebiT riskis jgufis pacientebSi. am formis dros, garda zemoT CamoTvlilisa aRiniSneba: o hiperTermiuli sindromi; o meningizmi (meningealuri niSnebi Tavis tvinis garsebis anTebiTi cvlilebebis gareSe) o encefalopaTia hemodinamiur darRvevebTan erTad (neirotoqsikozi), warmoadgens bavSvebSi gripis mZime formis dros, letaluri gamosavlis yvelaze xSir mizezs, rogorc wesi, gripis diagnostireba xdeba klinikuri gamovlinebebis mixedviT. aseve, aucilebelad gasaTvaliswinebelia wlis sezoni da sazogadoebaSi gripis “afeTqebis” arseboba. infeqciis adreul etapze da gaurTulebel SemTxvevaSi gamokvlevebiT SesaZloa ar gamovlindes raime cvlileba. msubuqi formis dros simptomebi SeiZleba sxva gaciebiTi infeqciebis msgavsi iyos. swored amiT aixsneba, rom mraval paTologiur mdgomareobas SecdomiT gripad ixsenieben. Tumca, arsebobs mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, romlebic klinicistebs diferencialur diagnostikaSi exmareba: daavadebis pirvel dRes leikocitozi neitrofiloziT mogvianebiT leikopenia SedarebiTi limfocitoziT. laboratoriuli sadiagnostiko meTodebidan aRsaniSnavia: • eqspres diagnostikuri testebi yelidan nacxis gamoyobiT; • imunofermentuli analizis eqspres meTodi; • serologiuri meTodebi retrospeqtiuli diagnostikisTvis; • komplementis SekavSirebis reaqcia (CF). avlens gansxvavebas Santigenebs Soris da saSualebas iZleva gavigoT, virusis romelma tipma gamoiwvia infeqcia (А Tu В). • hemaglutinaciis Seferxebis reaqcia – saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT sxvaoba V-antigenebs (zedapiruli cilebi) Soris da Sesabamisad, virusis qvetipi. • antigenis pirdapiri gansazRvra virusis antigenis swrafi aRmoCenisaTvis. – specialuri testi gripis profilaqtikis ZiriTad zomebs miekuTvneba vaqcinacia, pasiuri imunizacia antigripozuli imunoglobuliniT, vaqcianaciis Catareba unda moxdes epidemiis dawyebamde 2 kviriT – 1 TviT adre, vinaidan gripisagan imunuri dacva yalibdeba acridan 2 kviris ganmavlobaSi. rekomendirebulia 418 vaqcinaciis yovelwliuri Catareba, radganac Stamebi yovelwliurad icvleba. amas garda, acris Sedegad SeZenili imuniteti 6 Tve grZeldeba. vaqcinaciis efeqturoba Seadgens 30-80%-s. savaraudo Stamebis dadgena vaqcinis dasamzadeblad xdeba yoveli wlis TebervalSi, vinaidan vaqcinis damzadebas 6 Tve esaWiroeba. vaqcinaciis alternativas warmoadgens antigripozuli imunoglobulinis ineqcia. Tu vaqcinaciis dros SeyavT gripis virusis nawilakebi, romlis mimarTac TviTon unda gamoimuSavos imuniteti, imunoglobulinTan erTad organizmSi xvdebian mza antisxeulebi. vinaidan isini iSlebian ineqciidan 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi, maT Seyvanas epidemiis dawyebamde azri ar aqvs da misi efeqti ver eyofa mTeli epidemiis periods. amrigad, antigripozuli imunoglobulini kargia, rogorc profilaqtikis eqspres-saSualeba. aseve mniSvnelovania antivirusuli preparatebis roli aRniSnuli daavadebebis samkurnalod, romlis idealuri portreti Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: gamoyenebis simartive; • swrafi da gamoxatuli efeqti; • garTulebebis Semcireba; • sikvdilianobis Semcireba; • moqmedebis farTo speqtri – efeqturoba yvela Stamis mimarT; • kargi amtanoba da usafrTxoeba. aseTi tabletirebuli preparatebia – tamiflu da releza ,,Roris gripis virusi" H1N1 iSifreba rogorc hemaglutinini (H) tipi 1 neiraminidaza (N) tipi1. H agebs pasuxs SeRwevadobazeN aqtivobaze. erTi meoris gareSe ver moqmedebs. mokvlevebiT dadginda ,rom es axali virusi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba CrdiloeT amerikaSi RorebSi Cveulebriv mocirkulave virusisagan. - axali virusis 2 geni aris im gripis virusidan,romelic cirlulirebs RorebSi evropasa da aziaSi xolo danarCeni ki frinvelebsa da adamianebSi mocirkulire gripis virusis genebia. - mecnierebi am viruss ,,oTxmagi reasortaciis,, viruss uwodeben (Sedgeba 4 saxeobis virusis genisagan da ara marto Roris genisagan). cxovelebisa da adamianebis gripis virusebs gaaCniaT saerTo evoluciuri wyaro. es frinvelis gripis virusia. frinveli iTvleba gripis virusebis gadamtanad. rodesac gripiT inficirebuli frinveli daeSveba wyalsatevebze, virusi mis fekaliebTan erTad xvdeba wyalSi da Semdeg is Sinaur frinvelebSi vrceldeba. maTgan virusi gadaecema Rorebs da aq ukve 419 Cndeba saSiSroeba adamianisTvis. Roris organizmi cnobilia, rogorc Sualeduri garemo, sadac SeiZleba moxdes ori virusis genebis - adamianis gripis virusisa da frinvelis gripis virusis urTierTSeWra da urTierTgadanawileb-reasortaciis procesi. am yvelafris Sedegad Cndeba axali qvetipi,mutanturi antigeni saSiSia im TvalsazrisiT, rom adamians mis mimarT imuniteti ar gaaCnia. amitom Cndeba saSiSroeba, rom rogorc xanZari, ise SeiZleba moedos es mutanturi gripi mTel msoflios da mosaxleoba masobrivad dainficirdes. axali Stami A (H1N1) yvelaze ufro kontagiozuri anu gadamdebi aRmoCnda aqamde aRweril SemTxvevebs Soris. igi vrceldeba adamianidan adamianze sezonuri gripis virusis msgavsad haer-wveTovani gziT: xvelebiT, ceminebiT, dainficirebuli saganTan Senaxebi xelis pirTan an cxvirTan kontaqtiT. xvelebisa da ceminebis dros virusis Semcveli wveTebi haerSi vrceldeba da amgvarad SesaZlebelia moxdes sxva adamianis inficireba an sxvadasxva sagnebisa da zedapirebis virusiT dabinZureba. garda amisa, sagnebi inficirebulad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, Tu igi kotaqtSi iyo dasnebovnebulis TvalTan, cxvirTan an pirTan. H1N1 virusiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis saerTo maCvenebeli msoflioSi 0,004 procentia maSin, roca Cveulebrivi sezonuri gripis maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia da 7-8 procents aRwevs. H1N1 virusis mimarT jandacvis msoflio organizaciis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ganpirobebulia misi virulentobis maRali xarisxiT da axali mutaciis warmoqmnis saSiSroebiT. A(H1N1) ar vrceldeba sakvebiT, maT Soris, Roris xorciT an sxva produqtiT momzadebuli sakvebidan, romelic Termulad aris damuSavebuli (Semwvari an moxarSuli). virusi kvdeba 75-100 °C temperaturaze.rogorc kvlevebiT dadaginda adamianis daavadebis unars zedapirze moxvedrili A(H1N1) gripis virusi narCunebs 2-8 saaTia ganmavlobaSi. inficirebuli adamianidan A(H1N1) virusis infeqcia sxva adamianze SeiZleba gavrceldes daavadebis simptomebis gamovlenamde wina dRes. es niSnavs, rom adamianma SeiZleba arc ki icodes, rom daavadebulia da infeqciis gamavrcelebeli iyos. infeqciis gadamdebia adamiani simptomebis gamovlenidan 7 da meti dRis ganmavlobaSi. bavSvebi gadamdebi arian fro xangrZlivi periodis manZilze. Roris gripiT dainficirebis maRal risk-jgufebs warmoadgnen: 1. orsuli qalebi. ufro meti saSiSroebaa dainficirebis, vidre araorsulebSi. 2. mcirewlovani bavSvebi 2 wlis asakis qvemoT. 3. asTmianebi. 420 4. adamianebi filtvis qronikuli daavadebebiT. 5. adamianebi kardiovaskularuli daavadebebiT(mag:hipertonikebi) 6. gvidzlis daavadebebi. 7. adamianebi sisxlis qronikuli paTologiebis dros. 8. nevrologiuri avadmyofobebi. 9. diabetikebi (endokrinuli daavadebebi). 10. imunodeficituri mdgomareobebi. (SidsiT inficirebulebi). 11. sxva qronikuli daavadebebis foni. 12. moxucebi – 65 wlis asakis zemoT A(H1N1) gripis simptomebi adamianSi iseTivea, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianis gripis infeqciisa. daavadebis niSnebia: Tavis tkivili, sxeulSi mtvrevis SegrZneba, kankali, sisvele cxvirSi, yelis tkivili, xvela, cxeleba, organizmis dasusteba. zogierT pacientebSi vlindeba diarea da Rebineba. daavadebis progresirebisa da mdgomareobis damZimebis SemTxvevaSi, yalibdeba pnevmonia, sunTqvis ukmarisoba da sikvdili.senonuri gripis msgavsad, Roris gripis virusul infeqciam SeiZleba gaauaresos manamde arsebuli qronikuli daavadebis mimdinareoba. • antivirusuli Terapia: Roris gripis virusi A (H1N1) mgrZnobiarea neiraminidaza inhibitorebisadmi (zanamiviri, oseltamiviri). mTavari antivirusuli samkurnalo preparatebia: neiraminidazas zogadi inhibitorebi tamiflu (oseltamiviri) da relenza (zanamaviri). antivirusuli Terapia rekomendirebulia mxolod maRali riskis pacientebSi: orsulebi (relenza), bavSvebi, 65 welze meti asakis adamianebi, qronikuli paTologiebiT daavadebulebi, dadasturebuli H1N1 infeqciis mqone adamianebTan kontaqtSi myofebi da sxva [1] • simptomuri Terapia. gamoyenebuli literatura 1) p.imnaZe, x.forCxiZe, o.fircxalaiSvili mikrobilologia". 2) g. gogiCiZe - "samedicino mikrobiologia" 3) www.mediasphera.ru 421 - "samedicino Flu and H1N1 Viruses in the World Salome Khachidze, Elene Lolua, Natia Kobliashvili Resume Flu – is hard disease. It is characterized with expressed toxic, damage lungs and breathing organs. As the rule, flu starts hard. Its basic types are: A, A1, A2 and B. The indicator of seasonal flu rate is rather higher and reaches 7-8 per cent. The World Health Organization expresses great attention towards H1N1 virus in order not to establish new mutation. «Изменение климата и человек» Р. Бестаева, Г. Джалагония Тбилисский Гуманитарный Университет Студенты факультета здоровья М. Мчедлидзе ассоц. Профессорб доктор биологии Чтобы понять современное состояние климата необходимо учитывать ее изменчивость в прежние века и изучать влияние всех геофизических явлений на биосферу, в том числе и на организм человека. Человеческий организм – сложная и высокосовершенная саморегулирующаяся система, которая стремится к равновесию с окружающей средой, включающей в себя факторы космического порядка. Всякое нарушение данного равновесия, связанное с изменением внешних условий, вызывает соответствующую перестройку в деятельности человека. В настоящее время человечество стоит на пороге экологического кризиса, т. е. такого состояния среды обитания, которое вследствие произошедших в ней изменений оказывается непригодным для жизни людей. Ожидаемый кризис по своему происхождению является антропогенным, так как к нему ведут изменения в биосфере Земли, связанные с воздействием на нее человека. Атмосфера служит источником кислородного дыхания, вместилищем газообразных продуктов обмена веществ, оказывает влияние на теплообмен и другие функции живых организмов. Основное значение для жизнедеятельности организма имеют кислород и азот, содержание которых в атмосферном воздухе соответственно равно 21 и 78%. К настоящему времени накопилось много научных данных о том, что загрязненность атмосферы, особенно в крупных городах, достигла опасных для здоровья людей размеров. Известно немало случаев заболеваний и даже смерти жителей городов индустриальных центров в результате выбросов токсичных веществ промышленными предприятиями и транспортом при определенных метеорологических условиях. Особенно губительно действует на человека загрязнение атмосферы в тех случаях, когда метеорологические условия способствуют застою воздуха над городом. Содержащиеся в 422 атмосфере вредные вещества воздействуют на человеческий организм при контакте с поверхностью кожи или слизистыми оболочками. Наряду с органами дыхания загрязнители поражают органы зрения и обоняния, а, воздействуя на слизистую оболочку гортани, могут вызывать спазмы голосовых связок. Вдыхаемые твердые и жидкие частицы размерами 0,6 – 1,0 мкм достигают альвеол и абсорбируются в крови, некоторые накапливаются в лимфатических узлах. Загрязненный воздух раздражает большей частью дыхательные пути, вызывая бронхит, эмфизему, астму. К раздражителям, вызывающим эти болезни, относятся сернистый (SO2) и серный (SO3) ангидриды, окислы азота, хлороводород (HCl), сероводород (H2S), фосфор и его соединения. Признаки и последствия действий загрязнителей воздуха на организм человека проявляются большей частью в ухудшении общего состояния здоровья: появляются головные боли, тошнота, чувство слабости, снижается или теряется трудоспособность. Отдельные загрязняющие вещества вызывают специфические симптомы отравления. Например, хроническое отравление фосфором сопровождается болями в желудочно-кишечном тракте и пожелтением кожного покрова. Эти симптомы сопряжены с потерей аппетита и замедлением обмена веществ. В дальнейшем отравление фосфором приводит к деформации костей, которые становятся все более хрупкими. Снижается сопротивляемость организма в целом. Находящиеся в атмосфере и выпадающие вредные вещества поражают и животных. Они накапливаются в тканях животных и могут стать источником отравлений, если мясо этих животных используется в качестве пищевых продуктов. Взглянув на современную техносферу можно прийти в отчаяние. Всего лишь за последние 100 лет люди создали чудовищно огромные стада механических «лошадей» и «птиц», обладающих колоссальными мощью и скоростью, но людям и природе Земли от этого не благо, а беда. Средства массовой пропаганды запугивают телетолпу внешними материальными природными катастрофами. А в действительности происходит грандиозная и трагическая внутренняя техногенная катастрофа современной цивилизации. Деградирует духовный мир человека. И этот распад пострашнее и реальнее ядерной войны. Кризис современной буржуазной цивилизации определяется тем, что она ориентируется на поощрение пороков, низменных чувств и устремлений, максимальное потребление материальных ценностей. Это преодолеть можно, но только трудно представить, что все произойдет само собой и на людей снизойдет озарение. Слишком прочна механическая структура техносферы, превращающей человека в свого раба, у которого не должно быть духовной свободы. Если во Вселенной господствует мертвая материя, если биосфера не обладает свойствами жизни и разума, то существование не только личности, но и всего рода человеческого не имеет ровно никакого смысла. Тогда мы, и все живые организмы – продукты случайных комбинаций атомов, а гармония природы – иллюзия, ибо является последствием большого взрыва чего-то, лопнувшего как мыльный пузырь. Климат постоянно ухудшается. Таков результат хозяйствования людей. Изменились ландшафты планеты на огромных пространствах, смещены природные зоны.Постоянно увеличивается количество факторов, подтверждающих колоссальное значение глобальной технической деятельности человека в формировании той окружающей природы, которую мы наблюдаем. Чтобы точно оценить современные воздействия техногенеза на климат и 423 определить главные негативные факторы, надо быть уверенным, что речь идет о досрочных процессах, а не о естественных вариациях погоды. Постепенные изменения климата практически невозможно выявить. Конечно, если долго жить в одном районе, то можно приблизительно отметить общую закономерность климатических изменений, сравнивая отдельные сезоны, вспоминая погодные аномалии. Но и тут слишком многое зависит от симпатий и антипатий, событий личной и общественной жизни. Во всем, что относится к климату, приходится полагаться на оценки специалистов. Усиливающаяся лихорадка, дестабилизация погоды и климата одинаково вредна и для сельского хозяйства, и для промышленности, и для населенных пунктов, и для здоровья людей. Такова истинная опасность № 1! И хотя специалисты и изучают проблему глобального потепления, следует иметь в виду, прежде всего, климатическую лихорадку, грозящую крупными глобальными катастрофами. Список литературы 1. Горелов А. А.: Концепции современного естествознания: Учеб. пособие для студентов высших учеб. заведений – М.: Гуманит. изд. Центр ВЛАДОС, 2002 2. Логос, 2002 3. Канке В. А. Концепции современного естествознания: Учебник для вузов. – М. Хорошавина С. Г. Концепции современного естествознания. – Ростов на Дону, 2003 4. Шаталов С. В. Концепции современного естествознания: Учеб. пособие для вузов./Под ред. проф. А. И. Баранникова – Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2003 5. Баландин Р. К. Цивилизация против природы. – М.: Вече, 2004 6. Липовко П. Концепции современного естествознания: учебник для вузов. – М.: Проспект, 2004 7. Тулинов В. Ф. Концепции современного естествознания: Учебник для вузов. – М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2004 Climate change and person R. Bestayeva, G. Dzhalagony Tbilisi Humanities University Students of faculty of health Medea Mchedlidze Su - The Assoc. Professor of Biological Sciences Resume Precisely to estimate modern influences техногенеза on climate and to define the main negative factors, it is necessary to be sure that it is a question of early processes, instead of natural variations of weather. Each of us – a tiny spark of life and reason, a cage of a fine organism of the biosphere and if we naturally coexist with it, we find super life and super reason, perhaps, we join eternity. 424 tyis da mcenareulobis dacva r. Carkviani, n. gerliani m. mWedliZe –su-s asoc. Pprofesori, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori saqarTvelosTvis tye gansakuTrebuli faseulobis bunebriv resurss warmoadgens, romelsac ukavia qveynis teritoriis mesamedze meti da akisria umniSvnelovanesi funqciebi. saqarTvelos tyeebSi 400-ze meti saxeobis xe da buCqi izrdeba. daculi teritoriebis absoluturi umravlesoba tyiT aris dafaruli, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs maT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi politikur-ekonomikurma krizisma, agreTve sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mtkivneulma procesma da msoflio bazarze xe-tyeze moTxovnilebis mniSvnelovanma zrdam, gavlena iqonia qveynis tyis resursebis mdgomareobaze. gadaWarbebulma Wrebma da Zovebam gamoiwvia tyis masivebis mniSvnelovani nawilis degradacia. dRes qveynis winaSe dgas mTavari problema _ SevinarCunoT tye, gavaumjobesoT misi mdgomareoba da mdgradi metyeveobis principebis dacviT racionalurad gamoviyenoT tyis resursebi. aRniSnulis fonze udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba satyeo seqtorSi gansaxorcielebeli qmedebebis erTian, koordinirebul formatSi Camoyalibebas, sazogadoebis farTo fenebis CarTvas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. tyeebis aRdgena unda xdebodes mxolod aborigenuli saxeobebiT degradirebul farTobebze, maT Soris naxanZralebze. saswrafod unda Seiqmnas sanergeebis qseli adgilobrivi jiSebis gamoyvanis upirobo prioritetiT. ukontrolobis da arsebuli wesebis uxeSi darRvevis gamo safrTxe Seeqmna qveynis ZiriTad tyis masivebs. kursi aRebulia tyeebis mospobisaken. yovelive aman sazogadoebis farTo wreebis samarTliani ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad satyeo-sameurneo ganviTareba aRiarebul unda iqnes qveynis erT-erT ZiriTad prioritetad. satyeo dargSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad unda Seiqmnas saparlamento komisia, romlis SemadgenlobaSi parlamentis wevrebis garda, unda Sediodnen dargis specialistebi. Kkomisiam unda SeimuSavos mdgradi ganviTarebis principebze dafuZnebuli dargis aRorZinebis grZelvadiani programa. tyis fondis SemadgenlobaSi arSemavali mcenareulobis gamoyeneba da dacva regulirdeba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT maTi funqciebis, sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da moqalaqeebis sameurneo amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT. merqniani mcenareulobis garda dacvas unda eqvemdebareobodes bunebrivi mcenareuloba. Ees aris cxovelebis sakvebi baza, samkurnalo da teqnikuri produqtebis wyaro, niadagebis damagrebis saSualeba, geografiuli garemos mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic arsebiT gavlenas axdens klimatze, wylis reJimze, niadagze, iSviaT, Zvirfas an gadaSenebad mcenareebze. 425 veluri balaxebidan nedleulis damamzadeblebs unda ekrZalebodeT damzadebis qimiuri xerxebis gamoyeneba, radganac amis Sedegad xdeba sasargeblo mcenareebis ganaxlebis SezRudva da xSirad mTlianad mcenareulobis mospoba. qalaqebSi meriebis da raionebis sakrebuloebis gadawyvetilebiT SeiZleba aikrZalos mosaxleobis mier samkurnalo mcenareebis, mindvris yvavilebis, iSviaTi da gadaSenebadi mcenareebis Segroveba da damzadeba. amasTan, kanonmdebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes adamianisTvis mavne mcenareebis winaaRmdeg (magaliTad, sarevelebi) brZolas. organuli samyaro bevrad ufro mravalferovani iyo adamianis uxeSad Carevamde. dReisaTvis aqtiurad mimdinareobs saxeobaTa gadaSeneba-gaqrobis procesi, romlis gamomwvevi mizezi mravalnairia. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia invaziuri, agresiuli saxeobebi, romelTa intensiuri, SeuzRudavi gamravleba adgilobrivi biomravalferovnebis gadaSenebas uwyobs xels. TiToeul saxeobas ufleba aqvs, iarsebos dedamiwaze da SenarCundes misi gavrcelebis adgilas, magram misTvis uCveulo garemoSi moxvedram SesaZloa ekosistemebSi Seuqcevadi procesebi gamoiwvios. 1997 wels Seiqmna GISP – globaluri invaziuri saxeobebis programa. invaziuri saxeobebis problema globaluria da mTel msoflios moicavs. maTi uaryofiTi moqmedeba zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze, janmrTelobasa da bunebriv memkvidreobaze. problemis zogierTi aspeqti saerTaSorisoa, zogierTi ki unda gadawydes konkretul qveyanaSi prioritetebidan gamomdinare. invaziuri saxeobebis koordinireba unda moxdes droulad da efeqturad, risTvisac aucilebelia saxelmwifoTa xelisuflebis, ekonomikuri seqtoris, arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis TanamSromloba. aseTi strategia globaluri masStabiT Seafasebs problemas da pasuxic kompleqsuri da amomwuravi iqneba. invaziuri saxeobebi TiTqmis yvela taqsonomiur jgufSi moiZebneba. IUCN–is mixedviT aucilebelia maT mimarT profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis miReba. ama Tu im saxeobis gadatanisas erTi adgilidan meoreze, unda Catardes riskis analizi da procedura riskis marTvisTvis, ramdenadac saswrafo reaqcia invaziuri saxeobebis ganadgurebisTvis ufro rentabeluria, vidre Sors wasuli procesebisa. invaziuri saxeobebis ganadgureba SeiZleba moxdes qimiuri, biologiuri an kompleqsuri meTodebiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi unda iyos mecnierulad Camoyalibebuli da dasabuTebuli, raTa ar gamoiwvios sxva adgilobrivi saxeobebis ganadgurebac. aRniSnuli organizaciebis mier aseve SemuSavebulia invaziuri saxeobebis ganadgurebisTvis sarekomendacio qmedebebis CamonaTvali da marTvis kontrolis strategiis sarekomendacio qmedebebi. gansakuTrebiT saSiSi invaziuri saxeobebisTvis SemuSavebulia riskis analizisa da riskis marTvis procedurebi, rasac mieZRvna 2004 wels iaponiaSi Catarebuli simpoziumi: “biologiurad invaziuri saxeobebis riskis Sefaseba da kontroli”. vinaidan invaziuri saxeobebis moqmedeba aisaxeba ekonimikaze, IUCN-is da 426 GISP mier ganxorcielda ekonomikuri analizi, praqtikuli ekonomikuri midgomebi da saSualebebi agresiuli invaziuri saxeobebis mimarT. igi Camoyalibebulia 6 modulis saxiT. Seqmnilia ukve gamovlenili da Seswavlili invaziuri saxeobebis monacemTa baza, romelic TandaTanobiT ivseba regionaluri informaciebiT. saqarTvelo 2008 wlis oqtombridan gaxda IUCN-is wevri qveyana. aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas am organizaciis rekomendaciebi da Seiqmnas Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo baza. 2003 wels saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros mier miRebulia brZaneba #75 (05.08.03) “saxelmwifo tyis fondis aRdgenisa da gaSenebis mizniT mcenareTa saxeobebis SerCevisa da maTi gamoyenebis wesis Sesaxeb debuleba”, sadac gasaTvaliswinebelia Sesabamisi daskvnebiT saxeobaTa SerCeva. saxelmwifo tyis fondis aRdgenisa da gaSenebis mizniT, mcenareTa merqniani saxeobebi upiratesad SeirCeva adgilobrivi saxeobebisagan. introduqciisaTvis merqnian saxeobaTa SerCeva xdeba gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT, maTi bunebriv-klimaturi da sxva Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli maTi uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba adgilobriv saxeobebze. amave wesis Tanaxmad, miRebuli unda iqnas yvela zoma, rom ar moxdes saqarTvelos tyeebis garemo pirobebisaTvis Seuferebeli an miuRebeli mcenareebis gavrceleba miznobrivi plantaciuri meurneobebidan an samecniero-kvleviTi mizniT mowyobili teritoriebidan. aRniSnuli kanonqvemdebare aqti aregulirebs saxelmwifo tyis fondis teritoriaze gasaSenebel mcenareTa saxeobebis SerCevas da igi ar vrceldeba tyis fondis gare teritoriebze. Sesabamisad, tyis fondis mosazRvre teritoriaze invaziuri saxeobis Semotana uaryofiTad aisaxeba ara marto saxelmwifo tyis fondze, aramed qveynis biomravalferovnebazec. Ggamoyenebuli literatura 1. l. CxeiZe, n. jvarelia, n. boWoriSvili, i. boWoriSvili- „zogadi da sainJinro ekologiis safuZvlebi‟ 2008w. 2. saqarTvelos kanoni “bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb”, normatiuli aqtebi garemos dacvis Sesaxeb. Asociacia “samarTliani sazogadoeba” Tbilisi 2000 w. 3. saqarTvelos kanoni “atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb”, normatiuli aqtebi garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi 2000 w. 4. ekologiis problemebi IV, Tbilisi 2006, wyalmomaragebis zedapiruli wyaroebis dabinZurebis xarisxobrivi Sefaseba – prognozirebis deskrifciuli modelebis Sedgena, i. cixelaSvili, z. cixelaSvili, mWedliZe, 5. Владимиров.В. Катастрофы и экологияю М Контакт-культура. 2000 6. m. mWedliZe О прогнозировании использованием подхода теории игр „mermisi“@2, 2010 427 радиоционной обстановки с Forest and Flora Protection R. Charkviani N. Gerliani Resume The work speaks about Georgia’s biodiversity preservation and protection of a country and its problems of national importance. Invasive species need to be very careful, because a small area of the country, it is especially dangerous. genmodificirebul kulturaTa Taviseburebani elene lolua suxiSvilis saswavlo universiteti ekologiis specialobis I kursi E-mail: [email protected] T: 598 62 16 70 xelmZRvaneli: nana alaverdaSvili soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqrori E- mail: alaverdashvili @ Yahoo .com T: 599 - 536 - 220 599 - 902 - 195 dRes Znelia iseTi adamianis monaxva, visac erTxel mainc ar smenia termini ,,genetikurad modificirebuli” da ,,transgenuri” organizmi. Tumca, cotam Tu icis, ra dadebiT da uaryofiT Sedegebs iwvevs aseTi organizmebis gamoyvana da gamoyeneba. genetikurad Secvlili sakvebi ki maRaziis Taroebs swrafad avsebs da ,,mivirTvaT Tu ara konkretuli produqti” _ TiToeulisaTvis damoukideblad gadasawyvetia. didi xnis win, verc ki iocnebebdnen im droze, roca adamiani sasoflo – sameurneo mcenareebsa da cxovelebs genetikur doneze mizanmimarTulad Secvlida. genmodificirebuli organizmebi, anu rogorc maT genetikosebi uwodeben, transgenuri organizmebi _ es aris mcenareebi, cxovelebi da baqteriebi, romelTa memkvidreobiTi informacia, sxva organizmebis calkeuli genebis, an genebis jgufis Seyvanis gziT, xelovnuradaa Secvlili. dedamiwis yoveli cocxali arseba genetikuri informaciis Casawerad erTsa da imave matarebelsa (dnm an rnm) erTsa da imave kods iyenebs, romlebic adamianidan _ baqteriebze, baqteriebidan _ mcenareebze genebis gadatanis saSualebas iZleva. es ki transgenuri organizmebisaTvis romelime sasargeblo funqciis mqone, misTvis uCveulo cilis sinTezis unaris gadacemas ganapirobebs. aseTi cilebiT produqtma SesaZloa, samkurnalo Tvisebebi SeiZinos, gaumjobesdes misi gemo da sxva. yvela axali gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone mecnieruli mimarTulebis msgavsad, genmodificirebuli produqtebis Seqmnasac mravali momxre hyavs. maTi varaudiT, es gza kacobriobas SimSiliT sikvdilisagan, 428 avadmyofobisagan da eklogiuri katastrofebisagan gadaarCens. Tumca arsebobs jgufi adamianebisa, romelic genmodificirebuli produqtis srul akrZalvas moiTxovs. maT miaCniaT, rom genebze manipulireba saSiSia da saboloo Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba SeuZlebelia. maTi eWvi SesaZlebelia safuZvelmoklebuli ar aris, magram gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom transgenuri organizmebis Seqmnis msgavsi masStabebisa da potencialis mqone arcerTi mecnieruli miRweva, rac ar unda sariskod gveCvenos, SeumCneveli ar rCebada laboratoriaSi misi Cakecva SeuZlebelia. gvinda Tu ara, genuri inJineriis Sedegebi Cvens cxovrebaSi ukve Semovida. misi erT – erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, sasoflo – sameurneo saWiroebis genmodificirebuli organizmebis Seqmna. agrarul da mecxoveleobis Semswavlel mecnierebebs _ seleqcias, romelic sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareebisa da cxovelebisSejvarebas eyrdnoba, SeuZlia organizmis ukve arsebuli Tvisebebi im gziT gaaZlieros, romlis ganxorcielebac bunebriv pirobebSi sruliad SeuZlebelia [1]. pirveli sacdeli transgenuri mcenareebi 1983 wels kelnis (germania) mcenareTmcodneobis transgenuri institutSi Tambaqo, miiRes. romelsac 1992 mavneblebi wels ver CineTSi azianebdnen. Seiqmna 1994 wels gasayidad gamovida oficialurad nebadarTuli, pirveli genmodificirebuli pomidori, romelic tanportabeluria da didxans inaxeba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi 50-mde saxeobis mcenarea genetikurad Secvlili. aTasamde xazia miRebuli, romelTagan asze meti danergilia warmoebaSi, danarCeni ki usafrTxoebis mizniT gadis mindvris gamocdas da testirebas sxvadasxva stadiaze [3]. qveynebi, sadac oficialurad xdeba genetikurad modificirebuli mcenareebis moyvana (cxrili 1) cxrili 1 farTobi wamyvani genmodificirebuli mln. ha kulturebi qveyana aSS simindi, soio, bamba, rapsi, 70 SaqrisWarxali, papaia, ionja, yabayi argentina 24 soio, simindi, bamba brazilia 31 soio, simindi, bamba kanada 11 simindi, soio, rapsi, Saqris Warxali indoeTi 11 bamba 4 bamba, papaia, pomidori, petunia, tkbili wiwaka, verxvi CineTi 429 paragvai 3 soio pakistani 3 bamba samxreT afrika 2.5 soio, simindi, bamba urugvai 1.5 soio,simindi bolivia 0.9 soio avstralia 0.7 bamba, rapsi filipinebi 0.6 simindi burkina-faso bamba 0.3 (das. afrika) ianmaris kavSiris respublika 0.3 bamba meqsika 0.2 bamba, soio kolumbia <0.5 bamba, mixaki CexeTis respublika <0.5 simindi safrangeTi <0.5 simindi espaneTi 0.1 simindi kostarika 0.1 bamba, soio kolumbia 0.1 bamba slovakeTi <0.1 simindi SvedeTi <0.1 pomidori saberZneTi <0.1 simindi, pomidori portugalia <0.1 simindi 1996 wlidan genmodificirebuli organizmebis naTesebiT dakavebuli farTobi 1.7 ha-dan 90 mil.ha-mde gaizarda, aqedan 55% modis aSS-ze. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi kidev ufro gaZlierda muSaoba transgenuri mcenareebis misaRebad. samecniero muSaoba mimdinareobs mraval sasoflo sameurneo kulturaze sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. genmodificirebuli mcenareebi miRebulia: xorbalSi, simindSi, brinjSi, qerSi, soioSi, mzesumziraSi, rafsSi, pomidorSi, kartofilSi, stafiloSi, xaxvSi, kitrSi, Saqris WarxalSi, marwyvSi, niaxurSi, vaSlSi, kakalSi, ionjaSi, kartofilSi, alvis xeSi. mecnierebis erTi nawilis azriT, genmodificirebuli organizmebidan miRebuli sakvebis usafrTxo gamoyenebaze yvela kvleva xanmoklea da misi negatiuri zemoqmedeba SesaZloa xangrZlivi drois Semdeg gamovlindes. 430 genmodificirebuli organizmebis mimarT wayenebul samedicino pretenziebs Soris mniSvnelovania alergiuli reaqciebis ganviTareba da adamianis organizmSi mobinadre mikroorganizmebis mier antibiotikebisadmi mdgradobis SeZena. kvebis produqtebSi genetikuri modifikaciis Sedegad axali alergiebis gaCena namdvilad SesaZlebelia. zogierTi genmodificirebuli organizmis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva mkveTrad Semcirdes sasoflo sameurneo kulturebSi qimiuri saSualebebis moxmareba, rac mkveTrad gaaumjobesebs adamianis janmrTelobas da garemos ekologiur mdgomareobas. [1] xSirad genmodificirebuli produqtis moyvana bevri qveynisTvis politikuri iaraRia da sakuTari xalxis zrunvaSi vlindeba. mecnierTa azriT, dReisTvis genmodificirebuli produqtebi seriozul safrTxes ar qmnis, Tumca sifrTxile saWiroa. amitom mkvlevarebi genmodificirebuli produqtebis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb daufiqrebeli gancxadebebis gakeTebisgan Tavs ikaveben. saqarTvelos pirobebSi mravali kulturuli mcenare avlens transgenur Tvisebebs, romlis warmoSobis mizezia klimaturi pirobebi,sasuqebisa da Sxamqimikatebis gadidebuli normebi, rasac xSirad fermerebi arasworad iyeneben rac mcenareTa bunebriv gadagvarebas iwvevs da amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa, soflis meurneobasa da kvebis mrewvelobaSi genmodificirebuli organizmebis gamoyenebaSi Seiqmnas mkveTrad gansazRvruli sakanonmdeblo baza. gamoyenebuli literatraura 1. g. kvesitaZe, e. kvesitaZe _ ,,bioteqnologia”. Tb. 1999w.gv. 170_177. 2. a. bakuraZe, e. kvesitaZe, d. RaRaniZe _ ,,Tanamedrove bioteqnologiis Sesavali”. Tb. 2009w.gv. 220_230. 3. Smith. J .Biotechnology Cambridge University Press 1997.pp 27-35. Features of Genetically Modified Cultures Elene LoLua Resume For last decades any scientific direction did not cause such sharp discussions, as development plant and use of genetically modified organisms in the agriculture and the food. Processing industry for a long Time, the safety issue genetically modified Products disturbs not only scientists, but also each consumer. 431 jinWari da misi samkurnalo Tvisebebi salome xaCiZe _ suxiSvilis saswavlo universitetis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa fakultetis ekologiis specialobis I kursi E-mail: [email protected] xelmZRvaneli, nana alaverdaSvili, soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqrori E- mail: alaverdashvili @ Yahoo .com T: 599 - 536 - 220 599 - 902 - 195 jinWari (laTinurad urtika) jinWrisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenelia. msoflioSi jinWris gvari 30-mde saxeobas aerTianebs. saqarTveloSi jinWris ori saxeoba izrdeba. CvenSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli orsaxliani jinWari. meore saxeobas msusxav jinWars uwodeben. igi SedarebiT iSviaTia da mxolod mTebis mwvervalebTan da iailebTan axlos RorRnarebSi, dekianebSi da yoreebze izrdeba. botanikuri saxelwodeba _ orsaxliani jinWari warmosdgeba iqidan, rom am mcenaris mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi yvavilebi sxvadasxva egzemplarze viTardeba. gamomdinare aqedan, erTdroulad erTmaneTis gverdiT izrdeba mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi jinWari. isini garegnuli agebulebiT Zlier gvanan erTmaneTs. Znelia maTi garCeva morfologiuri niSnebiTac, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom mamrobiTi yvavilebi aRma aris aRmarTuli, xolo mdedrobiTi - dabla daxrilia. [1] msusxavi jinWari erTsaxliani da erTwliani balaxovani mcenarea. mravldeba TesliT, simaRleSi aRwevs 40-60 santimetrs. orsaxliani jinWari mravldeba rogorc TesliT, aseve mravalwliani miwisqveSa fesuriT, sadac yovel wels axal-axal aRdgenis kvirtebs warmoqmnis, igi simaRleSi 1-1,5 metrs aRemateba. jinWari yvavilobs Sua zafxulSi. Tesli mwifdeba zafxulis bolos an adre Semodgomaze. damtverva qaris saSualebiT warmoebs. jinWris am ori saxeobis samkurnalo Tvisebebi erTi da igivea. morfologiuri niSnebiT jinWari mkveTrad gamoirCeva sxva mcenareebisagan,romlebic bunabaSi mis Tanamgzavrebs warmoadgens. ReroRruiania, oTxkuTxa, an mravalwaxnaga formis.foTlebi Rarisebri, kidedakbiluli, jvaredin-mopirispired ganlagebuli. Zlier Sebusvili, jinWars axasiaTebs msusxavi bususebi, romlebic uviTardeba ara marto foTlebze, aramd Reroze,yvavilebze da foTlis yunwebze. bususebze xelis erTi mikarebiT advilad dasamaxsovrebelia igi adamianebisaTvis. jinWris msusxavi bususebi warmoadgens mfaravi kanis epidermis ujredebis jirkvlovan gamonazardebs. gansxvavebiT sxva mcenareTa bususebisagan igi specializebulia gansakuTrebuli funqciis SesrulebisaTvis, rasac dasusxvas uwodeben. jinWris msusxav bususebs triqonebi ewodeba. jinWarze Sexebisas bususebis wveti erWoba kanSi. igi swrafad imsxvreva da mwvane xsnaris naerTi iRvreba kanSi, rac iwvevs saSinel tkivils, anu dasusxvas. 432 dasusxvis Sedegad kanze viTardeba siwiTle, anu anTebiTi kerebi buStulebis saxiT, romelic 1-2 dRe-Ramis Semdeg ukvalod qreba. jinWari Zvirfasi samkurnalo mcenarea. misi foTlebi, yvavilebi da mTeli masa fesvebis CaTvliT warmoadgens Tavisebur polivitaminebis koncentrats.isini Seicavs 0.6% vitamin C, 0.5% karotins, agreTve didi raodenobiT _ K1,B2,B3vitaminebs. garda amisa,masSi Sedis cilebi 17%, saxamebeli 10%, Sqrebi, organuli mJaveebi, mineraluri marilebi, kaliumi, mTrimlavi nivTerebebi, glikozidi urticini, sakvebi saRebavebi. Rero Seicavs teqnikur boWkos, romlisganac amzadeben xelovnuri abreSumis qsovilebs, uxeS naqsovs da sxva. [3] aRsaniSnavia, romCvenSi amJamad mosaxleoba arasworad misdevs jinWris gamoyenebas. rogorc sakvebad, ise samkurnalod mas amzadeben mxolod adre gazafxulze, Tebervlidan _ aprilamde. zogjer, rom ityvian,ufro sworad gugulis dayvirebamde, Semdeg maTi azriT, TiTqos jinWari kargavs samkurnalo da kvebiT Rirebulebas da igi gadaiqceva sarevelad. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jinWris yvavilobis aqtiuri faza emTxveva ivlis- agvistos Tveebs, roca mcenare asrulebs simaRleze zrdas, foTlebis formirebas da gadadis simwifis stadiaSi. am peridSi mcenaris Rero, foTlebi momwifebulia, yvavilis kokrebisa da mtevnebis zrdac dasrulebulia, mcenare Sesulia fiziologiuri da bioqimiurisisrulis fazaSi. gamtar sistemaSi mometebulia biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, udidesi raodenobiT fermentebi, Saqrebi da Saqaridebi, maRalmolekuluri poliSenaerTebi, rac misi zrdis adreul etapze ar SeiniSneba. jinWris romeli nawilia ufro efeqturi da rogor unda SevagrovoT isini? yvavilobis periodSi jinWris yvela organo (fesvi, Rero, foToli, yvavilebi) aaqtiurebs Tavis cxovelmyofelobas.foTlebi meti simZlavriT awarmoebs fotosinTezs da organuli SenaerTebis dagrovebas.fesvebi aqtiurad awvdis wyalsa da mineralur nivTierebebs. Rero gaZlierebiT emsaxureba nivTierebaTa xsnaris transportirebas rogorc zemoT,ise fesvebisaken, e. i. mcenare mTlianad datvirTulia organuli da mineraluri nivTierebebiT.isini metwilad Tavs iyrian foTlebSi. es nivTierebani TandaTanobiT xmardeba yvavilebis da nayofis zrdas. [2] Teslis momwifebis Semdeg mcenareTiTqmis mTlianad Tavisufldebaaqtiuri nivTerebebisagan, radganac isini gadadis TeslSi da xmardeba Canasaxis ganviTarebas da aRmocenebas, xolo darCenili nawili miemarTeba mravalwlian fesuraSi da grovdeba maragis saxiT, romelic xmardeba momavali wlis aRdgenis kvirtebis formirebas da zrdas (orsaxliani jinWaris SemTxvevaSi). yvavilobis sawyisi fazidan mis damTavrebamde jinWris mwvane masis damzadeba iZleva saukeTeso efeqts. rekomendebulia Segrovebuli iqnas erTdroulad jinWris foTlebi, norCi ylortebi da yvavilebi erTad. Segrovili masa unda gamovaSroT sxvenSi anspecialur saSrobSi, sadac ver atans qari da mzis sxivebi. gamoSroba unda moxdes ramdenime dReSi, 433 sibneleSi, maRal temperaturaze. foTlebi da mTeli biomasa ise unda gamoSres, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi mofSvna. mofSvnili saxiT igi inaxeba sinestis gauval polieTilenis tomrebSi xangrZlivi drois manZilze, ise, rom ar kargavs Tavis samkurnalo Tvisebebs. zemoT moxsenebulmecnierTa da sxva mkvlevarTa cnobebiT jinWris samkurnalo Tvisebebi vlindeba adamianisa da cxovelebis Sinagani da garegani organoebis mTeli rigi daavadebebis gankurnebis saqmeSi, risTvisac iyeneben jinWris foTlis an mTeli masis naxarSsa da nayens. foTlis nayeni mzaddeba SegrovebisTanave. saojaxo pirobebSi wvrilad daWril foTols atareben wvensawurSi da miiReben TiTo sufris kovziT samjer dReSi. sasurvelia dalioT Wamamde 10-15 wuTiT adre. jinWris naxarSi SeiZleba momzaddes saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi rogorc xmeli, ise nedli masisagan. amisaTvis unda aviRoT 15 grami wvrilad dakepili an dafSvnili jinWari CavyaroT faifuris, minis an emailis WurWelSi, davasxaT 250 grami gamoxdili an winaswar aduRebuli da oTaxis temperaturamde gaciebuli wyali, davaxuroT saxuravi da CavdgaT cxelwylian WurWelSi. SevdgaT cecxlze da vaduRoT 15 wuTi WinWris naxarSis misaRebad, xolo 30 wuTi jinWris moduRebuli wvenis misaRebad. [4] jinWris naxarSi rekomendebulia miRebuli iqnas Sinagani daavadebebis dros, rogorc: temperaturis damwevi, Sardmdeni, sisxlis Semadgenlobis gamaumjobesebeli, revmatizmis, aTerosklerozis, epilefsiis, nervuli daavadebebis, Tirkmelebisa da Sardis buStis anTebiTi procesebis, bronqitis, tuberkulozis, anemiis anu sisxlnaklebobis, sisxlis Sededebis darRvevisas, cxviridan sisxis denisas, kuWnawlavis, filtvebis, saSvilosnos daavadebebisas, enteritis, kolitebis faRaraTis, RviZlis, naRvlis buStis anTebis, siyviTlis (botkini), 0 avitaminozis, sxvadasxva saxis nivTierebaTa cvlis moSlis, saxsrebis, hormonaluri kvanZebis daavadebisas, isteriis, mamakacisa da qalebis sasqeso organoebis zogierTi funqciis moSlisas, Cvili bavSvis dedis rZiT gaZlierebisaTvis da sxva mravali daavadebis mkurnalobisas. jinWris naxarSiT da foTlis gamonawuris wveniT mkurnaloben Saqriani diabetiT daavadebulebs. jinWris preparatebi amaRlebs sisxlSi hemoglobinis da eriTrocitebis raodenobas. misi eqstraqtebiT mzaddeba iseTi naRvlismdeni wamali, rogoricaa ,,aloxoli”. jinWriT mkurnaloben agreTve RviZlsa da naRvlis buStSi kenWebis arsebobisas, centraluri nervuli sistemis moSlis, damblis SemTxvevaSi, Pplevritis da sxva daavadebebis dros. jinWris nayens, naxarSs da foTlis wvens aqvs garegan daavadebaTa mkurnalobis efeqti. magaiTad: jinWris nayeni gamoiyeneba piris Rrus anTebiTi procesebis, anginis, dermatitis, kanze laqebisa da talRebis gamoCenisas, egzemis, gare Wrilobebis, naadrevi gamelotebis dros, sxvadasxva saxisa da donis sidamwvris, kanis qavilis SemTxvevaSi da sxva. didia jinWris kvebiTi Rirebuleba. adre gazafxulze, roca organizmSi gamoleulia vitaminebi, jinWris fxaleuli, borSCisa an zeTSi da mwvanilebSi moTuSuli saxiT Zvirfasi vitaminizebuli kerZebia 434 adamianisaTvis. jinWriT gamokvebaven Sinaur cxovelebsa da frinvelebs adreul asakSi. jinWris Tesli Seicavs 22% cxims, zeTs, romelic aaqtiurebs sasqeso organoebs. qaTmebSi matulobs kvercxis deba. jinWris foToli Seicavs 8% qlorofils, anu mwvane pigments, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc uvnebeli sakvebi kulinariaSi kerZebis Sesaferadeblad. mas iyeneben agreTve parfiumeriaSi Sampunebisa da sapnis warmoebaSi. mrewvelobaSi sufTa Salis nawarmis SesaRebadda sxva. [5] jinWris masis Segrovebisas unda davicvaT agrowesebiT gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi moTxovnebi. zafxulSi yvavilobisas Tu xdeba misi damzadeba,aucileblad unda davtovoT ramdenime Ziri moyvavile Reroebi Teslis genofondis SesanarCuneblad. ar unda dairRves misi wonasworoba garemomcvel mcenareebs Soris. gamoyenebuli literatura 1. e. gugava da sxva mcenareTa sistematika Tbilisi 2010 2. S. xidaSeli, e. papuniZe saqarTvelos tyis samkurnalo mcenareebi baTumi 1985 gv 329-330 3. ГубановИ.А. КиселеваЛ.Б. Новиков Б. С . Дикорастущие полезные растения М. Изд. 1987 стр 110-111 4. Виноградов В. М Мартинов В. К Чернакова Б. Б Лекарственные растения Л. 1991 137ст. 5. Bailey L. The standrat cyclopedia of horticulture.Voll 3. London 1935 p 1135-1136 Nettle and its Medical Characteristics Salome Khachidze Resume The article studies the morphological and anatomical structure, distribution, composition of the leaf and the trunk of the nettle. The essay is mainly based on study of medical, pharmacological use of nettle in traditional medicine. Drugs have become more and more expensive for Georgian population. We hope that our study will help population to be aware of alternative medicine and improve self-treatment. 435 Savi zRvis auzis ekologiuri problemebi a(a) ip goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universiteti socialur mecnierebaTa biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis fakulteti finansebis specialobis III kursis studentebi: lali miCitaSvili, rusudan poRozaSvili, maka saaTaSvili, Tamar nadiraZe xelmZRvaneli: goris saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis asoc. prof. maia azmaifaraSvili [email protected] tel: 598270616; 598504907 Savi zRva aris wylis unikaluri obieqti. es aris zRva, romelic warmoadgens yvelaze did wyalSemkreb auzs msoflioSi. auzis farTobi Seadgens 2 mln kv.km da faravs evropis kontinentis TiTqmis erT mesameds. am bunebrivma moculobebma Savi zRva gamorCeuli gaxada biomravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT. didi wyalSemkrebi auzisa da naxevradCaketili bunebis gamo Savi zRva Zalian mgrZnobiarea anTropogenuli zegavlenis mimarT. Savi zRva sam nawilad iyofa: balkaneTi, uSualod Savi zRvispireTi da kavkasia. kavkasiaSi, iseve rogorc msoflios mraval regionSi, metad mwvaved dgas ekologiuri problemebi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia wylis resursebis daWuWyianeba. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi swrafi tempiT gaizarda wylis moxmareba, rogorc qalaqebSi, ise soflebSi. Sesabamisad, moimata da farTo xasiaTi miiRo wylis daWuWyianebamac, rac mdinareebsa da wyalsatevebSi WuWyiani wylis SereviTaa ganpirobebuli. wylis obieqtebs sawarmoo Camdinare wylebi, qimiuri, metalurgiuli mrewvelobidan, navTobi da navTobproduqtebi, radioaqtiuri elementebi, soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli sasuqi da Sxamqimikatebi, fekalursayofacxivrebo Camdinare wylebi da sxva mravali ram aWuWyianebs. daWuWyianebis Sedegad wyals ecvleba gemo da suni, mcirdeba masSi Semavali Jangbadi, iwamleba wylis organizmebi da a.S. zRvebis napirebis ngrevisa da ukandaxevis problema dRes TiTqmis yvela zRvispira qveyanas awuxebs. es metad arasasurveli problemaa, romelic, ZiriTadad aTaswleulobiT Camoyalibebuli procesis adamianis mier darRvevebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Savi zRvis sanapiros 315 km-ianma monakveTma saukuneebis ganmavloaSi uaryofiTi anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis yvela forma ganicada. mdinareebis mier zRvaSi Semotanili qviSa da xreSi talRebis mier muSavdeba da napirebis gaswvriv nawildeba. ase Cndeba napirgaswvrivi nakadebi, e.w plaJebi. talRebi qvebs, qviSasa da xreSs mudmivad gadaadgilebs, rogorc napiris gaswvriv, ise mis gardigardmo. mdinareebis mier Camotanili myari masalis (natanis) Semcireba napirebis gadarecxva-daSlas iwvevs. Tu plaJi moispo, talRebi napirebis ngrevas daiweben da Tanac imdenad energiulad, rom xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi aTobiT metri siganis xmeleTi warecxos an rkina-betonos jebiric ki waaqcios. Savi zRvis wyali komfortulad iTvleba, Tu misi temperatura 200-ze 436 metia, haeris temperatura 150-ze meti, xolo talRebis siZliere 3 balze naklebia. es maCveneblebi saqarTvelos sanapiros weliwadSi 6-7 Tvis ganmavlobaSi axasiaTebs. Savi zRva, romelic xmelTaSua zRvas mxolod viwro bosforis srutiT ukavSirdeba da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom izolirebulia, globalur akvaqselSi mobinadre saxeobebs ar cvlis. amitom Sav zRvaSi mobinadre bevri saxeoba sxvagan ar gvxvdeba - endemuria. Savi zRvis biomravalferovnebis siRaribes sxva mizezic aqvs. Sav zRvaSi, daaxloebiT 200 metris siRrmeze, gogirdwyalbadis rezervuaria. aseT rezervuarSi mxolod baqteriebi Tu icocxleben - TevzebisTvis da sxva saxeobebisTvis iq adgili ar rCeba. me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan Savi zRvis ekosistemaSi adamianis intensiurma Carevam, kerZod Savi zRvis resursebis gadaWarbebulma gamoyenebam, sanapiro zonebSi daugegmavma urbanizaciam, balasturi wylebis gziT rigi egzotikuri da paTogenuri organizmebis SemoWram, mraval mdinareze kaSxlebis mSeneblobam, sanapiroebis dasacavad agebulma uamravma konstruqciam, araSesabamisad gawmendili narCeni wylebis CaRvram (gemebi, mrewveloba da sanapiro zonebis dasaxlebebi da maTi aramarTebuli movla), Tevzrewvis ganukiTxavma zrdam da mravalma sxva mizezma Savi zRvis ekosistema srul degradaciamde miiyvana. Savi zRva msoflioSi yvelaze didi anoqsiuri (uJangbado) auzia. amis gamo Savi zRva unikaluria. Savi zRva da misi resursebi udidesi safrTxis winaSe dgas. is TiTqmis mTlianad Caketili zRvaa da albaT yvelaze metad dabinZurebuli msoflioSi imis gamo, rom misi auzi bevrad scdeba eqvsi qveynis farglebs romlebic uSualod esazRvreba zRvas da 17 qveyana monawileobs mis dabinZurebaSi. zRvas ki msoflio okeanesTan erTaderTi viwro bosforis srute gaaCnia damakavSireblad. amave dros is Rebulobs Camdinare wylebs, biogenebs da sxva dambinZureblebs iseTi didi mdinareebidan rogorebicaa dunai, dnepri, da doni, aseve mravali sxva ufro mcire mdinareebidan. amitom gasagebia, rom Savi zRvis dacva mxolod erToblivi ZalisxmeviTa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. amJamad, Savi zRvisTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi ZiriTadi problemebi dgas mwvaved: azotisa da fosforis naerTebi kanalizaciis wyali avTobiT dabinZureba toqsikuri nivTierebebi, radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi, ucxosaxeobebi, myari narCenebi. Savi zRvis siRrme saSualod 220 metria. amJamad misi mxolod zeda 100 metriani fenaa Jangbadis Semcveli da maSasadame sicocxlis matarebelic. qveda fena ki faqtiurad mkvdariamowamlulia gogirdwyalbadiT. gogirdwyalbadis arseboba Sav zRvaSi dafiqsirebuli iyo 1893 wels, cnobili qimikosis n. zelinskis mier. gogirdwyalbadis wyaro iyo sulfatebis baqteriologiuri aRdgena organuli naxSirbadiT. 1980-ani wlebidan yovelwliurad gogirdwyalbadis done zRvaSi iwevs zeviT ori metriT,Tanac rac ufro izrdeba misi done, miT ufro Cqardeba es procesi. amasTanave ar moCans am sabediswero procesis bunebrivi gawonasworebis perspeqtiva, Tu ar Sewyda gogirdwyalbadis gamoyofa zRvaSi masSi sicocxle Sewydeba. zRvis sikvdili ki TavisTavad ekologiuri kataklizmia, xolo Tu amas zed daerTo kidev gogirdwyalbadis 437 afeTqebac(rac SesaZloa moyves Zlier miwisZvras) maSin atomuri afeTqebis magvari ubedureba dagvatydeba Tavs. am dros warmoiSveba cad atyorcnili udidesi masa gogirdmJavasi, romelic mere momakvdinebel wvimad moevlineba dedamiwas istoriis furclebidan. biogenuri elementebis Warbi raodenobiT Cadineba iwvevs Savi zRvis evtrofikacias, mniSvnelovan risks uqmnis Savi zRvis biomravalferovnebas. nitratebis ZiriTad wyaros municipaluri Camdinare wylebi warmoadgens. nitratebi Sav zRvaSi xvdeba sasoflo sameurneo miwebidan, wvimiis Sedegad Camorecxili wylebidanac. wlebis ganmavlobaSi Savi zRvis dabinZurebis mTavari mizezi kanalizac
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