Lesson 15: Derived forms of the verb
Lesson 15: Derived forms of the verb This lesson looks at verbs and the different forms which can be derived from the basic verb. Meaning, taking one verb and modifying it to produce a new one! Some of these different forms will see a relationship or a clear link between it and the verb it derived from, and others not so. For example, In English, if we take the verb stand. In its basic meaning, we know this to mean “stand up”. We can then add something to the beginning of this verb to derive a new verb. For example, Stand Withstand, understand. There is no clear relationship between ‘stand’ and ‘withstand’ or ‘understand’. Whereas if we look at the verb see. We can add something to its front to again, derive a new verb. For example, see oversee. In this case, there is a relationship between the original verb ‘see’ and the new derivation ‘oversee’. In Arabic, modifications are made to the basic root by adding either a: Prefix (in front of the word) Infix (in the middle of the word) Suffix (at the end of the word) Altering vowel patterns Each of these modifications or different forms (meaning patterns they fall into) imply a different type of meaning! By understanding them it will allow you to unlock the meaning to so many words! –although it must also be bore in mind that these meanings are not 100% concrete in definition. In some instances, these meanings will not apply. However, these different formations can be used as a gentle guide in understanding. Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 1 Altogether, there are 15 derived forms (different combinations of prefixes, infixes, suffixes, vowel patterns – different combinations of how you alter the word exactly to produce the new word). However only the first 9 are common enough to study at this point. Most roots (meaning basic 3 letters) can be modified to include most of the various pattern derivations, although there are some which can only remain in their basic form. The only way to know, is to refer to a dictionary. So what are these patterns? (these are all nouns) (these are verbs) Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 2 It is important to memorise this table of formations, so lets break it down to make it easier to process and digest! First point – each of the different forms have been numbered with roman numerals rather than standard numbers. This is because in the dictionary, each of these forms are in fact written against roman numerals. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 الفِعْلُ الماضيPerfect Verb: past tense (ie wrote) ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ المImperfect Verb: Present / future tense (ie write) ِ ُِ اِسْمُ الفَا ِعActive Participle: the noun who performs the action of the verb (ie: writer) ل ُِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفعPassive Participle: noun that receives the action of the verb – the person/thing which is ول (meaning of verb) ie: written / letter. ُ ال َمصْ َدرVerbal Noun: is a noun derived from the verb that corresponds to the action of performing the verb (ie: writing, walking, -ing) Each form works differently, so the following is a closer look at each of these forms to identify patterns to help aid memorisation of the table inshallah, and also explain in more detail how each form Idiosyncrasies: A distinctive or peculiar feature or characteristic of a place or thing. Connotation: An association that a word or phrase carries, in addition to the word's or phrase's explicit or literal meaning. Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 3 Form 1 idiosyncrasies ُال َمصْ َدر Verbal Noun There are many patterns. Will have to learn each verbal noun specific to each verb. َفَ َع َل ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع Passive Participle Form I ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb ُُيَُْفعُل ُُيَُْف ُِعل َُُم ْفعُ ُْول Perfect Verb 1 ُُفَ َُع َل ُُيَُْف َُعل ُُيَُْفعُل ُُفَا ِعل الفِعْلُ الماضي 2 ُُفَعُ َل ُُيَُْف َُعل ُُيَُْف ُِعل 3 ُُفَ ُِع َل So, if we take a look at which vowel the second root letter takes in the perfect, we can see what it will be in the imperfect- 1. 2. 3. ُ( ُفَ َُع َلfatha -perfect) can take all three vowels in the imperfect. َُ ُ( ُفَعdummah-perfect) Will retain its dummah in the imperfect. ل َُ ( ُفَ ُِعkessrah-perfect) can only become fathah or kessrah in the imperfect ل For example: ُ)ُفَ َُع َل If it is a fatha in the perfect ( it could be any of the three vowels in the imperfect Fathah Could be any vowel in the imperfect Kessrah Dummah ُ َيَ ُْذ ُه ب ُيَحُْ ُِمل ُيَ ُْذكُر ُب َ ََُذ ُه َُ ح َُم ل َُ َُذ َُك َُر Fatha in the perfect Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 4 ُ) ُفَعُ َل If it is a dummah in the perfect ( It will be a dummah in the imperfect dummah in the imperfect ُيَضُْعُف ُف َُ َ ُضع dummah in the perfect ُ) ُفَ ُِع َل If it is a kessrah in the perfect ( it will usually be a fathah in the imperfect unless the first root letter is a Usually fatha in the imperfect kessrah in the imperfect وin which case it will be a kessrah. س َُم ُع ُْ َي ُُيَ ُِرث ُس ُِم َع َُ َُ َُو ُِر ث kessrah in the perfect kessrah in the perfect with 1st root letter و – الفِعْ ُل ْال ُم َت َع ِّديtransitive verbs These are verbs which require a direct object to complete the meaning of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot be understood. i.e: the man grabbed the thief. الالز ُم – ْالفِعْ ُلintransitive verbs ِ These are verbs which do not need a direct object to complete its meaning. i.e: he sat. Some other important points to mention about form 1: Verbs which fit the pattern i.e: ُ ُفَ َُع َلare usually transitive (takes a direct object). ُب َ َ– َكتHe wrote……(needs something to have written) However, sometimes they can also be intransitive (doesn’t need a direct object). i.e: ُس َ َ – َجلHe sat. (nothing else is needed to understand that he “sat”) Verbs which fit the pattern i.e: ُُفَ ُِع َل are usually intransitive. ُ– َعلِ َمHe knew. Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 5 Verbs which fit the pattern ُ ُفَعُ َلare intransitive and also indicate a permanent state or inherent quality (a characteristic or state). i.e: ُف َ ضع َ – meaning to become weak. (this would be used in reference to how we may find the characteristics of the elderly for example.) There are no set patterns for verbal nouns! Form 2 idiosyncrasies َفَ َّع َل Form II ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُُتَ ْف ُِعُْيل ُمُفَعُل ُمُُفَعُل ُيُفَعُل ُُفَعُ َل Features: The only difference between form 1 and 2 is the عalways takes shaddah, accept for the verbal noun. Connotations Form 2 has 4 connotations: 1. Causative meaning “to cause to do…..” (causing somebody to do something) A verb that is intransitive in form 1, when it is put into form 2 pattern it will actually become transitive! …..so in form 1 it will not need a direct object to complete its meaning, but when put into form 2 it does! For example: Form 2 Form 1 َُعلِ َم to know Apply the same verb into form 2 pattern َُعل َم to teach…. ie: to cause to know Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 6 2. Intensive – meaning the act in form 2, is done with greater intensity or continued over a longer duration than in form 1. You might say in form 1 somebody was “killed”, then applying the same verb into form 2, a greater intensity of killing is implied, such as massacred, butchered, killed many, killed over and over etc For example: Form 1 Form 2 َُك َس َر Apply the same verb into form 2 pattern To break (something) َُكس َر To break (something) into little pieces 3. Metaphorical – The verb can be a metaphor or a simile for the subjects condition. For example: Form 2 Form 1 Apply the same verb into form 2 pattern ُقَ ْوس A bow ُس الرحل َُ قَو The man was bent (like a bow) 4. Shortening – Can be used to abbreviate long words or phrases using the most significant letters. Meaning, you can take a whole phrase, and take the three main letters of that phrase and put them into form 2 to represent the saying of that phrase. For example: The verb هلّل The verb literally means “he said "ال إله اال هللا ُ َكب َرmeans “he said Allahu Akbar” An example of form 2 found in the Qur’an: Allah says in Surah al-Baqara (2):31 َُو َعل َُمُ َءا َُد َم أ ُُٱۡلَ أس َمآ َء And He taught Adam all the names Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 7 Form 3 idiosyncrasies َفا َع َل Form III ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُ فِ َع ال ُمُفَا َعلَة ُمُفَا َعل ُمُفَا ِعل ُيُفَا ِعل ُُفَا َع َل Features: اis added after ف َُ Connotations The connotation of form 3 is “Associative”. – meaning, two or more people are involved in the action – verbs in these patterns imply that there is more than one person involved in the action. For example: Form 1 ُس َ ََجل to sit ُقَتَ َل to kill form 3 ُس َ َجال to sit in someone’s company ُسه َُ َجال He sat in his company ُقَاتَ َل To combat – It is not just 1 person involved – more than 1 person are fighting or killing each other; 2 people are involved in the action Notes: There are 2 different verbal noun patterns for form 3: ُ ِف عال ُمفَا َعلَة Some verbs will be able to take on both patterns, some only one but not the other. While some, can take on both patterns! Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 8 The difference when they can take on both patterns, is that: ُ فِعالpattern indicates the physical particular occurrence of it. Whereas the ُ مفَا َعلَةpattern is abstract occurrence of it. the For example: To strive / to struggle Can go into both verbal noun patterns: مفَا َعلَ ُة ُفِعال abstract occurrence of physical particular occurrence of An abstract verbal noun Struggling / striving of your soul a physical verbal noun to fight on the battle field. Form 4 idiosyncrasies َأَ ْف َع َل Form IV (4) ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُإِ ْف َعال ُمُ ْف َعل ُمُ ْف ِعل ُيُ ْف ِعل ُأَ ْف َع َل Features A dummah is on the prefixes. It is only form 4 which has hamzatul-qat’ َ ُأat the start of the perfect verb. All the others that start with alif, are hamzatul-wasl. Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 9 Connotations The main meaning of form 4 is like that of form 2 – causative. So something which was intransitive in form 1, becomes transitive in form 4, because you are causing somebody else to do something. For example, Form 1 ُنَ َز َل To descend ُض ِح َك َ To laugh form 4 ُأَ ْن َز َل to cause to descend (i.e: to send down) ُأَضْ َح َك to make (someone) laugh َ ُمات َ َأ ُمات To die to make (someone) die An example of form 4 found in the Qur’an: Allah says in Surah al-Qadr (97):1 إِنآُأَن َزأُلنَ ٰـهُفِىُلَ أيلَ ِة أ ُُٱلقَ أد ِر Verily, We have sent it (this Qur'ân) down in the night of Al-Qadr Sometimes these is no apparent link between the meaning in form 1 and form 4 (remember when we took the example of stand – understand). It will give a whole new meaning! For example, a form 1 form 4 ُلَقِ َي أَ ْلقَى To meet ُض َ قَ َر To cut to cast down, to fling ُض َ أَ ْق َر to lend Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 10 Form 5 idiosyncrasies َتَفَ َّع َل Form V ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُُتَُفَعُل ُمُُتَُفَعُل ُمُُتَُفَعُل ُُيَُتَُفَعُل ُُتَُفَعُ َل Features: It resembles Form 2 in that it has a shaddah on the عbut also has an additional prefixed taa’. Also notice the only difference between the perfect verb and verbal noun is the harakat! Connotations Form 5 takes 2 connotations: 1. Reflective. Whatever action is done through a Form 2 verb, in Form 5 it is seen through the point of view of the object – the subject has performed the verb on himself. To understand this – we know that a verb requires a subject (the one performing the verb), and an object (the one which receives the action of the verb). In form 5, the subject will perform the action of the verb to themselves. For example: form 2 form 5 َُذك َر ُتَ َذك َر To remind (somebody) to remember (ie: to remind oneself) 2. It can also mean the same as form 1 For example: Form 1 form 2 To cause to know = َُعلِ َم َُعل َم To know to teach form 5 Reflect that back on yourself = ُتَ َعل َم to learn Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 11 An example of form 5 in the Qur’an Allah says in Surah al –Ahzab (33):35 ُت َ ِصدُق َ َينُ َو أٱلمت َ ََو أُٱلمت ِ صدقَ ٰـ the men and the women who give Sadaqât Form 6 idiosyncrasies َتَفا َع َل Form VI (6) ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُسمُ الفَا ِع ِل ُْ ِا Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُُتَُفَاعل ُمُُتَُفَا َعل ُمُُتَُفَا ِعل ُُيَتَُفَا َعل ُُتَُفَا َع َل Features: Form 6 inserts َ before ف ُت َُ and an اafter it. Also notice the only difference between the perfect verb and verbal noun is the harakat! Connotations Form 6 takes on 3 connotations: 1. Reciprocity. Meaning that it indicates an action being done with another person or group, more distinctly than in form 3 – so they are actively doing / reciprocating the action to one another. For example: form 3 form 6 ُعاو َن َ To help (someone) ُعاو َن َ َت to co-operate ie: to help one another Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 12 َ حا َد ُث َ تَحا َد ُث To talk (to someone) to converse / talk together 2. feigning a state Meaning it is used to indicate the subject is feigning a state (pretending) For example: Form 1 form 6 ُض َ ار َ تَ َم ُض َ َم ِر To be sick to feign illness َ ُمات َ او ُت َ تَ َم To die to pretend to be dead 3. Diligent acquisition of a state This is somewhat similar to the previous connotation, in that they are purposefully trying to attain the state which is indicated by the root meaning. This is usually something negative, rather than positive. For example: form 1 َُج ِه َل To be ignorant form 6 ُتَ َجاهَ َل to try to be ignorant An example of form 6 found in the Qur’an is Surah al-Ma’idah (5):2 واُ َعلَ أ ْ َُُوتَ َعا َون ُۖىُٱلبِرُ َوٱلت أق َو ٰى Help you one another in Al-Birr and At-Taqwa Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 13 Form 7 idiosyncrasies َاِ ْنفَ َع َل Form VII (7) ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُُاُِْنفِ َعال - ُمُُْنفَ ِعل ُُيَُْنفَ ِعل ُُاُِْنفَ َع َل Features Notice the ُ ْنwith sukoon before the ف It is almost never formed with verbs whose first root letter is any of the following: يرملون Connotations: Form 7 is Passive and only passive! (this explains why there is no pattern for the passive participle) There is no stated doer of the verb, but the action of the verb was still carried out. – So you do not know who did the action of the verb (the subject) – the action happened, you just don’t know who did it! What seems to be the object, becomes the subject in the passive tense. For example: Form 1 َُك َس َر To break (something) form 7 ُاِ ْن َك َس َر to become broken, to shatter (you don’t know who did it, but it broke!) An example of form 7 in the Qur’an is Surah al-Baqarah (2):60 ًُ۬ٱثنَتَاُ َع أشرةَُ َع أينا ُفَٱنفَ َج َُر أتُ ِم أنه أ َ Then gushed forth therefrom twelve springs Linguistic note this ayah – the passive form 7 is used here – it shows no one knew who caused the water to gush out – it shows it was not Musa himself who was the cause. Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 14 Form 8 idiosyncrasies َاِ ْفتَ َع َل Form VIII ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُاُِْفُتِ َعال ُمُْفُتَ َعل ُمُْفُتَ ِعل ُيَُْفُتَ ِعل ُاُِْفُتَ َع َل Features Form 8 has ُت َُ ِ after ف Connotations: It is quite common to find verbs fitting form 8, however there is not a consistent meaning connected with these patterns. It is closely related to the basic root meaning, however the most common significance is that is it reflective of form 1, -meaning that whatever action is done through a form 1 verb, when it is form 5 it is seen through the point of view of the object – the subject has performed the verb on himself (similar to what we saw in form 5) For example: Form 1 form 8 َُج َم َع To gather (people or things) ُاِجْ تَ َم َع to get together, assemble (have gathered themselves together) So much of the time, form 8 verb will be the subject doing the action to themselves. (the subject will also be the object) An example of form 8 in the Qur’an Allah says in Surah Al-Anbiya (21):1 أ َ ُُح َسابهمأ لن ل ُ ُ ب ر ت ٱق َ َ ِ اس ِ ِ Draws near for mankind their reckoning Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 15 Form 9 idiosyncrasies َاِ ْف َع َّل Form IX ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ ُاِسْمُ ال َم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُاِ ْف ِعالل - ُم ْف َُعل ُيَ ْف َُعل ُاِ ْف َُعل Features ُّ لis doubled with a shaddah (apart from the verbal noun) Hamzatul wasl اis prefixed. The final Connotations Form 9 has a very limited usage, the only time you would find it is to denote either: 1. a colour – in the form of a verb: ie: to become black, to become white, to become green etc 2. a bodily defect. – to be crooked, to be blind, to be lame, to be deaf etc they are derived from adjectives: For example: Form 1 Form 9 ُأَس َْود Black ُاِس َْود to blacken, darken ُاِ ْع َوج ُِع َوج Crookedness to be/become crooked, lame An example of form 9 in the Qur’an Surah Yusuf (12):84 َو أُٱبيَضُ أتُ َع أينَاهُ ِم َن أ ُُٱلح أز ِن And he lost his sight because of the sorrow that he was suppressing. Literally – and his eyes became white with grief Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 16 Form 10 idiosyncrasies َستَ ْف َع َل ْ ِا Form X (10) ُال َمصْ َدر ُول ِ اِسْمُ ال َُم ْفع ُاِسْمُ الفَا ِع ِل الفِعْلُ الماضي Verbal Noun Passive Participle Active Participle ُضارع الفِ ْعلُ الم ِ Imperfect Verb Perfect Verb ُُاِ ْسُتِ ْف َعال ُمُ ْسُتَ ْف َعل ُمُ ْسُتَ ْف ِعل ُُيَ ْسُتَ ْف ِعل ُُاِ ْسُتَ ْف َع َل Features: Hamza-tul wasl اis prefixed, along with ُْ سand تbeforeف Connotations: There are two connotations associated with form 10: 1. Seeking, demanding, asking 2. Consideration. 1. Seeking, demanding, asking – meaning, to seek, ask for, to request or demand something. For example: Form 1 form 10 ُاِ ْستَ ْغفَ َر َُغفَ َر To forgive to seek / request / ask forgiveness ُاِ ْستَأْ َُذ َن ُأَ ِذ َن To permit to ask for permission 2. To consider or find a special characteristic in something For example: Form 1 form 10 َُحس َن To be beautiful َُج ِه َل To be ignorant ُاِ ْستَحْ َس َن to admire ie: to consider beautiful ُاِ ْسُتَجْ هَ َل So in this way, you consider, or find a certain characteristic within something or someone to consider (someone) to be ignorant Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 17 An example of form 10 in the Qur’an Surah al-Imran (3):17 أ أ أ َ أ أ َ ُار ح س ٱۡل ب ُ ين ُ ر ف غ ت س م ُ ٱل َو َ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ and beg Allâh's Pardon in the last hours of the night. Imperfect verb prefix is ُُْي, however when it is feminine third person singular or masculine second person singular it will be ت A note on Conjugations in Form 5 and 6 There are 2 points regarding conjugations in form 5 and 6 (referring to mainly imperfect verbs but sometimes in the perfect): 1. When a verb conjugations starts with a ت, then because there are 2 تin direct succession (the taa’ of the imperfect and the taa’ of form 5), then one of these taas can be dropped. For example: Form 5: ُتَنَزل ُُتَتَنَزل ُتتفَعل Form 6: ُرون َ اص َ َتَن ُون َ اصر َ َُتَتَن ُون َ تتفَا َعل 2. If the first root letter is any of the following: ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ذ د ج ث ت Then the تof form 5 may be replaced by doubling the root letter using a shaddah and an initial hamzatul-wasl introduced. For example: Form 5: اطهر ُطُه َر ُُتَطَه َر ُثُاقَ َل ُُتَثاقَ َل Form 6: ُُاِثاقَ َل Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 18 A note on Conjugations form 8 تappears in some forms in the middle of the word, rather than at the front. Assimilations still occur similar to how we have just noted in form 5 and 6 – however, how it is assimilated will depend on what the first root letter is, as follows: If the first root letter is a long vowel, then this will firstly transform into a merge with the تand then it will ت For example: ُُاُِْفُتَ َع َل ُُاِتُ َس َع وhas transformed into a ت and merged with the ُتof form وُسُع 1st root letter is a long vowel Form 8 pattern The 8 thus producing a shaddah When the first root letter is a ط, then the تof form 8 will transform into a طand merge with it producing the shaddah. For example: ُُاِطُلَ َع ُتof form 8 has transformed to طand merged ُُاِ ْفُتَ َع َل ط عُل 1st root letter is ط The Form 8 pattern thus producing a shaddah When the first root letter is ظthen the تof form 8 will transform into a ظand merge with it producing the shaddah. For example: ُتof form 8 has transformed to ظand merged The ُُاِظُلَ َم ُُاِ ْفُتَ َع َل ظلم 1st root letter is ظ Form 8 pattern thus producing a shaddah When the first root letter is For example: ُُاِدُ َك َر Note: when the first root is ذ دor ظthen the تof form 8 will transform into a !د ُُاِ ْفُتَ َع َل دكر ظthen the the تof form 8 can transform into either ظor د Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 19 Quadrilateral Verbs There are a small number of verbs which have four root letters instead of three – although this is quite rare in the Qur’an and its root is obvious. For example: َُد ْم َد َم بَ ْعثَ َُر ُس َ َوس َْو ُاِ ْق َش َعر ق ش ع ُر Root: So if you find a verb which doesn’t seem to fit into any of the verb form patterns, then it may be a quadrilateral verb. Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 20 Lesson 15: Quick revision summary Memorise all form 1-10 patterns in the table! Form Connotation II 4 connotations: Causative, intensive, metaphorical, shortening III Associative IV Like that of form 2 - causative V 2 connotations: Reflective, mean the same as form 1 VI 3 connotations: Reciprocity, feigning a state, diligent acquisition of a state VII Passive VIII Reflective of form 1 IX Denote either a colour or a bodily defect X 2 connotations: Seeking / demanding / asking, consideration When form 5 & 6 conjugations start with: تcausing 2 taas in succession then one of these taas can be dropped the first root letter is ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ذ د ج ثThen the تof form 5/6may be a replaced by doubling the root letter using a shaddah and an initial hamzatul-wasl introduced. . Form 8 conjugations assimilations: تand then it will merge with the تof form 8 root letter is ُط- the تof form 8 will transform into a طand merge with the root 1st root letter is long vowel – transform to 1st letter producing the shaddah 1st root letter is ظ- the تof form 8 will transform into a ظand merge with the root letter producing the shaddah. ذ دor ظthen the تof form 8 will transform into a د when the first root is ظthen the the تof form 8 can transform into either ظor د 1st root letter is Arabic Gems Lesson 15 page 21
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