THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION
BY THE SARVODAYA SHRAMADANA MOVEMENT OF
SRI
LANKA
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS PART REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO
CR
HEMALATHA WELLALAGE
Date.
14.08.1992
UCLIB
Abstract
The
society
f o u n d a t i o n f o r the development
of
any
d e p e n d s on t h e e f f e c t i v e i n v e s t m e n t on
i t s human r e s o u r c e s . The q u a l i t y o f t h e human
b e i n g s who
stability
of
constitute
society determines i t s
and p r o g r e s s . The
fundamental
e d u c a t i o n f o r human d e v e l o p m e n t
acknowledged
w o r l d . The
started
by c i v i l i z e d
has
importance
been
societies a l lover the
S a r v o d a y a Shramadana Movement w h i c h
as an e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r i m e n t i n 1958
p i o n e e r e d human d e v e l o p m e n t
for over three
has
decades
From h u m b l e b e g i n n i n g s i t h a s grown up t o be
of
t h e l a r g e s t p e o p l e ' s development
agencies
f o u n d anywhere i n t h e w o r l d . S a r v o d a y a ' s
identity
and i t s n o v e l a p p r o a c h t o
unique
development
s p r i n g s from the i n s p i r a t i o n i t has d e r i v e d
Buddhism. ihe
one
from
S a r v o d a y a Shramadana Movement
c o n s i d e r s e d u c a t i o n an i n d i s p e n s a b l e e l e m e n t o f
its
i n t e g r a t e d p l a n f o r community
The
s t u d y o f t h e S a r v o d a y a Shramadana Move-
ment c o u l d o f f e r t o s o c i e t y
a new
way
development.
a new
t o approach problems
way o f t h i n k i n g >
and above a l l a
v a l u e system consonant w i t h r e l i g i o n . A survey
of
S a r v o d a y a ' s nonformal e d u c a t i o n programme,
r e f e r r e d t o as Development E d u c a t i o n c o u l d
be
considered
country
s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i c u l a r l y i n to-day's
a s s»ri L a n k a , w i t n l i m i t e d n a t u r a l
c e s i t becomes n e c e s s a r y
resources
reso-ur-fc-
t o c o n c e n t r a t e o n human
f o r development.
Development e d u c a t i o n o f t h e Sarvodaya
context could o f f e r valuable i n s i g h t s i n t h i s
d i r e c t i o n . The s t u d y c o u l d a l s o t h r o w c o n s i d e r a b l e l i g h t t o overcome c e r t a i n
formal
shortcomings i n the
s y s t e m and t o h a r n e s s e d u c a t i o n a l r e s o u r -
ces o f o u r Sirihala Buddhist
h e r i t a g e for, educa-
tion.
T
he
study o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l
activities of
S a r v o d a y a Movement c o u l d s t i m u l a t e o u r s e a r c h f o r
alternate s t r a t e g i e s i n education
i n accordance
w i t h t h e e v o l v i n g n e e d s and p r o b l e m s i n S r i
LankanSociety.
T h i s c o u l d h e l p us n o t o n l y t o
e f f e c t innovations i n formal education but to
counteract
e d u c a t i o n a l w a s t age, o f f e r . i n s i g h t s f~or
leadership t r a i n i n g , balanced p e r s o n a l i t y development, r e s o u r c e
m o b i l i s a t i o n , character
moral education
The
present
building;
and community d e v e l o p m e n t .
study
i n v e s t i g a t e d the a c t i v i t i e s
o f t h e S a r v o d a y a Shramadana Movement w i t h
reference
/
to
i t s programme o f D e v e l o p m e n t E d u c a t i o n . I n
this
a n a l y s i s t h e t o t a l programme o f t h e
d a y a Shramadana Movement had t o be k e p t
Sarvo
in
though the aspects p e r t a i n i n g to e d u c a t i o n
min
have
been e x a m i n e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l .
A t t e n t i o n had
rical
background o f
economic, c u l t u r a l
to be f o c u s s e d 6n t h e
s
r i L a n k a . The
social,
and p o l i t i c a l c o n t e x t s
w h i c h t h e S a r v o d a y a Shramadana Movement
and
histo-
f u n c t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n t d a y . The
Development E d u c a t i o n
through
evolved
nature
i n the Sarvodaya
of
Shramadana
c o n t e x t ; i t s i m p a c t and t o what e x t e n t i t c o u l d
help i n the evolution of a n a t i o n a l
action
s t r a t e g y have been d i s c u s s e d .
One
o f t h e most d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m s f o r a
r e s e a r c h e r d e a l i n g w i t h a movement o f t h e
t u d e as S a r v o d a y a i s t o d e v e l o p
measure t h e
to
collect
I t was
not
the
parti-
difficult
s t a t i s t i c s a b o u t what h a s b e e n done
b y t h e Movement. I t was
all
i n d i c a t o r s to
s u c c e s s o f t h e Movement on
c i p a n t s and t h e v i l l a g e s .
mam-
the data necessary
also not p o s s i b l e to
f o r t h e r e s e a r c h e r by
get
a
q u e s t i o n n a i r e o r i n t e r v i e w s c h e d u l e . Hence i t
was
necessary
f o r t h e r e s e a r c h e r t o become a
p a r t i c i p a n t o f Sarvodaya a c t i v i t y -
a participant
in
a f a m i l y g a t h e r i n g , a Shramadana, an e d u c a ted
t i o n a l programme p r e - s c h o o l
tion
p r o g r a m m e A an
seminar f o r p a r t i c i p a n t s i n a
eval
training
p r o g r a m m e . T h i s g a v e t h e r e s e a r c h e r t h e much
n e e d e d i n s i g h t s as t o what t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s
villagers f e l t
a b o u t t h e Movement. T h i s
t o r y r e s e a r c h p r o v e d most r e w a r d i n g .
these
f i n d i n g s suggestions
t h e c o n d i t i o n s b e a r i n g on
d h a p u r a and
the
improve
development
Education.
c e n t r e s , Kandy, Anura-
social
and
consideration their
economic c o n d i t i o n s ;
p a r t i c i p a n t s formed the
As
B a s e d on
Bandaragama were s e l e c t e d . T h e s e were
selected taking into
phical,
participa-
a r e made t o
Three Development Education
evident from t h i s
s t u d y i t was
a c t i o n has t o be t a k e n
s o c i o - e c o n o m i c and p o l i t i c a l
young p e o p l e .
reach
i f t h e message o f
achieved
instances
considering
aspirations of
This necessitates certain
a d j u s t m e n t s i n t h e Movement and
formations
100
apparent t h a t
S a r v o d a y a E d u c a t i o n a l Programme has
where r e m e d i a l
geogra-
sample.
c o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e s s , t h o u g h t h e r e were
the
and
internal
structural
trans-
Sarvodaya i s to
t h e t a r g e t g r o u p s i n a more e f f e c t i v e
manner,
•''he f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f
Sarvodaya Development Education
t i v e i m p a c t . The
have had
a posi-
study h i g h l i g h t s the f a c t
that
the m a j o r i t y o f t h e youth c o n t i n u e s to affirm
i t s f a i t h i n t h e Movement, D e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t
S a r v o d a y a i s u n a b l e t o engage i n d e v e l o p m e n t
a c t i v i t i e s i n the North
a n d E a s t due t o war a n d
e t h n i c v i o l e n c e t h e programme o f r e h a b i l i t a t i o n
r e s t s l a r g e l y w i t h Sarvodaya,Development Educat i o n i n the North
totally
An
and E a s t seems t o have been
eclipsed.
a l l i s l a n d sample o f S a r v o d a y a D e v e l o p -
ment E d u c a t i o n
w o u l d have y i e l d e d more
reliable
d a t a b u t due t o p r e v a i l i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e
country
and c o n s t r a i n t s o f t i m e
t h e s t u d y had t o
be l i m i t e d t o t h e above s a m p l e . F u t u r e
w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y
t o add t o e x i s t i n g
Sarvodaya Development E d u c a t i o n
research
data.
covers
many a s p e c t s o f e d u c a t i o n w h i c h a d e v e l o p i n g
c o u n t r y c o u l d u t i l i s e . A v i b r a n t democracy
requires t h a t t h e people
are able to deal with
common i s s u e s i n a w e l l - i n f o r m e d a n d i n t e l l i g e n t manner, i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l
m i l i e u o f ones
country.