The Grower — 1 The Grower Newsletter for the Association of Scottish Shellfish Growers April 2015 Shellfish conferences like busses Not all readers will get the significance of the busses on the front page of The Grower. But it is to illustrate the point of waiting a whole year for a shellfish conference and then 3 turn up at the same time! This is what will be happening in October. How can that happen? In the case of the ASSG Annual Conference the date we have held our conference in the beginning of October was not available this year because Oban is hosting the Gaelic MOD, meaning no venue or accommodation would be available for us so our conference will be held 22-23 October. But also at this time, in Rotterdam the European Aquaculture Society will be holding their meeting which will feature a lot of shellfish content since Aad Smaal is organising that part and also the 6th Oyster Symposium will be taking place in Cape Cod. Take your pick – the world is your oyster. INSIDE THIS 20 PAGE ISSUE 3 CEO’s Column Dutch Shellfish Conference 5 Shellfish representation 6-8 All about 9-12 CACHE Bonamia ostreae infection reported in Denmark 20 cases of sub-clinical infections with Bonamia ostreae have been reported in native oysters, Ostrea edulis in 2 parts of the Lijmfjord in Denmark. 2 cases were reported for an area in Veno Sund and 18 from Salling Sund near Glyngøre, Mors. The report does not indicate from where the infection may have originated. This is devastating news for anyone who is concerned for the recovery of native oyster stocks in which process the Lijmfjord was a leading light. The Grower is a quarterly newsletter edited by Janet H. Brown, The Shellfish Team, 2 Annfield Grove, Stirling, FK8 2BN [email protected] For membership of ASSG contact CEO Dr Nick Lake, Mendosa, Court Hill Road, Rosemarkie, Black Isle, Ross-shire, IV10 8UE [email protected] For further information see our web site at www.assg.org.uk Disclaimer: Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Association Seen on TV Inverlussa 13 Climate change and oysters 1415 From the EU and conferences 17 FSA 18 Norovirus 19 Photos 20 Advertising The Grower is distributed to all members of the ASSG and is also available online at www.assg.org.uk Why don’t you consider advertising to our specialist readership? The Grower — 2 Marine conservation and Native oysters More information on this excellent triennial conference advertised below and held in the historic and picturesque city of Stralsund is available at www.bfn.de/21601+M52087573ab0.html A message from the organiser of this conference Henning von Nordheim to the Grower said “You may be interested in announcing the German version of our feasibility study for the restoration of Ostrea edulis in the North Sea — see www.bfn.de/0314_meeres-kuesten_naturschutz.html An English version is under preparation. The findings from the feasibility study are basically favourable towards restoration particularly to concentrate this in protected areas and suggesting wind farms as potential sites and there is a possibility that a meeting to discuss taking this forward will take place alongside this marine conservation conference. Henning von Nordheim organized a meeting to discuss the topic of native oyster restoration in the North Sea back in 2011 on the Island of Vilm — reported in The Grower December 2012. Aquabass update After an intensive induction into the fin fish and shellfish sectors, four experienced business advisors completed four pilot whole business reviews of shellfish growing businesses and three of trout. A report with recommendations is currently being drawn up and will be presented to Marine Scotland by the end of March. An update will be presented to the Shellfish working group of the Ministerial Group for Sustainable Aquaculture at their meeting on 18th March. Dates for your diary: SAGB Annual shellfish conference May 18th -19th 2015 Fishmongers’ Hall London Bridge Aquaculture Europe 2015 Aquaculture, Nature and Society Rotterdam, October 20-23, 2015 ASSG Annual conference Corran Halls, Oban 22-23rd October 2015 6th International Oyster Symposium, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, October 21-23, 2015. Contact details Editor of The Grower Janet H Brown, 2 Annfield Grove, Stirling, FK8 2BN [email protected] CEO Nick Lake, Mendosa, Court Hill Road, Rosemarkie, Black Isle, Ross-shire, IV10 8UE [email protected] Treasurer Stephen Cameron, [email protected] Other members of management committee;David Attwood [email protected] Nick Turnbull [email protected] Tristan Hugh-Jones [email protected] Michael Tait [email protected] The Grower — 3 CEO’s Column Nick’s Notes It is official "Spring has sprung"! No not in the terrestrial environment (although there are clear signs that we are heading in the right direction) but in the marine context. The reason why I know this? The first incidence of a biotoxin above the action level has been reported by the Food Standards Agency (ASP in whole King scallop). It seems only a short while since we were scanning to determine when the last biotoxin season was coming to a close (just before Christmas) and now it appears the whole cycle is starting again? It may be age but it definitely feels as though the active stage of this cycle is getting ever longer? The reasons can be debated by the academics - warmer sea temperatures - more nutrients being released into the marine environment greater nutrient cycling due to bacterial action or sediment disturbance caused by more stormy conditions? Whatever the reason (and it would be good to get a better understanding of what we are facing) our sector has to manage the outcomes and of course this adds a cost to production. With the official control programme that operates in Scotland we can assure the market that the products are safe to eat and this is vital for us all. However, any system can be improved and if there is a way of maintaining standards while minimising costs to the industry we are keen to explore the options. With this in mind we have been discussing with the FSA Scotland the possibility of a further biotoxin workshop being held before the main summer onslaught of testing arrives. This will focus on keeping all producers up to date on the developing test techniques and also looking at the frequency/targeting of testing both of which have financial implications for producers. I will e-mail all members when we have a date and further information on this. FSAS becomes FSS You may be aware that from 2nd March Food Standards Agency Scotland (FSAS) move into new offices in Aberdeen (with equal amounts of excitement and exhaustion based on recent dealings!). However, potentially even more important for our sector is that at the start of April the FSAS morph into Food Standards Scotland (FSS) with plans to address Scottish food safety issues more in the context of the Scottish operational environment. This is something we have welcomed as in our own sector we have tended to be viewed as part of a series of UK issues rather than in some cases the unique operating environment we have in Scotland. This is not to say that we can put our fingers in our ears and close our eyes to Directives from the EU! Norovirus and the EU Norovirus is a case in question. We have supported the FSAS position put forward to the EU on this matter and recent discussions have seen a more realistic Dr Nick Lake, CEO of the Association of Scottish Shellfish Growers (ASSG) approach agreed to progressing this issue at the EU level. End product testing for norovirus based on a set standard has been put on hold (it will arise again I am sure). The EU in the first instance has agreed that a survey of all impacted shellfish in Europe will be undertaken to assess norovirus levels. The details of how this survey will be undertaken are currently the subject of discussions but it seems likely to focus on oysters and be at the point of sale. We have been discussing the detail with the FSAS and hope to have a clearer picture of the proposals as they emerge. What still will not have been addressed is the proportion of any norovirus detected which has the potential to raise a food safety issue. Unfortunately current routine tests cannot differentiate between viable and non-viable virus particles and hence give a direct link to food safety! With typical Gallic pragmatism our French neighbours already have a system in place which seeks to address possible links between any norovirus outbreak and shellfish production with beds closed for a short period where a definitive link is established. What is known as the "French Protocol" is currently the subject of discussion between the European FSAs as to whether such an approach could be used on a routine basis in all countries. We will be discussing this further with the new FSS. Water classification issues Unfortunately also at the top of the list for discussion with FSS is the recently released Shellfish Harvesting Waters Classifications for 2015/16. I circulated the provisional list to all members and noted that the deadline for any appeal is the 13th March. If you feel that the sample results for your sites have been mis-interpreted in any way the opportunity for them to be re-evaluated exists. We have to remember that the FSS role is to operate food safety standards based on the conditions found in the natural environment. It has to be extremely disappointing to all concerned that in terms of our water quality as measured by E.coli bacteria levels that we appear to be faced with declines either seasonally or in specific areas. How are we now faced with over 40 unfavourable conditions (down-grades of water quality The Grower — 4 CEO’s Column cont. designations) when most assumed that the Shellfish Waters Protected Areas (SWPAs) legislation enacted by the Scottish Government in 2013 would provide a backstop to any specific decline within an area? Again in a Scottish context we have a unique rural environment and some of the E.coli detected may be from animal sources rather than human. Unfortunately this distinction cannot be made under routine testing. Even given such issues we have to ask why we have seen year on year declines which have a direct cost on our sector and seem to totally negate the "polluter pays" principle? Ironically the 2013 SWPA legislation lacked one small detail when introduced. That detail was the standard which SEPA had to use to assess the water quality against and which then meant investigative and corrective action would require to be taken under the legislation! Hence while we have the legislation in place we have had no meaningful action taken other than to statistically analyse the FSAS shellfish harvesting results over recent years. This issue has very recently been brought to our attention by the Scottish Government who wishes to set standards for SEPA to work towards. We will be seeking to get this issue addressed at the earliest opportunity as if for nothing else one major sales point for Scottish shellfish is the quality of the production waters and environment we operate in. This has to be maintained and not just perceived to be maintained if the industry is to develop and grow. Shellfish growing waters Some of you will remember that the original legislation to protect Shellfish Growing Waters came from an EU Directive (EU 79/923). This Directive in its technical standards was somewhat vague in certain aspects with E.coli levels not directly related to food safety issues. It also maintained a hydrocarbon standard which to some seemed out of context? However, it has to be remembered that this Directive was brought forward in the wake of the Torrey Canyon disaster where an oil tanker hit the rocks in Cornwall. I can clearly remember two things; one was going down to the beach in Sidmouth as a school class and helping to construct a boom made of heather which was to be floated out to protect our beach if the oil came our way (which luckily it didn't); secondly the fact that the RAF bombed the vessel to set it on fire to help stop the spread of the crude oil! Thankfully pollution control measures have improved since that time. However, French oyster growers were impacted by the events and were soon to realise that without water quality standards they found it extremely difficult to claim any compensation through the courts for what was a significant and extremely clear pollution event. Hence the genesis of EU79/923. We were all assured that when 79/923 was subsumed within the Water Framework Directive in 2013 our sector would be assured of equal or indeed enhanced protection for the environment in which we operate. The Scottish SWPA legislation was supposed to give us that protection. Given the recent accidents with more than one large vessel trying to create an Ardnamurchan peninsular canal and ending up on the rocks we have to make sure we keep the pressure up on the authorities to maintain the protection of our environment. Membership renewal On a more parochial level thank you to all members who have responded to the invoice sent out for membership renewal. Rather than issuing a single invoice with the last Grower we will now be sending renewal reminders based on historic date of joining. This helps attract new members who now should have no financial loss joining at any time throughout the year. For those of you that have yet to respond to the invoice sent we would be grateful for your subscription! Scotland’s Year of Food and Drink 2015 is Scotland's Year of Food and Drink and so we have a good opportunity to put our sectors output on both the national and international stage. October has been nominated as Seafood month within this initiative and so we hope to make the most of this both before and during our annual Conference in Oban. More details to follow in the next Grower. ASSG anniversary coming up Also worth remembering that next year is the 30th Anniversary of the ASSG (formed in 1986 by Walter Speirs, Janet Church and Peter Williams as signatories). Anybody with photographs of growers and their activities over the intervening years please set them aside if you come across them. At the very least we may aim for a photo-wall at this year's Conference. If we can identify enough material we can see how we could use this to celebrate the continued existence of the ASSG 30 years on? All the best for the coming few months Nick NB The Food Standards Agency in Scotland (FSAS) has moved to new premises in Pilgrim House in Aberdeen in advance of the launch of Food Standards Scotland (FSS) on 1 April 2015. The new address is Food Standards Agency in Scotland, 4th Floor, Pilgrim House, Old Ford Road, Aberdeen. AB11 5RL. Telephone contact details remain the same as before. 01224 288378 The Grower — 5 4th International Shellfish Conference, The Netherlands, January 2015 Janet H Brown reports A definite change was detectable in the atmosphere in the Dutch mussel industry where things are apparently feeling brighter after what could be described as punishing bouts with the environmental lobby over the past few years. As Hans van Geesbergen poetically expressed it on the second day of the conference “the dispute only ended when the two knowledgeable parties, the environmentalists and the mussel industry arrived at the toll gate of the lawyers, to have their dispute sorted out by people who knew nothing of either side!” More subtle arguments had to prevail – the fact of historic activity holds no sway but there also has to be an understanding that there is more to accomplish through cooperation and better understanding of all the processes, particularly in relation to the marine environment in all its complexities. Rope grown mussels explained in biting wind! The 4th International Shellfish Conference had been organised by Jaap Holstein and Jim Louisse, reprising past successes. They had taken over the Deltapark at Neeltje Jans and timed it concurrently with an Expert Meeting on shellfish bottom culture. The first morning of the conference itself all looked a most interesting programme but since it was all in Dutch Jaap and Jim had organised a separate programme for the non-Dutch speakers which involved something of a magical mystery tour that was completely unexpected for me. But in company with Prof Gavin Burnell and 3 delightful students from Canada on a university exchange at the University in Vlissingen we travelled from Middleburg to Yerseke to see the mussel auction (see Grower April 2014 for definitive account of its unique workings) meeting up with all the other non Dutch speakers and then to visit the rope mussel farm at Neeltje Jans where we also enjoyed a most delicious lunch. This must have been the coldest day of the year and I had dressed for a conference, not for a boat trip out to mussel lines, but apparently those who were not attending the expert meeting and who took the guided walk to see the dam itself reported back that we really didn’t know what cold meant until it was seasoned by the wind racing across the Oosterschelde. It was pretty cold at the expert meeting itself that afternoon but discussion was lively if not actually heated. The aim of the meeting was specifically to address problems of bottom mussel culture but some of these are not exclusive to bottom culture. For example intermittent seed supply can affect all types of mussel culture and of course, water quality, product quality and HABs are common issues for all shellfish culture and harvesting. The more specific problems of bottom mussel culture, the relations with nature conservation particulary in Holland are being somewhat resolved and the virtues of shellfish culture in terms of ecosystem services and their food chain position and health benefits can somewhat ameliorate criticisms but problems of resource availability and translocations remain concerns. Since there are many common issues the value of such meetings was unquestioned. The lack of EMPA is certainly being felt but that is not necessarily an opportunity for other than country representatives to meet but there was a wish for greater International cooperation throughout the whole “chain” from producer to wholesaler. With some issues such as problems of recruitment, research into the causes while of interest does not necessarily lead to a solution. Spat collectors are one way to deal with the ups and downs but are there other means? And what can explain the shifts in mussel seed location – and how can this be dealt with? Climate change is also an issue that will not go away – how will this affect recruitment and grow out? One highly practical suggestion to make better use of research outputs from within the group with a reiteration of a suggestion made as part of Euroshell project, to have a website where reports and existing studies can be placed – to make the information available to all. The conference itself continued a second day with translation provided for the morning and then some presentations in English from late morning onwards. The information being provided from Aad Smaal and Jacob Cappelle on how mussel culture can improve ecological values and on better production systems respectively looked very interesting but it seems to me simultaneous translation does not cope well with shellfish culture. Miguel António Cunha talking about offshore mussel culture in Portugal was therefore at an advantage giving his talk in English where despite many initial problems they are targeting producing 600-700 tonnes of rope grown mussels. Marketing issues were covered by first Nicki Holmyard with a talk on the importance of regional products and brands and followed by Finnian O’Luasa talking about Ireland’s food export identity and organic mussel cultivation. More photos on back page. The Grower — 6 Shellfish representation; how is it done on the other side of the pond? Janet H Brown talks with the East Coast Shellfish Growers Association Trade associations - a vexed question as to whether to organise as producer organisation or a trade association, and if the latter how can you ensure representation and fully justify the existence of the association? And can the association avoid the inevitable free loading of non-members who often benefit from the work of the trade association without contributing themselves? Pictured above: Robert Rheault, Executive Director of the East Coast Shellfish Growers Association. I seized the opportunity to quiz the Executive Director of the East Coast Shellfish Growers Association (ECSGA) on these and other issues while attending the International Conference on Shellfish Restoration once again in its traditional base of Charleston, South Carolina in December. Dr Robert B Rheault has now been in this position for 6 years. This is not however a good introduction; for one thing he hardly uses his title and is more commonly known as “Skid” Rheault (Rheault being pronounced Rowe) or Bob. He did indeed do a PhD on oysters some years ago at University of Rhode Island and his science background is of great relevance as we will see but his work has for a long time centred on the business side of oyster farming and this is how he came to his current role. Skid became involved in the idea of an association because he had been working as an oyster farmer in a state without an aquaculture industry at the time – Rhode Island. As he said himself, “I had to be very active on the state level to get things going. I established a state growers’ association with a few allies, started writing an industry newsletter and sent it to all the state legislators, brought in guest speakers from other states where things were going well and where nary a negative word was heard. Eventually we got some traction and fixed the regulations that were holding back the industry.” This led on to a larger consortium with a number of growers getting together at various meetings and the idea of establishing an East Coast Shellfish Growers Association was bandied about. They had seen how well organized the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association (PCSGA) had become, how effective they could be in meetings with regulators, how they focused government research dollars toward key problems, they wanted that. (This in itself is an interesting difference – note no nationality in the names – all trade associations this side of the Atlantic have a nationality included in the title!). So the ECSGA was set up in 2004, incorporated as a non-profit trade association. Skid was the President and they hired a part time Executive Director, Ed Rhodes from 2006. Together with a few other committed volunteers they found enough growers to get off the ground. In 2009 Ed had to take a full time position and so Skid took over as Executive Director. For much of this time he was also president of his own company, farming and marketing oysters trading as Moonstone Oysters working out of Narragansett, RI and he still is an adjunct faculty member in the University of Rhode Island's Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture. He established the East Coast Shellfish Research Institute and has been successful in attracting several substantial federal research grants to address critical industry research priorities. He is an active member of the National Fisheries Institute and is a passionate industry advocate. As someone who works with the Association of Scottish Shellfish Growers specific questions were pressing for comparison with our own situation. Obviously their industry is on a much larger scale and shellfisheries dominate as does shellfish aquaculture. But there are interesting differences – and similarities to enquire about. JHB How has the ECSGA grown and is it still growing? RBR We grow in membership by about 10-20% a year and we had a sharp increase in membership this past year, but we still only have a small fraction of the industry as members. Of the estimated 1,300 farms on the East Coast we only have about 15% as members. The nature of the industry is such that many farmers are very small part-time operations who won’t pay dues. There are few large farms, and several of these believe they don’t need to join an association. They can hire their own lobbyist . JHB What are the main issues facing ECSGA? The Grower — 7 Shellfish representation; cont. RBR We spend a lot of time and energy dealing with shellfish sanitation issues. Vibrio parahaemolyticus control seems to dominate much of my time. We are also trying to rectify the trade war with the EU so we can restore some of the lucrative connections we had in the EU markets 5 years ago. We are trying to get acknowledgement for the ecosystem services we provide through nutrient credit trading, and we are constantly working to improve water quality and expand harvest areas. JHB Are there different chapters in the ECSGA or are members mainly oyster folk? RBR We represent about 60% clam farms, 40% oyster farms and there is a nascent mussel industry. JHB What about NACE and its relation to ECSGA? RBR The NorthEast Aquaculture Conference and Exposition is a semi-annual aquaculture trade show and scientific meeting that is supported by the extension agents from all the Northeast states and rotates through North East States. Since I represent growers from Maine to Florida it is hard to have a physical meeting. We do most of our meetings electronically. Few people will come to meeting if it is more than a few hours away. So we piggy back our annual members meeting on other meetings up and down the coast. This year we will be in Portland, ME in January. JHB How do your organise your membership structure and fees? RBR We have a graduated dues structure $100$1500 depending on the grower’s gross sales We have a category for shellfish dealers $250 and gear distributors/suppliers consultants category $250. And we take advertisements in our newsletter. This provides another $9K annually. And we have a $35 associate member category for those who are supporters, government, and regulatory. We also have a deal with state growers associations that they can pay us $15 per grower and all their members get a newsletter but no voting privileges. So we have a few hundred of these…. JHB I have heard you talk at conferences about the importance of lobbying – what do you advise? RBR It is really important to ensure that the regulators don’t put you out of business. If you are not involved in the process of writing the regulations then the law of unintended consequences dictates that they will probably hurt you if you don’t protect yourself. You need to participate in the scientific research, the public outreach and the education of your legislators. By demonstrating the growth in green jobs, the sustainable seafood production and the ecosystem benefits we can enlist the help or politicians when the regulators get crazy, or if we have a need of research dollars. Educating the legislators is a constant task. There is huge turnover and they know nothing about your industry. If you don’t have time to do it then you need to pay someone to do it for you. This is why busy professionals are members of trade associations. JHB Is export a major interest for your growers? RBR We are experiencing an explosion in the market for oysters right now, so there is not a lot of surplus production to send overseas, but that could change. Clam production has been essentially flat (as has the price) for many years. We used to sell quite a bit of shellfish in Europe and we see that EU markets could be quite lucrative for us now. JHB How much expansion do you feel is possible? RBR East Coast oyster production has doubled in the past five years and we could easily see that happen again in the next five years. Permitting sites has been a challenge in most states, but we are gaining acceptance and there is still a lot of water that could be made productive if we can resolve the user conflict issues. JHB Is vibrio the main issue facing your members? RBR It is definitely a challenge. We have gotten very adept at eliminating illness from sewage-related sources, but the naturally occurring bacteria like the Vibrios are essentially unpredictable. We rarely detect pathogenic strains in the environment so screening (like we do for HABs) is not an option. The American consumer in general is less willing to accept any level of risk, and so we have to do our best to minimise the risk of illness. We are adapting. By icing product promptly we can eliminate post harvest bacterial growth which seems to be working. JHB Is vibrio mainly a problem in relation to temperature? RBR The list of Vibrio challenges is immense. 99% of the strains are benign. We can’t detect the virulent ones. I have a page of research needs. Temperature is clearly involved, but there is a new strain that appears to be happy at lower temperatures. JHB Do your regulators worry about norovirus? RBR Norovirus is the leading cause of food-born illness, so the FDA is in the midst of a massive risk assessment for NoV. Fortunately there are very few instances related to shellfish consumption. Those are invariably related an overboard discharge as opposed to a sewage treatment plant failure. The Grower — 8 Shellfish representation; cont. seafood. Their lobbying efforts in the US are often fragmented. As the fleet has been downsized, the allocation fights have pitted sector against sector. We work with the National Fisheries Institute on many national issues, but then we also work with the National Aquaculture Association and the Farm Bureau. All three are effective experienced lobbying groups. A shorter version of this article has already been published in Fish Farmer March 2015 issue. Pictured above; Skid Rheault (standing) presenting his views on ocean acidification and climate change at a discussion panel at ICSR conference in Charleston in December with from the left Prof. Aad Smaal and Joth Davis of PCSGA, and Dr Elizabeth Fly (chair of discussion group). JHB Is restoration part of the concern of your membership or is there a real split between restorers and aquaculturists? RBR It took several years for my board to reach a consensus on whether to support or oppose restoration in uncertified (closed) waters. There is a valid concern that poached restoration product might end up in the marketplace where public confidence would be shaken and prices would plummet. Eventually we were able to come out with a policy of conditional approval that emphasizes the need for appropriate education and enforcement component. We support the idea of ecosystem services. I have spent much of my career trying to document the value of ecosystem services, not so much because I want someone to pay me for the nutrients remove or the habitat I provide for fishes, but because I want, what I call, the “social license to farm.” I spend much of my time trying to convince people to allow a farm to get established in front of someone’s waterfront mansion. If you can point out that the shellfish are good for fishing and water quality that is often more important to some people than the jobs and nutritious seafood and economic development parts of the argument. JHB What are relations with fisherfolk like? RBR When I started out I had my life threatened by some burly clam harvesters. I could not understand why they felt threatened by me. I bear them no malice, but is has taken many years for them to realize aquaculture is an opportunity more than a threat. We showed them how to nursery culture seed and enhance their fishery and now we work together well. JHB How do you feel about the “competition” from the fishing industry in lobbying? RBR We harbour no ill will towards fisherfolk. We will never replace them. We need to augment their contribution to meet the growing demands for global Editor’s note Readers may be interested to see an article by Dr Robert Rheault featured on the Global Ocean Health website accessible here This is a newsletter addressing issues of ocean acidification for which Skid wrote an article Communicating OA—It’s complicated.. Get on their mailing list at www.sustainablefish.org/global-programs/global-ocean -health The Grower — 9 More about CACHE ITN CACHE is an EU project led by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), addressing shellfish and climate change with which ASSG is an associate partner. It therefore seemed a good idea to provide more information on this project in The Grower. First question is why CACHE? – the name derives thus:- CAlcium in a CHanging Environment (CACHE) The overall scientific aim of this multidisciplinary Initial Training Network (ITN) is to understand calcium regulation and shell production in the natural marine environment. An integrative approach is planned using four of the most important commercially exploited molluscan species Pecten maximus (King Scallop); Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster); Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel); and Mya arenaria (Soft Shell Clam) as model organisms, each investigated in a co-ordinated manner utilising key network skills. Natural variation in shell production will be studied in combination with experimental manipulations to quantify adaptive potential and identify novel genes/proteins that underpin responses to environmental change. This will be done with particular reference to aquaculture and biotechnology exploitation, in order to directly benefit the EU Blue Economy. The “vision” for the project is to push forward our understanding of calcium production in the marine environment. At the same time the project will develop a cohort of young scientists trained in tackling complex biological problems using multidisciplinary approaches, to become future leaders and innovators at the interface between pure research and commercial exploitation. Academic training will be allied to strong complementary development and placements with primary production sectors in aquaculture and researchers will also benefit from Dr. Gauthier Chapelle’s expertise, who works on eco-innovative strategies and solutions to sustainability using biomimicry tools. The training is based around a major science question: How four commercially important molluscs produce their shells and regulate shell production under different environmental conditions. This will provide insight into how these species will fare in our changing climate, provide resilient stocks for future aquaculture and potential biotechnology applications. See the website at www.cache-itn.eu/ Meet the students explaining their projects My name is Alexander Ventura and the purpose of my project is to understand if and how bivalves of high commercial value in Europe may adapt to environmental change. I am particularly interested in bivalves’ evolutionary responses to ocean acidification, which is an increase in ocean acidity linked to humaninduced rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The effects ocean acidification has on sea water chemistry may negatively impact organisms with calcium carbonate shells such as mussels and oysters, which may find it more challenging to produce and/or maintain their shells. However all species are able to adapt to changes in their environment through evolution based on the survival of the fittest individuals within a population which will then pass on their genes to the next generation and so on. The problem may arise if changes in environmental parameters are too abrupt as this may not allow a species to adapt in time, which is what I am interested in finding out through my PhD project. I would also like to explore the possibility of artificially selecting ocean acidification resilient bivalve strains. This will be attempted by picking out those individuals in a population that better withstand low pH conditions in the lab. I believe this work could be highly beneficial to the aquaculture industry. Is building a shell hard work? Trystan Sanders It is not really known how much energy it costs shellfish to build The Grower — 10 More about CACHE ITN .cont. their shells and what implications this has on the rest of the animal and the ecosystem. To build a shell, Bivalves (Mussels, Oysters, Scallops etc.) need to obtain carbonate from the seawater. Increased CO2 emissions have led to more CO2 dissolving in the oceans, making them more acidic and lowering the concentration of carbonate. This means it is more of a struggle for bivalves to get carbonate from the water to grow their shells and they have to invest more energy into this process. This in turn, leads to less energy being available for body growth and reproduction, which could have negative impacts on the animal. These problems are also multiplied in the larval stage of the animals when they have the highest rate of shell growth. Mussels are regarded as ‘keystone species’ as they are extremely important for many ecosystems, so negative impacts on their growth and development will have negative effects on coastal ecosystems as a whole. It is my job to investigate how much energy mussels invest in growing their shells in different environments and how this will affect ecosystems and shellfish farms in the future. Optimizing locations of farms based on environmental conditions and larval production is vital for the future success of shellfish farms and ecosystems as a whole. Kirsikka Sillanpää Ion transport in the outer mantle epithelium of bivalves. My part of the CACHE project is to find out what the uptake and transport mechanisms are for getting the calcium from the environment to the shells for growth and how this process is controlled. I will focus on the outer mantle epithelium, which is the last tissue to separate the body of the animal from the growing shell, and where all transport of material for building the new shell will take place. Transport of calcium through this tissue can either happen in ionic state, bound to either small molecules or calcium-binding proteins, or be incorporated in haemolymph cells, haemocytes. I will look at both in which form calcium is transported, and what mechanisms this transport uses. I’ll use a method called the Ussing chamber technique to study the transport mechanisms and barrier functions of a live mantle tissue. To know the basic transport mechanisms is important since this information can be used to find out how these might be affected by changing environmental conditions such as ocean acidification. Kirti Ramesh – My project is titled ‘Intracellular formation of amorphous calcium carbonate and its interactions with intracellular pH homeostasis’ which in simpler terms means I will be studying how mussels and oysters actually make their shells. Mussels and oysters produce shells consisting mainly of calcium carbonate and when this calcium carbonate is first formed within a cell, it is unstable and called amorphous. The main aims of my project will be to provide information on whether the formation of this amorphous calcium carbonate occurs within cells in the developmental stages of these organisms and how this process is different in adults. Once I can provide information on how amorphous calcium carbonate is formed in cells, I will then look at how this process will be impaired by pH stress to try and gain an understanding of how future scenarios of low pH due to ocean acidification will affect shell formation in these animals. Tejaswi Yarra Transcriptional profiling of shell calcification. Identifying shell forming genes With the advent of molecular biology and sequencing technologies, thousands of genes and proteins from the shell and mantle (tissue responsible for shell growth) of shellfish have been identified. However, there are very large The Grower — 11 More about CACHE ITN cont. knowledge gaps in identifying the genes and related networks of shell formation. Thus, this project will try to identify some of these genes and proteins. The experimental set up is as follows: shells of live shellfish will be damaged by drilling holes on the shell edge. Mantle tissue sampling will take place over a three month period as the holes are re-grown. RNA will be extracted from the mantle tissue and sequenced for both control and drilled specimens. Analysis of the assembled transcriptomes from the shellfish mantles could then identify putative genes involved in forming shells. Although shells are a common feature in the thousands of species of known molluscs, there is considerable variety in how different species create and maintain their shells. Therefore, it is important to study shell formation in multiple species and not just on model species. This project works with four commercially important species: King scallops (Pecten maximus), Blue mussels (Mytilis edulis), Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Soft shelled clams (Mya arenaria). to different environmental parameters. The same features will be analysed in museum collections allowing us to obtain and compare historic data on shell variability over the last 100 years of changing environmental conditions. Moreover, three of these species occurred during the Pliocene epoch, providing further comparison and allowing us to address any evolutionary scale changes in the shell structure and composition over the last 4 million years. Understanding how shell characteristics vary in the natural environment and over historical time is essential if we are to accurately predict how these species will react to the future climate change leading to increasing acidification levels. Nadège Zaghdoudi Regulatory mechanisms of shell formation. I am studying the cellular and molecular organization of the mantle, the primary tissue Luca Telesca, It is known that that shell features can vary significantly within species, depending on where they live and these are all tightly linked to the local conditions. By studying the variability of these shells’ characteristics from the same species in different environments, we can identify how local conditions affect shell production. Specifically, my project will investigate the natural variation of shell characteristics across a latitudinal gradient and over historical time in the four commercial species chosen by this project: I will examine the intraspecific variation of thickness, microstructure, mineralogical and organic content over the current latitudinal range and the variability of growth rate, showing the levels of shell production and physiological responses of these species responsible for producing the calcium carbonate shells of bivalves. Essentially, I will be focusing on the intercellular signalling systems (neuronal and hormonal) involved in calcification of mussel and oyster shells. By challenging these bivalves to different environmental stressors such as predation and elevated carbon dioxide levels, I hope to identify components of the neuroendocrine system and investigate their function in the shell formation process. I will be using a variety of different methods throughout my project, including, genetics, cellular anatomy, and controlled challenge experiments. Hopefully my research in collaboration with the other CACHE members’ will be a helpful contribution to the shellfish aquaculture world. Learning more about how shellfish produce their shells will allow us to develop better solutions when faced with the consequences of climate change and ocean acidification. The Grower — 12 More about CACHE ITN cont. I am Jaison Arivalagan from Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. My research is in the field of biomineralization that studies the hardening or stiffening of existing tissue through minerals. Essentially the shell can likened to a wall of bricks and mortar, the bricks of the shell are made of calcium carbonate while the mortar is protein, chitin and other organic materials. These organic materials form a framework around the calcium carbonate to form a solid structure but this framework can vary between species. I am studying the 4 project species and extracting the proteins present in their shells to identify the different proteins involved in shell formation and repair in order to understand the resilience and adaptation capacity of these species. Kati Michalek Adaptation of the cultured Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) to climate change The majority of Scottish blue mussels are cultivated in sea lochs, which are subject to varying degrees of surface water salinities, temperatures and pH values, mostly due to different levels of freshwater input to the loch. These varying conditions allow us to study climate change impacts on Blue mussels in a natural experimental system. We will monitor environmental parameters on-site of numerous mussel farms, collect mussels from farmed as well as wild populations and investigate their adaptation potential by applying a variety of ecological and molecular approaches. With the help and in close cooperation with Scottish mussel farmers, the generated data will show habitatspecific environmental impacts on mussel populations. The results will be of high relevance not only for aquaculture research but especially for local farmers to quantify their product quality in times of a changing climate. For further information please contact the project at [email protected] More essential facts about the project CACHE is a €3.6M Marie Curie Initial Training Network (ITN) funded by the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement n° [605051]13. It brings together 10 partners from 6 different European countries and includes three SMEs and a shellfish consultancy. It started on November 1st 2013 and will run for 4 years. CACHE will train 10 young researchers to PhD level and enhance the training and careers of 4 early-stage post-doctoral researchers.) The partners in the project are :British Antarctic Survey (NERC-BAS) ( lead organisation), University of Gothenburg (UGOT) University of Edinburgh (UEDIN) Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris (MNHN), Universitaet Bielefeld (UNIBI), The University of Cambridge (UCAM), The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Kiel (GEOMAR). The associated partners are Association of Scottish Shellfish Growers (ASSG), Ostrea Sverige AB, and CRM - Coastal Research and Management The Grower — 13 More coverage on the culinary benefits of rope-grown mussels - Inverlussa Mussels Mussels were once again getting good coverage on TV in January with a report from Inverlussa Mussels that managed, through the excellent verbal skills of both Douglas Wilson and Cameron Maclean, to get out all the essential information on the environmental credentials of rope grown mussels and their nutritional advantages along with the garnish of background on Loch Spelve and the history of Inverlussa Mussels. And then proceeded to show how easy they are to cook – so easy that an 8 year old can cook them. This demonstration was very well made by Charlie Knight, assisted by his grandfather, Douglas Wilson. This time the TV programme was not Horizon but “James Martin Home Comforts”. The downside was that this programme was shown mid Friday afternoon on January 23rd, hardly peak viewing time but concentrating on a theme for the programme of Friday night suppers, certainly made a winning argument in favour of rope grown mussels. James also demonstrated his own recipe. Both are included here so you can take your pick. James Martin’s professional recipe - Lemongrass and ginger mussels Ingredients 50g/unsalted butter, 2 shallots, finely chopped, 2 lemongrass stalks, tough outer leaves discarded, soft core finely chopped, 2 garlic cloves, finely chopped, 10cm/piece fresh root ginger, peeled, finely chopped, 12 red chillies (depending on their heat), finely sliced, 200ml white wine, 330ml coconut water, 160ml coconut cream, 2kg/4mussels, rinsed, scrubbed, beards removed, 2 tbsp olive oil, 1 loaf sourdough bread, thickly sliced2 tbsp roughly chopped fresh coriander leaves, salt and freshly ground black pepper. Preparation method Melt the butter in a heavy-based, lidded pan over a medium heat. Add the shallots, lemongrass, garlic, ginger and chilli(es) and fry for 4-5 minutes, or until softened but not coloured. Increase the heat to high, then pour in the wine, coconut water and coconut cream and bring to the boil. Add the mussels and cover the pan with the lid. Cook for 4-5 minutes, or until the mussels have opened (discard any mussels that do not open during cooking). Meanwhile, heat a griddle pan over a high heat. When the pan is hot, drizzle the olive oil over the bread slices and grill the bread for 30 seconds on each side, or until chargrill marks appear on both sides. When the mussels have cooked, stir in the coriander leaves, then season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper. To serve, spoon the mussels, and the cooking liquor, into four bowls. Serve the bread alongside. Watch filmed demo on www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/ lemongrass_and_ginger_63752 Charlie Knight’s Mussel recipe. Onion, garlic, chilli and ginger finely chopped and sweated in the pan, a little cider vinegar and mixed herbs and lime juice then add the mussels….keep lid on for 3-4 minutes. Pictured below (standing, from left). Douglas Wilson, Declan Taylor, Ali Currie, Cameron Maclean, Charlie Knight (grandson - cook), Kallista Knight, camera man, (seated from left) Nicola Kingscote. series producer, Naomi Knight – (daughter of Douglas) Lawrence Knight. The Grower — 14 Climate change and adaptations in oyster mariculture Dr Ziggy Otto Weapons come in many shapes and forms and just about any ordinary object can be used as a weapon, although many are expressly designed for the purpose, ranging from simple implements such as clubs, swords and guns, to complicated modern intercontinental ballistic missiles, biological and cyber-weapons. Climate change must be included on this list, as it has developed on a global scale into the most destructive weapon yet and can only be described as a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD). The oyster industry in Scotland occupies a unique geographical position in lochs and bays, where land meets the sea. This position makes the sector potentially vulnerable to changes in both terrestrial and oceanic environments. Projected climate changes are likely to mean that oyster growers will need to adapt in diverse ways across the many places in which they work – from the Shetlands to SW Scotland. Scotland’s climate will change in the future and The UK Climate Projections 2009 show the changes that can be expected during the rest of this century. Broadly, Scotland will get warmer, with wetter winters and hotter, drier summers. As the climate changes, Scotland will see more extreme weather events. There will be more extended hot periods; major increases in maximum temperatures nationwide, and fewer days of snow and frost. There will be longer periods of dry weather in the summer and the wettest days of the year are likely to be considerably wetter than at present. Given the current projections, climate change is unlikely to have a significant effect on Scottish mariculture over the next decade. Further into the future however, the forecast changes are likely to result in noticeable effects. Scotland is projected to experience rises in annual and seasonal mean water temperature of up to 2.5 ºC by 2080. Although there is still a high level of uncertainty, current sea temperature projections are thought likely to result in Crassostrea gigas recruiting ‘naturally’ every year under a medium emissions scenario to an extent that theoretically they will be able to expand their range by the 2080s to encompass the entire UK, including Scotland. Whilst this ‘unnatural’ spread of the Pacific oyster, considered an invasive non-native species (INNS) in the UK, will have adverse effects on native ecosystems and their functioning, it demonstrates that increases in seawater temperatures are not a major problem for the species. Exposure at low tide during extended hot periods, however, can result in higher incidence of summer mortality; these effects could be exacerbated by higher sea surface temperatures. One innovative adaptation measure to counteract this kind of climate variability is the use of sprinkler systems over oyster production areas, in particular in an area that has Editor’s note. It was with very real sadness I heard about the death of Ziggy Otto earlier this year. He had been so happy with his new life in Kenya and had got very much involved with journalism. He had sent me an article for the December issue of The Grower following his initial article which appeared in the October issue. I judged the topic unsuitable for the festive Christmas issue but include it here now as a fitting tribute to Ziggy. The picture above shows Ziggy working on Lake Turkana in Kenya. Ziggy had a very varied background in the broad fields of aquatic and environmental sciences, spanning the spectra between the physical, chemical and biological ends. In 2008 he also gained a qualifying law degree. Ziggy took early retirement at the end of 2013 as Senior Marine Conservation Officer from Natural Resources Wales and moved to live in Eldoret (NW Kenya), but continued with consultancy work (aquatic and environmental sciences and legal work,). He was getting more involved in environmental issues in journalism and had written some brave and hard hitting articles. He died while visiting his family in Germany in early January. little wind exposure, like within a loch. The sprinkler system would help to keep the oysters’ temperature just that little bit lower until the tide returns. Global warming and sea level rise are closely linked and, according to scientists, Scotland’s coast may be more at risk from rising sea levels than had been thought. Experts had believed that the land compressed in the last ice age - was rising faster than the sea, but recent studies call this into question. Understandably, sea level increase over the 21st Century will affect intertidal areas and land-bases of oyster farming operations. Higher storm surge activity, caused by increased and more severe storms, may exacerbate these impacts, and might make changes in exposure to wind and wave conditions greater in some areas. Modifications and upgrades of lease infrastructure are likely to be a necessary part of adaptation that will necessitate the maximum degree of policy and legislative flexibility. In order to prosper and adapt to new situations will also require for oyster mariculture to be recognised widely as an appropriate use of public waterways, having both community and government support. Better marketing and community engagement will no doubt achieve that improved perception of the oyster industry. An important projection for oyster mariculture is that The Grower — 15 Climate change and adaptations cont. rainfall is likely to become more erratic, with heavy rainfall events followed by longer periods of dry weather. These issues could exacerbate bacterial contamination and turbidity (by land run-off) in wet periods and reduce nutrient availability in dry periods. Changes in salinity in lochs are also plausible, which may affect disease susceptibility, growth and mortality rates. Understandably, climate change will affect oyster mariculture in differing ways in different places. Although some changes, such as acidification and sea level rise, are likely to be gradual and incremental, most of the impacts will be felt as increased frequency or intensity of extreme events, such as floods, heat waves and storm surges, for instance. Therefore increasing capacity to manage for climate variability and extremes is fundamental to adapting to climate change. Climate change impacts on oyster aquaculture will often relate closely with up-loch / loch-surrounding management of resources and development, and thus need to be considered in a broader societal context of natural resource management and landscape scale planning decisions. Adaptation is likely to require management of non-climate stressors to loch health in order to make loch systems more resilient to changing conditions. Efforts to these ends are also likely to provide increased resilience of connected aquatic systems and of fish species that use lochs as spawning or breeding grounds. In my considered opinion, however, that ocean acidification is of the greatest concern; it is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Gradual increases in seawater acidity will affect oyster reproduction and ability to lay down shell. Juvenile oysters (especially larvae and spat) will be most substantially affected. Some oyster breeding lines and species appear more susceptible to acidification than others and thankfully this is a field of ongoing research. Recently researchers reported that Sydney rock oysters can adapt to ocean acidification within two generations; while the first oysters they tested suffered, their offspring thrived in more acidic water – with an ability to develop at a normal rate and without showing abnormalities. It is now hoped that this could be implemented in mariculture for adaptation to ocean acidification, as ensuring a steady supply of disease resistant juvenile oysters will be critical to the oyster growing industry’s ability to cope with climate change. However, there is still a long way to go before the laboratory findings so far, translate into oysters that producers can grow and sell, as it is as yet unknown how quickly oysters can do it in the natural environment. Furthermore, it is also still unknown what the benefits of selecting for genes (like temperature- and acidity-resistance) will be in the long term, let alone what the potential trade-offs are (i.e. accompanying adverse side effects and repercussions). To encourage adaptation, industry bodies and governments may also need to develop their own approaches, programmes, policies and practices, with the identification of key collective actions and opportunities for adaptation for oyster mariculture. It is vital to plan for these changes – for sure there will be negative impacts to overcome, but possibly also new opportunities which the industry can benefit from. Dr Siegbert ‘Ziggy’ Otto BSc MSc PhD CPE/GDLaw Calum I Duncan Corporate Lawyers Ltd Specialists in Business Legal Matters Where your Goodwill Meets Ours Whether preparing your business for sale or any business needs please contact us. www.duncancorp.com/ Calum I Duncan Landline: 01463 211160 Mobile: 07919 347327 Email: [email protected] Fiona MacBean Landline: 01463 211160 Mobile: 07714 570953 Email: [email protected] The Grower — 16 The Grower — 17 Promoting aquaculture in the EU This is a project led by the Commission to support the promotion of EU aquaculture and its image in the public, particularly with schools and children. ec.europa.eu/fisheries/inseparable/en/farmedeu#quicktabs-farming_in_the_eu_en=5 The “Farmed in the EU” school project has been designed to raise awareness of the aquaculture sector among Europe’s teenagers (12-18 years old). The project will bring students closer to fish farming and find out how it affects their local community. They will explore its role in food production and in preserving the environment. And they'll discover the different business and career opportunities aquaculture offers. There is plenty of scope for student research and discovery of the different marine and freshwater fish, molluscs, crustaceans and algae which are produced and the different traditional and more modern production methods used. The project is currently being piloted in 20 schools across 10 EU countries (Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom). Conferences upcoming THE SHELLFISH ASSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN’S 46TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, DINNER AND AGM 19TH & 20TH MAY 2015 AT FISHMONGERS’ HALL, LONDON 13-14th May 2015 Newry, Northern Ireland Final event of the Ibis Project “ 70 years of Applied Science supporting marine and freshwater management. www.loughs-agency.org/ibis/ibis-events/ibis-finalevent/ The draft programme and booking forms are available to download from: - Dropbox http://tinyurl.com/sagbdropbox - our new Facebook Page http://tinyurl.com/ sagbconference2015 - or please email Claire at [email protected]. 6th International Oyster symposium oystersymposium.org/ Falmouth ,Cape Cod 21-23 October 2015 The Grower — 18 Publication of the final report from the review of approaches for establishing exclusion zones for shellfish harvesting around sewage discharge points. Food Standards Agency has published on 4 March 2015 the final report from the project which reviewed relevant published and unpublished evidence relating to setting and management of exclusion zones to control viral risk from point source sewage discharges in shellfish harvesting areas. The project was specifically focused on norovirus and oyster growing sites. The project looked at examples of exclusion or buffer zones applied elsewhere in Europe and worldwide (Italy, Netherlands, US, Canada and New Zealand). Additionally, comparison was made between norovirus and other viral models to assess norovirus and other viruses’ fate in discharges from different diffuse sources. Researchers assessed the level on impact that the potential zoning system may have upon the oyster industry in the UK. It was recognised that there is a strong regional variation in norovirus risk profiles. Although the Scottish oyster industry remains largely unaffected by continuous discharges from large population waste water treatment plants and intermittent discharges from combined sewer overflows, the areas in rural catchments may still be affected by norovirus load from small volume of non-connected small crude discharges or poorly functioning septic tanks. These types of discharges have been reported to provide a signification norovirus threat. Applicability of any exclusion zoning system would have to consider these strong regional differences in risk profiles. The project identified a number of evidence gaps which need to be addressed before an evidence based zoning system is developed for management of norovirus in the UK. It was concluded that a ‘whole system’ approach may be required which could include dynamic ‘active management’ with zoning based on risk scoring. The study provided an evidence base to inform development of UK policy in respect of possible establishment of exclusion zones and contributed to risk management discussions within the EU. Final technical report and summary report can be found on FSA’s website: http://www.food.gov.uk/science/research/ foodborneillness/p01programme/p01projlist/fs513404 The Grower — 19 FSA project on norovirus Cath McLeod Norovirus periodically causes outbreaks of human gastroenteritis which can be related to the consumption of shellfish, both internationally and in the UK. Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the community and is highly infectious, with the dose required to induce illness estimated to be as low as 10 viral particles. In the case of shellfish, norovirus can be introduced at various stages in the supply chain, through infected food-handlers in restaurants, retail outlets and processing facilities, or through contamination while the shellfish are growing. Contamination during growth can occur through different pathways, such as the discharge of partially treated sewage from treatment facilities and boats, and via on site systems (i.e. septic tanks) that fail. While all bivalve species are susceptible, oysters are perceived to be a higher risk as they are primarily consumed raw and there is no viral inactivation step (e.g. cooking) prior to consumption. Regulatory controls are in place to minimise contamination problems, these aim to restrict harvesting of shellfish during high-risk periods and involve measures such as sanitary surveys to identify sources of pollution and ongoing microbiological sampling programmes. These measures are generally successful in limiting the risk to consumers, however the occasional outbreak is still observed. Depuration is known to be effective in significantly reducing the presence of bacterial pathogens from oysters. However the efficacy of depuration in removing norovirus is less certain, with several outbreaks of norovirus resulting from oysters that were depurated, and limited reductions noted in laboratory studies to date. To fully evaluate the efficacy of depuration as a control, the EFSA Panel (2012) recommended, “Further studies are needed to establish and optimise the effectiveness of depuration and relaying for NoV reduction”. Additionally, in 2013 a Food Standards Agency (FSA) conference prioritised research on depuration and noted that “innovative ways to decontaminate oysters whilst in depuration tanks, perhaps by interfering with the mechanism by which norovirus binds to the animal structure” were needed. Consistent with these identified research needs, the FSA has recently commissioned a project that aims to provide an evaluation of the usefulness of depuration as a control option for norovirus in oysters. The two-year project commenced in October 2014 and is being conducted by Seafood Safety Assessment Ltd. The project involves a literature review to evaluate the effectiveness of depuration and a series of pilot experiments to investigate depuration of norovirus from Pacific oysters using a novel approach which aims to release norovirus from ligands (histo blood group like antigens) which specifically bind the virus within oyster tissues. An important part of the project is to establish the current depuration practices used in the UK, this is Ensuring that both domestic and international consumers of seafood enjoy the highest standards of food safety is the main driving force behind the work of Dr Catherine McLeod, who has been the Leader of the Seafood Safety and Market Access Group within the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) for the past five years. The role has involved liaison with both industry and government regulators in such programs as the Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program and SafeFish, in preparation for meetings such as the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, and in discussing the implementation of Australia’s policies on food safety. Her qualifications include a Master’s (focusing on marine biotoxins) and a PhD (on the uptake and elimination of viruses in Pacific oysters), which gives her an overarching perspective on two major human food safety issues affecting seafood. In her role at SARDI, Cath managed a team of 13 scientists to deliver a number of diverse research projects, including responding to specific active concerns, such as closures of oyster production areas due to viral contamination, the risks of harmful algal blooms and biotoxins on the safety of shellfish, and risk analysis in food chain hygiene. Cath currently resides on Skye and has an active consultancy which provides advice to industry and governments on best practice for ensuring the safety of bivalve molluscan shellfish, and assisting seafood businesses to access global markets. being undertaken to ensure that the pilot studies mimic depuration conditions used here. A questionnaire is being distributed to depuration operators during March 2015 seeking information on current parameters used for depuration in the UK. The project team would greatly appreciate assistance from the industry on this part of the project. Undoubtedly the best way to reduce risk relating to norovirus in shellfish is to improve the water quality of areas in which shellfish are produced. While such efforts represent the ‘ultimate solution’, any improvements in depuration efficiency will also contribute to reducing levels of norovirus in oysters. In this regard, the new project embarked on by the FSA may provide additional hope for oyster growers that one day modified depuration could be applied to successfully purge oysters of norovirus post harvest. For further information on the project please do not hesitate to contact Cath McLeod, on the contact details below. Contact: Dr Catherine McLeod Seafood Safety Assessment Ltd. Email: [email protected] Phone: +44 1471 844 725 The Grower — 20 A cold day in Neeltje Jans Pictured right: Jens Petersen of Danish Shellfish Centre with the 3 Canadian students, from left, Miami Payne, Lauren Elliot and Soleil Grise taken before the boat trip which froze us. Below; Around the table in the Expert Group meeting from left, Manuela Gubernator, Karel Jan van Ijsseldijk, Angelo Kouwenhoven, Pauline Kamermans and Aad Smaal. Pictured right Depuration system for mussels as seen at Neeltje Jans processing plant and Right below Murre Techniek at the trade show. Gigas seed We always have gigas seed available in the range 4 to 10 gms, sometimes larger. prices and details from: [email protected] 01631-720216 Shian Fisheries, South Shian, Benderloch, Oban, Argyll PA37 1SB Grower grovel In the last issue of The Grower a mistake was inadvertently made in a headline that the Editor would like to apologise for. She does not want to repeat the mistake but asks in mitigation that account should be taken of the fact that when numbers like million, billion and trillion are mentioned there is often a financial connection.
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