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BUFFALO INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
LAW JOURNAL
Volume X
2014
Buffalo, New York
Copyright 2015
Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal
SUNY Buffalo Law School
SUNY Buffalo Law School
Nancy L. Zimpher, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Chancellor of the State University of New York
Satish Tripathi, B.Sc., M.Sc., M.S., M.S., Ph.D., D.Sc.
President of the State University of New York at Buffalo
Charles F. Zukoski B.A., Ph.D.
Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs
Administration
James A. Gardner, B.A., J.D.
Makau W. Mutua, LL.B., LL.M.,
LL.M., S.J.D.
Luis E. Chiesa, B.B.A., J.D.,
LL.M, J.S.D.
James Newton, B.A., J.D.
Guyora Binder, A.B., J.D.
Kim Diana Connolly, B.A., J.D.,
LL.M.
Errol E. Meidinger, B.A., M.A.,
J.D., Ph.D.
Elizabeth Adelman, B.A., M.L.S,
J.D.
Alan S. Carrel, B.A., J.D.
Marlene M. Cook, B.S., M.S.,
Ph.D.
Ilene R. Fleischmann, B.A., M.A.
Karen R. Kaczmarski, B.A., J.D.
BobbyJo LaDelfa, B.S., M.S.,
Ph.D.
Terrence E. McCormack, B.A.,
M.L.S.
Lisa M. Patterson, A.B., J.D.
Melinda R. Saran, B.A., M.P.H.,
J.D.
Lillie V. Wiley-Upshaw, B.A.,
M.A.
Interim Dean; Bridget and Thomas Black Professor; SUNY
Distinguished Professor
Outgoing Dean; Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst Faculty
Scholar; SUNY Distinguished Professor
Vice Dean for Academic Affairs
Vice Dean for Administration
Vice Dean for Research and Faculty Development; SUNY
Distinguished Professor
Vice Dean for Legal Skills; Director of Clinical Legal
Education
Director of Baldy Center for Law and Social Policy
Director of the Law Library and Vice Dean for Legal
Information Services
Vice Dean
Vice Dean for Resource Management
Vice Dean for Alumni, Public Relations and Communications
Associate Dean for Development; Director of Development
Assistant Dean for Records, Registration & Financial Aid
Associate Director of the Law Library and Manager for Law
School Technology
Associate Dean for Career Services
Vice Dean for Student Affairs
Vice Dean for Admissions & Student Life
Faculty
Guyora Binder, A.B., J.D.
James A. Gardner, B.A., J.D.
Makau W. Mutua, LL.B., LL.M.,
LL.M., S.J.D.
David M. Engel, A.B., M.A., J.D.
Charles P. Ewing, B.A., J.D., Ph.D.
Alfred S. Konefsky, B.A., J.D.
Lucinda M. Finley, B.A., J.D.
Lynn M. Mather, B.A., Ph.D.
Martha T. McCluskey, B.A., J.D.,
J.S.D.
SUNY Distinguished Professor
SUNY Distinguished Professor, Joseph W. Belluck and Laura
L. Aswad Professor of Civil Justice
SUNY Distinguished Professor, Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst
Faculty Scholar
SUNY Distinguished Service Professor
SUNY Distinguished Service Professor
University at Buffalo Distinguished Professor
Frank G. Raichle Professor of Trial and Appellate Advocacy
and Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs
SUNY Distinguished Service Professor
Professor, William J. Magavern Faculty Scholar
David A. Westbrook, B.A., J.D.
Dianne Avery, B.A., M.A.T., J.D.
Mark Bartholomew, B.A., J.D.
Irus Braverman, LL.B., M.A.,
S.J.D.
Luis E. Chiesa, B.B.A., J.D.,
LL.M., J.S.D.
Kim Diana Connolly, B.A., J.D.,
LL.M.
Rebecca R. French, B.A., J.D.,
LL.M., Ph.D.
Philip Halpern, B.A., J.D.
George Kannar, B.A., J.D.
Susan V. Mangold, A.B., J.D.
Isabel S. Marcus, B.A., M.A., J.D.,
Ph.D.
Errol E. Meidinger, B.A., M.A.,
J.D., Ph.D.
Teresa A. Miller, B.A., J.D., LL.M.
James G. Milles, B.A., M.A.,
M.L.I.S., J.D.
Athena D. Mutua, B.A., J.D.,
M.A., LL.M.
R. Nils Olsen, B.A., J.D.
Stephanie L. Phillips, B.S., J.D.
Robert I. Reis, B.A., J.D., LL.M.
John Henry Schlegel, B.A., J.D.
Robert J. Steinfeld, B.A., A.M.,
J.D., LL.M., Ph.D.
Anthony H. Szczygiel, B.A., J.D.
Mateo Taussig-Rubbo, B.A.,
M.Phil., J.D., Ph.D.
James A. Wooten, B.A., M.A.,
M.Phil., J.D., Ph.D.
Samantha Barbas, B.A., J.D., Ph.D.
Anya Bernstein, B.A., J.D., Ph.D.
Michael Boucai, B.A., J.D., M.Phil
S. Todd Brown, B.A., J.D.
Matthew D. Dimick, B.A., M.S.
J.D. Ph.D.
Michael Halberstam, B.A., J.D.,
Ph.D.
Stuart G. Lazar, A.B., J.D., LL.M.
Sagit Leviner, LL.B., LL.M.,
S.J.D.
Meredith Lewis, B.A. M.S., J.D.
Tara J. Melish, B.A., J.D.
Anthony O'Rourke, B.A., J.D.
Jessica Owley, B.A., M.L.A., M.S.,
J.D., Ph.D.
Matthew Steilen, B.A., J.D., Ph.D.
Thomas F. Disare, B.A., J.D.
George M. Hezel, A.B., M.A., J.D.
Suzanne E. Tomkins, B.A., J.D.
Lauren Breen, A.B., J.D.
Christine Bartholomew, B.A., J.D.
Bernadette Gargano, B.A., M.A.,
J.D.
Nan L. Haynes, B.A., J.D.
Patrick Long, A.B., J.D.
Johanna Oreskovic, B.A., M.A.,
Ed.M., J.D.
Professor, Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst Faculty Scholar
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Associate Professor
Clinical Professor
Clinical Professor
Clinical Professor
Clinical Assistant Professor
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Chris Pashler, B.A., J.D.
Stephen Paskey, B.A., J.D.
Laura B. Reilly, B.A., J.D.
Monica Wallace, B.A., J.D.
Lise Gelernter, A.B., J.D.
Heidi Forman, B.S., M.A., J.D.,
LL.M.
Melinda R. Saran, B.A., M.P.H.,
J.D.
Barbara A. Sherk, B.S., M.S., J.D.
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Lecturer in Law
Teaching Faculty
Teaching Faculty
Teaching Faculty
Teaching Faculty
Faculty Emeriti
James B. Atleson, B.A., J.D.,
LL.M.
Thomas E. Headrick, B.A.,
B.Litt., LL.B., Ph.D.
Kenneth F. Joyce, B.A., LL.B.,
LL.M.
Elizabeth B. Mensch, B.A.,
M.A.T., J.D., LL.M.
Judy Scales-Trent, B.A., M.A.,
J.D.
Robert S. Berger, A.B., J.D.
Barry B. Boyer, B.A., J.D.
David B. Filvaroff, S.B., LL.B.
Janet S. Lindgren, B.A., J.D.
Wade J. Newhouse, B.A., J.D.
SUNY Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus
SUNY Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus
SUNY Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus
SUNY Distinguished Teaching Professor Emerita
Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst Faculty Scholar and Professor
Emerita
Professor Emeritus
Professor Emeritus
Professor Emeritus
Professor Emerita
Professor Emeritus
For information regarding subscriptions, copyright, permission to
reprint, permission to photocopy, advertising, or submission, please contact
the Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal at [email protected], or
by mail at State University of New York Buffalo Law School, Buffalo
Intellectual Property Law Journal, 404 John Lord O’Brian Hall, North
Campus, Box 60110, Buffalo, New York 14260-1100. The Buffalo Intellectual
Property Law Journal is on the web at buffaloipjournal.org.
*****
The Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal is published annually
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Inquiries are also accepted by email at [email protected].
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The Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal welcomes manuscripts
relevant to the discipline of intellectual property. Text should be typewritten,
double spaced, with one-inch margins and consecutively numbered pages.
Footnotes should be numbered consecutively. In preparing text and footnotes,
authors should consult the style presented in The Bluebook: A Uniform
System of Citation (The Harvard Law Review Association ed., 19th ed. 2010).
Parallel citation to U.S.P.Q. should be included where applicable. For
questions of literary style not included in the Bluebook authors should consult
The Chicago Manual of Style (University of Chicago Press, 15th ed. 2003). All
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