Name __________________________________
DNA RNA Review Worksheet
Date _______________
1. What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. What is DNA’s primary function?
- Provides a pattern for protein manufacture
- Provides a pattern for replication
3. What are the subunits called that make up DNA?
nucleotides
4. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, nitrogenous base
5. Sketch and label a DNA nucleotide. Include 3’ and 5’
5’... S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P ∙∙∙∙
backbone
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C
A
T
T
A
G
C
nitrogenous
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complimentary
G
T
A
A
T
C
G
to each other
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3’ P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S - P - S ∙∙∙∙ backbone
6. Name the 4 nitrogen bases on DNA.
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine
7. What is the difference between a purine & a pyrimidine?
Purine - double ring
Pyrimidine – single ring
8. Name the 2 purines.
Adenine and guanine
9. Name 3 pyrimidines. (2 from DNA, one from RNA)
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA)
10.Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule & in what year was this
done?
Watson and Crick 1953
11. The model of DNA is known as a _double helix____ because it is composed of two __nucleotide__
chains wrapped around each other.
12. What makes up the sides "backbone" of a DNA molecule?
Sugars and phosphates
13. What makes up the "steps/rungs" of a DNA molecule?
Nitrogenous bases
14. How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins contribute to determining the structure of DNA?
They used x-rays to create a diffraction picture
15. What type of bonds holds the DNA bases together? Are they strong or weak bonds?
Hydrogen - weak
16. On DNA, a __purine___ base will always pair with a ___pyrimidine___ base.
17. Name the complementary base pairs on DNA.
Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine
18. Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself?
For the cell to divide and have the correct amount of DNA in each new cell, the DNA must be
replicated.
19. Define DNA replication.
Making new halves from old halves so the DNA is duplicated
20. What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication?
The DNA must unwind and unzip
21. What is the present name given to the mechanism of replication indicating each DNA has one old
strand and one new strand?
Semi-conservative
22. What acts as the template in DNA replication?
The original strand of DNA
23. What enzyme helps separate the 2 strands of nucleotides on DNA? What bonds do they break?
Helicase hydrogen bonds
24. What is the function of DNA polymerase?
Guides new nucleotides into the proper locations
25. What two other enzymes (that we learned about) are involved in the process of DNA replication
Primase – adds RNA primers on both leading and lagging
Ligase – glues the backbones of sugars and phosphates together after the RNA primers are removed
26. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA strand was A – G – G – C – T – A, what would be
the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?
TCC GAT
27. Why does DNA replication take place at many places on the molecule simultaneously?
Its faster or more time efficient
28. When replication is complete, how do the 2 new DNA molecules compare to each other and to the
original DNA molecule?
They are identical unless a mutation occurs in the replication process.
29. Either sketch & label a diagram or describe in words - the steps in DNA replication
See the notes
DNA Replication: Use your understanding of DNA replication to solve the questions below.
30. The diagram below shows DNA replication.
a. In area A, match the missing DNA
bases from the strand given.
GCGCAATGGT starting at the bottom
b. Name the enzyme that will separate
the DNA strands in area A.
Helicase
c. In area B, perform replication and
fill in the two new strands of DNA.
Name the enzymes involved
d. Name the enzyme that will reconnect
the DNA bases in area B between
replicated pieces.
Ligase
e. After filling in the correct DNA bases in area B, are the two strand of DNA identical?
YES
NO
Transcription: Use your understanding of transcription to answer the questions below.
31. Define TRANSCRIPTION:
The template unzips in a “small” section. RNA polymerase copies the DNA to make m-RNA. The mRNA is released and exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore
32. Name the four RNA bases.
33.
a. Cytosine_________________
c. Adenine_______________
b. Guanine__________________
d. Uracil_________________
Fill in the RNA bases from the given DNA bases.
UUAGGCGAUC
34.
Fill in the DNA bases from the given RNA bases.
AGCATGGTAA
35.
Fill in the missing bases from the strands of DNA and RNA.
ATCACGATTA
UAGUGCUAAU
36.
Examine #35. Is the top strand a piece of DNA or RNA? Explain your answer.
______The top strand is DNA – it contains T – Thymine which isn’t present in RNA
37.
Explain the process of transcription and translation
See your notes
38.
Describe how the types of point mutations discussed in class are different.
Silent, Mis-sense, Non-sense, Frameshift
Silent – usually the third base is changed – no change occurs in the amino acid chain
Mis-sense – usually the first or second base is changed – one amino acid is changed
Non-sense – usually a change occurs that places a stop or start in the wrong place.
Frameshift – a base is added or deleted – all the amino acids from that point on are incorrect
Vocabulary Matching: Choose the best work to match the definition. Place the letter on the
line provided.
J
1. Organisms that contain functional DNA
A. Restriction enzymes
H
2. Mapping of all the human genes
B. Gene therapy
E
3. Professional who helps couples
determine their chances of having a
baby with a genetic defect
C. Gene splicing
K 4. Carries foreign gene into host cell
D. Recombinant DNA
I
5. Unpaired bases at the end of the cut DNA
E. Genetic counselor
G
6. Genetically identical copies
F. plasmid
B
7. Replacing a defective gene with a normal
gene
G. Gene cloning
F
8. Ring of bacterial DNA
H. Human Genome Project
A
9. Able to cut DNA
I. Sticky ends
D 10. DNA from two different organisms
J. Transgenic organism (GMO)
C
K. Vector
11. Rejoining cut fragments of DNA
Completion: Please answer the following questions with detailed responses!
1. Explain the 3 steps used to create a transgenic organism.
a. restriction enzymes (endonucleases) are used to cut and leave “sticky” ends on the donor and
recipient
b. the piece that is cut out of the donor is injected into the recipient cell
c. ligase attaches the ends of the backbone to each other
2. What are two types of vectors used in recombinant DNA experiments? List an example of
each.
Retrovirus – a virus with DNA injected into it. It’s used because viruses have the ability
to inject their DNA into other cells. p. 660
Bacterial plasmid
Actificial Chromosomes – p. 660
3. What was the name of the first cloned organism?
Dolly – a sheep