What is Nanotechnology? Potential for the food industry and food ingredients Graham Bonwick Institute of Food Science & Innovation University of Chester Football (22cm) 1m Flea (1mm) 10-1m 10-2m 1m 100nm 10-3m Hair Red blood cell (80μm) (7μm) 10-4m 1mm 80nm 60nm 10-5m Virus (150nm) 10-6m 10-7m 1μm 100nm 40nm Buckyball (0.8nm) 10-8m 10-9m 10-10m 1nm 20nm 1nm APPRECIATING SIZE Sunscreen TiO2 (35nm) DNAstrand (2nm) Properties Proportion of atoms on the surface 1 cm3 1 in 107 1 nm3 80% on surface Properties Time to dissolve 1 cm3 34 million years 1 nm3 1.1 seconds Natural (Soft) Nanomaterials Time to dissolve sand • Milk contains 80% casein and 20% whey proteins. • The phosphoprotein casein is in the form of micelles. • Casein molecules are linked by calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions. • Kappa-casein molecule tails associate to form a mesh. • Colloidal calcium phosphate nanoclusters also help link smaller sub-micelles together. 34 million years Natural Nanomaterials Time to dissolve sand 34 million years • Casein micelles can be used to encapsulate materials. • Enhanced delivery and absorption from the gut. • Controlled / slow release properties. Engineered (Hard) Nanoparticles Time to dissolve sand 34 million years Nano silver Carbon nanotubes Nano titanium dioxide What is Food Nanotechnology? Time to dissolve sand Nanotechnology - manipulation of nanosized materials and the exploitation of their properties Food Nanotechnology – Application to: • • • • Ingredients Packaging and coatings Structuring and texturing Sensors – safety and quality Ingredients Time to dissolve sand Nano salt - salt microspheres (Tate & Lyle Soda-Lo) enhanced dissolution to maximise taste and reduce salt content 34 million years Nanotea (Shenzhen Corp) nanomilled ingredients to facilitate the release of tea essence and phytonutrients in solution. Ingredients Time to dissolve sand Additional applications / current research areas • Enhanced appearance, flavour intensity or shelf life • Encapsulation - flavour masking, micro nutrient delivery and uptake, probiotic survival – ‘Health by Stealth’, population segment targeted food products. • Functional ingredients – plant nanoprotein particulates from processing waste as emulsifiers • Activation of selected encapsulated ingredients by the consumer (microwave selective activation) to obtain the required flavour, colour or nutrients depending on which ones released. Packaging and coatings Time to dissolve sand 34 million years • • • • • Antimicrobial surfaces Lighter, thinner barriers Reduced spoilage Extended shelf life Less waste Smart packaging and coatings Time to dissolve sand Exploitation of RNA or DNA aptamers and their ability to selectively bind molecules or whole microbial cells Small molecule binding - AMP Yan et al, (2005) Smart packaging and coatings Time to dissolve sand Aptamers bind / immobilise food pathogens and small molecules Binding causes significant conformational change Fluorescence quenching as a binding event signal Smart packaging and coatings Time to dissolve sand Quorum sensing (QS) in microorganisms mediated by small molecules A concentration effect – synchronises gene expression, triggers growth phase, virulence factor production, biofilm formation etc. Smart packaging and coatings Time to dissolve sand Immobilised aptamers within packaging Bind/capture signalling molecules and inhibit QS – extend shelf life and inhibit pathogenicity? Time to dissolve sand RISKS? Media capitalising on the fears of an ill –informed public? Another GM food ‘problem’? 34 million years Emerging technologies may be key to meeting the food supply challenges of the 21st Century (9 billion by 2030). RISKS? Time to dissolve sand • Natural (hard) nanomaterials linked to health effects e.g. asbestos fibres and mesothelioma. • Recent observations of nanomaterials in tumours (Gatti et al, 2012). • No regulation / control of within tissues e.g. 34distribution million years blood brain barrier crossed in rats exposed to nanosilver in diet (Chaudhry et al 2010). • Considerable concern where materials are elongated in one dimension e.g. nanotubes. The Future? Time to dissolve sand Ingredients Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) – main area for exploitation and inclusion in food 34 million years Food Nanotechnology – The Market Time to dissolve sand $20.4 billion by 2010 Nanofood $3.2 billion by 2015 24% 24% 34 million years 52% Thanks for your attention! Food Nanotechnology 2015 16th -17th April, 2015 www.foodnano.org The North West Food Research Development Exchange (NowFood) Regional Cluster Formation University of Chester Creation of Regional Cluster NoWFood Centre Local Food & Drink Producers Networks Industry Stakeholders Existing Networks Artisan Foods Craft Brewing Local government LEPs Chambers of Commerce MDA RIC
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