LEDC Cities
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Learning objectives
What is the global pattern of urbanisation?
Why is urbanisation happening in LEDCs?
What problems do LEDC cities face?
What are the solutions?
How does land use vary in an LEDC city?
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What is urbanisation?
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What is urbanisation?
The world is becoming mostly urban.
%
1950
1990
2001
2025
World
30
45
48
58
MEDC
53
74
76
83
LEDC
17
34
41
56
Study the table.
Which parts of the world are experiencing the most
rapid growth in their populations?
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Where are the world’s largest cities?
There are 17 megacities in the world – these are
cities with a population of over 10 million.
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Where are the world’s largest cities?
The United Nations estimate that by 2015 the number of
megacities will have increased to 21!
new megacities are shown in orange
Describe the distribution of megacities in 2000.
How does this compare to 2015?
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Learning objectives
What is the global pattern of urbanisation?
Why is urbanisation happening in LEDCs?
What problems do LEDC cities face?
What are the solutions?
How does land use vary in an LEDC city?
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Focus on Kenya
Describe the pattern of growth of Nairobi since 1901.
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Why is urbanisation occurring so rapidly?
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Rural-urban migration
This is the movement of people from the countryside
to the city.
It is influenced by PUSH and PULL factors.
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Learning objectives
What is the global pattern of urbanisation?
Why is urbanisation happening in LEDCs?
What problems do LEDC cities face?
What are the solutions?
How does land use vary in an LEDC city?
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Problems facing LEDC cities
Over 60% of Nairobi’s population live below the poverty line.
Over 500 000 people live in Kibera which is a shanty town on
the Southern edge of Nairobi opposite the Motoine River.
A shanty town is a spontaneous settlement that is
often built illegally on unused land along roadsides or
on the edge of a city.
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Kibera
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Favela – Brazil
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Issues in the
Favela
•
Built on steep,
marshy, polluted,
illegal land.
•
Sanitation – disease
•
Healthcare
•
Unemployment
•
Crime
•
No refuse collection
or public services
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Favelas - Possible solutions
Self-help schemes –
City authorities would prefer to remove
the shanty towns but this would cost a
lot of money as they would have to
provide housing and amenities.
As a result the city authority has
implemented self-help schemes. This
involves the city authority giving the
residents of the shanty town free
building materials. The residents then
provide the labour in order to build the
new houses.
Money that is saved by the government
can then be spent on infrastructure such
as roads, water supply, electricity etc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzrBL2EwrI
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Self Help Scheme
• Self-help schemes - These are small scale projects which allow
local people to use their skills to help improve their local area. The
Government has provided materials such as bricks, cement and
glass to enable residents to improve their own homes. In Rocinha,
self-help schemes have improved the area from slums to low quality
housing where the majority of homes have basic services like
electricity. There are now also many services in Rocinha including
cafes and shops. Some people have been granted legal ownership
of the land on which their houses are built.
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Site and service scheme
• Site and service schemes - These are projects
undertaken by the local authority to relocate residents
from favelas. Brick houses are built with electricity,
running water and sanitation pipes installed. People may
be allowed to buy these houses. An example of such a
scheme is 'The Favela Bairro Project' or 'Slum to
Neighbourhood' project. Services in these areas also
include refuse collection, schools and health centres.
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Charities
• Charities - Charities help to improve life for people in
shanty towns by providing money for self-help schemes.
The Developing Minds Foundation builds schools and
supports education programmes in Rio's favelas. Their
aim is to improve the literacy rates of children so they
can get a good job, improve their standard of living and
have more life choices.
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Crime http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3FSjBgI
hTw
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/lifein-the-favela-of-rochina/1693.html
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1) Look at the diagram.
For Nairobi, or any other developing city you have studied, describe
the measures taken to improve the quality of life in shanty towns such
as Kibera.
(6)
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Extension Task.
Imagine that you are a resident in a favela for a day. Create a diary
entry outlining:
• The current issues in your home and shanty town.
• The recent developments which help to deal with these issues.
Your diary entry must include:
• A title
• A definition of a favela
• At least four different problems in your
shanty town.
• What possible solutions there could be
to these problems.
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Transport
• As with most large cities many main roads and transport networks
meet in the city centre as this is where the majority of offices, shops
etc are, so this is where people work and therefore travel into most
days. As a result traffic congestion is a major problem especially
during rush hour in the morning and in the evening where main
roads become one way (into the city in the morning and out of the
city in the evening) in an attempt to try to ease the problem.
• Buses are available but are often overcrowded, dangerous and
pickpockets usually operate. They are also regularly stuck in traffic.
A metro (subway) system was opened in 2007 to help combat the
congestion. It is rapidly expanding, air conditioned, quick and safe.
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Shopping
• The CBD of developing countries will often resemble
developed world cities in that they will have large
shopping centres containing department stores and
other high order shops such as jewellers and furniture
stores. Rio de Janeiro's 'Shopping Leblon' and 'Shopping
da Gavea' are two of the biggest shopping malls in the
city. There are also some street markets e.g. Fiera
Hippie although not as many as in other developing
world cities. Street markets sell fruit, vegetables,
handicrafts, artwork, music and clothes.
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Environmental Quality
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In 2011, a World Health Organisation (WHO) study said that Rio de Janeiro is more
polluted than many other developed world cities such as New York, London and
Paris. Most of this is air pollution with the main pollutants being:
Exhaust fumes from traffic
Coal-fired power stations
Residential wood burning for cooking and heating
Burning rubbish in rubbish dumps
There is also severe pollution of rivers from:
Untreated run-off of water used by the population going back into rivers
Rubbish dumped into and at the side of rivers potentially promoting disease
Wastewater from industry being put back into rivers which also kills wildlife
Harbour polluted from increase in boat traffic
Some solutions to these include better laws to control dumping of industrial waste
and the improvement of sanitation in shanty town areas. The state government has
also committed funds to clean up beaches and lakes and also to provide improved
sewage treatment facilities
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Examination question
For a named example of an LEDC city, describe the
problems created by rapid urban growth (6 marks).
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Learning objectives
What is the global pattern of urbanisation?
Why is urbanisation happening in LEDCs?
What problems do LEDC cities face?
What are the solutions?
How does land use vary in an LEDC city?
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Is there a solution?
The Kenyan government is
concerned about the growth of
illegal settlements, but it is not
practical to evict all the people
as the scale of the problem is
too big.
What could be done in Kibera?
Rubbish in Kibera
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What has been done in Kibera?
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Characteristics of shanty town housing
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Solving the housing problem
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Examination question
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Learning objectives
What is the global pattern of urbanisation?
Why is urbanisation happening in LEDCs?
What problems do LEDC cities face?
What are the solutions?
How does land use vary in an LEDC city?
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Land use patterns in LEDC cities
How can this land use pattern be explained?
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Differences in land use?
LEDC
MEDC
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Choose one of the
models and explain
the land use pattern.
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How much do you know?
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Key ideas
The world is becoming mostly urban.
Urbanisation is now happening most rapidly in LEDCs.
There will be 21 megacities by 2015 – 16 of them in
LEDCs.
Rural-urban migration is the result of push and pull
factors.
Shanty towns are one problem resulting from rapid
urbanisation.
It is difficult to manage rapid urbanisation.
The pattern of land use in LEDC cities is different to that of
most MEDC cities.
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