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Evolution Concept List Part 1
Chapter 15
1. Use the following terms in the same sentence: evolution, natural selection, adaptation, and
fitness.
2. For each pair of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.
a. acquired trait and inherited trait
b. homologous structure and analogous structure
c. relative age and absolute age
d. divergent evolution and convergent evolution
e. artificial selection and natural selection
3. The word radiation is derived from the Latin radius, which means “rod” or “ray.” Using this
information, explain the meaning of adaptive radiation.
4. Define the biological process of evolution.
5. Contrast Cuvier’s catastrophism with Lyell’s uniformitarianism.
6. Describe how the finch species of the Galápagos Islands illustrate descent with modification.
7. List the steps of reasoning that Darwin gave to explain the process of natural selection.
8. Identify several factors that could limit the growth of populations.
9. Relate the roles of adaptation and fitness in the theory of natural selection.
10. State several inferences about evolution that are supported by fossil evidence.
11. Describe evidence from biogeography that species evolve adaptations to their environments.
12. Identify an example of a vestigial structure.
13. Explain how biological molecules indicate relatedness between species.
14. Summarize the examples of convergent and divergent evolution seen in Caribbean lizards.
15. Describe an example of coevolution.
16. Explain why antibiotics are not consistently effective against infections of bacteria.
17. Use the following terms to create a concept map: struggle to survive, theory, inheritable
variation, Darwin, overpopulation, natural selection, and successful reproduction.
18. Could a characteristic that is not controlled by heredity be subject to natural selection?
Explain your answer.
19. Suppose that an island in the Pacific Ocean was just formed by a volcano. Describe a
possible scenario for the kinds of species that could be found on this island over the next million
years.
20. The graph below shows the diversity among different groups of animals over time. Of the
four eras listed, the Cenozoic era is the most recent. The changing width of the bar for each
group reflects the changing number of
known subgroups over geologic time. Use the graph to answer the following questions:
a. Which group most recently evolved?
b. Which group is or was the most diverse? The least diverse?
c. Which group diversified rapidly soon after it first appeared?
d. Which group(s) became extinct?
21. What is the term for the idea that geologic processes occurring now on Earth are much the
same as those that occurred long ago?
A. catastrophism
B. uniformitarianism
C. adaptive radiation
D. convergent evolution
22. What is the term for the biological process by which the kinds of organisms on Earth change
over time?
F. evolution
G. superposition
H. biogeography
J. uniformitarianism
23. When the internal structures of two species are very similar, what can be inferred about both
species?
A. They share similar environments.
B. They evolved in similar environments.
C. They have similar external structures.
D. They evolved from a common ancestor.
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The graph below shows the variation in average beak size in a
group of finches in the Galápagos Islands over time. These finches eat mostly seeds. Use the
graph to answer the question that follows.
24. Beak size in these finches is correlated to the size of seeds they can eat. What can be inferred
from the graph?
F. In wet years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds.
G. In dry years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds.
H. In all years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat larger seeds.
J. In all years, the finches that survive are mostly those that can eat smaller seeds.
25. vestigial : functional :: vacated :
A. used
B. visceral
C. broken
D. occupied
INTERPRETING GRAPHICS: The diagram below shows possible evolutionary relationships
between some organisms. Use the diagram to answer th equestion that follows.
26. What does the diagram imply about warbler finches and armadillos?
F. They are unrelated.
G. They are equally related to glyptodonts.
H. They share a common ancestor.
J. They did not evolve from older forms of life.
27. The human body has a tailbone but no tail. It also has an organ called the appendix, which is
attached to the intestines but does not serve a function in digestion. How would an evolutionary
biologist explain the presence of these structures in the human body?
28. An example of an acquired characteristic is large leg muscles built up in an individual by
frequent running. An example of an inherited characteristic is the maximum height to which an
individual can grow.
Part A Explain the difference between inherited and acquired characteristics.
Part B Contrast two historical theories that explained evolution, based on either acquired
characteristics or inherited characteristics
Chapter 16
1. Use each of the following terms in a separate sentence: bell curve and gene flow.
2. Explain how the meanings of the terms differ: allele frequency and phenotype frequency
3. Compare the three main causes of variation in the genotypes of organisms.
4. Identify the five conditions that are necessary for Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium.
5. Identify the five conditions that may cause evolution to occur in a population.
6. Explain the relationship between evolution and natural selection.
7. Propose a hypothesis about how pollutants in the environment could influence the evolution of
its inhabitants.
8. From the illustration of four o’clock flowers shown below, calculate the frequency of the R
and r alleles, and state the phenotype frequency. Four o’clock flowers have incomplete
dominance for flower color.
9. What is the term for the total genetic information in a population?
A. gene pool
B. allele frequency
C. distribution of traits
D. phenotype frequency
10. The phrase Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium refers to the frequency of genotypes in
populations from generation to generation.
Part A Briefly describe what this model predicts about genotype frequencies.
Part B What are the set of assumptions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinberg genetic
equilibrium to be valid?