European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 25, Supplement 2, 2015, 46–50
ß The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv034
.........................................................................................................
Trends in adolescents’ perceived parental
communication across 32 countries in Europe and North
America from 2002 to 2010
Fiona Brooks1, Apolinaras Zaborskis2, Izabela Tabak3, Marı´a del Carmen Granado Alco´n4, Nida
Zemaitiene5, Simone de Roos6, Elene Klemera7
1
2
3
4
5
6
Adolescent and Child Health Research Group, CRIPACC, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Institute for Health Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
Department of Health Psychology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP), Research Sector Care, Emancipation, and Time Use, The Hague, The
Netherlands
7 Adolescent and Child Health Research Group, CRIPACC, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Correspondence: Fiona Brooks, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK, Tel: +44 1707285990,
Fax: +44 1707 285994, e-mail: [email protected]
Background: The quality of communication with parents is a determinant of health and well-being during adolescence, being predictive of self-esteem, self-rated health and the ability to navigate health risk behaviours.
Methods: This article describes trends in adolescent’s (aged 11, 13 and 15 years) perception of communication
with mothers and fathers by gender across 32 European and North American countries from 2002 to 2010.
Analyses were performed on 425 699 records employing a General Linear Model (MANOVA). Results: In most
countries, significant increases in the prevalence of ease of communication with both mothers and fathers were
observed, with the greatest positive changes over time in Estonia, Denmark and Wales. In some countries, the
opposite trend was found with the greatest negative changes occurring in France, Slovenia and Poland. Across the
pooled dataset, a significant positive trend was observed for ease of communication with father, for both boys
and girls and for ease of communication with mother for boys only. Conclusion: The temporal trends
demonstrated an increase in a positive health asset for many young people, that of family communication.
Positive trends may be a feature of the economic boom over the past decade coupled with cultural changes in
attitudes to parenting, especially fathering.
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Introduction
dolescence is often conceptualized as a developmental phase,
Awhereby the young person transitions from the guardianship
of parents towards independent adulthood. The quality of communication with parents during adolescence remains a strong determinant of health and well-being, being predictive of adolescents’
self-esteem, well-being, self-rated health and ability to navigate
health risk behaviours. Evidence from predominantly crosssectional studies indicates that adolescents who report easy communication with their mothers are more likely to report excellent or
high-rated health, and are less likely to be current smokers or
frequent alcohol drinkers.1,2 Moreover, finding it easy to talk with
their mother or father about things that bother them, acts as a
protective factor for adolescents’ mental well-being and a strong
predictor of resilience.3,4
European studies suggest that the quality of parent–adolescent
relationships is determined by different factors: individual (such as
age and gender) and external (cultural and socio-economic),5,6
including at the national level differing social and family welfare
policies.6 Consideration of international trends in adolescents’ communication with their parents offers an opportunity to begin to
explore the relationship between changes in family lifestyle and
socioeconomic contexts and other trends in adolescent health and
well-being. An advantage of using the Health Behaviour in Schoolaged Children (HBSC) analyses is that the same instrument is used
for measuring the quality of parent communication in all countries
over three survey rounds.
The aim of the article is to describe trends in adolescent’s
perception of communication with mothers and fathers by gender
among young people in early-to-mid adolescence across 32
European and North American countries for the first decade of
the 21st century.
Methods
Data were drawn from the cross-national HBSC study, collected
during the 2001–02, 2005–06 and 2009–10 school-years. A total of
425 699 young people, aged 11, 13 and 15 years, from 32 countries/
regions reported on their perceptions of the quality of communication with both father and mother. The survey question explored
young people’s perceptions of how easy it was to talk to their
mother or father about the issues that were of importance to
them. Individual outcomes, reported quality of communication
with father and mother were dichotomized into two categories:
easy and difficult. The analyses were performed separately for boys
and girls for the pooled dataset and separately for 32 countries,
employing General Linear Model (a procedure MANOVA) from
SPSS (version 21, 2012, IBM Corp., NY). Paired Bonferroni test
was used to describe changes in quality of communication of
Adolescents’ with their parents from 2002 to 2010, controlling for
age and family affluence. The pooled analyses used country
weighting to control for the different size samples.
Results
Significant positive trends in prevalence of ease of communication
with both parents were found in the vast majority of countries
(figure 1), these consistent positive trends were identified across
all ages (not reported in this article). However, significant differences
Trends in adolescents’ perceived parental communication
47
Figure 1 Change in the ease of communication between 2001–02 and 2009–10, by country
(continued)
48
European Journal of Public Health
Girls
Figure 1 Continued
Boys
Trends in adolescents’ perceived parental communication
49
Table 1 Proportions and changes over time (% and CI) in quality of communication with parents for boys and girlsa
2001–02
2005–06
(95% CI)
Boys
Easy to talk to father
Easy to talk to mother
Easy to talk to both parents
Difficult to talk to mother only
Difficult to talk to father only
Difficult to talk to both parents
Girls
Easy to talk to father
Easy to talk to mother
Easy to talk to both parents
Difficult to talk to mother only
Difficult to talk to father only
Difficult to talk to both parents
Absolute change over study periodb
2009–10
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI) P value
72.10
82.77
66.56
5.54
16.21
11.69
(71.76
(82.49
(66.20
(5.37
(15.94
(11.44
to
to
to
to
to
to
72.44)
83.06)
66.91)
5.72)
16.49)
11.93)
73.82
83.62
68.44
5.38
15.18
11.00
(73.48
(83.34
(68.08
(5.21
(14.91
(10.75
to
to
to
to
to
to
74.16)
83.91)
68.79)
5.55)
15.46)
11.24)
74.71
83.73
69.40
5.31
14.33
10.96
(74.36
(83.43
(69.03
(5.12
(14.04
(10.71
to
to
to
to
to
to
75.06)
84.03)
69.77)
5.49)
14.62)
11.22)
2.61
0.96
2.84
0.23
1.88
0.73
(2.03
(0.47
(2.23
( 0.54
( 2.36
( 1.14
to
to
to
to
to
to
3.19) P < 0.001
1.45) P < 0.001
3.46) P < 0.001
0.06) P = 0.176
1.41) P < 0.001
0.31) P < 0.001
55.44
83.07
52.08
3.36
30.99
13.58
(55.07
(82.79
(51.71
(3.22
(30.65
(13.32
to
to
to
to
to
to
55.80)
83.34)
52.45)
3.49)
31.33)
13.83)
56.93
83.02
53.42
3.51
29.60
13.46
(56.57
(82.74
(53.05
(3.37
(29.26
(13.21
to
to
to
to
to
to
57.30)
83.30)
53.79)
3.65)
29.94)
13.72)
57.58
83.04
54.03
3.55
29.01
13.41
(57.20
(82.75
(53.65
(3.41
(28.65
(13.14
to
to
to
to
to
to
57.96)
83.33)
54.41)
3.70)
29.36)
13.68)
2.15
0.03
1.95
0.19
1.98
0.17
(1.51
( 0.52
(1.31
( 0.04
( 2.57
( 0.61
to
to
to
to
to
to
2.78) P < 0.001
0.46) P = 0.998
2.59) P < 0.001
0.44) P = 0.149
1.39) P < 0.001
0.28) P = 0.998
a
Estimated marginal means using MANOVA procedure (adjusted by age and family affluence), pooled data of 32 countries, data weighted
by countries.
b
Based on estimated marginal means using Bonferroni test.
in adolescent–parent communication trends were found both
between countries and genders. In most countries, significant
increases in the prevalence of ease of communication with both
mothers and fathers were observed, with the greatest positive
changes over time in Estonia, Denmark and Wales. However in a
minority of countries, the opposite trend was found with the greatest
negative changes occurring in France, Slovenia and Poland.
Across the pooled dataset, a significant positive trend was
observed for ease of communication with father, for both boys
and girls and for ease of communication with mother for boys
only. Communication difficulties between boys and their mothers
reduced across surveys, but communication difficulties between girls
and their mothers remained almost unchanged (table 1). In all
surveys, the proportion of young people reporting ease of communication with their mother was higher than the proportion reporting
ease of communication with their fathers and proportions reporting
ease of communication with fathers was higher for boys than for
girls.
Discussion
This study of young people in early-to-mid adolescence identified
that across the majority of European countries and North America,
there is a significant positive trend in terms of an increase in
prevalence of ease of communication with parents over the past
decade.
Positive family communication has been identified as an
important protective health asset for young people, related to an
increase of thriving behaviours and to a decrease in participation
in health risk behaviours.7 Consequently, the trends reported here
may indicate an important contributory factor to positive improvements in the health and well-being of young people.
Generally, the identified increase in prevalence of ease of communication can be attributed to young people reporting a distinctive
positive shift in the character of fathers’ interaction with their
adolescent offspring. This is a significant change as ease of communication with fathers has been suggested to have a particularly
protective role on the health and well-being of young people in
unique ways from mothers, and is associated with positive
emotional well-being, less aggressive behaviour in boys and good
body image among girls.8–10
Accounting for why such changes in reported experiences of communication with fathers has occurred is likely to be a reflection of
complex interactions between shifts in domestic gender roles
changes in the construction of masculine identities and social
policies, including increased recognition of the importance of
fathers’ role in child development.11 There is some evidence to
support a shift in patterns of parent and child interaction away
from gendered, stereotypical parental roles such as authoritarian
decision-making roles for fathers and caregiving roles for mothers,
towards shared care giving. Moreover, this shift in parenting values
appears to foster democratic approaches to communication that
develop autonomy and develop mutual respect between the child
and parent rather than value obedience.12
There are notable differences remaining between countries in
terms of the proportion of young people within countries
reporting easy communication with their parents. The biggest
positive changes were identified in Estonia, Denmark and Wales.
The biggest decrease in perceived quality of communication, (with
both parents) was reported by young people in Slovenia, France and
Poland. The reconciliation of work and family life has been
recognized as a key ‘happiness’ factor in determining what families
have to say about their quality of their lives.13,14 Those countries
where individuals are purported to feel they have a good balance
between work and family life13,14 are also those countries identified
in this study as having a more positive perception of parental communication (e.g. Denmark 24%; Estonia 31%). Moreover, those
young people perceiving the lowest levels of ease of communication
with their parents coincide with countries that have been identified
as having a poorer self-reported perception of family life-work
balance, for example, France 19% (workers personally satisfied
with work life balance) and Slovenia 18%.13,14
In Poland, however citizens do tend to report a more positive
perception of ‘life–work balance’ (27%). However one dimension
of work–life balance that may relate to family interaction, strainbased conflict (proportion of workers having difficulties in fulfilling
family responsibilities due to the intensity and time allocated to paid
work) is in Poland well above the EU average (62 vs. 50%). A
situation that has intensified over the past decade with large scale
parental economic migration, resulting in the temporary separation
of Polish families.15 Overall, understanding the dimensions of work
life balance that might be reflected in trends in family communication may aid in conceptualizing the impact work–life balance has on
family life.
Further work is needed to account for the decline in ease of communication in France over the past decade, especially against trends
towards increased ease in communication. There is some evidence to
suggest that young people in France experience lower levels of
50
European Journal of Public Health
Suggesting possible changes in the role of fathers in
childrearing and potentially an increased understanding of
the contribution of fathers to child development.
The promotion of thriving behaviours is a key issue for
public health policy across Europe. This article highlights
the importance of considering the quality of family communication as a health asset that can contribute to thriving
among young people.
parental supervision and have weaker emotional bonds with their
parents than is the norm for young people in other European and
North American countries.16 However, comparative analysis is
required to identify how young people interpret their parenting experiences and if they have an awareness of cultural differences in
family life.
Additional consideration is also needed to explain the gendered
character of the trends described in this article, it is currently unclear
why in contrast to the findings for fathers, positive increases in
communication prevalence with mothers were found only for boys.
Conclusion
References
The temporal trends reported on in this article demonstrated an
increase in a positive health asset for many young people, that of
family communication. This was especially notable in relation to the
quality of communication between adolescents’ and their fathers
suggesting that a qualitative change in the nature of fathering and
interaction with their children during adolescence has occurred over
the last decade.
Further work is needed to examine if economic conditions are a
barometer for the quality of family communication and how they
interact with socioeconomic and cultural changes, such as parental
migration or changes in cultural attitudes concerning effective
parenting.
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HBSC is an international study carried out in collaboration with
WHO/EURO. The international coordinator was Professor
Candace Currie, University of St. Andrews, and the databank
manager was Professor Oddrun Samdal, University of Bergen. A
complete list of participating countries and researchers is available
on the HBSC website (http://www.hbsc.org). We acknowledge and
thank the following funders: The Department of Health, England,
Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, The Netherlands
Institute for Social Research (SCP), The Ministry of Health, Social
Policy and Equality, Spain, The Lithuanian University of Health
Sciences. HBSC teams owe a great debt of thanks to the schools
and young people who take part in the survey.
Funding
The data collection for each HBSC survey is funded at the national
level.
Conflicts of interest: None declared.
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Key points
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Over the past decade, across the majority of European
countries and North America, there is a significant
positive trend in terms of an increase in prevalence of ease
of communication with parents.
A distinctive positive shift in the character of fathers’ interaction with their adolescent offspring was identified.
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