US 20130340775A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/0340775 A1 Juster et al. (54) (43) Pub. Date: APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FORA Dec. 26, 2013 Publication Classi?cation NETWORK WITH AN ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE (51) (71) ApplicantszBernard Juster, Netanya (IL); Robert Levitz, Shemesh (IL); Dorron Levy, Int- Cl H04L 29/06 A24F 4 7/00 (52) US. Cl Givatayim (1L) (2006.01) (2006-01) CPC ............ .. H04L 67/42 (2013.01); A24F 47/008 (2013.01) Inventors: Levitz, Bernard~Shemesh Juster, Netanya (IL); Dorron Levy, Robert Glvataylm (IL) . (57) ......................................... ABSTRACT .. An electronic cigarette (“e-Cig”) may include a controller for providing various operations Within an e-Cig. Enhancements for the controller ma rovide for im roved o erations and (21) Appl' NO" 13/898,094 control for the e-Cig vliitph a consumer dpevice, suréh as a smart (22) Filed; phone. Applications on the smartphone may be developed for improving the operations and the control of the e-Cig, as Well May 20, 2013 as making use of data communicated from the e-Cig. Appli cations may be developed for controlling smoke properties, Related US. Application Data (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 13/870,654, ?led on Apr‘ 25 2013' ’ monitoring operations, adjusting settings, receiving product noti?cations’ or Compilinganalyzing data.‘ .fFOm the e_cig' Applications may also provide ‘other capab1l1t1es (60) Provisional application No. 61/637,980, ?led on Apr. e-Cig, including entertainment, medical, or gaming applica tions. 25, 2012. mam. 703 may not be unique to an e-C1g, but may incorporate capab1l1t1es of the User Device E-Cig Database 710 708 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 1 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Heating element The heat enables viscosity reduction when the cigarette control is commanding a relay that enable s Flow sensor L 104 Atomizer Ultrasound etc Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 2 of 16 202 1 US 2013/0340775 A1 Flgure 2 inhaled Air ATOMIZER/CARTOMIZER 206 \ Heating Element Power Supply (PW'M) Air pressure/velocity 208 K Low Viscosity E-liquid J\ L supply Heat 1 E-liquid Viscosity is “Smoke” created: / A combination of Aerosol, Wanncd air \\\\\\ Q //// 204 \\ reduced C) O L And vapors in inhaled air E'liquid no Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 3 0f 16 Figure 3 US 2013/0340775 A1 [308 _ Heated Air 1 inhaled Air ‘N Flow Sensor M2 1w ; 1R‘? 3 “Smoke” 1 L 310 7 Y iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii .. L 302 f e“ Liquid 1 304 Current Supply Viscosity Reduction : . Feellng including §Warm Air, Aerosol Vapors 306 f 402 f 404 f 406 §lnhaledA1r 811:8‘; Controller _/ “Smoke” creation mechanism is applied 410 Figure 4 )F 408 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 4 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 5 Smoke from E Liquid2 Smoke from E Liquid 1 Flow sensor ‘ 510 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 5 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 6 I If 606 Battery Power supply to controller Switch battery./ (Optional) Inhalation Inhaled Air signal , A FlowSensorj Power supply > Controller > LED / L 604 602 —/ Power supply (PWM) 608 1 Heating coil Heat supply 610 l Atomization L 612 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 6 of 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 7 701 20 Controller 18 Memory Software _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - Interface E-Cig 703 User Device 710 708 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 7 of 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 8 8021 Communication E C j 801 Chip + - 1g b\ \ \ \ g Social Network / Other Users E-Cig Database 708 806 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 8 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 9 Local J 804 Communication Security Usage Desired Restrictions Settings 902 904 906 l 912 908 910 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 9 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 F1 gure 10 1000 —\ 1002 1_ /f_ 1001 Identi?er Code (e_g__ QR Code) A ' Icquire mage .... R / 1003 Billg 623037120; E-Cig immovcablc (not replaceable) portion e.g. Communication chip, battery, etc. ' o‘b 09x65“ (‘PM 704 706 Ma 702 ‘IIIIIJIIID @CIDUL'I v E-Cig Database 708 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 10 0f 16 Figure 11 US 2013/0340775 A1 )"1101 Heating ‘ Element Communications Controller _ Interface \ \ \ L1106 LllOZ L1l04 \ Communications I H04 Interface NFC RFID 1202 “x WiFi Bluetooth 1204 “x 1206l F1 gure 13 Controller Charging PWM Circuitry Unit(s) 1304 J 1306 1 1208l I 1102 1308 l LED \ 1108 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 11 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 14 1402 1 /— 1 4 Memor limits max/min values Input value ////\\\\ ) ,// Dose ln 7 ut Value is 1—><\ _ W1th1n range /— Yes // ls lnput value 1408 restricted by other input Yes roll NO 1412 _\ Do not change 1410 Insert input value as parameter value, new parameter Transmit error message Patent Application Publication Figure 15 Ni? Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 12 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 13 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 16 Standard cigarette (e.g.. Non-electronic) 1601 l Mount piece 1604 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 14 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 17 I 1706 | Battery I Power supply 1701 Switch battery/ Inhaled Air Standard Inhaled Air Inhalation with smoke Signal * |:|OW sensor /*/ J to controller Controller L 1702 Mount Piece Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 15 0f 16 igure 18 18141 1808 j US 2013/0340775 A1 Patent Application Publication Dec. 26, 2013 Sheet 16 0f 16 US 2013/0340775 A1 Figure 19 701 m\ IIIEIDEI \E\ _______ / I /’ 703 E-Cig User Device 704 706 190 E-Cig Server Application Developer - — _, v EE-EEI IE-E-E-EI E-Clg Applications Database I=IEI=I Operator Database V Server 710 1904 708 US 2013/0340775 A1 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FORA NETWORK WITH AN ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE PRIORITY CLAIM [0001] This application claims priority as a Continuation in-part to US. application Ser. No. 13/870,654, ?led on Apr. 25, 2013, entitled Electronic Cigarette With Communication Enhancements,” Which claimed priority to Provisional Appli cation No. 61/637,980, ?led on Apr. 25, 2012, entitled “Elec tronic Cigarette With Communication Enhancements,” the entire disclosures of both are hereby incorporated by refer ence. Dec. 26, 2013 [0014] [0015] interface examples; [0016] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating exemplary control ler components; [0017] FIG. 14 is a How chart for cigarette operation; [0018] FIG. 15 is a How chart for smoking control; [0019] [0002] Smoking may be an activity With certain social implications. For example, social factors may in?uence the decision to start smoking or may be one reason for smoking in groups (from couples to people Who go out to smoke together, to parties etc.). The social bene?ts of smoking Without certain of the doWnsides may be achieved With an electronic cigarette (“e-cigarette” or “e-Cig”). An e-Cig is a device that emulates tobacco cigarette smoking, by producing smoke replacement that may be similar in its physical sensation, general appear ance, and sometimes ?avor (i.e., With tobacco fragrance, menthol taste, added nicotine etc.). The device may use heat, ultrasonic energy, or other means to atomiZe/vaporiZe a liquid (for example based on propylene glycol, or glycerin, for example including taste and fragrance ingredients) solution into an aerosol mist. The atomiZation may be similar to nebu liZer or humidi?er vaporiZing solutions for inhalation. The generated mist may be sensed similar to cigarette smoke. Because it is electronic, an e-Cig may provide opportunities for increased options, communication, and control. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 16 illustrates an enhanced controller as part of a mount piece for regular cigarettes; [0020] FIG. 17 illustrates a How diagram for the mount piece; [0021] FIG. 18 is a netWork diagram of electronic cigarette communications; and [0022] BACKGROUND FIG. 11 is another exemplary electronic cigarette; FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating communications FIG. 19 is a netWork diagram With an application development component. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0023] Subject matter Will noW be described more fully hereinafter With reference to the accompanying draWings, Which form a part hereof, and Which shoW, by Way of illus tration, speci?c example embodiments. Subject matter may, hoWever, be embodied in a variety of different forms and, therefore, covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any example embodiments set forth herein; example embodiments are provided merely to be illustrative. LikeWise, a reasonably broad scope for claimed or covered subject matter is intended. Among other things, for example, subject matter may be embodied as meth ods, devices, components, or systems. Accordingly, embodi ments may, for example, take the form of hardWare, softWare, ?rmWare or any combination thereof (other than softWare per se). The folloWing detailed description is, therefore, not intended to be taken in a limiting sense. [0024] Throughout the speci?cation and claims, terms may have nuanced meanings suggested or implied in context beyond an explicitly stated meaning. LikeWise, the phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to [0003] The system and method may be better understood With reference to the folloWing draWings and description. Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described With reference to the folloWing draWings. The components in the draWings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the draWings, like referenced numerals designate corre sponding parts throughout the different vieWs. [0004] [0005] [0006] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an electronic cigarette; FIG. 2 is a diagram of an atomiZer; FIG. 3 is a How diagram of the electronic cigarette smoking process; [0007] FIG. 4 is a How diagram of components for the the same embodiment and the phrase “in another embodi ment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment. It is intended, for example, that claimed subject matter include combinations of example embodiments in Whole or in part. [0025] In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, terms, such as “and”, “or”, or “and/or,” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at least in part upon the context in Which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to asso ciate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to meanA, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as Well asA, B or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as electronic cigarette; used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be [0008] used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures or characteristics in a plural sense. Simi larly, terms, such as “a ” “an,” or “the,” again, may be under stood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, FIG. 5 is an alternative diagram of an electronic cigarette With multiple e-Liquids; [0009] FIG. 6 is an alternative diagram of components in an electronic cigarette; [0010] FIG. 7 is a netWork diagram With an electronic ciga rette; [0011] depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term FIG. 8 is another netWork diagram With an elec tronic cigarette illustrating local and netWork communica tions; [0012] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating local communication examples; [0013] FIG. 10 is another netWork diagram With an elec tronic cigarette illustrating image acquisition; “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, alloW for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context. [0026] By Way of introduction, an electronic cigarette (“e Cig”) may include a controller for providing various opera tions Within an e-Cig. Enhancements for the controller may US 2013/0340775 A1 provide for improved operations and control for the e-Cig. In one embodiment, there may be a communications capability Which may be separate from or part of the controller. The communications may alloW for the e-Cig to communicate With a consumer device, such as a computer, smartphone or tablet. The consumer may then control smoke properties, monitor operations, adjust settings, and/or receive product noti?cations or offers through the consumer device’s com munication With the e-Cig. Control may also be enabled for automatic services, such as messaging from commercial par ties, by servers, by local area netWork (“LAN”)-located enti ties, such as a smart phone application, and/or by other per sons (e.g. friends, supporters or social networks) that may be located locally or over a Wide area netWork (“WAN”) such as the Internet. Other possible applications may include smok ing cessation support, by professionals or peers (also my involve and incorporate other Nicotine Replacement Thera pies (NRT), such as nicotine patches; competitions and chal lenges, for example of knoWledge or taste recognition; related products marketing and sales, for example coffee or candy. The communications may enable connections to various Websites on the Internet for usage tracking or social netWork ing. Although commonly referred to as a smoker throughout, a user of an e-Cig may also be referred to as a vapor and the act of “smoking” may be referred to as vaping. LikeWise, a non-electronic cigarette may be referred to as a “regular” or “standard” cigarette, but should be understood to include non-electronic cigarettes. Although mist generation (or atomization) may be described interchangeably With vapor Dec. 26, 2013 [0029] The controller 102 may be activated due to air How 108 (from the inhaled air) passing a How sensor 104. The sensor 104 may be activated by the pressure drop across the sensor and may directly sWitch the battery 106 poWer on, or be used as an input for the controller 102 that then sWitches the battery 106 current on. Although illustrated as separate from the e-Cig, the controller 102 may be a part of the e-Cig (e.g. along With the battery 106). The enhancements to the controller 102 are further described beloW With respect to FIGS. 7-13, and include external communications from a communications chip. The communications described beloW may alloW for increased control of properties of the sensor 104, battery 106, air How 108, e-Liquid 110 or atomizer 112. In particular, the controller 102 may be con?gured for exter nal communication to other computing devices and/or net Works. [0030] In one alternative embodiment, the battery 106 may be a separate/removable assembly. The battery 106 may include one or more electronic chips controlling and commu nicating from it. It may receive cartomizers. Conversely, a disposable e-Cig may include the battery 106 as a single unit. In another alternative embodiment, the battery 106 keeps a trickle current on. The trickle current may keep the commu nication link alive, While main current for the heating element 111 is only activated by the How sensor 104. [0031] FIG. 2 is a diagram ofthe atomizer 112. The inhaled air 202 is passed through the atomizer 112. A heating element 206 (Which may be separate from the atomizer 112 in alter nate embodiments) supplies heat to the E-liquid 110, Which ization, the concepts are distinct. The use of the term vapor ization, vapor, or vaping should be understood to include the mist generation or atomization process. reduces viscosity 208. Due to the heating element 206, the e-Liquid 110 viscosity over temperature pro?le may be designed in a Way such that When heated its viscosity Will be [0027] Other systems, methods, features and advantages reduced to a level Where atomization may be effective (With the pressure shear forces and velocities that can be created Will be, or Will become, apparent to one With skill in the art upon examination of the folloWing ?gures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included Within this description, be Within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the folloWing claims. Nothing in this section should be taken as a limitation on those claims. Further With inhalation activity). The heating element 206 may be poWered through a poWer supply 204. The loW viscosity e-liquid and the inhaled air 202 result in the smoke 210. The smoke 210 is not a traditional smoke, but is instead a combi nation of aerosol, War'med air and vapors, and may be referred to as a vapor. aspects and advantages are discussed beloW. [0032] The atomization may be the process that makes an aerosol. When a gas is injected under pressure difference [0028] through a tube With a narroWing cross-section, it speeds up, generating a pressure drop at the narroWest point due to FIG. 1 is a diagram of an electronic cigarette. The “smoke” produced by an e-Cig is a created by turning a liquid (e-Liquid 110) into mist and some vapor With an atomizer 112. The e-liquid 110 may have a high viscosity at room temperature to enable longer shelf life and reduce leakages; hoWever, this high viscosity may reduce the atomization rate. The atomizer 112 is further described beloW With respect to FIG. 2. The e-Liquid 110 is atomized via air How 108, gen erated by the inhalation of the user (i.e. the smoker or con sumer or vapor), Which produces a pressure difference that removes e-Liquid droplets from the e-Liquid 110. In one embodiment, the e-Liquid 110 may be soaked in a Wick. In order to reduce the e-Liquid viscosity, to a level enabling atomization, external heat may be applied through a heating element 111 as further described beloW. In this embodiment, local viscosity reduction via heating, While inhalation occurs, enables e-Liquid atomization in the inhalation-generated How of air 108. The e-Liquid 110 may be heated via an electric current ?oWing through the heating element 111 and may then be atomized and evaporated through the e-Cig and may contain tastes and aromas that create a smoking sensa tion. Bemoulli’s principle and creates Venturi’s effect. The nar roWing cross-section may enable pressure reduction in that the narroWing results in a velocity increase and pressure drop. The reduced pressure, due to the pressure difference betWeen the tWo points, sucks up a liquid from a reservoir through a narroW tube or tubes into the moving gas How, and projects it forWard as a ?ne spray of droplets. When liquid is moved through Wick capillaries a pressure difference may be effec tive in creating shear forces. The generated microscopic drop lets are then sucked in to the mouth and upper respiratory tract. Droplet size can be in?uenced by the internal structure of the e-Cig, and its Working conditions, including liquid properties, liquid temperature While atomized, heating energy, ?oW local macro and micro structure, inhalation force, etc. The e-Liquid 110 may be purchased and inter changeable Within the e-Cig for adding ?avor to the smoke 210. [0033] FIG. 3 is a How diagram of the electronic cigarette smoking process. The inhaled air 302 passes through a How sensor 304. The e-Cig poWer source is a battery (or other US 2013/0340775 A1 power source, eg other electrical sources) Which may be a part of the e-Cig that provides a current supply 306. The current supply 306 may be triggered by the controller Which may be activated due to air How 302 passing a How sensitive sWitch or How sensor 304. This sensor can sWitch the battery poWer or may be an input for the controller. When controller is activated it enables poWer to a heating resistance element (eg heating element 206). In one embodiment, the heating element 206 may be a heating coil. The poWer may be con trolled using Pulse Width Modulation (“PWM”) signaling. E-Liquid may be located in a container Where a capillary device such as Wick leads it to a place Where inhaled air 302 have How conditions that enable creation of pressure drop and/ or shear forces that Will enable aerosol creation. Heating of the e-Liquid in the Wick by a coil or heating element may reduce viscosity 310 of the e-Liquid and enable aerosol cre ation through evaporation 312. The aerosol creation may result in a smoke feeling for a user. The resultant smoke/vapor 210 may include Warm air, aerosol, and vapors 314. In one Dec. 26, 2013 components of an e-Cig. FIG. 6 illustrates the How of differ ent functions of the e-Cig. In this embodiment, the e-Cig poWer source is a battery 606 Which is part ofthe e-Cig. The battery 606 may be lithium-ion in one example. The control ler 602 may be activated due to air ?oW (from the inhaled air) passing a ?ow-sensitive sWitch or How sensor 604. The sensor 604 may be activated by a pressure drop across the sensor. This sensor 604 may directly sWitch the battery 606 poWer on, orbe used as an input for the controller 602, that then sWitches the battery 606 current on. This process is further described above With respect to FIGS. 1-3. The controller 602, When activated, enables, in a speci?c embodiment, a Pulse Width Modulation (“PWM”) control over the heating coil 608 poWer. Heating of the liquid by the heating coil 608 reduces viscosity of the e-Liquid Which may enable atomization 610. [0038] In parallel the controller 602 may poWer up a light emitting diode (“LED”) 612 light source at the e-Cig tip. The LED 602 light may imitate the cigarette light. In one embodi ment, the light color may be changed to distinguish it from embodiment, the e-Liquid may ?oW through the coil, Which regular (non-electronic) cigarettes. For example, the LED may be Wrapped around a Wick in the e-Cig. The inhaled air may be green. The light may mimic the brightness of the ?re/bum of a non-electronic cigarette. In other Words, the lighting is different, for example turned on, for While receiv ing inhaled air. Accordingly, there may be an analog or digital ?oWs across the Wick such that the inhaled air How may induce turbulent How. A local air vortex may enable high pressure drops and shear forces that create aerosol from at least part of the e-Liquid soaked in the Wick. [0034] FIG. 4 is a How diagram of components for the electronic cigarette. FIGS. 1 and 3 illustrate exemplary e-Cig components and processes for smoke creation. FIG. 4 illus trates a simpli?ed embodiment of certain components. Inhaled air 402 passes through a How sensor 404, Which may notify a controller 406 of the presence of the inhaled air 402. The controller 406 may signal a current supply 408 Which begins the smoke creation mechanism 410. As discussed above, the smoke creation mechanism 410 may include an atomiZer and/or heating element for creating the aerosol. FIG. 4 illustrates hoW the e-Cig is activated upon sensing the inhaled air. This basically “tums on” the e-Cig for creating the electrical circuit that enables the light to increase and/or cease gradually. This setup may be translated to electrical circuits in more than a single Way (for example the pressure sWitch can sWitch the poWer to the controller or only enable a signal to be transmitted to the controller). The e-Cig LED or light at its tip may be changed according to ambient illumination. For example, the light poWer may be reduced When driving at night or may be modi?ed based on location. For example, the color may change When smoking indoors or in a restaurant. The change may be controlled by the smartphone, utiliZing its various sensors. [0039] FIG. 7 is a netWork diagram including an e-Cig 701. aerosol for the user to engage in the smoking process. When FIG. 7 illustrates a consumer device 702 and user device 703 that are coupled With a netWork 704. The consumer device the poWer supply is not enabled, atomization and vaping is 702 may be directly (or locally) coupled With the e-Cig 701. prevented. [0035] FIG. 5 is an alternative diagram of an electronic cigarette With multiple e-Liquid containers. The e-Cig in FIG. 5 may be similar to or the same as the e-Cig in FIG. 1 except it includes multiple e-Liquids. The e-Cig may include a ?rst e-liquid 110 as With FIG. 1, but also includes a second e-Liq uid 510. The aerosol or smoke from the tWo e-Liquids may be combined to enhance or modify the ?avor produced With just a single e-Liquid. In one embodiment, an e-Liquid With nico tine may be combined With an e-Liquid that is nicotine free. The controller may determine Which e-Liquid is utiliZed for vaping. In one embodiment, the user may interact With the controller to sWitch betWeen the e-Liquids. Alternatively, the controller may automatically select the e-Liquid based on usage patterns or may sWitch betWeen the e-Liquids during inhalation. [0036] The e-Liquids may be sensed by constant resistance measurement of the heating element When the cartomiZer is removed or disconnection occurs. LikeWise, When another cartomiZer is assembled it may be sensed and restricted until it is con?rmed With the controller (eg by a smartphone as discussed beloW). [0037] FIG. 6 is an alternative diagram of components in an e-Cig. The e-Cig may be the e-Cig illustrated in FIG. 1 or 5. FIG. 7 beloW includes a further description of additional Through the netWork, an e-Cig server 706 may store (in database 708) and communicate information to/from the e-Cig 701. Herein, the phrase “coupled Wit ” is de?ned to mean directly connected to or indirectly connected through one or more intermediate components. Such intermediate components may include both hardWare and softWare based components. Variations in the arrangement and type of the components may be made Without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims as set forth herein. Additional, different or feWer components may be provided. [0040] The e-Cig 701 may be similar to or the same as the e-Cigs illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5. As described beloW, the e-Cig 701 may communicate With a consumer device, such as a smartphone 702. A smartphone is merely one example of a device that may communicate directly/locally With the e-Cig 701 and connect With the netWork 704. Other devices may include a desktop computer or a portable device, such as a cellular telephone, a display pager, a radio frequency (RF) device, an infrared (IR) device, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a handheld computer, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a set top box, a Wearable computer (e. g. glasses or Watch), an integrated device or any computing device com bining various features, such as features of the forgoing devices, or the like. HoWever, the device Will be labeled throughout this disclosure as a smartphone for simplicity. The
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